BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ANALYSIS
[Document subtitle]

[DATE]
[COMPANY NAME]
[Company address]
Contents
1. Site Formation:................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Soil Formation: .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Survey Mark: ................................................................................................................................. 3
2. In Ground Services:.......................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Plumbing and Drainage Practice: .................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Sewer: .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Water Meter: ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Super Flow Tank: .................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 Boundary Trap Shaft: ............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Electrical and Communication: ...................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Phone and Internet:................................................................................................................ 7
3. Footing Practice Adopted ................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Formation of Waffle Pod Slab: ...................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Why We used Waffle Pod Slab? .................................................................................................... 9
4. Timber Wall and Roof Framing: ...................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Why Timber wall and Roof Framing Selected: ............................................................................. 10
4.2 Timber Wall and Flooring Formation: ......................................................................................... 10
4.3 Timber Roof Framing Formation: ................................................................................................ 11
Ceiling Joist: .................................................................................................................................. 11
Rafters: ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Ridge: ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Roof Battens: ................................................................................................................................ 11
5. Wind Forces: ................................................................................................................................. 12
5.1 Horizontal wind Forces: ......................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Rotational Wind Forces: .............................................................................................................. 12
6. Windows Fascia and Gutter Installation: ...................................................................................... 12
6.1 Bellarine Exposure to Precipitaion: ............................................................................................. 12
6.2 Installation of fascia and gutter: ................................................................................................. 13
6.3 Windows: .................................................................................................................................... 14
7. External Roof and Wall Cladding:.................................................................................................. 14
7.1 Rooftop Cladding: ....................................................................................................................... 14
Terracotta Tiles: ............................................................................................................................ 14
.2 Wall Cladding: ............................................................................................................................... 15
Why we Chose Brick Veneers: ....................................................................................................... 15
Brick Veneer Installation: .............................................................................................................. 15
 1. Site Formation:
1.1 Soil Formation:
Soil is a free blend of rock fragments, natural material, water, and air that can suit the development of
vegetation. Soils vary as indicated by what sort of rock that the soil is weathered from (i.e. Bedrock). The
rock arrangement that is the source of mineral parts in the soil is known as the parent rock. Soil that is
positioned over its parent rock is known as leftover soil, the soil that has been moved far from its parent
rock is known as transported soil. Reasons for the transportation of soil are streams, wind and melting
of glaciers.

1.2 Survey Mark:

➢ All survey marks in Australia are enrolled in the Survey Control Database (SCDB), which
incorporates coordinates, Elevation, get to notes and other managerial data.
➢ This data is created for the most part by the surveying industry, which underpins the
advancement, support and spread the Australian's reviewing and mapping System.

2. In Ground Services:
As per Australian building standards, utilities like drainage, plumbing, electricity and communication
cables are installed underground. In our case, the site was cleared properly, the existing structures were
demolished and debris was removed, after that the drainage pipe were laid according to the required
layout. Electric cables are also installed underground prior to the construction of footing.
2.1 Plumbing and Drainage Practice:
The Household waste pipes are directly connected with the drainage pipes laid underground. There is a
network of drain pipes installed underground to accommodate the collection of waste from all slots of
waste water existing in the superstructure.

2.1.1 Sewer:
A sewer is installed in the building premises. This sewer is
collecting all the waste water from the drain lines. This sewer is
connected to the Urban Main Sewer lying across the road.

2.1.2 Water Meter:

The drinking water and water for house hold use is provided by the public water supply system. Under
Ground water Tank is installed inside the building premises, which is directly connected to the water
meter. Water meter measures the water provided by the water suppliers and also measures the water
used by the residents of the building
.

2.1.3 Super Flow Tank:

Super flow tank is installed inside the building premises. The purpose
of this tank is to supply high pressure water when required. The water
pressure can reach up to 350 psi. Super flow tank can be effectively
utilized in case of sudden fire inside building premises and to sprinkle
water at a large distance.

2.1.4 Boundary Trap Shaft:

Boundary trap shafts are also provided for the under-consideration building. Trap shafts are extended
up to the surface level. These shafts are always supposed to be above than the surface level all the time.

Boundary trap shaft should be always kept open.

In case of any blockage in the sewer or drain lines, Boundary trap shaft will be the first place
through which the waste water will spill out.
Boundary trap shaft also help to locate the point of blockage.
Boundary trap shaft is provided at the point of connection of property sewer to the main urban
sewer, in case of any blockage in the drain line of house, the house owner is responsible.
2.2 Electrical and Communication:
Electricity cable are installed under-ground and electric panel box is located outside the periphery of
property. Basically, there are 2 sources of electricity, Electricity from external source and 500 kVA
generator. Electric panel box is integrated to divide the main electric source into various circuits. To deal
with the over current fuses and circuit breakers are provided. Electric panel box is printed with the sign of
danger in order to aware the pedestrian passing nearby about the danger existing.

The supply to switch boards existing inside the residual building is provide through dry walls. All the
electric appliances are directly operated by the switch board. Every switch board is connected with an
individual circuit breaker and all the fuses and circuit breakers are directly connected with the main fuse,
through which the electricity supply of the building can be terminated or started any time.
2.2.1 Phone and Internet:
NBN Broad band access is provided to the considered
building. The fiber is laid underground. Before the
connection a trench was laid on the shortest route to
connect the near NBN main connection. NBN cable is liable
to provide tv cable connection, wireless internet and phone
network to the entire building. The network speed and
volume of NBN supply is amazingly high it can reach up to
250 Mbps.

3. Footing Practice Adopted

In this case Waffle Pod foundation is used, waffle pod foundation is similar to raft slab but in this case
backfill soil is replaced by pods with and equal spacing between them. In the space between pods steel
bars are provided and at the top of pods steel mesh is provided with the assistance of bar chairs.
3.1 Formation of Waffle Pod Slab:
i. Guarantee the construction site is as smooth as possible. If needed, remove and fill the site with
sand till a level surface is gained.

ii. Lay down the plumbing works as per your plans, and then sprinkle white ant treatment spray.

iii. Put edge boards outside, and then cover the entire area with plastic sheeting. Make sure that all
joints and pipes are sealed. This will prevent any absorption of moisture into your slab.

iv. Starting from one corner, lay out the Waffle Pods and pod Spacers in a grid pattern within the
formwork, according to the footing plan.

v. Provide reinforcement bars over the pods and the space between pods.

vi. Lay top mesh, as per designed requirements, provide fasteners where necessary. Use bar chairs
as bar spacers.

vii. Pour the concrete and compact it with the help of vibrator. Make sure that the cover above
waffle pod is 25 mm and the cover of top reinforcement is 20 mm.
3.2 Why We used Waffle Pod Slab?
In the case under consideration, site condition was very good. Flat surface with high bearing
capacity was easily available, that’s why waffle pod slab was considered to be the first choice.
Moreover, the soil available at site was completely non-reactive. And waffle pod slabs work
really well over non-reactive sites.
Waffle pod slab is the type of footing constructed on ground not in ground, there fore it saves a
remarkable cost to dig trenches and put backfilling.
Waffle pod slab is concrete efficient, the tough pod blocks saves a great amount of concrete to
be poured.
Waffle pod slab is considered a best choice for residential and industrial building where the
required site conditions are easily achievable.

4. Timber Wall and Roof Framing:

The mixes of materials used to manufacture the fundamental components of our homes — rooftop,
dividers and floor — are alluded to as development frameworks. There are numerous and different and
every individual has advantages and weaknesses relying upon atmosphere, separate from wellspring of
supply, economic plan, support necessities and wanted style or appearance.

The environmental execution of a development framework is controlled by life cycle or 'support to

grave' examination of the effect of the individual materials utilized in it. Structure System choices about
development frameworks are frequently made at the early structure phases of a project though
examination of their ecological execution regularly happens at later stages.

Comparable materials can have boundlessly extraordinary ecological effects relying upon where and
how they are sourced. The wellspring of the materials and the manner in which they are handled at last
decides their natural effect. Give watchful thought to your decision of development framework from the
early stage of project, as changing frameworks late in the plan or development process can be
expensive, especially in the event that it requires basic adjustments.

4.1 Why Timber wall and Roof Framing Selected:

Timber wall and roof framing is selected by keeping following things in mind:

Improved Thermal Performance

Durability
Effective life cycle cost
Effective life cycle energy consumption
Availability of material
Less distant and economical transport modes
Climate zone in which they are used
Pleasant texture
Light weight
Easy to handle at site (can be cut into any
required shape without huge man effort)
Liable to Easy Maintenance
Adaptability, and Reuse recycling potential

4.2 Timber Wall and Flooring Formation:

❖ Timber bearers are laid above the subflloor raised supports, Bearers are usually hardwood
timber provided as per required spacing according to the drawings.
❖ Joists are placed at the top of bearers, when laying bearers one thing should be kept in mind
that all the bearers are properly leveled and a proper leveled floor surface can be easily
achieved.
❖ Joists act as secondary beams and are well tied with the bearers with the help of steel anchors.
❖ Above joists timber flooring sheet is provided which is 22 to 25 mm thick.
 ❖ After raising the timber platform, timber wall frame work is erected with the help of studs upto
the ceiling height.
❖ A sheathing is attached with the stud frame to connect them securley with the wall surface.
❖ A service cavity is added in the interior wall, to provide utilities for rooms.

4.3 Timber Roof Framing Formation:

Ceiling Joist:
Ceiling joist are provided at the top of wall plate, ceiling joist are the members whih define the structure
to fix the ceiling. Rafters (that define the roof shape) are diretly fixed with the celing joist.

Rafters:
A rafter is considred to be a sloped surface member that extend from the ridge and hips on the wall
plate. Rafters is responsible for design of roof deck and is directly associated with the loads.

Ridge:
Ridge is provided at an angle of 90 with ceiling joists and act as a connector for sloped rafters.

Roof Battens:
Roof battens are provided as per the layout of roofing materials, they are laid in such a way to
accomdated the roofing material, the spacing of rafers and roof battens depends upon the type of
roofing material to be used.
 5. Wind Forces:
The extent of a tropical cyclone is portrayed as far as the Australian cyclone Severity Scale. This five-class
framework depends on the wind speeds created by the cyclone. The Bureau of Meteorology cites wind
speeds estimated under standard conditions – at a tallness of 10m over the ground and estimated in level,
open territory (like that at airplane terminals). The wind speeds estimated under standard conditions can
be not quite the same as those at residential areas even in a similar territory, as the wind speeds at house
destinations are influenced by the nearness of structures and topographic scene highlights.

Three site conditions are utilized to build up the wind class of a house:

i. The harshness of the encompassing landscape and territory,

ii. Its geology
iii. The thickness and closeness of hindrances of comparative or greater size to that of the house.

The wind arrangement identifies with the wind speed expected at the rooftop level of the house given a
structure wind speed estimated under standard conditions. In Region C of Queensland, the structure wind
speed is 250 km/hr wind.

Design Design Wind Gust Speed

Classification m/s Km/hr
C1 50 180
C2 61 220
C3 74 266
C4 86 310
5.1 Horizontal wind Forces:
➢ Wind forces acting along the hight of building casuse distortion, Bracing of walls and truss is
designed in such a way to resist these forces.
➢ Fixings i.e. bolts, anchors and tie plates are provided to resist the shear failure due to wind loads

5.2 Rotational Wind Forces:

➢ Rotational Wind forces are of great concern in our building, In case of strong winds, rotational
forces can damage the entire building
➢ To avoid uplift forces, tie down fixings do a great job.
➢ When the rotational wind forces of high potential passes over the roof, the building undergoes
suction, As a result of this suction uplift of building takes place.
➢ To avoid uplift, strucure in attached firmly with the raised supports (joint with bearers).

6. Windows Fascia and Gutter Installation:

6.1 Bellarine Exposure to Precipitaion:
The months with the least possibility of noteworthy precipitation in Bellarine are March, January, and
after that February. Note that we characterize "huge precipitation" as .1 inches or more in this segment.
The most minimal shot of rain or snow happens around late January. For instance, on the week of January
22nd there are no long periods of precipitation by and large. By difference, it's destined to rain or snow
in ahead of schedule to mid July with a normal of 2 days of critical precipitation.

6.2 Installation of fascia and gutter:

Keeping in mind the raining altitude it is compulsory to provide fascia and gutters at ceiling level. fascia is
oriented to provide shade to avoid direct sunlight and rain. At the top of fascia gutters are provided which
collects the roof top drain water and drains it off to the nearby connected sewerage. After proper
treatment this rain water can also be utilized as drinking water. But in the considered building no such
system is installed to purify the rain water, the rain water is directly disposed of to property sewer.
6.3 Windows:
In this building, horizontal sliding glazed
windows with aluminium frame are used.
Tolerance gap is provided on both sides of
the windows to ease the installation.
The orientation and placing o windows
around the building is done in such a way
that it allows sun to penetrate in cold
weather and prevents to penetrate in hot
weather.
Windows are located at the places where
they effectively allow cross ventilation of
air and naturally cools the interior of
building
Unwanted draughts are completey avoided
with the help of seals provided.
On the top of doors and windows timber
lintels are provided to avoid the load
transfer to windows and doors.

7. External Roof and Wall Cladding:

7.1 Rooftop Cladding:

Rooftop cladding is the material used to shield the working from the limits of the climate. In the
considered building terrcotta tiles are used for roof cladding. The tile is shaped in wet earth and after that
terminated to give a hard, long-life material item. They arrive in various profiles. Earthenware tiles have
a rooftop life more prominent than 50 years in many situations, notwithstanding, salt environments at
times cause untimely fussing.

Terracotta Tiles:
➢ Terracotta tiles make probably the most wonderful rooftops you can consider. They come in
numerous shades, shapes, sizes and hues and are viewed as a superior kind of rooftop tile of high
caliber and cost. They've conveyed excellence and character to the roofscapes Australia.
➢ Terracotta is a mud based unglazed clay despite the fact that the term can likewise be connected
to coated pottery where the let go body is permeable and red in shading.
➢ The term is additionally used to allude to things made out of this material and to its common,
caramel orange shading, which shifts extensively. Terracotta rooftop tiles come in either level or
formed styles (with varieties inside these), are accessible in gleam, matte or characteristic
completes, and are coated in dim or light tones. Hues go from the palest ivory to profound reds
and blackish tints.
➢ Terracotta tiles are framed from mixes of characteristic dirts and shales which are oven
terminated to secure their shading and guarantee extreme strength.
.2 Wall Cladding:
For Wall cladding, brick verneers are used. Brick veneer is a thin beautifying covering produced using
either made block or real clay block tile. A large portion of it is utilized for the outside of a wall structure.

Why we Chose Brick Veneers:

They are moderately simple and fast to install.
They are not as substantial as different types of stone work, which lessens auxiliary stacking.
Space behind outside brick facade can help in terms of insulation.
They are solid and fireproof.
They can accomplish an extensive variety of decoration.
No timely maintenance is required.

Brick Veneer Installation:

a) The surface was prepared for the installation of brick veneer by removing all dust from surface.
b) Keep laying block
facade coursed by
troweling on the flat
bed joint, and
afterward applying
mortar onto the
block end for the
vertical joint. It is
critical to fill all holes
that form between
blocks and mortar.
c) Brick veneers are
always laid from
edges and corners of
the wall.
d) After the last course
is introduced and as
the mortar solidifies,
the mortar is tooled
to give the completed joints a curved profile. The lingering mortar is expelled by scouring the
divider surface with a brush.