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Avgvi †mB welg DrKÉv I DrKU Amy‡Li A‡bK As‡k wbeviY nBqvwQj|
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ms¯‹…Z wkÿv m¤úbœ nB‡eK; Avi hw` PvKwi Kiv Awf‡cÖZ nq, ZvnviI wejÿY myweav Av‡Q; ms¯‹…Z
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AvZ¥PwiZ 7
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wbivK…Z − wbivKiY| `~ixKiY|
weR¡i − R¡igy³|
AwZmvi − Dìvgq| †c‡Ui cxovwe‡kl|
AbyeZ©b − AbymiY| AbyMgb|
KcUevPx Ñ KcU ev wg_¨v K_v e‡j †h|
Av‡°j‡mjvwg Ñ g~L©Zvi Rb¨ cÖvß kvw¯Í|
†`nvZ¨q Ñ †`nZ¨vM| g„Zz¨|
†mŠg¨g~wZ© Ñ cÖmbœ ev cÖkvšÍ g~wZ©|
K…ZNœ Ñ DcKvixi AcKvi K‡i †h|
cvgi Ñ cvwcô| bivag|
mgwfe¨vnvix Ñ GK‡Î Ae¯’vbKvix| m½x|
†nŠm Ñ mI`vMwi `ßi ev Awdm|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK eY©bvag©x Amgvß iPbvi bvg ÔAvZ¥PwiZÕ; msKwjZ As‡k Zuvi
ˆkke Rxe‡bi K_v wea„Z n‡q‡Q| G iPbvq Ck¦iP›`ª Zuvi wcZv, wcZvgn I Rbbxi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
welq Abymv‡i M‡`ï êwkó¨ wba©vi‡Y Zuvi mnRvZ kw³gËvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q eZ©gvb iPbvq| †KŠZzK‡eva,
bvixi cÖwZ kÖ×v I ggZv Ges cvV‡Ki †evaMg¨ Kivi AwfcÖv‡q h_v_© weivgwPý eënvi eZ©gvb iPbvi
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a‡i kn‡i Av‡mb| KjKvZvq hvevi cÖv°v‡j, iv¯Ívi cv‡k ÔevUbvevUv wk‡ji g‡ZvÕ cÖ¯Íi ev gvBj‡÷vb
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Bs‡iwR A¼¸‡jv AwZ `ªæZ wk‡L †bb| evj‡Ki AfvweZ †gavkw³i cwiPq †c‡q Zuvi wcZv I Ab¨
mnMvgxe„›` we¯§qvwff~Z nb; ZLb †KD †KD VvKzi`vm‡K civgk© †`b, Ck¦iP›`ª‡K †hb Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j
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KvR cvIqv mnR n‡e| wKš‘ VvKzi`vm Gme civgk© Kv‡b †bbwb|
8 mvwnZ¨ cvV
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒAvZ¥PwiZÓ iPbvwU‡Z †K ¯úóev`x?
K. KvjxKvšÍ P‡Ævcva¨vq L. ivav‡gvnb we`¨vf~lY
M. ivgRq ZK©f~lY N. fvMeZPiY wmsn
2. †Kvb ¸‡Yi Kvi‡Y KvjxKvšÍ P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K Dchy³ wkÿK ejv hvq?
K. AvMÖ‡ni Rb¨ L. mw`”Qvi Rb¨
M. hZœkxjZvi Rb¨ N. cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
†gNbv MÖv‡gi Acy Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b XvKvq G‡m eskv‡ji mvB‡Kj eëmvqx Kv‡ì mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q Avkªq
wb‡jb| MÖv‡gi ¯‹zjwU †Zgb fv‡jv bq e‡j wZwb cyÎ Dcj‡K gvwj‡Ki evmvq G‡b iv‡Lb| gvwj‡Ki
†evb iægv AcZ¨ †mœn w`‡q Dcj‡K †`Lvïbv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| Dcj GKvwKZ¡ I MÖv‡gi ¯§„wZ fy‡j
†mLv‡b w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Z jvMj| GB mvwbœ‡aï Kvi‡Y Dcj bvixi cÖwZ AviI kª×vkxj n‡q I‡V|
3. DÏxc‡Ki iægv ÒAvZ¥PwiZÓ iPbvi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi m‡½ Zzjbxq?
K. M„wnYxi L. †R¨ô fwMbxi
M. Kwbôv fwMbxi N. wcZvgnx‡èxi
4. D³ PwiÎwUi g‡a¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q−
i. Rbbxi †mœn
ii. `vwqZ¡ †eva
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K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
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L. Ck¦iP›`ª‡K †Kb Bs‡iwR cov‡bvi civgk© †Ìqv n‡qwQj Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. ÔwØ‡R›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ Ck¦iP‡›`ªi wcZvi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q|Õ− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Òw`‡bk I Ck¦iP›`ª GKB ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQ‡jbÓ−ÔAvZ¥PwiZÕ Aej¤^‡b g~j¨vqb Ki|
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fvlvq cÖ_g wkím¤§Z Dcb¨vm iPbvi K…wZZ¡ ZuviB| Zuvi wcZv hvèP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq wQ‡jb †WcywU Kv‡j±i|
1858 wLªóv‡ã KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b weG cixÿvq DËxY© cÖ_g ¯œvZK‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb GKRb|
†ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb g¨vwR‡÷ªU| G PvKwim~‡Î Lyjbvi g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡i wZwb
bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPvi `gb K‡iwQ‡jb| `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b wZwb wQ‡jb wbôvevb; †hvM¨ wePviK wn‡m‡e Zuvi L¨vwZ
wQj| evsjv mvwnZ¨PP©vq AmvaviY mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| Dcb¨vm I cÖeÜ iPbvi evB‡i Ôe½`k©bÕ
(1872) cwÎKv m¤úv`bv I cÖKvk Zuvi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| 1852 wLªóv‡ã Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvq KweZv
cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©vi ïiæ| ew¼gP‡›`ªi MÖš’msL¨v 34| Zuvi iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ|
Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm n‡jv : ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕ, Ôg„YvwjbxÕ, Ôwele„ÿÕ, ÔK…òKv‡šÍi DBjÕ,
ÔP›`ª‡kLiÕ, ÔAvb›`gVÕ, Ô†èx †PŠayivYxÕ, ÔivRwmsnÕ, ÔmxZvivgÕ| ÔRajmohons WifeÕ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR
Dcb¨vmI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ew¼gP›`ª ag©, `k©b, mvwnZ¨, fvlv I mgvRwelqK A‡bK cÖeÜ iPbv
K‡i‡Qb| Ô†jvKinm¨Õ, ÔweÁvbinm¨Õ, ÔKgjvKv‡šÍi `ßiÕ, Ômvg¨Õ, ÔK…òPwiÎÕ, Ôwewea cÖeÜÕ BZ¨vw` Zuvi
M`¨MÖš’| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb ÔmvwnZ¨m¤ªvUÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb|
ew¼gP›`ª 1894 wLªóv‡ãi 8B GwcÖj KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
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wbgxwjZ‡jvP‡b Avwg fvwe‡ZwQjvg †h, Avwg hw` †b‡cvwjqb nBZvg, Z‡e IqvUvijy wRwZ‡Z cvwiZvg
wK bv| GgZ mg‡q GKwU ÿz`ª kã nBj, Ò†gI!Ó
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Avgvi wbKU Avwds wfÿv Kwi‡Z Avwmqv‡Q| cÖ_g D`¨‡g, cvlvYer KwVb nBqv, ewje g‡b Kwijvg †h,
wWDK gnvkq‡K BwZc~‡e© h‡_vwPZ cyi¯‹vi †Ìqv wMqv‡Q, Gÿ‡Y Avi AwZwi³ cyi¯‹vi †Ìqv hvB‡Z
cv‡i bv| we‡kl AcwiwgZ †jvf fv‡jv b‡n| wWDK ewjj, Ò†gI!Ó
ZLb Pÿz Pvwnqv fv‡jv Kwiqv †`wLjvg †h, I‡qwjsUb b‡n| GKwU ÿz`ª gvR©vi; cÖmbœ Avgvi Rb¨ †h `y»
ivwLqv wMqvwQj, Zvnv wbt‡kl Kwiqv Dìmvr Kwiqv‡Q, Avwg ZLb IqvUvjy©i gv‡V e~¨n-iPbvq e¨¯Í, AZ
†`wL bvB| Gÿ‡Y gvR©vimy›ìx, wbR©j `y»cv‡b cwiZ…ß nBqv Avcb g‡bi myL G RM‡Z cÖKwUZ Kwievi
AwfcÖv‡q, AwZ gayi ¯^‡i ewj‡Z‡Qb, Ò†gI!Ó ewj‡Z cvwi bv, eywS Zvnvi wfZi GKUz e¨½ wQj; eywS,
gvR©vi g‡b g‡b nvwmqv Avgvi cv‡b Pvwnqv fvwe‡ZwQj, Ò†Kn g‡i wej †Qu‡P, †Kn Lvq KB|Ó eywS †m
Ò†gI!Ó k‡ã GKUz gb eywSevi AwfcÖvq wQj| eywS weov‡ji g‡bi fve, Ò†Zvgvi `ya Z LvBqv ewmqv
AvwQ− GLb ej Kx?Ó
10 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ewj Kx? Avwg †Zv wVK Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv| `ya Avgvi ev‡ciI bq| `ya g½jvi, `ywnqv‡Q cÖmbœ| AZGe
†m `y‡» AvgviI †h AwaKvi, weov‡jiI ZvB; myZivs ivM Kwi‡Z cvwi bv| Z‡e wPivMZ GKwU cÖ_v
Av‡Q †h, weov‡j `ya LvBqv †M‡j, Zvnv‡K ZvovBqv gvwi‡Z hvB‡Z nq| Avwg †h †mB wPivMZ cÖ_vi
Aegvbbv Kwiqv gbyl¨Kz‡j Kzjv½vi ¯îƒc cwiwPZ nBe, BnvI evÃbxq b‡n| Kx Rvwb, GB gvR©vix hw`
¯^RvwZgÐ‡j KgjvKvšÍ‡K Kvcyiæl ewjqv Dcnvm K‡i? AZGe cyiæ‡li b¨vq AvPiY KivB we‡aq| Bnv
w¯’i Kwiqv, mKvZiwP‡Ë, n¯Í nB‡Z ûuKv bvgvBqv, A‡bK AbymÜv‡b GK fMœ hwó Avwe®‹…Z Kwiqv mM‡e©
gvR©vixi cÖwZ avegvb nBjvg|
gvR©vix KgjvKvšÍ‡K wPwbZ; †m hwó †`wLqv we‡kl fxZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv jÿY cÖKvk Kwij bv| †Kej
Avgvi gyLcv‡b Pvwnqv nvB Zzwjqv, GKUz mwiqv ewmj| ewjj, Ò†gI!Ó cÖkœ eywS‡Z cvwiqv hwó Z¨vM
Kwiqv cybiwc kh¨vq Avwmqv ûuKv jBjvg| ZLb wè¨KY© cÖvß nBqv, gvR©v‡ii e³e¨mKj eywS‡Z
cvwijvg|
eywSjvg †h, weovj ewj‡Z‡Q, ÒgviwcU †Kb? w¯’i nBqv, ûuKv nv‡Z Kwiqv, GKUz wePvi Kwiqv †`L †`wL?
G msmv‡ii ÿxi, mi, `y», `wa, grm¨, gvsm mKjB †Zvgiv LvB‡e, Avgiv wKQz cvBe bv †Kb? †Zvgiv
gbyl¨, Avgiv weovj, cÖ‡f` Kx? †Zvgv‡ì ÿzrwccvmv Av‡Q− Avgv‡ì wK bvB? †Zvgiv LvI, Avgv‡ì
AvcwË bvB; wKš‘ Avgiv LvB‡jB †Zvgiv †Kvb kv¯¿vbymv‡i †V½v jvwV jBqv gvwi‡Z AvBm, Zvnv Avwg
eû AbymÜv‡b cvBjvg bv| †Zvgiv Avgvi Kv‡Q wKQz Dc‡`k MÖnY Ki| weÁ PZz®ú‡ì Kv‡Q wkÿvjvf
e¨ZxZ †Zvgv‡ì Áv‡bvbœwZi DcvqvšÍi †`wL bv| †Zvgv‡ì we`¨vjq mKj †`wLqv Avgvi †eva nq,
†Zvgiv GZ w`‡b G K_vwU eywS‡Z cvwiqvQ|
†`L, kh¨vkvqx gbyl¨! ag© Kx? c‡ivcKviB cig ag©| GB `y»UzKz cvb Kwiqv Avgvi cig DcKvi
nBqv‡Q| †Zvgvi AvnwiZ `y‡» GB c‡ivcKvi wm× nBj− AZGe Zzwg †mB cig a‡g©i djfvMx− Avwg
PzwiB Kwi, Avi hvB Kwi, Avwg †Zvgvi ag©mÂ‡qi g~jxf~Z KviY| AZGe Avgv‡K cÖnvi bv Kwiqv,
Avgvi cÖksmv Ki| Avwg †Zvgvi a‡g©i mnvq|
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cÖ‡qvRb bvB ewjqvB Pzwi K‡ib bv| wKš‘ Zuvnv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbvZxZ ab _vwK‡ZI †Pv‡ii cÖwZ †h gyL Zzwjqv
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†Zvgv‡ì †cU fiv, Avgvi †c‡Ui ÿzav Kx cÖKv‡i Rvwb‡e! nvq! `wi‡`ªi Rb¨ e¨w_Z nB‡j †Zvgv‡ì
wK wKQz A‡MŠie Av‡Q? Avgvi g‡Zv `wi‡`ªi e¨_vq e¨w_Z nIqv, j¾vi K_v m‡›`n bvB| †h KL‡bv
AÜ‡K gywó-wfÿv †`q bv, †mI GKUv eo ivRv duvc‡i cwo‡j iv‡Î Nygvq bv− mK‡jB c‡ii e¨_vq
e¨w_Z nB‡Z ivwR| Z‡e †QvU‡jv‡Ki `yt‡L KvZi! wQ! †K nB‡e?
weovj 11
†`L, hw` AgyK wk‡ivgwY, wK AgyK b¨vqvjsKvi Avwmqv †Zvgvi `yaUzKz LvBqv hvB‡Zb, Z‡e Zzwg wK
Zuvnv‡K †V½v jBqv gvwi‡Z Avwm‡Z? eis †RvonvZ Kwiqv ewj‡Z, Avi GKUz wK Avwbqv wè? Z‡e
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AvnŸv‡bB †Zvgvi Abœ LvBqv †d‡j, †Pvi ewjqv Zvnvi `Ð Ki− wQ! wQ!
†`L, Avgvw`‡Mi `kv †`L, †`L cÖvPx‡i cÖvPx‡i, cÖv½‡Y cÖv½‡Y cÖvmv‡` cÖvmv‡` †gI †gI Kwiqv Avgiv
Pvwiw`K `„wó Kwi‡ZwQ− †Kn Avgvw`M‡K gv‡Qi KuvUvLvbv †dwjqv †`q bv| hw` †Kn †Zvgv‡ì †mvnv‡Mi
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`Ð Av‡Q, wb`©qZvi wK `Ð bvB? `wi‡`ªi Avnvi msMÖ‡ni `Ð Av‡Q, abxi Kvc©‡Yï `Ð bvB †Kb? Zzwg
KgjvKvšÍ, `~i`kx©, †Kb bv Avwds‡Lvi, ZzwgI wK †`wL‡Z cvI bv †h, abxi †`v‡lB `wi‡`ª †Pvi nq? cuvP
kZ `wi`ª‡K ewÂZ Kwiqv GKR‡b cuvP kZ †jv‡Ki Avnvh© msMÖn Kwi‡e †Kb? hw` Kwij, Z‡e †m
Zvnvi LvBqv hvnv evwnqv c‡o, Zvnv `wi`ª‡K w`‡e bv †Kb? hw` bv †`q, Z‡e `wi`ª Aek¨ Zvnvi wbKU
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12 mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvR©vix gnvkqv ewj‡jb, Ò†Pvi‡K duvwm `vI, Zvnv‡ZI Avgvi AvcwË bvB, wKš‘ Zvnvi m‡½ Avi GKwU
wbqg Ki| †h wePviK †Pvi‡K mvRv w`‡eb, wZwb Av‡M wZb wèm Dcevm Kwi‡eb| Zvnv‡Z hw` Zuvnvi
Pzwi Kwiqv LvB‡Z B”Qv bv K‡i, Z‡e wZwb ¯^”Q‡›` †Pvi‡K duvwm w`‡eb| Zzwg Avgv‡K gvwi‡Z jvwV
ZzwjqvwQ‡j, Zzwg A`¨ nB‡Z wZb wèm Dcevm Kwiqv †`L| Zzwg hw` BwZg‡a¨ bmxivg eveyi fvÐviN‡i
aiv bv co, Z‡e Avgv‡K †V½vBqv gvwiI, Avwg AvcwË Kwie bv|Ó
weÁ †jv‡Ki gZ GB †h, hLb wePv‡i civ¯Í nB‡e, ZLb M¤¢xifv‡e Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kwi‡e| Avwg †mB
cÖ_vbymv‡i gvR©vi‡K ewjjvg †h, ÒG mKj AwZ bxwZweiæ× K_v, Bnvi Av‡›`vj‡bI cvc Av‡Q| Zzwg G
mKj `ywðšÍv cwiZ¨vM Kwiqv ag©vPi‡Y gb `vI| Zzwg hw` Pvn, Z‡e cvVv‡_© †Zvgv‡K Avwg wbDgvb I
cvK©‡ii MÖš’ w`‡Z cvwi| Avi KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi cwo‡jI wKQz DcKvi nB‡Z cv‡i− Avi wKQz nDK ev
bv nDK, Avwd‡Oi Amxg gwngv eywS‡Z cvwi‡e| Gÿ‡Y ¯^¯’v‡b Mgb Ki, cÖmbœ Kvj wKQz Qvbv w`‡e
ewjqv‡Q, Rj‡hv‡Mi mgq AvwmI, Df‡q fvM Kwiqv LvBe| A`¨ Avi KvnviI nuvwo LvBI bv; eis ÿzavq
hw` wbZvšÍ Aaxi nI, Z‡e cybe©vi AvwmI, GK mwilv‡fvi Avwds wè|Ó
gvR©vi ewjj, ÒAvwd‡Oi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb bvB, Z‡e nuvwo LvIqvi K_v, ÿzavbymv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv hvB‡e|Ó
gR©vi we`vq nBj| GKwU cwZZ AvZ¥v‡K AÜKvi nB‡Z Av‡jv‡K AvwbqvwQ, fvweqv KgjvKv‡šÍi eo
Avb›` nBj!
kãv_© I UxKv
Pvicvq − Uzj ev †PŠwK|
†cÖZer − †cÖ‡Zi g‡Zv|
†b‡cvwjqb − divwm m¤ªvU †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© (1769−1821) cÖvq mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c wb‡Ri
AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvq mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| 1815 wLªóv‡ã IqvUvijy hy‡×
I‡qwjsU‡bi wWD‡Ki nv‡Z civwRZ n‡q wZwb †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c wbe©vwmZ
nb Ges †mLv‡bB g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
I‡qwjsUb − HwZnvwmK PwiÎ, GKRb exi †hv×v| wZwb wWDK Ad I‡qwjsUb bv‡g
cwiwPZ (1769-1854)| IqvUvijy hy‡× Zuvi nv‡Z †b‡cvwjqb civwRZ nb|
wWDK − BD‡ivcxq mgv‡Ri e‡bw` ev AwfRvZ e¨w³| AZx‡Z BD‡iv‡ci ¯^vaxb
AÂ‡ji kvmK‡kÖwY|
gvR©vi − weovj|
e~¨n iPbv − cÖwZ‡iva †eóbx ˆZwi Kiv| hy‡×i Rb¨ ˆmb¨ mvRv‡bv|
cÖKwUZ − Zxeªfv‡e cÖKvwkZ|
lwó − jvwV|
wè¨KY© − Hk¦wiKfv‡e kÖeY Kiv|
weovj 13
†V½vjvwV − cÖnvi Kivi jvwV|

wk‡ivgwY − mgvRcwZ| mgv‡Ri cÖavb e¨w³|
b¨vqvjsKvi − b¨vqkv‡¯¿ cwÐZ|
fvh©v − ¯¿x| eD|
mZiÂ †Ljv − wb‡P (gvwU‡Z) wewQ‡q †h †Ljv †Lj‡Z nq; cvkv †Ljv| `vev †Ljv|
jv½yj − †jR| cy”Q|
†mvwkqvwjw÷K − mgvRZvwš¿K| mgv‡Ri mevB mgvb − Ggb GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev`|
ˆbqvwqK − b¨vqkv‡¯¿ cwÐZ e¨w³|
Kw¯§bKv‡j − †Kv‡bv mg‡q|
gvR©vix gnvkqv − ¯¿x weovj|
Rj‡hvM − nvjKv Lvevi| wUwdb|
mwilv‡fvi − ÿz`ª A‡_© (Dcgv)| ¯^í cwigvY|
cwZZ AvZ¥v − wec`MÖ¯Í ev `y`©kvMÖ¯Í AvZ¥v| GLv‡b weovj‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi imvZ¥K I e¨½agx© iPbvi msKjb ÔKgjvKv‡šÍi `ßiÕ| wZb As‡k wef³ GB
MÖš’wU‡Z †h KwU cÖeÜ Av‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbv ÔweovjÕ| GKw`b KgjvKvšÍ †bkvq
euy` n‡q IqvUvijy hy× wb‡q fvewQ‡jb| Ggb mgq GKUv weovj G‡m KgjvKv‡šÍi Rb¨ ivLv `yaUzKz †L‡q
†d‡j| NUbvUv †evSvi ci wZwb jvwV w`‡q weovjwU‡K gvi‡Z D`¨Z nb| ZLb KgjvKvšÍ I weovjwUi
g‡a¨ KvíwbK K‡_vcK_b Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi cÖ_g Ask wbLv` nvmïmvZ¥K, c‡ii Ask M~pv‡_© mwbœwnZ|
weov‡ji K‡É c„w_exi mKj ewÂZ, wb‡®úwlZ, `wj‡Zi †ÿvf-cÖwZev`-gg©‡e`bv hyw³MÖvn¨ mvg¨ZvwË¡K
†mŠK‡h© D”PvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K, ÒAvwg †Pvi e‡U, wKš‘ Avwg wK mva Kwiqv †Pvi nBqvwQ? LvB‡Z cvB‡j †K
†Pvi nq? †`L, huvnviv eo eo mvay, †Pv‡ii bv‡g wknwiqv D‡Vb, Zuvnviv A‡b‡K †Pvi A‡cÿvI
Aavwg©K|Ó gv‡Qi KuvUv, cv‡Zi fvZ − hv w`‡q B‡”Q Ki‡jB weov‡ji wÿ‡a `~i Kiv hvq, †jvKRb Zv
bv K‡i †mB Dw”Qó Lvevi b`©gvq †d‡j †`q| †h ÿzavZ© bq, Zv‡KB †ewk K‡i LvIqv‡Z Pvq|
ÿzavKvZi-kÖxnxb‡ì cÖwZ wd‡iI ZvKvq bv, Ggb †NviZi Awf‡hvM Av‡b weovjwU|
weov‡ji Ô†mvwkqvwjw÷KÕ, ÔmywePvwiKÕ, ÔmyZvwK©KÕ K_v ï‡b wew¯§Z I hyw³‡Z ch©y`¯Í KgjvKv‡šÍi g‡b
c‡o AvZ¥iÿvg~jK †kølvZ¥K evYx− ÒweÁ †jv‡Ki gZ GB †h, hLb wePv‡i civ¯Í nB‡e, ZLb
M¤¢xifv‡e Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kwi‡eÓ− Ges wZwb †m-iKg †KŠk‡ji AvkÖq †bb| mvgëv`wegyL,
Bs‡iRkvwmZ fviZe‡l©i GKRb miKvwi KgKZ©v n‡qI ew¼gP›`ª GKUv weov‡ji gyL w`‡q
†kvlK-†kvwlZ, abx-`wi`ª, mvay-†Pv‡ii AwaKviwelqK msMÖv‡gi K_v Kx †kølvZ¥K, hyw³wbô I mvejxj
fvlvq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Zv G cÖeÜ cvV K‡i Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
14 mvwnZ¨ cvV
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. KgjvKvšÍ weov‡ji Dci ivM Ki‡Z bv cvivi KviY, weov‡ji−
K. AwaKvi L. `y`©kv
M. ÿzrwccvmv N. `vwi`ª¨
2. Ôweov‡ji cÖwZ cyiæ‡li b¨vq AvPiY KivB we‡aqÕ ej‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi AvPiY‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. cÖ_vMZ L. ¯^vfvweK
M. ¯^fveweiæ× N. A¯^vfvweK
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†`wLby †mw`b †i‡j,
Kzwj e‡j GK evey mve Zv‡i †V‡j w`‡j
wb‡P †d‡j!
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3. KweZvs‡k ÒweovjÓ cÖe‡Üi †h †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. †kÖwY‰elg¨
ii. mvgëvw`Zv
iii. gvbweKZv
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. D³ †PZbvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨?
K. AZGe cyiæ‡li b¨vq AvPiY KivB we‡aq
L. †Zvgiv gbyl¨, Avgiv weovj, cÖ‡f` Kx?
M. c‡ivcKviB cig ag©
N. LvB‡Z cvB‡j †K †Pvi nq?
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
bvRgvi eo msmvi| ¯^vgx AKg©Y¨| ZvB †m evwo‡Z evwo‡Z KvR K‡i| G ¯^í Av‡q msmvi P‡j bv
e‡j eva¨ n‡q Zv‡K wewfbœ evwo †_‡K gkjv, ˆZj, ZiKvwi Pzwi K‡i msmv‡ii Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z
nq| Pzwi Kivi Kvi‡Y GLb Avi †KD Zv‡K Kv‡R †bq bv| ZvB cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Kxfv‡e c~iY
n‡e G wPšÍvq †m AvKzj n‡q I‡V|
K. gvR©v‡ii g‡Z, mgv‡Ri abe„w×i A_© Kx?
L. Ô†Zvgvi K_v¸wj fvwi †mvwkqvwjw÷KÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. bvRgv I weov‡ji Rxeb †Kvb w`K †_‡K wecbœ−ÒweovjÓ iPbvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔbvRgvi KvR bxwZweiæ× I ag©vPviwe‡ivaxÕ− ÒweovjÓ iPbv Aej¤^‡b g~j¨vqb Ki|
Kv‡m‡gi hy×hvÎv
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
1847 wLªóv‡ãi 13B b‡f¤î Kzwóqv †Rjvi jvwnbxcvovq gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi Rb¥| Zuvi wcZv gxi
†gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb wQ‡jb cÖPzi ab-m¤ú‡ì gvwjK| cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvq †ewk`~i AMÖmi bv n‡jI gxi
gkviid †nv‡mb dwi`cyi beve G‡÷‡U I †`j`yqvi G‡÷‡U PvKwi K‡i Rxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq e¨q
K‡ib| Gici wZwb KjKvZv I c‡i c`gw`‡Z A‡bK w`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| QvÎRxe‡bB Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ
cwÎKvq Zuvi iPbv cÖKvwkZ nq| gymwjg iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï mgš^qagx© avivi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e
wZwb L¨vZ| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q− bvUK : ÔemšÍKzgvixÕ, ÔRwg`vi `c©YÕ, ÔGi Dcvq wKÕ;
M`¨ : Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ, ÔwbqwZ wK AebwZÕ, ÔD`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_vÕ, ÔMvRx wgquvi e¯ÍvbxÕ, Ôdvm KvMRÕ
cÖf…wZ| gnii‡gi welv`gq HwZnvwmK Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ Zuvi we¯§qKi m„wó| Zuvi iwPZ
gnvKveägx© GB Dcb¨vm evsjv mvwn‡Zï GK Abb¨ m¤ú`|
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb 1911 wLªóv‡ãi 19G wW‡m¤î g„ZyëiY K‡ib|
m~h©‡è hZB E‡aŸ© DwV‡Z‡Qb, Zvcvsk ZZB e„w× nB‡Z‡Q| †nv‡m‡bi cwiR‡biv we›`ygvÎ R‡ji Rb¨
jvjvwqZ nB‡Z‡Qb, kZ kZ exicyiæl kÎæn‡¯Í cÖvYZ¨vM Kwi‡Z‡Q| åvZv, cyÎ, ¯^vgxi †kvwYZv³
K‡jei †`wLqv Kvwgbxiv mg‡q mg‡q wccvmvq KvZi nB‡Z‡Q; Pÿz‡Z R‡ji bvggvÎI bvB, †mB †hb
GKcÖKvi weK…Z fve, Kuvwèvi †ewk kw³ bvB| †nv‡mb PZzw`©K Pvwnqv †`wL‡jb, eÜzevÜ‡ei g‡a¨ Avi
†KnB bvB| iYm¾vq mw¾Z nBqv Rqjv‡fi Rb¨ kÎæm¤§yLxb nB‡Z Av‡`‡ki A‡cÿvq Zuvnvi m¤§y‡L
AvR †KnB Avwm‡Z‡Q bv| †nv‡mb GK `xN© wbtk¦vm cwiZ¨vM Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Ònvq! GKcvÎ evwi
cÖZ¨vkvq GZ AvZ¥xq eÜzevÜe nvivBjvg, Z_vP cwieviM‡Yi wccvmv wbeviY Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv|
Kvievjvf~wg‡Z i³‡¯ªvZ ewn‡Z‡Q, Z_vP †¯ªvZ¯^Zx †dvivZ kÎæn¯Í nB‡Z D×vi Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv|
Gÿ‡Y Avi euvwPevi fimv bvB, AvkvI bvB, AvKv•ÿvI bvB|Ó
nvmvb-cyÎ Kv‡mg wcZ…‡eï GB K_v ïwbqv mymw¾Z †e‡k m¤§y‡L Ki‡Rv‡o `Ðvqgvb nBqv webxZfv‡e
ewj‡Z jvwM‡jb, ÒZvZ, Kv‡mg GL‡bv RxweZ Av‡Q| Avcbvi AvÁven wPi`vm Avcbvi m¤§y‡L `Ðvqgvb
Av‡Q| AbygwZ Kiæb, kÎæKzj wbg©~j Kwi|Ó
†nv‡mb ewj‡jb, ÒKv‡mg, Zzwg wcZ…nxb, †Zvgvi gvZvi ZzwgB GKgvÎ mšÍvb; †Zvgvq GB fqvbK
kÎæ`jg‡a¨ †Kvb cÖv‡Y cvVvBe?Ó
Kv‡mg ewj‡jb, ÒfqvbK! Avcwb Kvnv‡K fqvbK kÎæ Ávb K‡ib? c‡_i ÿz`ª gwÿKv, c‡_i ÿz`ª
wccxwjKv‡K Avwg †hgb ÿz`ª Ávb Kwi, Avcbvi AbygwZ cvB‡j GwR‡ì fqsKi fqsKi
ˆmb¨va¨ÿMY‡K †mBi~c Z…YÁvb Kwi‡Z cvwi| Kv‡mg hw` wecÿ f‡q fqvZ©wPË nq, nvmv‡bi bvg
Wzwe‡e, Avcbvi bvgI Wzwe‡e| AbygwZ Kiæb, GKv Avwg mk¯¿ nBqv mn¯ª mn¯ª jÿ jÿ wicywebv‡k
mg_©|Ó
†nv‡mb ewj‡jb, ÒcÖvYvwaK! Avgvi es‡k Zzwg mK‡ji cÖavb, Zzwg Bgvg es‡ki eûg~j¨ iZœ, Zzwg wcZvi
†R¨ô cy‡Îi †R¨ô cyÎ, Zzwg ˆmq` es‡ki Ag~j¨wbwa! Zzwg †Zv †Zvgvi gvZvi GKgvÎ mšÍvb, Zuvnvi
m¤§y‡L _vwKqv Zuvnv‡K Ges mgy`q cwiRb‡K mvšÍ¡bv Ki| Avwg wb‡RB hy× Kwiqv †dvivZK~j D×vi
Kwi‡ZwQ|Ó
16 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Kv‡mg ewj‡jb, ÒAvcwb hvnvB ejyb, Kv‡m‡gi cÖvY †`‡n _vwK‡Z Avcbvi A¯¿aviY Kwi‡Z nB‡e bv|
Kv‡mg GwR‡ì ˆmb¨ †`wLqv KL‡bvB fxZ nB‡e bv| hw` †dvivZK~j D×vi Kwi‡Z bv cvwi, Z‡e
†dvivZb`x AvR †jvwnZe‡Y© iwÄZ nBqv GwR‡ì ˆmb¨‡kvwY‡Z †hvM w`qv gnvmgy‡`ª cÖevwnZ nB‡e|Ó
†nv‡mb ewj‡jb, Òerm! Avgvi gy‡L G K_vi DËi bvB| †Zvgvi gvZvi Av‡`k jBqv hvnv B”Qv ZvnvB Ki|Ó
nvm‡bevbyi cà~wj MÖnY Kwiqv gnvexi Kv‡mg hy×hvÎv cÖv_©bv RvbvB‡j nvm‡bevby Kv‡m‡gi g¯ÍK Pz¤^b
Kwiqv Avkxe©Pb cÖ‡qvMc~e©K ewj‡jb, ÒhvI, evQv, hy‡× hvI| †Zvgvi wcZ…FY cwi‡kva Ki| wcZ…kÎæ
GwR‡ì ˆmb¨M‡Yi g¯ÍK P~Y© Ki, hy‡× Rqx nBqv †dvivZK~j D×vi Ki, †Zvgvi wcZ…e¨‡K iÿv Ki|
†Zvgvi Avi åvZv-fMœxMY †ZvgviB gyLv‡cÿv Kwiqv iwnj| hvI evc, †Zvgvq AvR Ck¦‡ii c`Z‡j
mgc©Y Kwijvg|Ó
nvm‡bevbyi wbKU nB‡Z we`vq jBqv wcZ…‡eï c`Pz¤^bc~e©K Kv‡mg Ak¦c„‡ô Av‡ivnY Kwi‡eb, Ggb mgq
†nv‡mb ewj‡jb, ÒKv‡mg, GKUz wej¤^ Ki|Ó AbyÁv kÖeYgvÎ Ak¦eÐv Qvwoqv Kv‡mg ZrÿYvr
wcZ…e¨m¤§y‡L `Ðvqgvb nB‡jb|
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cÖwZÁv nB‡Z D×vi Kwiqv hy‡× Mgb Ki| hy‡× hvB‡Z Avgvi Avi †Kv‡bv AvcwË bvB| †Zvgvi wcZv
cÖvYwe‡qv‡Mi wKQz c~‡e© Avgv‡K Kiv‡i Ave× Kwiqv wMqv‡Qb, Avgvi Kb¨v mwLbvi mwnZ †Zvgvi weevn
wè| Zzwg mwLbv‡K weevn bv Kwiqv hy‡× hvB‡Z cvwi‡e bv| †Zvgvi wcZvi AvÁv cÖwZcvjb Ki,
Avgv‡KI cÖwZÁv nB‡Z iÿv Kiv,Ñ DfqB †Zvgvi mgZzj¨ Kvh©|Ó
Kv‡mg gnvwec‡` cwo‡jb| GZv`„k gnvwec` mg‡q weevn Kwi‡Z nB‡e, Bnv fvweqvB wZwb Aw¯’iwPË|
Kx K‡ib, †Kv‡bv DËi bv Kwiqv gvZvi wbK‡U mgy`q e„ËvšÍ ewj‡jb|
nvm‡bevby ewj‡jb, ÒKv‡mg! AvwgI Rvwb, Avgvi m¤§y‡L †Zvgvi wcZv †Zvgvi wcZ…‡eï wbKU GB
weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve Kwiqv Zuvnv‡K Kiv‡i Ave× Kwiqv wMqv‡Qb| †kvK, Zvc Ges Dcw¯’Z wec‡` Avwg mgy`q
fzwjqv wMqvwQ| Ck¦ivbyMÖ‡n †Zvgvi wcZ…‡eï ¯§iY wQj ewjqvB †Zvgvi wcZvi Dc‡`k cÖwZcvwjZ nB‡e
†eva nB‡Z‡Q| Bnv‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv AvcwË DÌvcb KwiI bv| GLbB weevn nDK| cÖvYvwaK! GB
welv`-mgy`ªg‡a¨ ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ GKevi Avb›`‡¯ªvZ ewnqv hvDK|Ó
Kv‡mg ewj‡jb, ÒRbbx! wcZv g„Zz¨Kv‡j Avgv‡K GKLvwb KeP w`qv ewjqv wMqv‡Qb †h, †h mgq Zzwg
†Kv‡bv wec‡` cwo‡e, wbR eyw×i Øviv hLb wKQzB Dcvq w¯’i Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡e, †mB mgq GB Ke‡Pi
Aci c„ô †`wLqv Z`yc‡`kg‡Zv Kvh© KwiI| Avgvi `wÿY n‡¯Í †h KeP †`wL‡Z‡Qb, BnvB †mB KeP|
Avcwb hw` AbygwZ K‡ib, Z‡e Aci c„ô cvV Kwiqv †`wL Kx †jLv Av‡Q!Ó
nvm‡bevby ewj‡jb, ÒGLbB †`L! †Zvgvi AvwRKvi wec‡ì b¨vq Avi †Kv‡bv wec`B nB‡e bv| Ke‡Pi
Aci c„ô †`wLevi Dchy³ mgqB GB|Ó GB K_v ewjqvB nvm‡bevby Kv‡m‡gi n¯Í nB‡Z KeP Lywjqv
Kv‡m‡gi n‡¯Í w`‡jb| Kv‡mg m¤§v‡bi mwnZ KeP Pz¤^b Kwiqv Aci c„ô †`wLqvB ewj‡jb, Ògv! Avgvi
Avi †Kv‡bv AvcwË bvB| GB †`Lyb, Ke‡P Kx †jLv Av‡Q| cwiR‡biv mK‡jB †`wL‡jb, Ke‡P †jLv
Av‡Q, ÒGLbB mwLbv‡K weevn Ki|Ó Kv‡mg ewj‡jb, ÒAvi Avgvi †Kv‡bv AvcwË bvB| GB †e‡kB
weevn Kwiqv wcZvi AvÁv cvjb I wcZ…‡eï cÖwZÁv iÿv Kwie|Ó
nvm‡bevby ewjqv‡Qb, Òwelv`-mgy‡`ª Avb›`‡¯ªvZ!Ó †h wkwe‡i ¯¿x-cyiæ‡liv, evjK-evwjKviv wèvivwÎ gv_v
dvUvBqv µ›`b Kwi‡Z‡Q, cyÎwgÎ‡kv‡K RMrmsmvi AÜKvi †`wL‡Z‡Q, cÖvYcwZi wPiwei‡n mZx bvixi
cÖvY dvwUqv hvB‡Z‡Q, åvZvi we‡qvMhš¿Yvq Aaxi nBqv wcÖq åvZv eÿ we`viY Kwi‡Z‡Q, †kv‡K-Zv‡c
Kv‡m‡gi hy×hvÎv 17
¯¿x-cyiæl GK‡Î wèvwbwk Ônvq nvqÕ i‡e Kuvw`‡Z‡Q, RMr‡KI Kuv`vB‡Z‡Q; Avevi gyn~Z© c‡iB wccvmv,
†mB wccvmviI kvwšÍ nBj bv; †mB wkwe‡iB AvR weevn!
Kvnv‡iv gy‡L nvwm bvB, Kvnv‡iv gy‡L m‡šÍv‡li wPý bvB; weevn, A_P welv`! cyievmxMY mwLbv‡K wNwiqv
ewm‡jb| iYev`¨ ZLb mvw`qvbv ev‡`ï Kvh© Kwi‡Z jvwMj| A½ivMvw` myMwÜ `ª‡eï K_v Kvnv‡iv ¯§iY
nBj bv; †Kej KówewbM©Z †bÎR‡jB mwLbvi A½ †aŠZ Kwiqv cyievwmbxiv cwi®‹…Z em‡b mwLbv‡K
mw¾Z Kwi‡jb| †Kk¸”Q cwicvwU Kwiqv euvwaqv w`‡jb, mf¨‡`k cÖPwjZ weev‡ni wPý¯îƒc `yB-GKLvwb
AjsKvi mwLbvi A‡½ aviY KivB‡jb| mwLbv c~Y©eq¯‹v, mKjB eywS‡Z‡Qb| Kv‡mg AcwiwPZ b‡nb|
cÖYq fv‡jvevmv, Df‡qiB iwnqv‡Q! åvZvÑfMœxg‡a¨ †hiƒc weï× I cweÎ cÖYq nBqv _v‡K, Zvnv Kv‡mg
I mwLbvi evj¨Kvj nB‡ZB iwnqv‡Q| Kvnv‡iv ¯^fve Kvnv‡iv ARvbv bvB, evj¨Kvj nB‡ZB GB Dcw¯’Z
†hŠebKvj ch©šÍ GKÎ µxov, GKÎ evm wbeÜb Df‡qiB g‡b mwe‡kl mij cÖYq Rwb¥qv‡Q| Df‡qB GK
cwievi, GK es‡kv™¢~Z, Df‡qi wcZv ci¯úi m‡nvì åvZv, myZivs j¾v, gvb, Awfgvb Aci ¯^vgx-¯¿x‡Z
†hi~c nBevi m¤¢vebv, Zvnv Dnv‡ì bvB| jMœ myw¯’i nBj| Iw`‡K GwR‡ì ˆmb¨g‡a¨ †Nvi i‡e hy×evRbv
evwR‡Z jvwMj| †dvivZ b`xi K~j D×vi Kwi‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv exicyilB †nv‡m‡bi cÿ nB‡Z Avwm‡Z‡Q
bv †`wLqv AvwRKvi hy‡× Rq m¤¢e we‡ePbvq Zzgyj k‡ã evRbv evwR‡Z jvwMj| †mB k‡ã †dvivZK~j
nB‡Z Kvievjvi AšÍtmxgv ch©šÍ cÖwZaŸwbZ nBqv DwVj| †nv‡m‡bi wkwe‡i cwZcyÎ‡kvKvZziv AejvM‡Yi
KvZi wbbv‡` mßZj AvKvk †f` Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †mB KvZiaŸwb Ck¦‡ii wmsnvmb ch©šÍ hvB‡Z jvwMj|
†nv‡mb eva¨ nBqv GB wb`viæY `yt‡Li mgq Kv‡m‡gi n‡¯Í cÖvYvwaKv `ywnZv mwLbv‡K mgc©Y Kwi‡jb|
wewag‡Zv weevnKvh© m¤úbœ nBj| ïfKv‡h©i ci Avb›`vkÖæ A‡b‡Ki P‡ÿ †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ †nv‡m‡bi
wkwei¯’ cwiRbM‡Yi P‡ÿ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi AkÖæB †`Lv hvq bvB| ei-Kb¨v Df‡qB mgeq¯‹| ¯^vgx-¯¿x‡Z
`yB `‡Ð wbR©‡b K_vevZ©v Kwn‡ZI Avi mgq nBj bv| weevnKvh© m¤úbœ KwiqvB ¸iæRbM‡Yi PiY e›`bv
Kwiqv gnvexi Kv‡mg Awmn‡¯Í `Ðvqgvb nBqv ewj‡jb, ÒGLb Kv‡mg kÎæ wbcv‡Z Pwjj|Ó
nvm‡bevby Kv‡m‡gi gy‡L kZ kZ Pz¤^b w`qv Avi mK‡ji mwnZ `yB n¯Í Zzwjqv Ck¦‡ii wbKU cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z
jvwM‡jb, Ò†n KiæYvgq RM`xk¦i! Kv‡mg‡K iÿv KwiI| AvR Kv‡mg weevnm¾v, evmim¾v cwiZ¨vM
Kwiqv wPikÎæ ˆmb¨ m¤§y‡L hy×m¾vq Pwjj| ci‡gk¦i! ZzwgB iÿvKZ©v; ZzwgB iY‡ÿ‡Î c„ô‡cvlK nBqv
wcZ…nxb Kv‡mg‡K G wec‡` iÿv Ki!Ó
Kv‡mg hvB‡Z AMÖmi nB‡jb; nvm‡bevby ewj‡Z jvwM‡jb, ÒKv‡mg, GKUz A‡cÿv Ki| wPigbmva Avwg
c~Y© Kwi| †Zvgv‡ì `yB Rb‡K GK‡Î wbR©‡b emvBqv Avwg GKUz †`wLqv jB| Dfq‡K GK‡Î †`wL‡Z
Avgvi wbZvšÍB mva nBqv‡Q|Ó GB ewjqv mwLbv I Kv‡mg‡K e¯¿vevmg‡a¨ GKÎ emvBqv ewj‡jb,
ÒKv‡mg, †Zvgvi ¯¿xi wbKU nB‡Z we`vq jI|Ó nvm‡bevby wk‡i KivNvZ Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z Z_v nB‡Z evwni
nBqv Kv‡m‡gi Mg¨ c‡_ ùvovBqv iwn‡jb|
Kv‡mg mwLbvi n¯Í awiqv ùvovBqv Av‡Qb| Kvnv‡iv gy‡L †Kv‡bv K_v bvB| †Kej mwLbvi gyLcv‡b Pvwnqv
Kv‡mg w¯’ifv‡e ùvovBqv iwn‡jb| A‡bKÿY c‡i Kv‡mg ewj‡jb, ÒmwLbv! cÖYqÑcwiP‡qi wfLvwi
Avgiv bwn; Gÿ‡Y b~Zb m¤^‡Ü c~‡e©i cÖYq b~Zbfv‡e AvRxebKvj ch©šÍ mgfv‡e iÿvi Rb¨B weavZv GB
b~Zb m¤^Ü m„wó KivB‡jb| Zzwg exiKb¨v, exiRvqv; G mg‡q †Zvgvi †gŠbx nBqv _vKv Avgvi AwaKZi
`yt‡Li KviY| cweÎ cÖYq †Zv c~e© nB‡Z wQj, Gÿ‡Y Zvnvi Dc‡i cwiYqm~‡Î eÜb nBj, Avi Avkv Kx?
A¯’vqx RM‡Z Avi Kx myL Av‡Q ej †Zv?Ó
mwLbv ewj‡jb, ÒKv‡mg, Zzwg Avgv‡K cÖ‡eva w`‡Z cvwi‡e bv| Z‡e GBgvÎ ewj, †hLv‡b kÎæi bvg bvB,
GwR‡ì fq bvB, Kvievjv cÖvšÍi bvB, †dvivZR‡ji wccvmvI †hLv‡b bvB, †mB ¯’v‡b Avwg †hb †Zvgv‡K
cvB; GB Avgvi cÖv_©bv| cÖYq wQj, cwiYq nBj, Avi Kx Avkv?ÓÑ Kv‡m‡gi n¯Í awiqv Kuvw`‡Z Kuvw`‡Z
mwLbv cybtcybt ewj‡jb, ÒKv‡mg! cÖYq wQj, cwiYq nBj, Avi Kx Avkv!Ó
18 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wcÖqZgv fvh©v‡K AwZ †¯œnmnKv‡i Avwj½b Kwiqv gy‡Li wbK‡U gyL ivwLqv Kv‡mg ewj‡Z jvwM‡jb,
ÒAvwg hy×hvÎx, kÎæ‡kvwYZwccvmy; AvR mß wèm GKwe›`ygvÎ Rj MÖnY Kwi bvB, wKš‘ GLb Avgvi
ÿzav-wccvmv wKQzB bvB| Z‡e †h wccvmvq KvZi nBqv Pwjjvg, †evanq G Rxe‡b Zvnvi Z…wß bvB,
nB‡eI bv| Zzwg KuvwÌ bv, g‡bi Avb‡›` Avgv‡K we`vq Ki| GKevi Kvb cvwZqv †kvb †`wL, kÎæ`‡ji
iYev`¨ †Kgb †Nvi i‡e evw`Z nB‡Z‡Q| †Zvgvi ¯^vgx, gnvexi nvmv‡bi cyÎ, nRiZ Avjxi †cŠÎ Kv‡mg
†Zvgvi ¯^vgx, GB Kv‡mg wK H ev`¨ ïwbqv beweevwnZv ¯¿xi gyLcv‡b Pvwnqv ewmqv _vwK‡Z cv‡i? mwLbv!
Avwg Gÿ‡Y we`vq nB|Ó
mwLbv ewj‡Z jvwM‡jb, Ò†Zvgv‡K Ck¦‡i muwcjvg| hvI Kv‡mgÑhy‡× hvI! cÖ_g wgjbiRbxi mgvMg
Avk‡q A¯ÍwgZ m~‡h©i gwjb fve †`wLqv cÖdzjø nIqv mwLbvi fv‡M¨ bvB| hvI Kv‡mg!Ñ hy‡× hvI!Ó
Kv‡mg Avi mwLbvi gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKvB‡Z cvwi‡jb bv| AvqZ‡jvP‡b welvw`Zfv‡e P‡ÿ †`wL‡Z Avi ÿgZv
nBj bv| †KvgjcÖvYv mwLbvi my‡Kvgj n¯Í awiqv evisevi Pz¤b^ Kwiqv we`vq nB‡jb| mwLbvi Avkv-fimv †h
gyn‡~ Z© A¼zwiZ nBj, †mB gyn‡~ Z©B ïKvBqv †Mj| Kv‡mg `ªæZc‡` wkwei nB‡Z evwni nBqv GK j‡ç A‡k¦
Av‡ivnYc~eK © m‡Rv‡i Ak¦c‡„ ô KkvNvZ Kwi‡jb| Ak¦ evqy‡e‡M †`ŠovBqv Pwjj|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
Zvcvsk − Zv‡ci Ask| ZvcgvÎv|
†kvwYZv³ K‡jei − i³v³ kixi| i³gvLv †`n|
Kvwgbx − igYx| bvix|
Kvievjv − Biv‡K wmwiqv giæf~wgi cv‡k evM`v` bMixi cÖvq 57 gvBj `wÿY-cwð‡g
Aew¯’Z| Kvievjvi GB HwZnvwmK cÖvšÍ‡iB 680 wLªóv‡ãi gniig gv‡m nRiZ
Bgvg †nv‡mb (iv) GwR‡ì evwnbxi m‡½ hy‡× kwn` nb| Zuvi gvRvi‡K †K›`ª
K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q AvaywbK Kvievjv kni| Bgvg †nv‡m‡bi (iv) gvRviwU GKwU
my`„k¨ †mŠ‡ai g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z| gvRv‡ii Dc‡i ¯^Y©gwÐZ Aa©‡MvjvKvi Qv` Ges
wZbwU †QvU wgbvi i‡q‡Q| GwU Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x gvby‡li cweÎ ¯’vb|
†mªvZ¯^Zx − b`x| cÖevwnYx|
†dvivZ − Biv‡Ki weL¨vZ b`x| c~e© Zzi‡¯‹ Drcbœ G b`x Biv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q cÖvq 1675 gvBj
we¯ÍZ
… n‡q ZvBwMÖm b`x‡Z wg‡k‡Q Ges †mLv‡bB ÔkvwZj-AvieÕ b`x m„wó K‡i‡Q|
ZvZ − KvKv| PvPv|
ÿz`ª gwÿKv − †QvU gvwQ|
GwR` − DgvBqv Lwjdv gyqvweqvi cyÎ| Zvi gvZv gvBmyb-†e`yBb †MvÎxq wLªóvb e‡j Kw_Z|
gyqvweqv RxweZ _vKvKv‡j 679 wLªóv‡ã cyÎ GwR`‡K wLjvd‡Zi DËivwaKvix †NvlYv
K‡ib| nRiZ imyj Kwig (m) Gici cÖ_g Pvi Lwjdv †h RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ
wLjvdZ cÖRvZš¿ cwiPvjbv K‡i AvmwQ‡jb| gyqvweqv Zv‡K GKwU eskMwZ ivRZ‡š¿
cwiYZ K‡ib| PZz_© Lwjdv nRiZ Avjxi (iv) †R¨ôcyÎ nRiZ Bgvg nvmvb Zv‡K
†g‡b wb‡jI wØZxq cyÎ Bgvg †nv‡mb Zv‡K †g‡b †bbwb| Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i G Kvi‡Y
Zvi mv‡_ hy‡× wbg©gfv‡e kwn` nb †nv‡mb I Zuvi AbyMvgx mevB|
Kv‡m‡gi hy×hvÎv 19
ˆmb¨va¨ÿ − †mbvcwZ| ˆmb¨`‡ji cÖavb cwiPvjK|

wicywebv‡k − kÎæ wba‡b|
Ag~j¨wbwa − g~j¨ w`‡q †Kbv hvq bv Ggb iZœ ev m¤ú`|
wcZ…e¨ − wcZvi m‡nvì| PvPv ev KvKv| R¨vVv|
Kiv‡i − cÖwZÁvq| cÖwZkÖæwZi eÜ‡b Ave×|
cyievmx − bMievmx|
mvw`qvbv ev`¨ − we‡qi evRbv|
A½ivMvw` − cÖmvab mvgMÖx|
jMœ − ivwki D`qKvj| gyn~Z©| ÿY| mgq|
cwZcyÎ‡kvKvZziv
AejvMY − ¯^vgx-cyÎ nviv‡bvi †e`bvq KvZi bvixiv|
mßZj AvKvk − Amxg AvKvk|
`ywnZv − †g‡q| Kb¨v| Zbqv|
e¯¿vevmg‡a¨ − Zuveyi N‡i|
fvh©v − cZœx| ¯¿x|
AvqZ‡jvP‡b
welvw`Zfv‡e − UvbvUvbv †Pv‡L KiæYfv‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕi GKwU Av‡eMgq A_P exiZ¡e¨ÄK Ask Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q
G cvVwU‡Z| Kvievjv hy‡×i mßg w`‡b `ywe©bxZ GwR` evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ nRiZ Avjxi (iv)
†cŠÎ cÖqvZ Bgvg nvmv‡bi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ gnvexi Kv‡mg hy‡× hvIqvi msKí e¨³ K‡i wcZ…‡eï Kv‡Q
AbygwZ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| †nv‡mb Kv‡mg‡K Zvi GKwU cÖwZÁv Ges Bgvg nvmv‡bi AvÁvi K_v Rvbvb|
Bgvg †nv‡m‡bi Kb¨v mwLbvi m‡½ Kv‡m‡gi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i `yB fvB nvmvb-†nv‡mb c~‡e©B cÖwZkÖywZe×
n‡qwQ‡jb| Kv‡mg hy‡× hvIqvi cÖv°v‡j G we‡q‡Z ivwR nb| hy‡×i `vgvgv cwiYZ n‡jv we‡qi ev‡`¨|
nVvr K‡iB AZ¨šÍ mv`vgvUvfv‡e we‡qi AvbyôvwbKZv †kl n‡jv| Aciw`‡K †dvivZ b`xi K~‡j
GwR`-wkwe‡i †e‡R I‡V hy‡×i evRbv| Kv‡mg we‡qi mKj AvbyôvwbKZv cwinvi K‡ib| weevnm¾v,
evmim¾v mKj cÖKvi †jŠwKKZv cwinvi K‡i Kv‡mg gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvb we`vq wb‡Z| gv Zuv‡K wb‡q hvb
mwLbvi Kv‡Q| `yRb‡K GKmv‡_ †`LvB wQj Zvi mva| †hLv‡b kÎæ †bB, we‡iva †bB, hy× †bB †miKg
¯’vb-cwi‡e‡k mwLbv ¯^vgxi m‡½ wgj‡bi cÖZ¨vkv e¨³ K‡ib| G‡K G‡K MyiyRb, gvZv, ea~i Kv‡Q we`vq
wb‡q kÎæ‡K civf~Z Ki‡Z Ak¦c„‡ô I‡Vb gnvexi Kv‡mg| Kv‡m‡gi `vwqZ¡‡eva, cwiwgwZ‡eva, mshZ
Av‡eM, msK‡í `„pZv cÖf…wZi mgev‡q G iPbvwU Zvrch© jvf K‡i‡Q|
20 mvwnZ¨ cvV
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ô†Zvgv‡K Ck¦‡i muwcjvgÕ− Dw³wU Kvi?
K. nvmv‡bi L. †nvm‡b evbyi
M. †nv‡m‡bi N. mwLbvi
2. ÔKv‡mg gnvwec‡` cwo‡jbÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. hy× cÖ¯‘wZ L. †dvivZKzj D×vi
M. weev‡n m¤§wZ N. gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K we`vq
hy× gv‡bB
kÎæ kÎæ †Ljv|
hy× gv‡bB
Avgvi cÖwZ
†Zvgvi Ae‡njv|
3. Dc‡ii KweZvs‡ki e³v ÒKv‡m‡gi hy×hvÎvÓ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi m‡½ Zzjbxq?
K. nvmvb L. †nv‡mb
M. Kv‡mg N. ˆmwbK
4. D³ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q−
i. `„p cÖwZÁv
ii. cZœx‡cÖg
iii. Ag‡bv‡hvM
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
AwgZ m‡egvÎ we‡q K‡i‡Qb| Ggb mgq †`‡k gyw³hy× ïiæ n‡jv| GKw`‡K ¯¿xi cÖwZ AbyivM,
Ab¨w`‡K †`k‡K gy³ Kivi AvnŸvb| ¯¿xi †gŠb m¤§wZ‡Z wZwb †kl ch©šÍ hy‡× P‡j †M‡jb| wZwb
ey‡SwQ‡jb, †`k Aeiy× n‡j me wKQy ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z nq|
K. Ke‡Pi Aci c„‡ô Kx †jLv wQj?
L. Ôwelv`-mgy‡`ª Avb›`‡mªvZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. Awg‡Zi g‡a¨ Kv‡mg Pwi‡Îi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔDwÏó w`KwUi Kvi‡YB AwgZ I Kv‡mg wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K Zz”QÁvb K‡iwQ‡jbÕ− Dw³wUi c‡ÿ †Zvgvi
hyw³ `vI|
AcwiwPZv
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g (1268 e½v‡ãi 25G êkvL) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi, gvZv mvi`v †èx| wek¦Kwe Awfavq m¤¢vwlZ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí iPwqZv Ges evsjv †QvUM‡íi †kÖô wkíx| Zuvi †jLbx‡ZB evsjv
†QvUM‡íi D™¢e, weKvk I mg„w× N‡U‡Q| Zuvi †QvUMí wek¦mvwn‡Zï †kÖô †QvUMí¸‡jvi mgZzj¨| 1284
e½v‡ã gvÎ †lvj eQi eq‡m ÒwfLvwibxÓ Mí iPbvi gva¨‡g †QvUMí †jLK wn‡m‡e Zuvi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U|
Gi ci †_‡K Rxe‡bi cÖvq †kl w`b ch©šÍ `xN© †PŠlwÆ eQ‡i wZwb ALÐ ÔMí¸‡”QÕ msKwjZ 95wU †QvUMí
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gi evB‡iI Ô†mÕ, ÔMímíÕ Ges ÔwjwcKvÕ Mª‡š’ Zuvi AviI Mí msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi iwPZ me©‡kl MíwUi bvg Ògymjgvbxi MíÓ|
cvwievwiK Rwg`vwi Z`viwKi m~‡Î Kzwóqvi wkjvB`‡n emev‡mi KvjB iex›`ªbv‡_i †QvUMí iPbvi ¯^Y©hyM|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kv‡eï †kÖô KweZv¸‡jvI wZwb GKB mg‡q iPbv K‡ib| cÖK…wZi c‡U Rxeb‡K ¯’vcb K‡i
Rxe‡bi MxZgq wek¦Rbxb cÖKvkB iex›`ªM‡íi †kÖô m¤ú`| Z‡e wek kZ‡K iwPZ M‡í cÖK…wZ I MxZgqZvi
¯’‡j ev¯ÍeZvB cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| MíKvi wn‡m‡e wZwb †hgb e‡iY¨, Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡eI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi
¯’vb mywbw`©ó| Zuvi iwPZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ, Ô†MvivÕ, ÔPZzi½Õ, ÔN‡i-evB‡iÕ, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ,
Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi †kÖô m¤ú`| bvUK iPbvi †ÿ‡ÎI iex›`ªbv‡_i †kÖôZ¡ Awemsevw`Z| Zuvi iwPZ
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK¸‡jv n‡jv : ÔivRvÕ, ÔAPjvqZbÕ, ÔWvKNiÕ, Ôgy³avivÕ, Ôi³KiexÕ|
1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ (1348 e½v‡ãi 22G kÖveY) †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzievwo‡Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii
Rxebvemvb N‡U|
AvR Avgvi eqm mvZvk gvÎ| G RxebUv bv ˆ`‡N©ï wnmv‡e eo, bv ¸‡Yi wnmv‡e| Zey Bnvi GKUz we‡kl
g~j¨ Av‡Q| Bnv †mB dz‡ji g‡Zv hvnvi ey‡Ki Dc‡i ågi Avwmqv ewmqvwQj, Ges †mB c`‡ÿ‡ci
BwZnvm Zvnvi Rxe‡bi gvSLv‡b d‡ji g‡Zv ¸wU awiqv DwVqv‡Q|
†mB BwZnvmUzKz AvKv‡i †Qv‡Uv, Zvnv‡K †Qv‡Uv KwiqvB wjwLe| †Qv‡Uv‡K huvnviv mvgvb¨ ewjqv fzj K‡ib
bv Zuvnviv Bnvi im eywS‡eb|
K‡j‡R hZ¸‡jv cixÿv cvm Kwievi me Avwg PzKvBqvwQ| †Q‡j‡ejvq Avgvi my›ì †Pnviv jBqv
cwÐZgkvq Avgv‡K wkgyj dzj I gvKvj d‡ji mwnZ Zzjbv Kwiqv, we`~ªc Kwievi my‡hvM cvBqvwQ‡jb|
Bnv‡Z ZLb e‡ov j¾v cvBZvg; wKš‘ eqm nBqv G K_v fvweqvwQ, hw` Rb¥všÍi _v‡K Z‡e Avgvi gy‡L
myiƒc Ges cwÐZgkvq‡ì gy‡L we`ª~c Avevi †hb Agwb KwiqvB cÖKvk cvq|
Avgvi wcZv GK Kv‡j Mwie wQ‡jb| IKvjwZ Kwiqv wZwb cÖPzi UvKv †ivRMvi Kwiqv‡Qb, †fvM Kwievi
mgq wb‡glgvÎI cvb bvB| g„Zz¨‡Z wZwb †h nuvd Qvwo‡jb †mB Zuvi cÖ_g AeKvk|
Avgvi ZLb eqm Aí| gvi nv‡ZB Avwg gvbyl| gv Mwi‡ei N‡ii †g‡q; ZvB, Avgiv †h abx G K_v
wZwbI †fv‡jb bv, Avgv‡K fzwj‡Z †`b bv| wkïKv‡j Avwg †Kv‡j †Kv‡jB gvbylÑ†eva Kwi, †mBRb¨ †kl
ch©šÍ Avgvi cyivcywi eqmB nBj bv| AvRI Avgv‡K †`wL‡j g‡b nB‡e, Avwg Abœc~Y©vi †Kv‡j MRvb‡bi
†Qv‡Uv fvBwU|
22 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Avgvi Avmj AwffveK Avgvi gvgv| wZwb Avgvi †P‡q e‡ov‡Rvi eQi Q‡qK eo| wKš‘ dêyi evwji
g‡Zv wZwb Avgv‡ì mg¯Í msmviUv‡K wb‡Ri AšÍ‡ii g‡a¨ ïwlqv jBqv‡Qb| Zuvnv‡K bv Lyuwoqv GLvbKvi
GK MÐ~lI im cvBevi †Rv bvB| GB Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv-wKQzi Rb¨B Avgv‡K †Kv‡bv fvebv fvwe‡ZB nq bv|
Kb¨vi wcZv gv‡ÎB ¯^xKvi Kwi‡eb, Avwg mrcvÎ| ZvgvKUzKz ch©šÍ LvB bv| fv‡jvgvbyl nIqvi †Kv‡bv
SÅvU bvB, ZvB Avwg wbZvšÍ fv‡jvgvbyl| gvZvi Av‡`k gvwbqv Pwjevi ÿgZv Avgvi Av‡QÑ e¯‘Z, bv
gvwbevi ÿgZv Avgvi bvB| AšÍtcy‡ii kvm‡b Pwjevi g‡Zv KwiqvB Avwg cÖ¯‘Z nBqvwQ, hw` †Kv‡bv Kb¨v
¯^q¤îv nb Z‡e GB myjÿYwU ¯§iY ivwL‡eb|
A‡bK e‡ov Ni nB‡Z Avgvi m¤^Ü AvwmqvwQj| wKš‘ gvgv, whwb c„w_ex‡Z Avgvi fvM¨‡èZvi cÖavb
G‡R›U, weevn m¤^‡Ü Zuvi GKUv we‡kl gZ wQj| abxi Kb¨v Zuvi cQ›` bq| Avgv‡ì N‡i †h †g‡q
Avwm‡e †m gv_v †nuU Kwiqv Avwm‡e, GB wZwb Pvb| A_P UvKvi cÖwZ Avmw³ Zuvi Aw¯’g¾vq RwoZ|
wZwb Ggb †envB Pvb hvnvi UvKv bvB A_P †h UvKv w`‡Z Kmyi Kwi‡e bv| hv‡nvK †kvlY Kiv Pwj‡e
A_P evwo‡Z Avwm‡j ¸o¸woi cwie‡Z© euvav ûuKvq ZvgvK w`‡j hvnvi bvwjk LvwU‡e bv|
Avgvi eÜz nwik Kvbcy‡i KvR K‡i| †m QzwU‡Z KwjKvZvq Avwmqv Avgvi gb DZjv Kwiqv w`j| †m
ewjj, ÒI‡n, †g‡q hw` ej GKwU Lvmv †g‡q Av‡Q|Ó
wKQzw`b c~‡e©B GgG cvm KwiqvwQ| mvg‡b hZ `~i ch©šÍ `„wó P‡j QzwU a~ a~ Kwi‡Z‡Q; cixÿv bvB, D‡g`wi
bvB, PvKwi bvB; wb‡Ri welq †`wLevi wPšÍvI bvB, wkÿvI bvB, B”QvI bvBÑ _vwKevi g‡aÏ wfZ‡i
Av‡Qb gv Ges evwn‡i Av‡Qb gvgv|
GB AeKv‡ki giæf~wgi g‡a¨ Avgvi ü`q ZLb wek¦e¨vcx bvixiƒ‡ci gixwPKv †`wL‡ZwQjÑAvKv‡k Zvnvi
`„wó, evZv‡m Zvnvi wbtk¦vm, Ziægg©‡i Zvnvi †Mvcb K_v|
Ggb mgq nwik Avwmqv ewjj, Ò†g‡q hw` ej, Z‡eÑÓ| Avgvi kixi-gb emšÍevZv‡m eKzje‡bi
becjøeivwki g‡Zv Kuvwc‡Z Kuvwc‡Z Av‡jvQvqv eywb‡Z jvwMj| nwik gvbylUv wQj iwmK, im w`qv eY©bv
Kwievi kw³ Zvnvi wQj, Avi Avgvi gb wQj Z…lvZ©|
Avwg nwik‡K ewjjvg, ÒGKevi gvgvi Kv‡Q K_vUv cvwoqv †`‡Lv|Ó
nwik Avmi RgvB‡Z AwØZxq| ZvB me©ÎB Zvnvi LvwZi| gvgvI Zvnv‡K cvB‡j Qvwo‡Z Pvb bv| K_vUv
Zuvi êV‡K DwVj| †g‡qi †P‡q †g‡qi ev‡ci LeiUvB Zuvnvi Kv‡Q ¸iæZi| ev‡ci Ae¯’v wZwb †hgbwU
Pvb †Zgwb| GK Kv‡j Bnv‡ì es‡k j²xi g½jNU fiv wQj| GLb Zvnv k~b¨ ewj‡jB nq, A_P Zjvq
mvgvb¨ wKQz evwK Av‡Q| †`‡k eskgh©v`v ivwLqv Pjv mnR bq ewjqv Bwb cwð‡g wMqv evm Kwi‡Z‡Qb|
†mLv‡b Mwie M„n‡¯’i g‡ZvB _v‡Kb| GKwU †g‡q Qvov Zuvi Avi bvB| myZivs ZvnviB cðv‡Z j²xi
NUwU G‡Kev‡i Dcyo Kwiqv w`‡Z wØav nB‡e bv|
Gme fv‡jv K_v| wKš‘, †g‡qi eqm †h c‡b‡iv, ZvB ïwbqv gvgvi gb fvi nBj| es‡k †Zv †Kv‡bv †`vl
bvB? bv, †`vl bvBÑ evc †Kv_vI Zuvi †g‡qi †hvM¨ ei LyuwRqv cvb bv| G‡K †Zv e‡ii nvU gnvN©, Zvnvi
c‡i abyK-fvOv cY, Kv‡RB evc †KejB meyi Kwi‡Z‡QbÑ wKš‘ †g‡qi eqm meyi Kwi‡Z‡Q bv|
hvB †nvK, nwi‡ki mim imbvi ¸Y Av‡Q| gvgvi gb big nBj| weev‡ni f~wgKv-AskUv wbwe©‡Nœ mgvav
nBqv †Mj| KwjKvZvi evwn‡i evwK †h c„w_exUv Av‡Q mg¯ÍUv‡KB gvgv AvÛvgvb Øx‡ci AšÍM©Z ewjqv
Rv‡bb| Rxe‡b GKevi we‡kl Kv‡R wZwb †KvbœMi ch©šÍ wM‡qwQ‡jb| gvgv hw` gby nB‡Zb Z‡e wZwb
nveovi cyj cvi nIqvUv‡K Zuvnvi mswnZvq G‡Kev‡i wb‡la Kwiqv w`‡Zb| g‡bi g‡a¨ B”Qv wQj, wb‡Ri
†Pv‡L †g‡q †`wLqv Avwme| mvnm Kwiqv cÖ¯Íve Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv|
AcwiwPZv 23
Kb¨v‡K Avkxe©v` Kwievi Rb¨ hvnv‡K cvVv‡bv nBj †m Avgv‡ì weby`v`v, Avgvi wcmZy‡Zv fvB| Zvnvi
g‡Zv iæwP Ges `ÿZvi Õc‡i Avwg †lv‡jv-Avbv wbf©i Kwi‡Z cvwi| weby`v wdwiqv Avwmqv ewj‡jb, Òg›`
bq †n! LuvwU †mvbv e‡U!Ó
weby`v`vi fvlvUv AZ¨šÍ AuvU| †hLv‡b Avgiv ewj ÔPgrKviÕ †mLv‡b wZwb e‡jb ÔPjbmBÕ| AZGe
eywSjvg, Avgvi fv‡M¨ cÖRvcwZi m‡½ cÂk‡ii †Kv‡bv we‡iva bvB|
2
ejv evûj¨, weevn-Dcj‡ÿ Kb¨vcÿ‡KB KwjKvZvq Avwm‡Z nBj| Kb¨vi wcZv k¤¢ybv_evey nwik‡K KZ
wek¦vm K‡ib Zvnvi cÖgvY GB †h, weev‡ni wZb w`b c~‡e© wZwb Avgv‡K cÖ_g P‡ÿ †`‡Lb Ges Avkxe©v`
Kwiqv hvb| eqm Zuvi Pwjø‡ki wKQz Gcv‡i ev Icv‡i| Pzj KuvPv, †Muv‡d cvK awi‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwiqv‡Q gvÎ|
mycyiæl e‡U| wf‡oi g‡a¨ †`wL‡j mK‡ji Av‡M Zuvi Dc‡i †PvL cwoevi g‡Zv †Pnviv|
Avkv Kwi Avgv‡K †`wLqv wZwb Lywk nBqvwQ‡jb| †evSv k³, †Kbbv wZwb eoB PzcPvc| †h `ywU-GKwU K_v
e‡jb †hb Zvnv‡Z cyiv †Rvi w`qv e‡jb bv| gvgvi gyL ZLb AbM©j QzwU‡ZwQjÑ a‡b gv‡b Avgv‡ì ¯’vb †h
kn‡ii KviI †P‡q Kg bq, †mB‡U‡KB wZwb bvbv cÖm‡½ cÖPvi Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb| k¤¢by v_evey G K_vq G‡Kev‡i
†hvMB w`‡jb bvÑ †Kv‡bv duv‡K GKUv ûu ev nu¨v wKQzB †kvbv †Mj bv| Avwg nB‡j `wgqv hvBZvg, wKš‘ gvgv‡K
`gv‡bv k³| wZwb k¤¢by v_eveyi PzcPvc fve †`wLqv fvwe‡jb, †jvKUv wbZvšÍ wbRx©e, G‡Kev‡i †Kv‡bv †ZR
bvB| †envB-m¤úª`v‡qi Avi hvB _vK, †ZR _vKvUv †`v‡li, AZGe gvgv g‡b g‡b Lywk nB‡jb| k¤¢by v_evey
hLb DwV‡jb ZLb gvgv ms‡ÿ‡c Dci nB‡ZB Zuv‡K we`vq Kwi‡jb, Mvwo‡Z Zzwjqv w`‡Z †M‡jb bv|
cY m¤^‡Ü `yB c‡ÿ cvKvcvwK K_v wVK nBqv wMqvwQj| gvgv wb‡R‡K Amvgvb¨ PZzi ewjqvB Awfgvb
Kwiqv _v‡Kb| K_vevZ©vq †Kv_vI wZwb wKQz duvK iv‡Lb bvB| UvKvi A¼ †Zv w¯’i wQjB, Zvic‡i Mnbv
KZ fwii Ges †mvbv KZ `‡ii nB‡e †mI G‡Kev‡i euvaveuvwa nBqv wMqvwQj| Avwg wb‡R Gmg¯Í K_vi
g‡a¨ wQjvg bv; RvwbZvg bv †`bv-cvIbv Kx w¯’i nBj| g‡b RvwbZvg, GB ¯’’~j AskUvI weev‡ni GKUv
cÖavb Ask, Ges †m As‡ki fvi hvi Dc‡i wZwb GK KovI VwK‡eb bv| e¯‘Z, Avðh© cvKv †jvK ewjqv
gvgv Avgv‡ì mg¯Í msmv‡ii cÖavb M‡e©i mvgMÖx| †hLv‡b Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü Av‡Q †mLv‡b me©ÎB
wZwb eyw×i jovB‡q wRwZ‡eb, G G‡Kev‡i aiv K_v, GB Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Afve bv _vwK‡jI Ges Ab¨
c‡ÿi Afve KwVb nB‡jI wRwZe, Avgv‡ì msmv‡ii GB †R`ÑBnv‡Z †h euvPzK Avi †h giæK|
Mv‡q-njy` Am¤¢e iKg ayg Kwiqv †Mj| evnK GZ †Mj †h Zvnvi Av`g-kygvwi Kwi‡Z nB‡j †Kivwb
ivwL‡Z nq| Zvnvw`M‡K we`vq Kwi‡Z Aci cÿ‡K †h bvKvj nB‡Z nB‡e, †mB K_v ¯§iY Kwiqv gvgvi
m‡½ gv GK‡hv‡M we¯Íi nvwm‡jb|
e¨vÛ, euvwk, k‡Li KÝU© cÖf…wZ †hLv‡b hZcÖKvi D”P kã Av‡Q mg¯Í GKm‡½ wgkvBqv ee©i †Kvjvn‡ji
gË n¯Íx Øviv msMxZ mi¯^Zxi cÙeb `wjZ we`wjZ Kwiqv Avwg †Zv weevn-evwo‡Z wMqv DwVjvg|
AvswU‡Z nv‡i‡Z Rwi-Rniv‡Z Avgvi kixi †hb Mnbvi †`vKvb wbjv‡g Pwoqv‡Q ewjqv †eva nBj|
Zuvnv‡ì fvex RvgvB‡qi g~j¨ KZ †mUv †hb KZK cwigv‡Y me©v‡½ ¯úó Kwiqv wjwLqv fvex k¦ï‡ii m‡½
†gvKvwejv Kwi‡Z PwjqvwQjvg|
gvgv weevn-evwo‡Z XzwKqv Lywk nB‡jb bv| G‡K †Zv DVvbUv‡Z eihvÎx‡ì RvqMv msKzjvb nIqvB k³,
Zvnvi c‡i mg¯Í Av‡qvRb wbZvšÍ ga¨g iK‡gi| Bnvi c‡i k¤¢ybv_eveyi eënviUvI †bnvZ VvÐv| Zuvi
webqUv AR¯ª bq| gy‡L †Zv K_vB bvB †Kvg‡i Pvì euvav, Mjv fvOv, UvK-cov, wgk-Kv‡jv Ges
24 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wecyj-kixi Zuvi GKwU DwKj-eÜz hw` wbqZ nvZ †Rvo Kwiqv gv_v †njvBqv, b¤ªZvi w¯§Znv‡m¨ I M`M`
eP‡b KÝU© cvwUi KiZvj-evwR‡q nB‡Z ïiæ Kwiqv eiKZ©v‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K evi evi cÖPziiƒ‡c Awfwl³
Kwiqv bv w`‡Zb Z‡e †Mvov‡ZB GUv Gm&&cvi-Im&&cvi nBZ|
Avwg mfvq ewmevi wKQzÿY c‡iB gvgv k¤¢ybv_evey‡K cv‡ki N‡i WvwKqv jBqv †M‡jb| Kx K_v nBj
Rvwb bv, wKQzÿY c‡iB k¤¢ybv_evey Avgv‡K Avwmqv ewj‡jb, ÒevevwR, GKevi GB w`‡K Avm‡Z n‡”Q|Ó
e¨vcviLvbv GB| ÑmK‡ji bv nDK, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GKUv wKQz jÿ¨ _v‡K| gvgvi
GKgvÎ jÿ¨ wQj, wZwb †Kv‡bvg‡ZB KviI Kv‡Q VwK‡eb bv| Zuvi fq Zuvi †envB Zuv‡K Mnbvq duvwK
w`‡Z cv‡ibÑweevnKvh© †kl nBqv †M‡j †m duvwKi Avi cÖwZKvi Pwj‡e bv| evwofvov mIMv`
†jvKÑwe`vq cÖf…wZ m¤^‡Ü †hiKg UvbvUvwbi cwiPq cvIqv †M‡Q Zvnv‡Z gvgv wVK KwiqvwQ‡jb
†Ìqv-†_vIqv m¤^‡Ü G †jvKwUi ïay gy‡Li K_vi Dci fi Kiv Pwj‡e bv| †mBRb¨ evwoi †mKiv‡K my×
m‡½ AvwbqvwQ‡jb| cv‡ki N‡i wMqv †`wLjvg, gvgv GK Z³‡cv‡k Ges †mKiv Zvnvi ùvwocvjøv
Kwócv_i cÖf…wZ jBqv †g‡Rq ewmqv Av‡Q|
k¤¢ybv_evey Avgv‡K ewj‡jb, Ò†Zvgvi gvgv ewj‡Z‡Qb weev‡ni KvR ïiæ nBevi Av‡MB wZwb K‡bi mg¯Í
Mnbv hvPvB Kwiqv †`wL‡eb, Bnv‡Z Zzwg Kx ej|Ó
Avwg gv_v †nuU Kwiqv Pzc Kwiqv iwnjvg|
gvgv ewj‡jb, ÒI Avevi Kx ewj‡e| Avwg hv ewje ZvB nB‡e|Ó
k¤¢ybv_evey Avgvi w`‡K Pvwnqv Kwn‡jb, Ò†mB K_v Z‡e wVK? Dwb hv ewj‡eb ZvB nB‡e? G m¤^‡Ü
†Zvgvi wKQzB ewjevi bvB?Ó
Avwg GKUz Nvo-bvovi Bw½‡Z RvbvBjvg, Gme K_vq Avgvi m¤ú~Y© AbwaKvi|
ÒAv”Qv Z‡e †ev‡mv, †g‡qi Mv nB‡Z mg¯Í Mnbv Lywjqv Avwb‡ZwQ|Ó GB ewjqv wZwb DwV‡jb|
gvgv ewj‡jb, ÒAbycg GLv‡b Kx Kwi‡e| I mfvq wMqv emyK|Ó
k¤¢ybv_ ewj‡jb, Òbv, mfvq bq, GLv‡bB ewm‡Z nB‡e|Ó
wKQzÿY c‡i wZwb GKLvbv MvgQvq euvav Mnbv Avwbqv Z³‡cv‡ki Dci †gwjqv awi‡jb| mg¯ÍB Zuvnvi
wcZvgnx‡ì Avg‡ji MnbvÑ nvj d¨vk‡bi m~² KvR bqÑ †hgb †gvUv †Zgwb fvix|
†mKiv Mnbv nv‡Z Zywjqv jBqv ewjj, ÒG Avi †`wLe Kx| Bnv‡Z Lv` bvBÑGgb †mvbv GLbKvi w`‡b
eënviB nq bv|Ó
GB ewjqv †m gKigyLv †gvUv GKLvbv evjvq GKUz Pvc w`qv †`LvBj Zvnv euvwKqv hvq|
gvgv ZLbB †bvUeB‡q Mnbv¸wji d`© UzwKqv jB‡jb, cv‡Q hvnv †`Lv‡bv nBj Zvnvi †Kv‡bvUv Kg c‡o|
wnmve Kwiqv †`wL‡jb, Mnbv †h cwigvY wèvi K_v G¸wj msL¨vq, `‡i Ges fv‡i Zvi A‡bK †ewk|
Mnbv¸wji g‡a¨ GK‡Rvov Gqvwis wQj| k¤¢ybv_ †mB‡U †mKivi nv‡Z w`qv ewj‡jb, ÒGB‡U GKevi
ciL Kwiqv †`‡Lv|Ó
†mKiv Kwnj, ÒBnv wejvwZ gvj, Bnv‡Z †mvbvi fvM mvgvb¨B Av‡Q|Ó
k¤¢yevey Gqvwis †Rvov gvgvi nv‡Z w`qv ewj‡jb, ÒGUv AvcbvivB ivwLqv w`b|Ó
AcwiwPZv 25
gvgv †mUv nv‡Z jBqv †`wL‡jb, GB Gqvwis w`qvB Kb¨v‡K Zuvnviv Avkxe©v` KwiqvwQ‡jb|
gvgvi gyL jvj nBqv DwVj| `wi`ª Zuvnv‡K VKvB‡Z Pvwn‡e wKš‘ wZwb VwK‡eb bv GB Avb›`-m‡¤¢vM nB‡Z
ewÂZ nB‡jb Ges Zvnvi Dc‡iI wKQz Dcwi-cvIbv RywUj| AZ¨šÍ gyL fvi Kwiqv ewj‡jb, ÒAbycg,
hvI, Zzwg mfvq wM‡q †ev‡mv †M|Ó
k¤¢ybv_evey ewj‡jb, Òbv, GLb mfvq ewm‡Z nB‡e bv| Pjyb, Av‡M Avcbv‡ì LvIqvBqv w`B|Ó
gvgv ewj‡jb, Ò†m Kx K_v| jMœÑÓ
k¤¢ybv_evey ewj‡jb, Ò†mRb¨ wKQz fvwe‡eb bvÑGLb DVzb|Ó
†jvKwU †bnvZ fv‡jvgvbyl-ai‡bi, wKš‘ wfZ‡i †ek GKUz †Rvi Av‡Q ewjqv †eva nBj| gvgv‡K DwV‡Z
nBj| eihvÎx‡ìI Avnvi nBqv †Mj| Av‡qvR‡bi Avo¤î wQj bv| wKš‘ ivbœv fv‡jv Ges mg¯Í †ek
cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ewjqv mK‡jiB Z…wß nBj|
eihvÎx‡ì LvIqv †kl nB‡j k¤¢ybv_evey Avgv‡K LvB‡Z ewj‡jb| gvgv ewj‡jb, Ò†m Kx K_v| weev‡ni
c~‡e© ei LvB‡e †Kgb Kwiqv|Ó
G m¤^‡Ü gvgvi †Kv‡bv gZcÖKvk‡K wZwb m¤ú~Y© D‡cÿv Kwiqv Avgvi w`‡K Pvwnqv ewj‡jb, ÒZzwg Kx
ej| ewmqv hvB‡Z †`vl wKQz Av‡Q?Ó
g~wZ©gZx gvZ…-AvÁv-¯îƒ‡c gvgv Dcw¯’Z, Zuvi weiæ‡× Pjv Avgvi c‡ÿ Am¤¢e| Avwg Avnv‡i ewm‡Z
cvwijvg bv|
ZLb k¤¢ybv_evey gvgv‡K ewj‡jb, ÒAvcbvw`M‡K A‡bK Kó w`qvwQ| Avgiv abx bB, Avcbv‡ì †hvM¨
Av‡qvRb Kwi‡Z cvwi bvB, ÿgv Kwi‡eb| ivZ nBqv †M‡Q, Avi Avcbv‡ì Kó evovB‡Z B”Qv Kwi bv|
GLb Z‡e ÑÓ
gvgv ewj‡jb, ÒZv, mfvq Pjyb, Avgiv †Zv cÖ¯‘Z AvwQ|Ó
k¤¢ybv_ ewj‡jb, ÒZ‡e Avcbv‡ì Mvwo ewjqv w`B?Ó
gvgv Avðh© nBqv ewj‡jb, ÒVvÆv Kwi‡Z‡Qb bvwK|Ó
k¤¢ybv_ Kwn‡jb, ÒVvÆv †Zv AvcwbB Kwiqv mvwiqv‡Qb| VvÆvi m¤úK©Uv‡K ¯’vqx Kwievi B”Qv Avgvi
bvB|Ó
gvgv `yB †PvL GZ e‡ov Kwiqv †gwjqv AevK nBqv iwn‡jb|
k¤¢ybv_ Kwn‡jb, ÒAvgvi Kb¨vi Mnbv Avwg Pzwi Kwie G K_v hviv g‡b K‡i Zv‡ì nv‡Z Avwg Kb¨v w`‡Z
cvwi bv|Ó
Avgv‡K GKwU K_v ejvI wZwb Avek¨K †eva Kwi‡jb bv| KviY, cÖgvY nBqv †M‡Q, Avwg †KnB bB|
Zvic‡i hv nBj †m Avwg ewj‡Z B”Qv Kwi bv| SvojÉb fvwOqv-Pzwiqv, wRwbmcÎ jÐfÐ Kwiqv,
eihv‡Îi `j `ÿh‡Ái cvjv mvwiqv evwni nBqv †Mj|
evwo wdwievi mgq e¨vÛ imb‡PŠwK I KÝU© GKm‡½ evwRj bv Ges A‡åi Svo¸‡jv AvKv‡ki Zvivi
26 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Dci Avcbv‡ì KZ©‡eï eivZ w`qv †Kv_vq †h gnvwbe©vY jvf Kwij mÜvb cvIqv †Mj bv|
3
evwoi mK‡j †Zv ivwMqv Av¸b| Kb¨vi wcZvi GZ ¸gi! Kwj †h Pvi‡cvqv nBqv Avwmj! mK‡j ewjj, Ò†`wL,
†g‡qi we‡q †`b †Kgb Kwiqv|Ó wKš‘ †g‡qi we‡q nB‡e bv G fq hvi g‡b bvB Zvi kvw¯Íi Dcvq wK|
g¯Í evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ AvwgB GKgvÎ cyiæl hvnv‡K Kb¨vi evc weev‡ni Avmi nB‡Z wb‡R wdivBqv
w`qv‡Q| GZ e‡ov mrcv‡Îi Kcv‡j GZ e‡ov Kj‡¼i `vM †Kvb bó MÖn GZ Av‡jv R¡vjvBqv, evRbv
evRvBqv, mgv‡ivn Kwiqv AuvwKqv w`j? eihvÎxiv GB ewjqv Kcvj PvcovB‡Z jvwMj †h, Òweevn nBj
bv A_P Avgv‡ì duvwK w`qv LvIqvBqv w`jÑ cvKhš¿Uv‡K mg¯Í Abœmy× †mLv‡b Uvb gvwiqv †dwjqv w`qv
Avwm‡Z cvwi‡j Z‡e Avd‡mvm wgwUZ|Ó
weev‡ni Pzw³f½ I gvbnvwbi `vwe‡Z bvwjk Kwie ewjqv gvgv AZ¨šÍ †Mvj Kwiqv †eovB‡Z jvwM‡jb|
wn‰Zlxiv eySvBqv w`j, Zvnv nB‡j Zvgvkvi †hUzKz evwK Av‡Q Zvnv cyiv nB‡e|
ejv evûj¨, AvwgI Lye ivwMqvwQjvg| †Kv‡bv MwZ‡K k¤¢ybv_ welg Rã nBqv Avgv‡ì cv‡q awiqv Avwmqv
c‡ob, †Muv‡di †iLvq Zv w`‡Z w`‡Z GB‡UB †Kej Kvgbv Kwi‡Z jvwMjvg|
wKš‘, GB Av‡µv‡ki Kv‡jv i‡Oi †¯ªv‡Zi cvkvcvwk Avi GKUv †¯ªvZ ewn‡ZwQj †hUvi iO G‡Kev‡iB
Kv‡jv bq| mg¯Í gb †h †mB AcwiwPZvi cv‡b QzwUqv wMqvwQjÑ GL‡bv †h Zvnv‡K wKQz‡ZB Uvwbqv
wdivB‡Z cvwi bv| †`qvjUzKzi Avov‡j iwnqv †Mj †Mv| Kcv‡j Zvi P›`b AuvKv, Mv‡q Zvi jvj kvwo,
gy‡L Zvi j¾vi iw³gv, ü`‡qi wfZ‡i Kx †h Zv †Kgb Kwiqv ewje| Avgvi Kí‡jv‡Ki KíjZvwU
em‡šÍi mg¯Í dz‡ji fvi Avgv‡K wb‡e`b Kwiqv wèvi Rb¨ bZ nBqv cwoqvwQj| nvIqv Av‡m, MÜ cvB,
cvZvi kã ïwbÑ †Kej Avi GKwUgvÎ cv †djvi A‡cÿvÑGgb mg‡q †mB GK c`‡ÿ‡ci `~iZ¡UzKz GK
gyn~‡Z© Amxg nBqv DwVj!
GZw`b †h cÖwZ mÜ¨vq Avwg weby`v`vi evwo‡Z wMqv Zuvnv‡K Aw¯’i Kwiqv ZzwjqvwQjvg! weby`vi eY©bvi
fvlv AZ¨šÍ msKxY© ewjqvB Zuvi cÖ‡Z¨K K_vwU ù~wj‡½i g‡Zv Avgvi g‡bi gvSLv‡b Av¸b R¡vwjqv
w`qvwQj| eywSqvwQjvg †g‡qwUi iƒc e‡ov Avðh©; wKš‘ bv †`wLjvg Zvnv‡K †Pv‡L, bv †`wLjvg Zvnvi
Qwe, mg¯ÍB A¯úó nBqv iwnj| evwn‡i †Zv †m aiv w`jB bv, Zvnv‡K g‡bI Avwb‡Z cvwijvg bvÑGBRb¨
gb †mw`bKvi †mB weevnmfvi †`qvjUvi evwn‡i f~‡Zi g‡Zv `xN©wbtk¦vm †dwjqv †eovB‡Z jvwMj|
nwi‡ki Kv‡Q ïwbqvwQ, †g‡qwU‡K Avgvi d‡UvMÖvd †`Lv‡bv nBqvwQj| cQ›` Kwiqv‡Q êwK| bv Kwievi
†Zv †Kv‡bv KviY bvB| Avgvi gb e‡j, †m Qwe Zvi †Kv‡bv GKwU ev‡·i g‡a¨ jyKv‡bv Av‡Q| GKjv
N‡i ìRv eÜ Kwiqv GKÑGKw`b wbivjv `ycyi‡ejvq †m wK †mwU Lywjqv †`‡L bv? hLb SzuwKqv cwoqv
†`‡L ZLb QwewUi Dc‡i wK Zvi gy‡Li `yB avi w`qv G‡jvPzj Avwmqv c‡o bv? nVvr evwn‡i KviI cv‡qi
kã cvB‡j †m wK ZvovZvwo Zvi myMÜ AuvP‡ji g‡a¨ QwewU‡K jyKvBqv †d‡j bv?
w`b hvq| GKUv ermi †Mj| gvgv †Zv j¾vq weevnm¤^‡Üi K_v Zzwj‡ZB cv‡ib bv| gvi B”Qv wQj,
Avgvi Acgv‡bi K_v hLb mgv‡Ri †jv‡K fzwjqv hvB‡e ZLb weev‡ni †Póv †`wL‡eb|
Gw`‡K Avwg ïwbjvg †m †g‡qi bvwK fv‡jv cvÎ RywUqvwQj, wKš‘ †m cY Kwiqv‡Q weevn Kwi‡e bv| ïwbqv
Avgvi gb cyj‡Ki Av‡e‡k fwiqv †Mj| Avwg Kíbvq †`wL‡Z jvwMjvg, †m fv‡jv Kwiqv Lvq bv; mÜ¨v
nBqv Av‡m, †m Pzj euvwa‡Z fzwjqv hvq| Zvi evc Zvi gy‡Li cv‡b Pvb Avi fv‡eb, ÒAvgvi †g‡q w`‡b
w`‡b Ggb nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q †Kb|Ó nVvr †Kv‡bvw`b Zvi N‡i Avwmqv †`‡Lb, †g‡qi `yB Pÿz R‡j fiv|
wRÁvmv K‡ib, Ògv, †Zvi Kx nBqv‡Q ej Avgv‡K|Ó †g‡q ZvovZvwo †Pv‡Li Rj gywQqv e‡j, ÒKB wKQzB
†Zv nq wb evev|Ó ev‡ci GK †g‡q †h-e‡ov Av`‡ii †g‡q| hLb Abve„wói w`‡b dz‡ji KzuwowUi g‡Zv
†g‡q G‡Kev‡i wegl© nBqv cwoqv‡Q ZLb ev‡ci cÖv‡Y Avi mwnj bv| ZLb Awfgvb fvmvBqv w`qv wZwb
AcwiwPZv 27
QzwUqv Avwm‡jb Avgv‡ì Øv‡i| Zvi c‡i? Zvi c‡i g‡bi g‡a¨ †mB †h Kv‡jv i‡Oi avivUv ewn‡Z‡Q †m
†hb Kv‡jv mv‡ci g‡Zv iƒc awiqv †duvm Kwiqv DwVj| †m ewjj, Ò†ek †Zv, Avi GKevi weev‡ni Avmi
mvRv‡bv †nvK, Av‡jv R¦jyK, †`k-we‡`‡ki †jv‡Ki wbgš¿Y †nvK, Zvi c‡i Zzwg e‡ii †Uvci cv‡q `wjqv
`jej jBqv mfv Qvwoqv Pwjqv G‡mv|Ó wKš‘, †h avivwU †Pv‡Li R‡ji g‡Zv ïå †m ivRns‡mi iƒc awiqv
ewjj, Ò†hgb Kwiqv Avwg GKw`b `gqšÍxi cy®úe‡b wMqvwQjvg, †Zgwb Kwiqv Avgv‡K GKevi Dwoqv
hvB‡Z `vIÑAvwg weiwnYxi Kv‡b Kv‡b GKevi my‡Li LeiUv w`qv Avwm †M|Ó Zvi c‡i? Zvi c‡i `yt‡Li
ivZ †cvnvBj, beel©vi Rj cwoj, ¤øvb dzjwU gyL ZzwjjÑGev‡i †mB †`qvjUvi evwn‡i iwnj mg¯Í
c„w_exi Avi mevB Avi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kwij GKwUgvÎ gvbyl| Zvi c‡i? Zvi c‡i Avgvi K_vwU dziv‡jv|
4
wKš‘, K_v Ggb Kwiqv dzivBj bv| †hLv‡b Avwmqv Zvnv Adzivb nBqv‡Q †mLvbKvi weeiY GKUzLvwb
ewjqv Avgvi G †jLv †kl Kwiqv w`B|
gv‡K jBqv Zx‡_© PwjqvwQjvg| Avgvi Dc‡iB fvi wQj| KviY gvgv Gev‡iI nveovi cyj cvi nb bvB|
†ijMvwo‡Z NygvB‡ZwQjvg| SuvKvwb LvB‡Z LvB‡Z gv_vi g‡a¨ bvbvcÖKvi G‡jv‡g‡jv ¯^‡cœi SzgSzwg
evwR‡ZwQj| nVvr GKUv †Kvb †÷k‡b RvwMqv DwVjvg| Av‡jv‡Z AÜKvi †gkv †mI GK ¯^cœ| †Kej
AvKv‡ki Zviv¸wj wPicwiwPZÑ Avi meB ARvbv A¯úó; †÷k‡bi `xc-KqUv Lvov nBqv ùvovBqv Av‡jv
awiqv GB c„w_exUv †h KZ A‡Pbv Ges hvnv Pvwiw`‡K Zvnv †h KZB eû `~‡i ZvnvB †`LvBqv w`‡Z‡Q|
Mvwoi g‡a¨ gv NygvB‡Z‡Qb; Av‡jvi wb‡P meyR c`©v Uvbv; †Zvi½ ev· wRwbmcÎ mg¯ÍB †K Kvi Nv‡o
G‡jv‡g‡jv nBqv iwnqv‡Q, Zvnviv †hb ¯^cœ‡jv‡Ki DjU-cvjU Avmeve, meyR cÖ‡`v‡li wgUwg‡U Av‡jv‡Z
_vKv Ges bv-_vKvi gvSLv‡b †Kgb GKiKg nBqv cwoqv AvwQ|
Ggb mg‡q †mB A™¢yZ c„w_exi A™¢yZ iv‡Î †K ewjqv DwVj, ÒwkMwMi P‡j Avq GB Mvwo‡Z RvqMv
Av‡Q|Ó g‡b nBj, †hb Mvb ïwbjvg| evOvwj †g‡qi Mjvq evsjv K_v †h Kx gayi Zvnv Ggwb Kwiqv
Amg‡q ARvqMvq AvPgKv ïwb‡j Z‡e m¤ú~Y© eywS‡Z cviv hvq| wKš‘, GB MjvwU‡K †KejgvÎ †g‡qi
Mjv ewjqv GKwU †kÖwYfz³ Kwiqv †Ìqv P‡j bv, G †Kej GKwU gvby‡li Mjv; ïwb‡jB gb ewjqv I‡V,
ÒGgb †Zv Avi ïwb bvB|Ó
wPiKvj Mjvi ¯î Avgvi Kv‡Q e‡ov mZ¨| iƒc wRwbmwU e‡ov Kg bq, wKš‘ gvby‡li g‡a¨ hvnv AšÍiZg Ges
Awbe©Pbxq, Avgvi g‡b nq KÉ¯î †hb ZviB †Pnviv| Avwg ZvovZvwo Mvwoi Rvbvjv Lywjqv evwn‡i gyL
evovBqv w`jvg, wKQzB †`wLjvg bv| cøvUd‡g©i AÜKv‡i ùvovBqv MvW© Zvnvi GKPÿz jÉb bvwoqv w`j, Mvwo
Pwjj; Avwg Rvbjvi Kv‡Q ewmqv iwnjvg| Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †Kv‡bv g~wZ© wQj bv, wKš‘ ü`‡qi g‡a¨ Avwg
GKwU ü`‡qi iƒc †`wL‡Z jvwMjvg| †m †hb GB Zvivgqx ivwÎi g‡Zv, Ave„Z Kwiqv a‡i wKš‘ Zvnv‡K awi‡Z
cviv hvq bv| I‡Mv myi, A‡Pbv K‡Éi myi, GK wb‡g‡l Zzwg †h Avgvi wPicwiP‡qi AvmbwUi Dc‡i Avwmqv
ewmqvQ| Kx Avðh© cwic~Y© ZzwgÑ PÂj Kv‡ji ÿyä ü`‡qi Dc‡i dzjwUi g‡Zv dzwUqvQ, A_P Zvi †XD
jvwMqv GKwU cvcwoI U‡j bvB, Acwi‡gq †KvgjZvq GZUzKz `vM c‡o bvB|
Mvwo †jvnvi g„`‡½ Zvj w`‡Z w`‡Z Pwjj; Avwg g‡bi g‡a¨ Mvb ïwb‡Z ïwb‡Z Pwjjvg| Zvnvi GKwUgvÎ
ayqvÑÒMvwo‡Z RvqMv Av‡Q|Ó Av‡Q wK, RvqMv Av‡Q wK| RvqMv †h cvIqv hvq bv, †KD †h Kv‡KI †P‡b
bv| A_P †mB bv-†PbvUzKz †h KzqvkvgvÎ, †m †h gvqv, †mUv wQbœ nB‡jB †h †Pbvi Avi AšÍ bvB| I‡Mv
myavgq myi, †h ü`‡qi Aciƒc iƒc Zzwg, †m wK Avgvi wPiKv‡ji †Pbv bq| RvqMv Av‡Q Av‡QÑkxNª
Avwm‡Z WvwKqvQ, kxNªB AvwmqvwQ, GK wb‡glI †`wi Kwi bvB|
iv‡Î fv‡jv Kwiqv Nyg nBj bv| cÖvq cÖwZ †÷k‡b GKevi Kwiqv gyL evovBqv †`wLjvg, fq nB‡Z jvwMj
hvnv‡K †`Lv nBj bv †m cv‡Q iv‡Î bvwgqv hvq|
28 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ciw`b mKv‡j GKUv e‡ov †÷k‡b Mvwo e`j Kwi‡Z nB‡e| Avgv‡ì dv÷© K¬v‡mi wUwKUÑg‡b Avkv
wQj, wfo nB‡e bv| bvwgqv †`wL, cøvUd‡g© mv‡n‡e‡ì Av`©vwj-`j AvmevecÎ jBqv Mvwoi Rb¨ A‡cÿv
Kwi‡Z‡Q| †Kvb GK †dŠ‡Ri eo †Rbv‡ij mv‡ne åg‡Y evwni nBqv‡Qb| `yB-wZb wgwbU c‡iB Mvwo
Avwmj| eywSjvg, dv÷© K¬v‡mi Avkv Z¨vM Kwi‡Z nB‡e| gv‡K jBqv †Kvb Mvwo‡Z DwV †m GK welg
fvebvq cwojvg| me Mvwo‡ZB wfo| Øv‡i Øv‡i DuwK gvwiqv †eovB‡Z jvwMjvg| Ggb mg‡q †m‡KÛ
K¬v‡mi Mvwo nB‡Z GKwU †g‡q Avgvi gv‡K jÿ¨ Kwiqv ewj‡jb, ÒAvcbviv Avgv‡ì Mvwo‡Z Avmyb bvÑ
GLv‡b RvqMv Av‡Q|Ó
Avwg †Zv PgwKqv DwVjvg| †mB Avðh©gayi KÉ Ges †mB Mv‡biB ayqvÑÒRvqMv Av‡Q|Ó ÿYgvÎ wej¤^
bv Kwiqv gv‡K jBqv Mvwo‡Z DwVqv cwojvg| wRwbmcÎ Zzwjevi cÖvq mgq wQj bv| Avgvi g‡Zv Aÿg
`ywbqvq bvB| †mB †g‡qwUB Kzwj‡ì nvZ nB‡Z ZvovZvwo PjwZ Mvwo‡Z Avgv‡ì weQvbvcÎ Uvwbqv
jBj| Avgvi GKUv d‡UvMÖvd Zzwjevi K¨v‡giv †÷k‡bB cwoqv iwnjÑMÖvn¨B Kwijvg bv|
Zvi c‡iÑKx wjwLe Rvwb bv| Avgvi g‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU ALÐ Avb‡›ì Qwe Av‡QÑZvnv‡K †Kv_vq ïiæ
Kwie, †Kv_vq †kl Kwie? ewmqv ewmqv ev‡Kï ci evK¨ †hvRbv Kwi‡Z B”Qv K‡i bv|
Gevi †mB myiwU‡K †Pv‡L †`wLjvg; ZL‡bv Zvnv‡K myi ewjqvB g‡b nBj| gv‡qi gy‡Li w`‡K Pvwnjvg;
†`wLjvg Zuvi †Pv‡L cjK cwo‡Z‡Q bv| †g‡qwUi eqm †lv‡jv wK m‡Z‡iv nB‡e, wKš‘ be‡hŠeb Bnvi
†`‡n g‡b †Kv_vI †hb GKUzI fvi PvcvBqv †`q bvB| Bnvi MwZ mnR, `xwß wbg©j, †mŠ›`‡h©i ïwPZv
Ac~e©, Bnvi †Kv‡bv RvqMvq wKQz Rwogv bvB|
Avwg †`wL‡ZwQ, we¯ÍvwiZ Kwiqv wKQz ejv Avgvi c‡ÿ Am¤¢e| Ggb-wK †m †h Kx i‡Oi Kvco †Kgb
Kwiqv cwiqvwQj ZvnvI wVK Kwiqv ewj‡Z cvwie bv| GUv Lye mZ¨ †h, Zvi †e‡k f~lvq Ggb wKQzB wQj
bv †hUv Zvnv‡K QvovBqv we‡kl Kwiqv †Pv‡L cwo‡Z cv‡i| †m wb‡Ri Pvwiw`‡Ki mK‡ji †P‡q AwaKÑ
iRbxMÜvi ïå gÄixi g‡Zv mij e„šÍwUi Dc‡i ùvovBqv, †h Mv‡Q dzwUqv‡Q †m MvQ‡K †m G‡Kev‡i
AwZµg Kwiqv DwVqv‡Q| m‡½ `ywU-wZbwU †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv †g‡q wQj, Zvnvw`M‡K jBqv Zvnvi nvwm Ges
K_vi Avi AšÍ wQj bv| Avwg nv‡Z GKLvbv eB jBqv †m w`‡K Kvb cvwZqv ivwLqvwQjvg| †hUzKz Kv‡b
Avwm‡ZwQj †m †Zv mg¯ÍB †Q‡jgvbyl‡ì m‡½ †Q‡jgvbywl K_v| Zvnvi we‡klZ¡ GB †h, Zvnvi g‡a¨
eq‡mi ZdvZ wKQzgvÎ wQj bvÑ†QvU‡ì m‡½ †m Abvqv‡m Ges Avb‡›` †QvU nBqv wMqvwQj| m‡½
KZK¸wj QweIqvjv †Q‡j‡ì M‡íi eBÑZvnviB †Kv‡bvÑGKUv we‡kl Mí †kvbvBevi Rb¨ †g‡qiv
Zvnv‡K awiqv cwoj| G Mí wbðq Zviv wek-cuwPk evi kywbqv‡Q| †g‡q‡ì †Kb †h GZ AvMÖn Zvnv
eywSjvg| †mB myavK‡Éi †mvbvi KvwV‡Z mKj K_v †h †mvbv nBqv I‡V| †g‡qwUi mg¯Í kixi gb †h
G‡Kev‡i cÖv‡Y fiv, Zvi mg¯Í Pjvq ejvq ¯ú‡k© cÖvY wVKwiqv I‡V| ZvB †g‡qiv hLb Zvi gy‡L Mí
†kv‡b ZLb Mí bq, Zvnv‡KB †kv‡b; Zvnv‡ì ü`‡qi Dci cÖv‡Yi Sb©v Swiqv c‡o| Zvi †mB D™¢vwmZ
cÖvY Avgvi †mw`bKvi mg¯Í m~h©wKiY‡K mRxe Kwiqv Zzwjj; Avgvi g‡b nBj, Avgv‡K †h cÖK…wZ Zvnvi
AvKvk w`qv †eób Kwiqv‡Q †m H ZiæYxiB AK¬všÍ A¤øvb cÖv‡Yi wek¦e¨vcx we¯Ívi| c‡ii †÷k‡b
†cŠuwQ‡ZB LveviIqvjv‡K WvwKqv †m Lye LvwbKUv Pvbv-gyV wKwbqv jBj Ges †g‡q‡ì m‡½ wgwjqv wbZvšÍ
†Q‡jgvby‡li g‡Zv Kwiqv Kjnvm¨ Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z Ams‡Kv‡P LvB‡Z jvwMj| Avgvi cÖK…wZ †h Rvj w`qv
†eovÑAvwg †Kb †ek mn‡R nvwmgy‡L †g‡qwUi Kv‡Q GB Pvbv GKgyVv Pvwnqv jB‡Z cvwijvg bv| nvZ
evovBqv w`qv †Kb Avgvi †jvf ¯^xKvi Kwijvg bv|
AcwiwPZv 29
gv fv‡jv-jvMv Ges g›`-jvMvi g‡a¨ †`vgbv nBqvwQ‡jb| Mvwo‡Z Avwg cyiælgvbyl, Zey Bnvi wKQzgvÎ
ms‡KvP bvB, we‡klZ Ggb †jvfxi g‡Zv LvB‡Z‡Q, †mUv wVK Zuvi cQ›` nB‡ZwQj bv; A_P Bnv‡K
†envqv ewjqvI Zuvi åg nq bvB| Zuvi g‡b nBj, G †g‡qi eqm nBqv‡Q wKš‘ wkÿv nq bvB| gv nVvr
KviI m‡½ Avjvc Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv| gvby‡li m‡½ `~‡i `~‡i _vKvB Zuvi Af¨vm| GB †g‡qwUi cwiPq
jB‡Z Zuvi Lye B”Qv, wKš‘ ¯^vfvweK evav KvUvBqv DwV‡Z cvwi‡ZwQ‡jb bv|
Ggb mg‡q Mvwo GKUv e‡ov †÷k‡b Avwmqv _vwgj| †mB †Rbv‡ij-mv‡n‡ei GK`j Abym½x GB †÷kb
nB‡Z DwVevi D`&‡hvM Kwi‡Z‡Q| Mvwo‡Z †Kv_vI RvqMv bvB| evi evi Avgv‡ì Mvwoi mvg‡b w`qv Zviv
Nywiqv †Mj| gv †Zv f‡q Avoó, AvwgI g‡bi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ cvB‡ZwQjvg bv|
Mvwo Qvwoevi AíKvj-c~‡e© GKRb †`wk †ijI‡q Kg©Pvix bvg-†jLv `yBLvbv wUwKU Mvwoi `yB †e‡Âi
wkq‡ii Kv‡Q jUKvBqv w`qv Avgv‡K ewjj, ÒG Mvwoi GB `yB †eÂ Av‡M nB‡ZB `yB mv‡ne wiRvf©
Kwiqv‡Qb, Avcbvw`M‡K Ab¨ Mvwo‡Z hvB‡Z nB‡e|Ó
Avwg †Zv ZvovZvwo e¨¯Í nBqv ùvovBqv DwVjvg| †g‡qwU wnw›`‡Z ewjj, Òbv, Avgiv Mvwo Qvwoe bv|Ó
†m †jvKwU †ivL Kwiqv ewjj, Òbv Qvwoqv Dcvq bvB|Ó
wKš‘ †g‡qwUi PwjòzZvi †Kv‡bv jÿY bv †`wLqv †m bvwgqv wMqv Bs‡iR †÷kb-gv÷vi‡K WvwKqv Avwbj|
†m Avwmqv Avgv‡K ewjj, ÒAvwg `ytwLZ, wKš‘ÑÓ
ïwbqv Avwg ÔKzwj KzwjÕ Kwiqv WvK Qvwo‡Z jvwMjvg| †g‡qwU DwVqv `yB P‡ÿ AwMœel©Y Kwiqv ewjj, Òbv,
Avcwb hvB‡Z cvwi‡eb bv, †hgb Av‡Qb ewmqv _vKzb|Ó
ewjqv †m Øv‡ii Kv‡Q ùvovBqv †÷kb-gv÷vi‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvq ewjj, ÒG Mvwo Av‡M nB‡Z wiRvf© Kiv,
G K_v wg_¨v K_v|Ó
ewjqv bvg †jLv wUwKUwU Lywjqv cøvUd‡g© Qzwoqv †dwjqv w`j|
BwZg‡a¨ Av`©vwj-m‡gZ BDwbdg©Ñciv mv‡ne Øv‡ii Kv‡Q Avwmqv ùvovBqv‡Q| Mvwo‡Z †m Zvi Avmeve
DVvBevi Rb¨ Av`©vwj‡K cÖ_‡g Bkviv KwiqvwQj| Zvnvi ci †g‡qwUi gy‡L ZvKvBqv, Zvi K_v ïwbqv,
fve †`wLqv, †÷kb-gv÷vi‡K GKUz ¯úk© Kwij Ges Zvnv‡K Avov‡j jBqv wMqv Kx K_v nBj Rvwb bv|
†`Lv †Mj, Mvwo Qvwoevi mgq AZxZ nB‡jI Avi-GKUv Mvwo Rywoqv Z‡e †Uªb Qvwoj| †g‡qwU Zvi
`jej jBqv Avevi GKcËb Pvbv-gyV LvB‡Z ïiæ Kwij, Avi Avwg j¾vq Rvbjvi evwn‡i gyL evovBqv
cÖK…wZi †kvfv †`wL‡Z jvwMjvg|
Kvbcy‡i Mvwo Avwmqv _vwgj| †g‡qwU wRwbmcÎ evuwaqv cÖ¯‘ZÑ†÷k‡b GKwU wn›`y¯’vwb PvKi QzwUqv
Avwmqv Bnvw`M‡K bvgvBevi D‡`¨vM Kwi‡Z jvwMj|
gv ZLb Avi _vwK‡Z cvwi‡jb bv| wRÁvmv Kwi‡jb, Ò†Zvgvi bvg Kx gv|Ó
†g‡qwU ewjj, ÒAvgvi bvg Kj¨vYx|Ó
kywbqv gv Ges Avwg `yR‡bB PgwKqv DwVjvg|
Ò†Zvgvi evevÑÓ
ÒwZwb GLvbKvi Wv³vi, Zuvnvi bvg k¤¢ybv_ †mb|Ó
Zvi c‡iB mevB bvwgqv †Mj|
30 mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvgvi wb‡la Agvb¨ Kwiqv, gvZ…-AvÁv †Vwjqv, Zvi c‡i Avwg Kvbcy‡i AvwmqvwQ| Kj¨vYxi evc Ges
Kj¨vYxi m‡½ †`Lv nBqv‡Q| nvZ †Rvo KwiqvwQ, gv_v †nuU KwiqvwQ; k¤¢ybv_eveyi ü`q Mwjqv‡Q| Kj¨vYx
e‡j, ÒAvwg weevn Kwie bv|Ó
Avwg wRÁvmv Kwijvg, Ò†Kb|Ó
†m ewjj, ÒgvZ…-AvÁv|Ó
Kx me©bvk| G c‡ÿI gvZyj Av‡Q bvwK|
Zvi c‡i eywSjvg, gvZ…f~wg Av‡Q| †mB weevn-fvOvi ci nB‡Z Kj¨vYx †g‡q‡ì wkÿvi eªZ MÖnY
Kwiqv‡Q|
wKš‘ Avwg Avkv Qvwo‡Z cvwijvg bv| †mB myiwU †h Avgvi ü`‡qi g‡a¨ AvRI evwR‡Z‡QÑ †m †hb †Kvb
Icv‡ii euvwkÑAvgvi msmv‡ii evwni nB‡Z AvwmjÑmg¯Í msmv‡ii evwn‡i WvK w`j| Avi, †mB-†h
ivwÎi AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ Avgvi Kv‡b AvwmqvwQj ÒRvqMv Av‡QÓ, †m †h Avgvi wPiRxe‡bi Mv‡bi ayqv nBqv
iwnj| ZLb Avgvi eqm wQj †ZBk, GLb nBqv‡Q mvZvk| GL‡bv Avkv Qvwo bvB, wKš‘ gvZzj‡K
QvwoqvwQ| wbZvšÍ GK †Q‡j ewjqv gv Avgv‡K Qvwo‡Z cv‡ib bvB|
†Zvgiv g‡b Kwi‡ZQ, Avwg weev‡ni Avkv Kwi? bv, †Kv‡bv Kv‡jB bv| Avgvi g‡b Av‡Q, †Kej †mB GK
ivwÎi ARvbv K‡Éi gayi my‡ii AvkvÑRvqMv Av‡Q| wbðqB Av‡Q| bB‡j ùvove †Kv_vq| ZvB erm‡ii
ci ermi hvq Avwg GBLv‡bB AvwQ| †`Lv nq, †mB KÉ ïwb, hLb myweav cvB wKQz Zvi KvR Kwiqv
w`BÑAvi gb e‡j, GB †Zv RvqMv cvBqvwQ| I‡Mv AcwiwPZv, †Zvgvi cwiP‡qi †kl nBj bv, †kl nB‡e
bv; wKš‘ fvM¨ Avgvi fv‡jv, GB †Zv Avwg RvqMv cvBqvwQ|
kãv_© I UxKv
ÔG RxebUv bv ˆ`‡N©ï
wnmv‡e e‡ov, bv
¸‡Yi wnmv‡e|Õ − M‡íi K_K PwiÎ Abyc‡gi AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv| cwigvY I ¸Y Dfq
w`K w`‡qB †h Zvi RxebwU wbZvšÍB Zz”Q †m K_vB GLv‡b e¨³
n‡q‡Q|
d‡ji g‡Zv ¸wU − ¸wU GK mgq c~Y© d‡j cwiYZ nq| wKš‘ ¸wUB hw` d‡ji g‡Zv
nq Zvn‡j Zvi Am¤ú~Y© mvieËv cÖKU n‡q I‡V| wb‡Ri wbõj
Rxeb‡K †evSv‡Z Abyc‡gi eëüZ Dcgv|
gvKvj dj − †`L‡Z my›ì A_P †fZ‡i `yM©Ü I kuvmhy³ LvIqvi Abyc‡hvMx dj|
we‡kl A‡_© ¸Ynxb|
Abœc~Y©v − A‡bœ cwic~Y©v| †èx `yM©v|
MRvbb − MR (nvwZ) Avbb hvi| M‡Yk|
AcwiwPZv 31
ÔAvRI Avgv‡K †`wL‡j g‡b

nB‡e, Avwg Abœc~Y©vi †Kv‡j
MRvb‡bi †Qv‡Uv fvBwU|Õ − †èx `yM©vi `yB cyÎ; AMÖR M‡Yk I AbyR KvwZ©‡Kq| `yM©vi †Kv‡j
_vKv †è-†mbvcwZ KvwZ©‡Kq‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨½v‡_©
cÖ‡qvM|
dêy − fvi‡Zi Mqv AÂ‡ji AšÍtmwjjv b`x| b`xwUi Ic‡ii As‡k evwji
Av¯ÍiY wKš‘ †fZ‡i Rj‡¯ªvZ cÖevwnZ|
Ôdêyi evwji g‡Zv wZwb
Avgv‡ì mg¯Í msmviUv‡K
wb‡Ri AšÍ‡ii g‡a¨ ïwlqv
jBqv‡Qb|Õ − Abycg Zvi gvgvi PwiÎ-êwkó¨ cÖm‡½ K_vwU e‡j‡Q| msmv‡ii
mg¯Í `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b Zvi f~wgKv GLv‡b Dcgvi gva¨‡g e¨³
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
MÐ~l − GKgyL ev GK‡Kvl Rj|
AšÍtcyi − A›ìgnj| †fZievwo|
¯^qseiv − †h †g‡q wb‡RB ¯^vgx wbe©vPb K‡i|
¸o¸wo − Avj‡evjv| diwm| `xN© bjhy³ ûKvwe‡kl|
euvav nuyKv − mvaviY gvby‡li eënvh© bvi‡Kj-†Lv‡j ˆZwi a~gcv‡bi hš¿we‡kl|
D‡g`vwi − cÖv_©bv| PvKwii Avkvq A‡bï Kv‡Q aibv †Ìqv|
AeKv‡ki giæf‚wg GK − Avb›`nxb cÖPzi Aemi †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Kv‡j Bnv‡ì es‡k j²xi
g½jNU fiv wQj| − j²x ab I Hk¦‡h©i †èx| g½jNU Zuvi cÖZxK| Kj¨vYx‡ì es‡k
GKmgq j²xi K…cvq Hk¦‡h©i NU c~Y© wQj|
cwð‡g − GLv‡b fvi‡Zi cwðg AÂj‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
AvÛvgvb Øxc − fviZxq mxgvbvfz³ e‡½vcmvM‡ii Øxcwe‡kl| ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡bi hy‡M
ivRew›`‡ì wbe©vmb kvw¯Í w`‡q AvÛvgvb ev Av›`vgv‡b cvVv‡bv n‡Zv|
†KvbœMi − KjKvZvi wbKU¯’ GKwU ¯’vb|
gby − weavbKZ©v ev kv¯¿cÖ‡YZv gywbwe‡kl|
gby mswnZv − gby-cÖYxZ gvby‡li AvPiYwewa msµvšÍ MÖš’|
cÖRvcwZ − Rx‡ei ¯ªóv| eªþv| Bwb we‡qi †èZv|
cÂki − g`b‡`‡ei eënvh© cuvP ai‡bi evY|
KÝU© − bvbv iKg ev`¨h‡š¿i HKZvb|
32 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†mKiv − ¯^Y©Kvi, †mvbvi AjsKvi cÖ¯‘ZKviK|

Ôee©i †Kvjvn‡ji gË n¯Íx
Øviv msMxZmi¯^Zxi cÙeb
`wjZ we`wjZ Kwiqv Avwg
†Zv weevn-evwo‡Z wMqv DwVjvgÕ − Abycg wb‡Ri weevnhvÎvi cwiw¯’wZ eY©bvq myik~b¨ weKU
†Kvjvnj‡K msMxZ mi¯^Zxi cÙeb `wjZ nIqvi NUbvi m‡½
Zzjbv K‡i‡Q|
Awfwl³ − Awf‡lK Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb|
mIMv` − Dc‡XŠKb| †fU|
†jvK-we`vq − cvIbv cwi‡kva| GLv‡b Abyôv‡bi †k‡l cvIbv`vi‡ì cvIbv
cwi‡kv‡ai K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
†Ìqv-†_vIqv − we‡qi †hŠZzK I Avbylw½K LiP †evSv‡Z K_vwU ejv n‡q‡Q|
Kwócv_i − †h cv_‡i N‡l †mvbvi LuvwUZ¡ cixÿv Kiv nq|
gKigy‡Lv †gvUv GKLvbv evjv − gKi ev Kzwg‡ii gyLvK…wZhy³ nv‡Z cwi‡aq AjsKviwe‡kl|
Gqvwis − Kv‡bi `yj| Earring
`ÿhÁ − cÖRvcwZ `ÿ KZ©„K AbywôZ hÁ| G h‡Á cwZwb›`v ï‡b mZx
†`nZ¨vM K‡ib| ¯¿xi g„Zz¨msev` ï‡b wke AbyPimn hÁ¯’‡j
†cuŠ‡Q hÁ aŸsm K‡i †`b Ges mZxi ke Kuv‡a Zz‡j wb‡q cÖjq
b„‡Z¨ gË nb| GLv‡b cÖjqKvÐ ev nÆ‡Mvj †evSv‡”Q|
imb‡PŠwK − kvbvB, †Xvj I KuvwmÑ GB wZb ev`¨h‡š¿ m„ó HKZvbev`b|
Aå − GK ai‡bi LwbR avZz| Mica
A‡åi Svo − A‡åi ˆZwi SvoevwZ|
gnvwbe©vY − meiK‡gi eÜb †_‡K gyw³|
Kwj − cyiv‡Y ewY©Z Pvi hy‡Mi †kl hyM| KwjhyM| KwjKvj|
Kwj †h Pvi‡cvqv
nBqv Avwmj! − KwjKvj cwic~Y©iƒ‡c AvZ¥cÖKvk Kij|
cvKhš¿ − cvK¯’jx|
cÖ‡`vl − mÜ¨v|
GKPÿz jÉb − GKw`K †Lvjv wZbw`K XvKv we‡kl ai‡bi jÉb, hv †ijc‡_i
ms‡KZ †`Lv‡bvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
g„`½ − gvwUi †Lv‡ji `ycv‡k Pvgov jvMv‡bv GK ai‡bi ev`¨hš¿|
ÔMvwo †jvnvi g„`‡½
Zvj w`‡Z w`‡Z Pwjj|Õ − PjšÍ †ijMvwoi Aweivg avZe aŸwb †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
AcwiwPZv 33
ayqv − Mv‡bi †h Ask †`vnviiv evievi cwi‡ekb K‡i|

Rwogv − AvoóZv| RoZ¡|
gÄix − wKkjqhy³ KwP Wvj| gyKzj
GKcËb − GKcÖ¯’|
Kvbcyi − fvi‡Zi GKwU kni|
ÔZvi c‡i eywSjvg,
gvZ…f~wg Av‡Q|Õ − Kj¨vYx †h †`kgvZ…Kvi †mevq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Q, Abyc‡gi GB
Av‡Z¥vcjwä GLv‡b cÖKvwkZ|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒAcwiwPZvÓ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq cÖg_ †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z gvwmK ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvi 1321 e½v‡ãi (1914)
KvwZ©K msL¨vq| GwU cÖ_g MÖš’fz³ nq iex›`ªM‡íi msKjb ÔMímßKÕ-G Ges c‡i, ÔMí¸”QÕ Z…Zxq L‡Ð
(1927)|
ÒAcwiwPZvÓ M‡í AcwiwPZv we‡kl‡Yi Avov‡j †h ewjô e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix bvixi Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,
Zvi bvg Kj¨vYx| AgvbweK †hŠZzK cÖ_vi wbg©g ewj n‡q‡Q Ggb bvix‡ì Mí BZtc~‡e© iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb
iex›`ªbv_| wKš‘ GB M‡íB cÖ_g †hŠZzK cÖ_vi weiæ‡× bvix-cyiæ‡li mw¤§wjZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai K_KZv
†kvbv‡jb wZwb| G M‡í wcZv k¤¢ybv_ †mb Ges Kb¨v Kj¨vYxi ¯^Zš¿ exÿv I AvPi‡Y mgv‡R †M‡o-emv
N„Y¨ †hŠZzKcÖ_v cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| wcZvi ewjô cÖwZ‡iva Ges Kb¨v Kj¨vYxi †`k‡PZbvq F×
e¨w³‡Z¡i RvMiY I Zvi Awfe¨w³‡Z MíwU mv_©K|
ÒAcwiwPZvÓ DËg cyiæ‡li Revwb‡Z †jLv Mí| M‡íi K_K Abycg wek kZ‡Ki wØZxq `k‡Ki hy×msjMœ
mg‡qi †mB evOvwj hyeK, †h wek¦we`¨vj‡qi D”PZi Dcvwa AR©b K‡iI e¨w³Z¡iwnZ, cwieviZ‡š¿i Kv‡Q
Amnvq cyZj z gvÎ| Zv‡K †`L‡j Av‡Rv g‡b nq, †m †hb gv‡qi †KvjmsjMœ wkïgvÎ| ZviB we‡q Dcj‡ÿ
†hŠZzK wb‡q bvixi Pig AegvbbvKv‡j k¤¢by v_ †m‡bi Kb¨v-m¤úª`v‡b Am¤§wZ MíwUi kxl© gynZ
~ |© Abycg
wb‡Ri Mí ej‡Z wM‡q e¨v½v‡_© Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q †mB ANUb msNU‡bi K_vwU| we‡qi jMœ hLb cÖ¯Z ‘ ZLb
Kb¨vi jMœåó nIqvi †jŠwKKZv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i k¤¢by v_ †m‡bi wbwe©Kvi A_P ewjô cÖZ¨vL¨vb bZzb GK
mg‡qi Avï Avwef©ve‡KB ms‡KZen K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| Kgx©i f‚wgKvq ewjô e¨w³‡Z¡i RvMi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q M‡íi
†klvs‡k Kj¨vYxi ïwPïå AvZ¥cÖKvkI fwel¨‡Zi bZzb bvixi AvMgbxi Bw½‡Z cwimgvß|
ÔAcwiwPZvÕ gb¯Ív‡c †f‡Ocov GK e¨w³Z¡nxb hye‡Ki ¯^xKv‡ivw³i Mí, Zvi cvcövj‡bi AKcU
K_vgvjv| Abyc‡gi AvZ¥wee„wZi m~Î a‡iB M‡íi bvix Kj¨vYx Amvgvb¨v n‡q D‡V‡Q| MíwU‡Z
cyiælZ‡š¿i AgvbweKZvi ùziY †hgb N‡U‡Q, †Zgwb GKB m‡½ cyiæ‡li fv‡l¨ bvixi cÖkw¯ÍI KxwZ©Z
n‡q‡Q|
34 mvwnZ¨ cvV
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Abyc‡gi evev Kx K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zb?
K. Wv³vwi L. IKvjwZ
M. gv÷vwi N. eëmv
2. gvgv‡K fvM¨ †èZvi cªavb G‡R›U ejvi KviY, Zvi
K. cÖwZcwË L. cÖfve
M. wePÿYZv N. K~U eyw×
wcZ…nxb `xcyi PvPvB wQ‡jb cwiev‡ii KZ©v| `xcy wkwÿZ n‡jI Zvi wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv wQj bv|
PvPv Zvi we‡qi D‡`¨vM wb‡jI †hŠZzK wb‡q evovevwo Kivi Kvi‡Y Kb¨vi wcZv AcgvwbZ †eva K‡i
we‡qi Av‡jvPbv †f‡O †`b| `xcy †g‡qwUi Qwe †`‡L gy» n‡jI Zvi PvPv‡K wKQyB ej‡Z cv‡ibwb|
3. `xcyi PvPvi m‡½ ÔAcwiwPZvÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi wgj Av‡Q?
K. nwi‡ki L. gvgvi
M. wkÿ‡Ki N. webyi
4. D³ Pwi‡Î cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q 
i. †`ŠivZ¥¨
ii. nxb¤§b¨Zv
iii. †jvf
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gv giv †QvU †g‡q jvewb AvR k¦ïi evwo hv‡e| my‡L _vK‡e GB Avkvq `wi`ª K…lK jwZd wgqv
Avev‡ì mvgvb¨ RwgUzKz eÜK †i‡L c‡Yi UvKv †hvMvo Ki‡jb| wKš‘ Zv‡ZI wKQz UvKvi NvUwZ i‡q
†Mj| Gw`‡K ei cvi‡f‡Ri evev nviæb wgqvi GK K_v m¤ú~Y© UvKv bv †c‡j wZwb †Q‡j‡K wb‡q P‡j
hv‡eb| welqwU cvi‡f‡Ri Kv‡b †M‡j †m evc‡K mvd Rvwb‡q †`q, Ô†m ì`vg ev †Kbv‡ePvi cY¨
bq| †m GKRb gvbyl‡K Rxebm½x Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q, Acgvb Ki‡Z bq| wdi‡Z n‡j jvewb‡K m‡½
wb‡qB evwo wdi‡e|Õ
K. k¤¢ybv_ †mKivi nv‡Z Kx ciL Ki‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb?
L. Ôevsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ AvwgB GKgvÎ cyiæl hvnv‡K Kb¨vi evc weevn Avmi nB‡Z wb‡R wdivBqv w`qv‡QÕ
ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. Abycg I cvi‡f‡Ri PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï êcixZ¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Abyc‡gi gvgv I nviæb wgqvi g‡Zv gvby‡li Kvi‡Y AvRI Kj¨vYx I jvewbiv Acgv‡bi wkKvi nq−
gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ wbiƒcY Ki|
el©v
cÖg_ †PŠayix
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
cÖg_ †PŠayix 1868 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ h‡kvi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm cvebv †Rjvi
nwicyi MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg `yM©v`vm †PŠayix| wkÿvRxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb K…Zx QvÎ| 1890 wLªóv‡ã wZwb
KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖg_ †PŠayix wQ‡jb PwjZ M`ïxwZi cÖeZ©K| †mB m‡½
cwikxwjZ evM‰e`»¨gq igïPbvq wQ‡jb wm×n¯Í| Zuvi eû iPbv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ÔexiejÕ QÙbv‡g| evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ PwjZ fvlvixwZi cÖ_g gyLcÎ ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvwU wQj ZuviB m¤úvw`Z| iex›`ªbv_mn mgKvjxb
weL¨vZ gbbkxj †jLK‡ì A‡b‡KB wQ‡jb GB cwÎKvi †jLK| cÖg_ †PŠayixi M`¨‰kjxi wb`k©b i‡q‡Q
ÔPvi Bqvwi K_vÕ, Ôexie‡ji nvjLvZvÕ, Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ, Ô†Zj-byb-jKwoÕ BZ¨vw` M`¨MÖ‡š’| Ôm‡bU cÂvkrÕ
Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’| MíKvi I m‡bUKvi wn‡m‡eI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi wewkó Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q|
cÖg_ †PŠayix 1946 wLªóv‡ãi †`vmiv †m‡Þ¤î kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Ggb w`‡b Kx wjL‡Z gb hvq?

AvR mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †`wL †h, †h w`‡K hZ`~i `„wó hvq mgMÖ AvKvk el©vq f‡i wM‡q‡Q| gv_vi
Dci †_‡K Aweivg Aweij Awew”Qbœ e„wói aviv co‡Q| †m aviv GZ m~² bq †h †PvL Gwo‡q hvq, A_P
GZ ¯’~j bq †h Zv †PvL Ry‡o _v‡K| Avi Kv‡b Avm‡Q Zvi GKUvbv AvIqvR; †m AvIqvR KL‡bv g‡b
nq b`xi KzjyaŸwb, KL‡bv g‡b nq Zv cvZvi gg©i| Avm‡j Zv GKm‡½ I `yB-B; †Kbbv AvR‡Ki w`‡b
R‡ji ¯î I evZv‡mi ¯î `yB wg‡j-wg‡k GK myi n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q|
Ggb w`‡b gvbyl †h Ab¨gb¯‹ nq Zvi KviY Zvi mKj gb Zvi †PvL Avi Kv‡b G‡m fi K‡i| Avgv‡ì
GB †PvL-†cvov‡bv Av‡jvi †`‡k el©vi AvKvk Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L Kx †h Ac~e© w¯œ» cÖ‡jc gvwL‡q †`q Zv
evOvwj gv‡ÎB Rv‡b| AvR‡Ki AvKvk †`‡L g‡b nq, Qvqvi i‡Oi †Kv‡bv cvwLi cvjK w`‡q el©v Zv‡K
AvMv‡Mvov gywo‡q w`‡q‡Q, ZvB Zvi ¯úk© Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li Kv‡Q GZ big, GZ †gvjv‡qg|
Zvi ci †P‡q †`wL MvQcvjv gvVNvU meviB wfZi †hb GKUv bZyb cÖv‡Yi wn‡jøvj e‡q hv‡”Q| †m cÖv‡Yi
Avb‡›` bvi‡Kj MvQ¸‡jv me ùvwo‡q ùvwo‡q `yj‡Q, Avi Zv‡ì gv_vi SuvKov Pzj KL‡bv-ev Gwj‡q co‡Q,
KL‡bv-ev Rwo‡q hv‡”Q| Avi cvZvi Pv‡c †hme Mv‡Qi Wvj †`Lv hvq bv, †mme Mv‡Qi cvZvi `j G Ii
Mv‡q X‡j co‡Q, ci¯úi †KvjvKzwj Ki‡Q; KL‡bv-ev evZv‡mi ¯ú‡k© †eu‡K-Pz‡i Ggb AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q
†h, †`L‡j g‡b nq e„ÿjZv me cÎcy‡U dwUKRj cvb Ki‡Q| Avi GB Lvg‡Lqvwj evZvm wb‡Ri Lywkg‡Zv
GKevi cuvP wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ jZv-cvZv‡K bvwP‡q w`‡q e„wói aviv‡K Qwo‡q w`‡q Avevi †_‡g hv‡”Q| Zvici
Avevi †m wd‡i G‡m hv ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ w¯’i wQj Zv‡K Avevi Qz‡u q w`‡q cvwj‡q hv‡”Q, †m †hb Rv‡b †h Zvi
¯ú‡k© hv-wKQz RxešÍ A_P kvšÍ †m meB cÖ_‡g †Ku‡c DV‡e, Zvi ci e¨wZe¨¯Í n‡e, Zvici gv_v bvo‡e,
Zvici nvZ-cv Qzo‡e; Avi R‡ji Mv‡q dzU‡e cyjK| e„wói m‡½ e„ÿcjø‡ei m‡½ mgxi‡Yi GB jy‡KvPzwi
†Ljv Avwg †PvL f‡i †`LwQ Avi Kvb †c‡Z †c‡Z ïbwQ| g‡bi wfZi Avgvi GLb Avi †Kv‡bv fvebvwPšÍv
†bB, Av‡Q ïay Ggb-GKUv Abyfw~ Z hvi †Kv‡bv ¯úó iƒc †bB, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó bvg †bB|
g‡bi Ggb wewÿß Ae¯’vq Kx †jLv hvq? hw` hvq †Zv †m KweZv, cÖeÜ bq|
36 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Avb‡›`-welv‡` †gkv‡bv H AbvwgK Abyfw~ Zi Rwgi Ici A‡bK †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv fve gyn‡~ Z©i Rb¨ dz‡U DV‡Q,
Avevi gyn‡~ Z©B Zv wgwj‡q hv‡”Q| GB el©vi w`‡b KZ Mv‡bi myi Avgvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q ¸b¸b Ki‡Q, KZ
KweZvi †køvK, KL‡bv cy‡ivcywi KL‡bv AvaLvbv n‡q Avgvi g‡bi wfZi Ny‡i †eov‡”Q| AvR‡K Avwg Bs‡iwR
fz‡j wM‡qwQ| †hme KweZv †hme Mvb AvR Avgvi g‡b co‡Q †mmeB nq ms¯‹Z … , bq evsjv, bq wnw›`|
†g‰N‡g©`yi¤îs ebf~ek¨vgv¯Ígvj`ªæ‰gt
MxZ‡Mvwe‡›ì GB cÖ_g PiY †h evOvwj GKevi ï‡b‡Q wPiRxeb †m Avi Zv fzj‡Z cvi‡e bv| AvKv‡k
NbNUv n‡jB Zvi Kv‡b I-PiY Avcbv n‡ZB evR‡Z _vK‡e| †mBm‡½ g‡b c‡o hv‡e g‡bi KZ cyi‡bv
K_v, KZ jyKv‡bv e¨_v| Avwg fvewQ gvbyl fvlvq Zvi g‡bi K_v KZ Aí e¨³ K‡i, Avi KZ †ewk Ae¨³
i‡q hvq| fvlvq g‡bvfve e¨³ Kievi Rb¨B huviv G c„w_ex‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb ZuvivI, A_©vr Kwei `jI,
Avgvi wek¦vm, Zuv‡ì gb‡K A‡a©K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, A‡a©K †Mvcb †i‡L‡Qb| AvR‡Ki w`‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i
GKwU cyi‡bv Mv‡bi cÖ_g QÎwU Ny‡i-wd‡i µgvš^‡q Avgvi Kv‡b Avm‡Q − ÔGgb w`‡b Zv‡i ejv hvqÕ| Ggb
w`‡b hv ejv hvq Zv nqZ iex›`ªbv_I AvR ch©šÍ e‡jb wb, †kK&m& w& cqiI e‡jb wb| e‡jb †h wb, †m fv‡jvB
K‡i‡Qb| Kwe hv e¨³ K‡ib Zvi wfZi hw` GB Ae¨‡³i Bw½Z bv _v‡K Zv n‡j Zuvi KweZvi wfZi †Kv‡bv
mystery _v‡K bv, Avi †h K_vi wfZi mystery †bB, Zv KweZv bq − c`¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
†m hvB †nvK, AvR Avgvi Kv‡b ïay iex›`ªbv‡_i Mv‡bi myi †j‡M †bB, †mBm‡½ wZwb el©vi †h AmsL¨ Qwe
Gu‡K‡Qb †mBme wPÎ ev‡qv‡¯‹v‡ci Qwei g‡Zv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mygLy w`‡q GKwUi ci Avi-GKwU P‡j hv‡”Q|
fv‡jv K_v − GUv KL‡bv †f‡e †`‡L‡Qb †h, evsjvi el©v iex›`ªbv_ Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb, I-FZzi
iƒc-im-MÜ-¯ú‡k© iex›`ªbv‡_i fviZx ficyi, Zvi fxgg~wZ© Avi Zvi KvšÍgw~ Z©, `yBB Zuvi †Pv‡L aiv c‡o‡Q,
`yBB Zuvi fvlvq mgvb mvKvi n‡q D‡V‡Q| G wel‡q †mKv‡ji GKUv KweZv Av‡Q hv GKvB GK‡kv−
iRbx kvOb Nb Nb †`qv MiRb
wiwgwSwg ke‡` ewi‡l|
cvj‡¼ kqvb i‡½ weMwjZ Pxi A‡½
wb›` hvB g‡bi nwi‡l \
msMxZ wn‡m‡e G KweZv MxZ‡Mvwe‡›ì Zzj¨| Avi Kve¨ wn‡m‡e Zvi A‡cÿv kZ¸‡Y †kÖô| AvR Avgvi
g‡bi wfZi w`‡q †hme K_v Avbv‡Mvbv Ki‡Q †mme GZB wew”Qbœ GZB G‡jv‡g‡jv †h, †mme hw` fvlvq
a‡i Zvi ci †jLvq cy‡i †Ìqv hvq Zv n‡j Avgvi cÖeÜ GZB wek„•Lj n‡e †h, cvVK Zvi g‡a¨ fv‡ei
†MvjKauvavq c‡o hv‡eb| Avi hw` Ggb cvVKI _v‡Kb whwb evsjv‡`‡ki †Q‡jfyjv‡bv Qov-cuvPvwji
Abyiƒc Am¤^Ü M`ïPbv g‡bi my‡L co‡Z cv‡ib Zv n‡jI Avwg AvR gb Ly‡j wjL‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bB| A‡bK
K_v hv AvR g‡b co‡Q Zvi hv-wKQz g~j¨ Av‡Q Zv Avgvi Kv‡QB Av‡Q, Aci Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †bB|
eûKvj-g„Z eûKvj-we¯§„Z †Kv‡bv ïK‡bv dz‡ji cvcwo hw` nVvr Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq Zv n‡j †h †mwU‡K
GKKv‡j mRxe Ae¯’vq mv`‡i mwÂZ K‡i †i‡LwQj, GKgvÎ ZviB Kv‡Q †m ky®‹cy‡®úi g~j¨ Av‡Q,
Ac‡ii Kv‡Q Zv eY©MÜnxb AveR©bv gvÎ| gvby‡li ¯§„wZi wfZiI Ggb A‡bK ïK‡bv dzj mwÂZ _v‡K
hv Ac‡ii Kv‡Q evi Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ Ggb w`‡b Zv Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq|
Avevi †Nvi K‡i Gj, evwZ bv R¡vwj‡q †jLv P‡j bv; Avi Kvwji Ace¨q Kiv hZ mnR evwZi Ace¨q
Kiv ZZ mnR bq| AZGe GBLv‡bB G †jLv †kl Kwi|
el©v 37
kãv_© I UxKv
gg©i − ïK‡bv cvZvi LmLm aŸwb|
wn‡jøvj − †XD|
Gwj‡q − wkw_j n‡q|
cÎcyU − cvZv w`‡q ˆZwi †VvOv|
dwUKRj − ¯^”Q cvwb|
AbvwgK Ab~f~wZ − bvg †`qv hvq bv Ggb Abyf~wZ|
†køvK − Q‡›`ve× evK¨|
Ô†g‰N... ˆgÕ − †g‡N‡Z †g`yi AvKvk, Zvj Zgv‡j k¨vgv ebf~wg| Rq‡`‡ei ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ
Kv‡eï el©v eY©bv| Rq‡`‡ei el©vi GB mnR-mij iƒc evOvwji wPi‡Pbv|
MxZ‡Mvwe›` − Kwe Rq‡`‡ei weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’|
NbNUv − †gNi Avo¤î|
QÎ − cO&w³| jvBb|
Mystery − inm¨|
ev‡qv‡¯‹vc − Pjw”PÎ| QvqvQwe|
KvšÍg~wZ© − my›ì ev Kgbxq g~wZ©|
mvKvi − AvKvi wewkó|
Nb − †gN|
†`qv − AvKvk| †gN|
ewi‡l − ewl©Z n‡”Q|
i‡O − Avb‡›`| Av‡gv‡`|
weMwjZ Pxi A‡½ − A‡½i wkw_j ev Aweb¨¯Í †cvkv‡K|
wb›` − wb`ªv|
nwi‡l − Avb‡›`|
†MvjKauvav − cÖ‡nwjKv|
cuvPvwj − MxZvwfbq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
cÖg_ †PŠayixi Òel©vÓ cÖeÜwU Zuvi ÔcÖeÜ msMÖnÕ (1952) †_‡K msKwjZ Ges Clr ms‡ÿwcZ| b`xgvZ…K
GB †`‡k el©v FZz AZ¨šÍ cwiwPZ| Aweivg e„wó‡Z e„ÿivwRi Ae¯’v, gvbe g‡bi Avb›`-welv` gvLv‡bv
Abyf~wZ, el©vi Mvb I KweZv, we‡klZ iex›`ªbv‡_i el©vi wPÎ cÖvewÜ‡Ki gb Ry‡o e‡q P‡j‡Q| Ggb w`b
cÖwZwU evOvwj fveyKR‡bi Kv‡QB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wKš‘ Gi Abyf~wZ A‡bï Kv‡Q cÖKvk Kiv KwVb| gb¥q GB
cÖeÜwU‡Z cÖvewÜ‡Ki e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| el©v gvbeü`q‡K †h fvev‡e‡M AvcøyZ K‡i,
GKB m‡½ K‡i †Zv‡j mRxe I ¯§„wZKvZi, ˆbtm½¨vbyf~wZ‡Z RR©i I m„wógyLi- ZviB gg©K_v e¨³
n‡q‡Q G iPbvq| el©v cÖK…wZ‡Z †h mRxeZv I Avb›`vbyf~wZi mÂvi K‡i Zv gvb‡ei cÖvY‡KI Av‡›`vwjZ
K‡i Mfxifv‡e| GB Mfxi ü`qvbyf~wZ Òel©vÓ cÖe‡Ü Awfe¨³ n‡q‡Q; hvi ga¨ w`‡q G iPbvi fvlv n‡q
D‡V‡Q bvw›`wbK Abyfe-mÄvZ e³e¨ cÖKv‡ki we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
38 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| cÖvewÜ‡Ki g‡Z evsjvq el©v †K Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb?
K. Rq‡è L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
M. Kvq‡Kvev` N. RmxgD`&`xb
2| ÔAvb‡›`-welv‡` †gkv‡bv AbvwgK Abyf~wZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. gb Lvivc Kiv L. AvZ¥‡fvjv
M. g‡bi wewÿßZv N. D”Q¡wmZ gb
AvwR S‡iv S‡iv gyLi evì w`‡b
Rvwb †b, Rvwb †b wKQz‡Z †Kb †h gb jv‡M bv|
... ... ...
†gNgjøv‡i mviv w`bgvb ev‡R Sibvi Mvb
gb nvivevi AvwR †ejv c_ fywjevi †Ljv
gb Pvq ü`q Rov‡Z Kvi wPi F‡Y|
3| D³ KweZvskwUi cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v Òel©vÓ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb welqwUi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©?
K. Aweivg el©‡Yi L. el©vq Db¥bv g‡bi
M. mvwnZ¨ iPbvq Abxnvi N. ï®‹Zv †_‡K gyw³i
4| cÖK…wZi GB Ae¯’v cÖg_ †PŠayix‡K D`vm K‡i †Zv‡j, KviY−
i. el©v gvbegb‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i
ii. el©vq gvbyl ¯§„wZKvZi n‡q I‡V
iii. el©vi AvMg‡b cÖK…wZ PÂj nq
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ÔGBLv‡b wQj cÖgËv b`x| el©vq GB b`xi R‡j e„wói †dvuUv c‡o GK A™¢zZ my‡ii Rb¥ w`Z| AvR
GLv‡b Liv| KZKvj e„wói kã ïwb bv| R‡ji †dvuUv cvZvi Dci covq cvZvi †h wkniY Zv †`‡L
gb f‡i †hZ| S‡ov e„wói `vc‡U MvQ¸‡jv †hb `vuwo‡q _vKv fz‡j wM‡q †`Š‡o †eov‡Z PvBZ|Õ
Gfv‡eB Kv‡kg gvwS Zvi bvZwb‡K el©vi Mí †kvbv‡”Qb| †Kb Ggb n‡jv Zv Kv‡kg gvwS Rv‡bb
bv| ïay ï‡b‡Qb c„w_exi gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K wb‡q hv Lywk ZvB Ki‡Q| Avi GB Kvi‡Y cÖK…wZ AvR Ggb
weiƒc| Zvn‡j wK c„w_ex †_‡K el©v we`vq †b‡e? gvbyl Avi el©vi wigwSg k‡ã D`vm n‡e bv! GB
me fve‡Z fve‡Z Kv‡kg gvwSi `y‡PvL R‡j f‡i D‡V|
K. cÖg_ †PŠayix el©vi AvKvk‡K wK‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb?
L. el©vi evZvm‡K ÔLvg‡LqvwjÕ ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb?
M. Aby‡”Q‡ì cÖ_gvs‡k Kv‡kg gvwSi Abyf~wZ‡Z Òel©vÓ cÖe‡Üi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N.Aby‡”Q`wU Òel©vÓ cÖe‡Üi mgMÖ Aven‡K aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wK? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|
wejvmx
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1876 wLªóv‡ãi 15B †m‡Þ¤î cwðg evsjvi ûMwj †Rjvi †èvb›`cyyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg gwZjvj P‡Ævcva¨vq, Rbbx fzeb‡gvwnbx †èx| evsjv mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq GB
Jcb¨vwm‡Ki †Q‡j‡ejv Kv‡U `vwi‡`ªï g‡a¨| PweŸk eQi eq‡m g‡bi †Suv‡K mbœ¨vmx n‡q M„nZ¨vM
K‡iwQ‡jb kirP›`ª| msMxZÁ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZi m~‡Î NUbvP‡µ GK Rwg`v‡ii eÜz n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb; RxweKvi
ZvwM‡` †`k †Q‡o wM‡qwQ‡jb eg©v gyjøy‡K A_©vr eZ©gvb wgqvbgv‡i|
kirP›`ª Zuvi Rxe‡bi bvbv AwfÁZv I wewPÎ me gvby‡li PwiÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb Zuvi wewfbœ Dcb¨v‡m| we‡kl
K‡i mgv‡Ri wbPz Zjvi gvbyl Zuvi m„ó Pwi‡Î Ac~e© gwngv wb‡q wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| K_vwkíx kirP‡›`ªi
wkíxgvb‡mi †gŠj‰ewkó¨ gvbeZv I gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv|
kirP‡›`ªi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ iPbv KzšÍjxb cyi¯‹vicÖvß Ògw›ìÓ bv‡g GKwU Mí| Zuvi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q : Ô†è`vmÕ, Ôcwjø-mgvRÕ, ÔPwiÎnxbÕ, ÔkÖxKvšÍÕ, ÔM„n`vnÕ, Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ BZ¨vw`| Gme Dcb¨v‡m
evOvwj bvixi cÖwZK…wZ A¼‡b wZwb Amvgvb¨ `ÿZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuvi eû Dcb¨vm fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ fvlvq
Ab~w`Z I Pjw”PÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi K‡qKwU Dcb¨vm we‡`wk fvlvqI Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ¯^xK…wZ
wn‡m‡e 1923 wLªóv‡ã KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq 1936 mv‡j
Zuv‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i|
kirP›`ª 1938 wLªóv‡ãi 16B Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cvKv `yB †µvk c_ nuvwUqv ¯‹‡z j we`¨v AR©b Kwi‡Z hvB| Avwg GKv bBÑ`k-ev‡ivRb| hvnv‡ìB evUx
cwjøMvÖ ‡g, Zvnv‡ìB †Q‡j‡ì kZKiv AvwkRb‡K Ggwb Kwiqv we`¨vjvf Kwi‡Z nq| Bnv‡Z jv‡fi A‡¼ †kl
ch©šÍ G‡Kev‡i k~b¨ bv cwo‡jI, hvnv c‡o, Zvnv‡Z wnmve Kwievi c‡ÿ GB KqUv K_v wPšÍv Kwiqv †`wL‡jB
h‡_ó nB‡e †h, †h †Q‡j‡ì mKvj AvUUvi g‡a¨ evwni nBqv hvZvqv‡Z Pvi †µvk c_ fvwO‡Z nqÑPvi †µvk
gv‡b AvU gvBj bq, †Xi †ewkÑel©vi w`‡b gv_vi Ici †g‡Ni Rj cv‡qi wb‡P GK nuvUz Kv`v Ges MÖx‡®§i w`‡b
R‡ji e`‡j Kov m~h© Ges Kv`vi e`‡j ayjvi mvMi muvZvi w`qv ¯‹jz ÑNi Kwi‡Z nq, †mB `yfv© Mv evjK‡ì
gv-mi¯^Zx Lywk nBqv ei w`‡eb wK, Zvnv‡ì hš¿Yv †`wLqv †Kv_vq †h wZwb jyKvB‡eb, fvweqv cvb bv|
Zvic‡i GB K…Zwe`¨ wkïi `j eo nBqv GKw`b MÖv‡gB emyb, Avi ÿzavi R¡vjvq Ab¨ÎB hvbÑZuv‡ì
Pvi †µvk nuvUv we`¨vi †ZR AvZ¥cÖKvk Kwi‡eB Kwi‡e| †Kn †Kn e‡jb ïwbqvwQ, Av”Qv, huv‡ì ÿzavi
R¡vjv, Zuv‡ì K_v bv nq bvB awijvg wKš‘ huv‡ì †m R¡vjv bvB, †Zgb me f`ª‡jvKB ev Kx my‡L MÖvg
Qvwoqv cjvqb K‡ib? Zuviv evm Kwi‡Z _vwK‡j †Zv cwjøi GZ `y`©kv nq bv|
g¨v‡jwiqv K_vUv bv nq bvB cvwojvg| †m _vK, wKš‘ IB Pvi †µvk nuvUvi R¡vjvq KZ f`ª‡jv‡KB †h
†Q‡j-cy‡j jBqv MÖvg Qvwoqv kn‡i cvjvb Zvnvi Avi msL¨v bvB| Zvic‡i GKw`b †Q‡j-cy‡ji covI
†kl nq e‡U, ZLb wKš‘ kn‡ii myL-myweav iæwP jBqv Avi Zv‡ì MÖv‡g wdwiqv Avmv P‡j bv| wKš‘ _vK
G-mKj ev‡R K_v| ¯‹z‡j hvBÑ`y‡µv‡ki g‡a¨ Ggb AviI †Zv `yB wZbLvbv MÖvg cvi nB‡Z nq| Kvi
evMv‡b Avg cvwK‡Z ïiæ Kwiqv‡Q, †Kvb e‡b euBwP dj Ach©vß dwjqv‡Q, Kvi Mv‡Q KuvVvj GB cvwKj
ewjqv, Kvi gZ©gvb i¤¢vi Kuvw` KvwUqv jBevi A‡cÿv gvÎ, Kvi Kvbv‡P †Sv‡ci g‡a¨ Avbvi‡mi Mv‡q
is awiqv‡Q, Kvi cyKzicv‡oi †LRyi‡gwZ KvwUqv LvB‡j aiv cwoevi m¤¢vebv Aí, GB me Lei jB‡ZB
mgq hvq, wKš‘ Avm‡j hv we`¨vÑKvg¯‹vUKvi ivRavbxi bvg Kx Ges mvB‡ewiqvi Lwbi g‡a¨ iƒcv †g‡j,
bv †mvbv †g‡jÑ G mKj ìKvwi Z_¨ AeMZ nBevi dzimZB †g‡j bv|
40 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Kv‡RB GK&R & vwg‡bi mgq G‡Wb Kx wRÁvmv Kwi‡j ewj cviwkqvi e›ì, Avi ûgvqy‡bi ev‡ci bvg Rvwb‡Z
Pvwn‡j wjwLqv w`qv Avwm †ZvMjK Luv Ges AvR Pwjø‡ki †KvVv cvi nBqvI †`wL, I-mKj wel‡qi aviYv cÖvq
GKiKgB Av‡QÑZvic‡i cÖ‡gvk‡bi w`b gyL fvi Kwiqv evwo wdwiqv Avwmqv KL‡bv ev `j euvwaqv gZje
Kwi, gv÷vi‡K V¨vOv‡bv DwPZ, KL‡bv ev wVK Kwi, Agb wekÖx ¯‹j z Qvwoqv †ÌqvB KZ©e¨|
Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi GKwU †Q‡ji m‡½ gv‡S gv‡SB ¯‹z‡ji c‡_ †`Lv nBZ| Zvnvi bvg wQj g„Zz¨Äq|
Avgv‡ì †P‡q †m eq‡m A‡bK eo| _vW© K¬v‡m cwoZ| K‡e †m †h cÖ_g _vW© K¬v‡m DwVqvwQj, G Lei
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K¬vmUvB wPiw`b †`wLqv AvwmqvwQ|
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evc-gv, fvB-†evb †KnB wQj bv, wQj ïay MÖv‡gi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKUv cÖKvÐ Avg-KuvVv‡ji evMvb, Avi Zvi g‡a¨
GKUv cÖKvÐ †cv‡ovevwo, Avi wQj GK ÁvwZ Lyov| Lyovi KvR wQj fvB‡cvi bvbvwea `ybv© g iUbv KivÑ†m
MuvRv Lvq, †m ¸wj Lvq, Ggwb AviI KZ wK! Zuvi Avi GKUv KvR wQj ewjqv †eov‡bv, IB evMv‡bi A‡a©KUv
Zuvi wb‡Ri Ask, bvwjk Kwiqv `Lj Kivi A‡cÿv gvÎ| Aek¨ `Lj GKw`b wZwb cvBqvwQ‡jb e‡U, wKš‘
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g„Z¨z Äq wb‡R iuvwaqv LvBZ Ges Av‡gi w`‡b IB Avg-evMvbUv Rgv w`qvB Zvnvi mviv erm‡ii LvIqv-civ
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Kwiqv c‡_i GK avi w`qv bxi‡e Pwjqv‡Q| Zvnv‡K KL‡bv KviI mwnZ hvwPqv Avjvc Kwi‡Z †`wL
bvBÑeiÂ DchvPK nBqv K_v KwnZvg AvgivB| Zvnvi cÖavb KviY wQj GB †h, †`vKv‡bi Lvevi wKwbqv
LvIqvB‡Z MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ Zvnvi †Rvov wQj bv| Avi ïay †Q‡jivB bq| KZ †Q‡ji evc KZevi †h †Mvc‡b
†Q‡j‡K w`qv Zvnvi Kv‡Q ¯‹‡z ji gvwnbv nvivBqv †M‡Q, eB Pzwi †M‡Q BZ¨vw` ewjqv UvKv Av`vq Kwiqv jBZ,
Zvnv ewj‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ FY ¯^xKvi Kiv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, †Q‡j Zvnvi mwnZ GKUv K_v Kwnqv‡Q, G K_vI
†Kv‡bv evc f`ª mgv‡R Keyj Kwi‡Z PvwnZ bvÑMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ g„Z¨z Ä‡qi wQj Ggwb mybvg|
A‡bK w`b g„Zz¨Ä‡qi †`Lv bvB| GKw`b †kvbv †Mj †m gi-gi| Avi GKw`b †kvbv †Mj, gv‡jvcvovi
GK eyov gv‡jv Zvnvi wPwKrmv Kwiqv Ges Zvnvi †g‡q wejvmx †mev Kwiqv g„Zz¨Äq‡K h‡gi gyL nB‡Z
G hvÎv wdivBqv Avwbqv‡Q|
A‡bK w`b Zvnvi wgóv‡bœi mØ¨q KwiqvwQÑ gbUv †Kgb Kwi‡Z jvwMj, GKw`b mÜ¨vi AÜKv‡i jyKvBqv
Zvnv‡K †`wL‡Z †Mjvg| Zvnvi †cv‡ovevwo‡Z cÖvPx‡ii evjvB bvB| ¯^”Q‡›` wfZ‡i XzwKqv †`wL, N‡ii
ìRv †Lvjv, †ek D¾¡j GKwU cÖ`xc R¡wj‡Z‡Q, Avi wVK mgy‡LB Z³‡cv‡li Ici cwi®‹vi aea‡e
weQvbvq g„Zz¨Äq ïBqv Av‡Q, Zvnvi K¼vjmvi †`‡ni cÖwZ Pvwn‡jB eySv hvq, ev¯ÍweK hgivR †Póvi ÎæwU
wKQz K‡ib bvB, Z‡e †h †kl ch©šÍ myweav Kwiqv DwV‡Z cv‡ib bvB, †m †Kej IB †g‡qwUi †Rv‡i| †m
wkq‡i ewmqv cvLvi evZvm Kwi‡ZwQj, AK¯§vr gvbyl †`wLqv PgwKqv DwVqv ùvovBj| GB †mB eyov
mvcy‡oi †g‡q wejvmx| Zvnvi eqm AvVv‡iv wK AvUvk Vvni Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv| wKš‘ gy‡Li cÖwZ
PvwnevgvÎB †Ui cvBjvg, eqm hvB †nvK, LvwUqv LvwUqv Avi ivZ RvwMqv RvwMqv Bnvi kix‡i Avi wKQz
bvB| wVK †hb dzj`vwb‡Z Rj w`qv wfRvBqv ivLv evwm dz‡ji g‡Zv| nvZ w`qv GZUzKz ¯úk© Kwi‡j,
GZUzKz bvovPvov Kwi‡Z †M‡jB Swiqv cwo‡e|
g„Zz¨Äq Avgv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwiqv ewjj, Ò†K, b¨vov?Ó
ewjjvg, Ònuy|Ó
wejvmx 41
†g‡qUv Nvo †nuU Kwiqv ùvovBqv iwnj| g„Z¨z Äq `yB-PvwiwU K_vq hvnv Kwnj, Zvnvi gg© GB †h, cÖvq †ò gvm
nB‡Z Pwjj †m kh¨vMZ| g‡a¨ `k-c‡bi w`b †m AÁvb A‰PZb¨ Ae¯’vq cwoqvwQj, GB K‡qK w`b nBj †m
†jvK wPwb‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q Ges hw`P GL‡bv †m weQvbv Qvwoqv DwV‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ Avi fq bvB|
fq bvB _vKzK| wKš‘ †Q‡jgvbyl nB‡jI GUv eywSjvg, AvRI hvnvi kh¨vZ¨vM Kwiqv DwVevi ÿgZv nq
bvB, †mB †ivMx‡K GB e‡bi g‡a¨ GKvKx †h †g‡qwU euvPvBqv Zzwjevi fvi jBqv‡Qb, †m KZ eo
¸iæfvi| w`‡bi ci w`b, ivwÎi ci ivwÎ Zvnvi KZ †mev, KZ ïkÖƒlv, KZ âh©, KZ ivZRvMv| †m KZ
eo mvn‡mi KvR! wKš‘ †h e¯‘wU GB Amva¨Ñmvab Kwiqv ZzwjqvwQj Zvnvi cwiPq hw`P †mw`b cvB bvB,
wKš‘ Avi GKw`b cvBqvwQjvg|
wdwievi mgq †g‡qwU Avi GKwU cÖ`xc jBqv Avgvi Av‡M Av‡M fvOv cÖvPx‡ii †kl ch©šÍ Avwmj|
GZÿY ch©šÍ †m GKwU K_vI K‡n bvB, GBevi Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ewjj, iv¯Ív ch©šÍ †Zvgvq †i‡L Avme wK?
eo eo AvgMv‡Q mg¯Í evMvbUv †hb GKUv RgvU AÜKv‡ii g‡Zv †eva nB‡ZwQj, c_ †`Lv †Zv `~‡ii
K_v, wb‡Ri nvZUv ch©šÍ †`Lv hvq bv| ewjjvg, Ò†cŠu‡Q w`‡Z n‡e bv, ïay Av‡jvUv `vI|Ó
†m cÖ`xcUv Avgvi nv‡Z w`‡ZB Zvnvi DrKwÉZ gy‡Li †PnvivUv Avgvi †Pv‡L cwoj| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †m
ewjj, ÒGKjv †h‡Z fq Ki‡e bv †Zv? GKUz GwM‡q w`‡q Avme?Ó
†g‡q gvbyl wRÁvmv K‡i, fq Ki‡e bv †Zv| myZivs g‡b hvB _vK, cÖZz¨Ë‡i ïay GKUv ÒbvÓ ewjqvB
AMÖmi nBqv †Mjvg|
†m cybivq Kwnj, ÒNb R½‡ji c_, GKUz †`‡L cv †d‡j †h‡qv|Ó
me©v‡½ KuvUv w`qv DwVj, wKš‘ GZÿ‡Y eywSjvg, D‡ØMUv Zvnvi wK‡mi Rb¨ Ges †Kb †m Av‡jv †`LvBqv
GB e‡bi c_ cvi Kwiqv w`‡Z Pvwn‡ZwQj| nqZ †m wb‡la ïwbZ bv, m‡½B hvBZ, wKš‘ cxwoZ
g„Zz¨Äq‡K GKvKx †dwjqv hvB‡ZB †eva Kwi Zvnvi †kl ch©šÍ gb mwij bv|
Kzwo-cuwPk weNvi evMvb| myZivs c_Uv Kg bq| GB `viæY AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨K c`‡ÿcB †eva Kwi
f‡q f‡q Kwi‡Z nBZ, wKš‘ ciÿYB †g‡qwUi K_v‡ZB mg¯Í gb Ggwb Av”Qbœ nBqv iwnj †h, fq
cvBevi Avi mgq cvBjvg bv| †Kej g‡b nB‡Z jvwMj, GKUv g„ZKí †ivMx jBqv _vKv KZ KwVb|
g„Zz¨Äq †Zv †h-†Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©B gwi‡Z cvwiZ, ZLb mg¯Í ivwÎ GB e‡bi g‡a¨ †g‡qwU GKvKx Kx KwiZ|
†Kgb Kwiqv Zvnvi †m ivZUv KvwUZ|
GB cÖm‡½ A‡bKw`b c‡ii GKUv K_v Avgvi g‡b c‡o| GK AvZ¥x‡qi g„Zz¨Kv‡j Avwg Dcw¯’Z wQjvg|
AÜKvi ivwÎÑevUx‡Z †Q‡j-cy‡j, PvKi-evKi bvB, N‡ii g‡a¨ ïay Zvi m`¨weaev ¯¿x Avi Avwg| Zvi
¯¿x †Zv †kv‡Ki Av‡e‡M `vcv`vwc Kwiqv Ggb KvÐ Kwiqv Zzwj‡jb †h, fq nBj ZvnviI cÖvYUv eywS
evwni nBqv hvq ev! Kuvw`qv Kuvw`qv evievi Avgv‡K cÖkœ Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb, wZwb †¯^”Qvq hLb mngi‡Y
hvB‡Z Pvwn‡Z‡Qb, ZLb miKv‡ii Kx? Zuvi †h Avi wZjva© euvwP‡Z mva bvB, G wK Zvnviv eywS‡e bv?
Zvnv‡ì N‡i wK ¯¿x bvB? Zvnviv wK cvlvY? Avi GB iv‡ÎB MÖv‡gi cuvPRb hw` b`xi Zx‡ii †Kv‡bv
GKUv R½‡ji g‡a¨ Zuvi mngi‡Yi †hvMvo Kwiqv †`q †Zv cywj‡ki †jvK Rvwb‡e Kx Kwiqv? Ggwb KZ
wK| wKš‘ Avgvi †Zv Avi ewmqv ewmqv Zuvi Kvbœv ïwb‡jB P‡j bv| cvovq Lei †Ìqv PvBÑA‡bK wRwbm
†hvMvo Kiv PvB| wKš‘ Avgvi evwn‡i hvBevi cÖ¯Íve ïwbqvB wZwb cÖK…wZ¯’ nBqv DwV‡jb| †PvL gywQqv
ewj‡jb, ÒfvB, hv nevi †m †Zv nBqv‡Q, Avi evB‡i wMqv Kx nB‡e? ivZUv KvUzK bv|Ó
ewjjvg, ÒA‡bK KvR, bv †M‡jB †h bq|Ó
wZwb ewj‡jb, Ò†nvK KvR, Zzwg e‡mv|Ó
42 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ewjjvg, Òem‡j Pj‡e bv, GKevi Lei w`‡ZB nB‡eÓ, ewjqv cv evovBevgv‡ÎB wZwb wPrKvi Kwiqv
DwV‡jb, ÒI‡i evc‡i! Avwg GKjv _vK‡Z cvie bv|Ó
Kv‡RB Avevi ewmqv cwo‡Z nBj| KviY, ZLb eywSjvg, †h ¯^vgx R¨všÍ _vK‡Z wZwb wbf©‡q cuwPk ermi
GKvKx Ni Kwiqv‡Qb, Zvui g„ZzÜv hw`-ev m‡n Zuvi g„Z‡`nUv GB AÜKvi iv‡Î cuvP wgwb‡Ui RbÏ
mwn‡e bv| eyK hw` wKQz‡Z dv‡U †Zv †m GB g„Z ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q GKjv _vwK‡j|
wKš‘ `ytLUv Zvnvi Zz”Q Kwiqv †`LvbI Avgvi D‡Ïk¨ b‡n| wKsev Zvnv LuvwU bq G K_v ejvI Avgvi
AwfcÖvq b‡n| wKsev GKR‡bi eënv‡iB Zvnvi P~ovšÍ gxgvsmv nBqv †Mj ZvnvI b‡n| wKš‘ Ggb AviI
A‡bK NUbv Rvwb, hvnvi D‡jøL bv KwiqvI Avwg GB K_v ewj‡Z PvB †h, ïay KZ©e¨Áv‡bi †Rv‡i A_ev
eûKvj awiqv GKm‡½ Ni Kivi AwaKv‡iB GB fqUv‡K †Kv‡bv †g‡qgvbylB AwZµg Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|
Bnv Avi GKwU kw³, hvnv eû ¯^vgx-¯¿x GKk ermi GK‡Î Ni Kivi c‡iI nqZ Zvnvi †Kv‡bv mÜvb cvq
bv|
wKš‘ mnmv †m kw³i cwiPq hLb †Kv‡bv bibvixi Kv‡Q cvIqv hvq, ZLb mgv‡Ri Av`vj‡Z Avmvwg
Kwiqv Zvnv‡ì `Ð †Ìqvi Avek¨K hw` nq †Zv †nvK, wKš‘ gvby‡li †h e¯‘wU mvgvwRK bq, †m wb‡R
†h Bnv‡ì `yt‡L †Mvcb AkÖæ wemR©b bv Kwiqv †Kv‡bv g‡ZB _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖvq gvm `yB g„Z¨z Ä‡qi Lei jB bvB| huvnviv cwjøMvÖ g †`‡Lb bvB, wKsev IB †ijMvwoi Rvbvjvq gyL evovBqv
†`wLqv‡Qb, Zuvnviv nqZ mwe¯§‡q ewjqv DwV‡eb, G †Kgb K_v? G wK KL‡bv m¤¢e nB‡Z cv‡i †h, AZ eo
AmyLUv †Pv‡L †`wLqv AvwmqvI gvm-`yB Avi Zvi LeiB bvB| Zvnv‡ì AeMwZi Rb¨ ejv Avek¨K †h, G
ïay m¤¢e bq, G-B nBqv _v‡K| GKR‡bi wec‡` cvovmy× SuvK euvwaqv Dcyo nBqv c‡o, GB †h, GKUv
RbkÖæwZ Av‡Q, Rvwb bv Zvnv mZ¨hy‡Mi cwjøMvÖ ‡g wQj wK bv, wKš‘ GKv‡j †Zv †Kv_vI †`wLqvwQ ewjqv g‡b
Kwi‡Z cvwi bv| Z‡e Zvnvi givi Lei hLb cvIqv hvq bvB, ZLb †m †h euvwPqv Av‡Q G wVK|
Ggwb mg‡q nVvr GKw`b Kv‡b †Mj, g„Zz¨Ä‡qi †mB evMv‡bi Askx`vi Lyov †Zvjcvo Kwiqv
†eovB‡Z‡Qb †h, †Mj †Mj, MÖvgUv Gevi imvZ‡j †Mj| bvj‡Zi wgwËi ewjqv mgv‡R Avi Zuvi gyL
evwni Kwievi †hv iwnj bvÑAKvjKz®§vÐUv GKUv mvcy‡oi †g‡q wbKv Kwiqv N‡i Avwbqv‡Q| Avi ïay
wbKv bq, ZvI bv nq Pzjvq hvK, Zvnvi nv‡Z fvZ ch©šÍ LvB‡Z‡Q| MÖv‡g hw` Bnvi kvmb bv _v‡K †Zv
e‡b wMqv evm Kwi‡jB †Zv nq| †Kv‡ovjv, nwicy‡ii mgvR GK_v ïwb‡j †h Ñ BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`|
ZLb †Q‡j ey‡ov mK‡ji gy‡LB IB GK K_vÑAu¨v G nBj Kx? Kwj wK mZ¨B DëvB‡Z ewmj|
Lyov ewjqv †eovB‡Z jvwM‡jb, G †h NwU‡e wZwb A‡bK Av‡MB Rvwb‡Zb| wZwb ïay Zvgvkv †`wL‡ZwQ‡jb,
†Kv_vKvi Rj †Kv_vq wMqv c‡o| bB‡j ci bq, cªwZ‡ekx bq, Avcbvi fvB‡cv| wZwb wK evwo jBqv hvB‡Z
cvwi‡Zb bv? Zuvnvi wK Wv³viÑê`¨ †`LvBevi ÿgZv wQj bv? Z‡e †Kb †h K‡ib bvB, GLb †`Lyb mevB|
wKš‘ Avi †Zv Pzc Kwiqv _vKv hvq bv| G †h wgwËi es‡ki bvg Wzweqv hvq| MÖv‡gi †h gyL †cv‡o|
ZLb Avgiv MÖv‡gi †jvK wgwjqv †h KvRUv Kwijvg, Zvnv g‡b Kwi‡j Avwg AvRI j¾vq gwiqv hvB|
Lyov Pwj‡jb bvj‡Zi wgwËi es‡ki AwffveK nBqv, Avi Avgiv `k-ev‡ivRb m‡½ Pwjjvg MÖv‡gi e`b
`» bv nq GBRb¨|
g„Zz¨Ä‡qi †cv‡ovevwo‡Z wMqv hLb Dcw¯’Z nBjvg ZLb m‡egvÎ mÜ¨v nBqv‡Q| †g‡qwU fvOv eviv›`vq
GKav‡i iæwU Mwo‡Z‡Q| AK¯§vr jvwV‡mvUv nv‡Z GZ¸wj †jvK‡K DVv‡bi Ici †`wLqv f‡q bxjeY©
nBqv †Mj| Lyov N‡ii g‡a¨ DuwK gvwiqv †`L‡jb, g„Zz¨Äq ïBqv Av‡Q| PU Kwiqv wkKjUv Uvwbqv w`qv
†mB f‡q g„ZcÖvq †g‡qwU‡K m¤¢vlY ïiæ Kwi‡jb| ejv evûj¨, RM‡Zi †Kv‡bv Lyov †Kv‡bv Kv‡j †eva
Kwi fvB‡cvi-¯¿x‡K Iiƒc m¤¢vlY K‡i bvB| †m Ggwb †h, †g‡qwU nxb mvcy‡oi †g‡q nBqvI Zvnv mwn‡Z
cvwij bv, †PvL Zzwjqv ewjj, evev Avgv‡i eveyi mv‡_ wbKv w`‡q‡Q Rv‡bv?
Kvj‡KZzi †fvRb 43
Lyov ewj‡jb Z‡e †i! BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw` Ges m‡½ m‡½B `k-ev‡ivRb exi`‡c© ûsKvi w`qv Zvnvi Nv‡o
cwoj| †Kn awij Pz‡ji gywV, †Kn awij Kvb, †Kn awij nvZ-`y‡Uv Ges hvnv‡ì †m my‡hvM NwUj bv
ZvnvivI wb‡ðó nBqv iwnj bv|
KviY, msMªvg¯’‡j Avgiv Kvcyiæ‡li b¨vq Pzc Kwiqv _vwK‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡ì weiæ‡× GZ eo `yb©vg iUbv
Kwi‡Z †eva Kwi bvivq‡Yi KZ…©c‡ÿiI Pÿzj¾v nB‡e|
GBLv‡b GKUv AevšÍi K_v ewjqv ivwL| ïwbqvwQ bvwK wejvZ cÖf…wZ †¤ø”Q‡`‡k cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv
Kzms¯‹vi Av‡Q, ¯¿x‡jvK `ye©j Ges wbiæcvq ewjqv Zvnvi Mv‡q nvZ Zzwj‡Z bvB| G Avevi GKUv Kx
K_v! mbvZb wn›`y G Kzms¯‹vi gv‡b bv| Avgiv ewj hvnviB Mv‡q †Rvi bvB, ZvnviB Mv‡q nvZ Zzwj‡Z
cviv hvq| Zv †m bibvix hvB †nvK bv †Kb|
†g‡qwU cÖ_‡gB †mB hv GKevi AvZ©bv` Kwiqv DwVqvwQj, Zvici G‡Kev‡i Pzc Kwiqv †Mj| wKš‘ Avgiv
hLb Zvnv‡K MÖv‡gi evwn‡i ivwLqv Avwmevi Rb¨ wnuPovBqv jBqv Pwjjvg, ZLb wgbwZ Kwiqv ewj‡Z
jvwMj, Òeveyiv, Avgv‡K GKwUevi †Q‡o `vI Avwg iæwU¸‡jv N‡i w`‡q Avwm| evB‡i wkqvj KzKz‡i †L‡q
hv‡eÑ†ivMv gvbyl mg¯Í ivZ †L‡Z cv‡e bv|Ó
g„Zz¨Äq iæ× N‡ii g‡a¨ cvM‡ji g‡Zv gv_v KzwU‡Z jvwMj, Øv‡i c`vNvZ Kwi‡Z jvwMj Ges
kÖve¨ÑAkÖve¨ eûwea fvlv cÖ‡qvM Kwi‡Z jvwMj| wKš‘ Avgiv Zvnv‡Z wZjva© wePwjZ nBjvg bv|
¯^‡`‡ki g½‡ji Rb¨ mg¯Í AKvZ‡i mn¨ Kwiqv Uvwbqv jBqv Pwjjvg|
Pwjjvg ewj‡ZwQ, †Kbbv, AvwgI eivei m‡½ wQjvg, wKš‘ †Kv_vq Avgvi g‡a¨ GKUzLvwb `ye©jZv wQj,
Avwg Zvi Mv‡q nvZ w`‡Z cvwi bvB| eiÂ †Kgb †hb Kvbœv cvB‡Z jvwMj| †m †h AZ¨šÍ Ab¨vq Kwiqv‡Q
Ges Zvnv‡K MÖv‡gi evwni KivB DwPZ e‡U, wKš‘ GUvB †h Avgiv fv‡jv KvR Kwi‡ZwQ †mI wKQz‡ZB
g‡b Kwi‡Z cvwijvg bv| wKš‘ Avgvi K_v _vK|
Avcbviv g‡b Kwi‡eb bv, cwjøMÖv‡g D`viZvi GKvšÍ Afve| †gv‡UB bv| eiÂ eo‡jvK nB‡j Avgiv
Ggb me J`vh© cÖKvk Kwi †h, ïwb‡j Avcbviv AevK nBqv hvB‡eb|
GB g„Zz¨ÄqUvB hw` bv Zvnvi nv‡Z fvZ LvBqv AgvR©bxq Aciva KwiZ Zvnv nB‡j †Zv Avgv‡ì GZ
ivM nBZ bv| Avi Kv‡q‡Zi †Q‡ji m‡½ mvcy‡oi †g‡qi wbKvÑG †Zv GKUv nvwmqv DovBevi K_v wKš‘
Kvj Kwij †h IB fvZ LvBqv| †nvK bv †m AvovB gv‡mi †ivMx, †nvK bv †m kh¨vkvqx wKš‘ ZvB ewjqv
fvZ! jywP bq, m‡›`k bq, cuvVvi gvsm bq| fvZ LvIqv †h Abœ-cvc| †m †Zv Avi mZ¨ mZ¨B gvc Kiv
hvq bv| Zv bB‡j cwjøMuv‡qi †jvK msKxY©wPË bq| Pvi †µvk nuvUv we`¨v †hme †Q‡ji †c‡U ZvivB †Zv
GKw`b eo nBqv mgv‡Ri gv_v nq| †èx exYvcvwYi e‡i msKxY©Zv Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨ Avwm‡e Kx Kwiqv!
GB †Zv BnviB wKQzw`b c‡i, cÖvZt¯§iYxq ¯^Mx©q gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvk‡qi weaev cyÎea~ g‡bi êiv‡M¨ eQi
`yB Kvkxevm Kwiqv hLb wdwiqv Avwm‡jb, ZLb wb›`y‡Kiv KvbvKvwb Kwi‡Z jvwMj †h, A‡a©K m¤úwË
IB weaevi Ges cv‡Q Zvnv †envZ nq GB f‡qB †QvUevey A‡bK †Póv, A‡bK cwikÖ‡gi ci †eŠVvb‡K
†hLvb nB‡Z wdivBqv Avwbqv‡Qb, †mUv KvkxB e‡U| hvB †nvK, †QvUevey Zvnvi ¯^vfvweK J`v‡h© MÖv‡gi
ev‡ivqvwi c~Rveve` `yBkZ UvKv `vb Kwiqv, cuvPLvbv MÖv‡gi eªvþ‡Yi m`wÿYv-DËi djvnv‡ii ci,
cÖ‡Z¨K mèªvþ‡Yi nv‡Z hLb GKUv Kwiqv Kuvmvi †Mjvm w`qv we`vq Kwi‡jb, ZLb ab¨ ab¨ cwoqv
†Mj| GgbwK, c‡_ Avwm‡Z A‡b‡KB `‡ki Ges †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Yi wbwgË Kvgbv Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb, Ggb
me hviv eo‡jvK Zv‡ì evwo‡Z evwo‡Z, gv‡m gv‡m Ggb m`vbyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb nq bv †Kb?
44 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wKš‘ hvK| gn‡Ë¡i Kvwnwb Avgv‡ì A‡bK Av‡Q| hy‡M hy‡M mwÂZ nBqv cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K cwjøevmxi Øv‡iB
¯Í~cvKvi nBqv DwVqv‡Q| GB `wÿY e‡½i A‡bK cwjø‡Z A‡bKw`b Nywiqv †MŠie Kwievi gZ A‡bK eo
eo e¨vcvi cÖZ¨ÿ KwiqvwQ| Pwi‡ÎB ej, a‡g©B ej, mgv‡RB ej, Avi we`¨v‡ZB ej, wkÿv G‡Kev‡iB
cyiv nBqv Av‡Q; GLb ïay BsivR‡K Kwlqv MvwjMvjvR Kwi‡Z cvwi‡j †`kUv D×vi nBqv hvq|
ermiLv‡bK MZ nBqv‡Q| gkvi Kvgo Avi mn¨ Kwi‡Z bv cvwiqv m‡egvÎ mbœ¨vmxwMwi‡Z B¯Ídv w`qv N‡i
wdwiqvwQ| GKw`b `yciy ‡ejv †µvk `yB `~‡ii gv‡jvcvovi wfZi w`qv PwjqvwQ, nVvr †`wL, GKUv KzwU‡ii
Øv‡i ewmqv g„Z¨z Äq| Zvnvi gv_vq †Miæqv cvMwo, eo eo `vwo-Pzj, Mjvq iæ`ªvÿ I cywu Zi gvjvÑ†K ewj‡e
G Avgv‡ì †mB g„Z¨z Äq| Kvq‡¯’i †Q‡j GKUv eQ‡ii g‡a¨B RvZ w`qv G‡Kev‡i cyiv`¯‘i mvcy‡o nBqv
wMqv‡Q| gvbyl KZ kxNª †h Zvnvi †PŠÏ cyiæ‡li RvZUv wemR©b w`qv Avi GKUv RvZ nBqv DwV‡Z cv‡i,
†m GK Avðh© e¨vcvi| eªvþ‡Yi †Q‡j †g_ivwb weevn Kwiqv †g_i nBqv †M‡Q Ges Zvnv‡ì eëmv
Aej¤^b Kwiqv‡Q, G †eva Kwi Avcbviv mevB ïwbqv‡Qb| Avwg mèªvþ‡Yi †Q‡j‡K G›UªvÝ cvm Kivi
c‡iI †Wv‡gi †g‡q weevn Kwiqv †Wvg nB‡Z †`wLqvwQ| GLb †m ayPwz b Kz‡jv eywbqv weµq K‡i, ïqvi
Pivq| fv‡jv Kvq¯’ÑmšÍvb‡K KmvB‡qi †g‡q weevn Kwiqv KmvB nBqv hvB‡ZI †`wLqvwQ| AvR †m ¯^n‡¯Í
Miæ KvwUqv weµq K‡iÑZvnv‡K †`wLqv Kvnvi mva¨ e‡j, †Kv‡bv Kv‡j †m KmvB wfbœ Avi wKQz wQj| wKš‘
mK‡jiB IB GKB †nZz| Avgvi ZvB †Zv g‡b nq, Ggb Kwiqv GZ mn‡R cyiæl‡K hvnviv Uvwbqv bvgvB‡Z
cv‡i Zvnviv wK GgwbB Aejxjvµ‡g Zvnv‡ì †Vwjqv Dc‡i Zzwj‡Z cv‡i bv? †h cwjøMvÖ ‡gi cyiæl‡ì
myL¨vwZ‡Z AvR cÂgyL nBqv DwVqvwQ, †MŠieUv wK GKv ïay Zvnv‡ìB? ïay wb‡R‡ì †Rv‡iB GZ `ªæZ
wb‡Pi w`‡K bvwgqv Pwjqv‡Q| A›`‡ii w`K nB‡Z wK GZUzKz Drmvn, GZUzKz mvnvh¨ Av‡m bv?
wKš‘ hvK| †Suv‡Ki gv_vq, nqZ ev AbwaKviPP©v Kwiqv ewme| wKš‘ Avgvi gykwKj nBqv‡Q †h, Avwg
†Kv‡bvg‡ZB fzwj‡Z cvwi bv, †`‡ki beŸB Rb bibvixB IB cwjøMvÖ ‡giB gvbyl Ges †mB Rb¨ wKQz GKUv
Avgv‡ì Kiv PvB-B| hvK| ewj‡ZwQjvg †h, †`wLqv †K ewj‡e G †mB g„Z¨z Äq| wKš‘ Avgv‡K †m LvwZi Kwiqv
emvBj| wejvmx cyK‡z i Rj Avwb‡Z wMqvwQj, Avgv‡K †`wLqv †mI fvwi Lywk nBqv evi evi ewj‡Z jvwMj, ÒZzwg
bv AvMjv‡j †m ivwË‡i Avgv‡K Zviv †g‡iB †djZ| Avgvi Rb¨ bv Rvwb KZ gvi Zzwg †L‡qwQ‡j|Ó
K_vq K_vq ïwbjvg, ciw`bB Zvnviv GLv‡b DwVqv Avwmqv µgk Ni euvwaqv evm Kwi‡Z‡Q Ges my‡L
Av‡Q| my‡L †h Av‡Q GK_v Avgv‡K ejvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv, ïay Zvnv‡ì gy‡Li cv‡b PvwnqvB Avwg Zvnv
eywSqvwQjvg|
ZvB ïwbjvg, AvR †Kv_vq bvwK Zvnv‡ì mvc aivi evqbv Av‡Q Ges Zvnviv cÖ¯‘Z nBqv‡Q, AvwgI
Agwb m‡½ hvBevi Rb¨ jvdvBqv DwVjvg| †Q‡j‡ejv nB‡ZB `yUv wRwb‡mi Ici Avgvi cÖej kL wQj|
GK wQj †MvLiv mvc awiqv †cvlv, Avi wQj gš¿-wm× nIqv|
wm×v nIqvi Dcvq ZLbI LyuwRqv evwni Kwi‡Z cvwi bvB| wKš‘ g„Zz¨Äq‡K I¯Ív` jvf Kwievi Avkvq
Avb‡›` Drdzjø nBqv DwVjvg| †m Zvnvi bvgRv`v k¦ï‡ii wkl¨, myZivs g¯Í †jvK| Avgvi fvM¨ †h
AK¯§vr Ggb cÖmbœ nBqv DwV‡e Zvnv †K fvwe‡Z cvwiZ?
wKš‘ k³ KvR Ges f‡qi KviY Av‡Q ewjqv cÖ_‡g Zvnviv Df‡qB AvcwË Kwij, wKš‘ Avwg Ggwb
bv‡Qvoev›`v nBqv DwVjvg †h, gvm Lv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ Avgv‡K mvM‡i` Kwi‡Z g„Z¨z Äq c_ cvBj bv| mvc aivi
gš¿ Ges wnmve wkLvBqv w`j Ges KewR‡Z Ilya m‡gZ gv`ywj euvwaqv w`qv `¯‘igZ mvcy‡o evbvBqv Zzwjj|
gš¿Uv wK Rv‡bb? Zvi †klUv Avgvi g‡b Av‡QÑ
ÑI‡i †KD‡U ZzB gbmvi evnbÑ
gbmv †èx Avgvi gvÑ

IjUcvjU cvZvjÑ†duvoÑ
†Xuvovi wel ZzB †b, †Zvi wel †Xuvov‡i †`Ñ
Ñ`yaivR, gwYivR|
Kvi AvÁvÑwelnwii AvÁv|
Bnvi gv‡b †h Kx Zvnv Avwg Rvwb bv| KviY, whwb GB g‡š¿iI `ªóv Fwl wQ‡jbÑwbðq †Kn bv †Kn
wQ‡jbÑZuvi mvÿvr KLbI cvB bvB|
Ae‡k‡l GKw`b GB g‡š¿i mZ¨ wg_¨vi Pig gxgvsmv nBqv †Mj e‡U, wKš‘ hZw`b bv nBj ZZw`b mvc
aivi Rb¨ PZzw`©‡K cÖwm× nBqv †Mjvg| mevB ejvewj Kwi‡Z jvwMj, nu¨v, b¨vov GKRb ¸Yx †jvK e‡U|
mbœ¨vmx Ae¯’vq KvgvL¨vq wMqv wm× nBqv Avwmqv‡Q| GZUzKz eq‡mi g‡a¨ GZ eo I¯Ív` nBqv AnsKv‡i
Avgvi gvwU‡Z cv c‡o bv, Ggwb †hv nBj|
wek¦vm Kwij bv ïay `yB Rb| Avgvi ¸iæ †h, †m †Zv fv‡jv g›` †Kv‡bv K_vB ewjZ bv| wKš‘ wejvmx
gv‡S gv‡S gyL wUwcqv nvwmqv ewjZ, VvKzi, Gme fqsKi Rv‡bvqvi, GKUz mveav‡b bvovPvov K‡iv|
e¯‘Z welùvZ fvOv, mv‡ci gyL nB‡Z wel evwni Kiv cÖf…wZ KvR¸‡jv Ggwb Ae‡njvi mwnZ Kwi‡Z ïiæ
KwiqvwQjvg †h, †mme g‡b cwo‡j Avgvi AvRI Mv Kuv‡c|
Avm‡j K_v nB‡Z‡Q GB †h, mvc aivI KwVb bq Ges aiv mvc `yB Pviw`b nuvwo‡Z cywiqv ivLvi c‡i
Zvnvi welùvZ fvOvB †nvK Avi bvB †nvK, wKQz‡ZB KvgovB‡Z Pv‡n bv| Pµ Zzwjqv KvgovBevi fvb
K‡i, fq †`Lvq, wKš‘ Kvgovq bv|
gv‡S gv‡S Avgv‡ì ¸iæwk‡lï mwnZ wejvmx ZK© KwiZ| mvcy‡o‡ì me‡P‡q jv‡fi eëmv wkKo wewµ
Kiv, hv †`LvBevgvÎ mvc cvjvB‡Z c_ cvq bv| wKš‘ Zvi c~‡e© mvgvb¨ GKUz KvR Kwi‡Z nBZ| †h mvcUv
wkKo †`wLqv cvjvB‡e, Zvnvi gy‡L GKUv †jvnvi wkK cyovBqv evi K‡qK Qu¨vKv w`‡Z nq| Zvici
Zvnv‡K wkKoB †`Lvb †nvK ev GKUv KvwVB †`Lvb †nvK, †m †Kv_vq cvjvB‡e Zv fvweqv cvq bv| GB
KvRUvi weiæ‡× wejvmx fqvbK AvcwË Kwiqv g„Z¨z Äq‡K ewjZ, Ò†`L, Ggb K‡i gvbyl VKv‡qv bv|Ó
g„Zz¨Äq KwnZ, ÒmevB K‡iÑG‡Z †`vl Kx?Ó
wejvmx ewjZ, ÒKiæK †M mevB| Avgv‡ì †Zv Lvevi fvebv †bB, Avgiv †Kb wgQvwgwQ †jvK VKv‡Z hvB|Ó
Avi GKUv wRwbm Avwg evievi jÿ KwiqvwQ| mvc aivi evqbv Avwm‡jB wejvmx bvbvcÖKv‡i evav wèvi
†Póv KwiZÑAvR kwbevi, AvR g½jevi, Ggwb KZ wK| g„Zz¨Äq Dcw¯’Z bv _vwK‡j †m †Zv GKev‡iB
fvMvBqv w`Z, wKš‘ Dcw¯’Z _vwK‡j g„Zz¨Äq bM` UvKvi †jvf mvgjvB‡Z cvwiZ bv| Avi Avgvi †Zv
GKiKg †bkvi gZ nBqv ùvovBqvwQj| bvbvcÖKv‡i Zvnv‡K D‡ËwRZ Kwi‡Z †Póvi ÎæwU KwiZvg bv|
e¯‘Z Bnvi g‡a¨ gRv Qvov fq †h †Kv_vq wQj, G Avgv‡ì g‡bB ¯’vb cvBZ bv| wKš‘ GB cv‡ci `Ð
Avgv‡K GKw`b fv‡jv KwiqvB w`‡Z nBj|
†mw`b †µvk-†`‡oK `~‡i GK †Mvqvjvi evwo‡Z mvc awi‡Z wMqvwQ| wejvmx eiveiB m‡½ hvBZ, AvRI
m‡½ wQj| †g‡U N‡ii †g‡S LvwbKUv Lyuwo‡ZB GKUv M‡Z©i wPý cvIqv †Mj| Avgiv †KnB jÿ Kwi
bvB, wKš‘ wejvmx mvcy‡oi †g‡qÑ†m †nuU nBqv K‡qK UzKiv KvMR Zzwjqv jBqv Avgv‡K ewjj, ÒVvKzi,
GKUz mveav‡b Lyu‡ov| mvc GKUv bq GK‡Rvov †Zv Av‡Q e‡UB nqZ ev †ewk _vwK‡Z cv‡i|Ó
46 mvwnZ¨ cvV
g„Zz¨Äq ewjj, ÒGiv †h e‡j GKUvB G‡m Xz‡K‡Q| GKUvB †`L‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q|Ó
wejvmx KvMR †`LvBqv Kwnj, Ò†`LQ bv evmv K‡iwQj?Ó
g„Zz¨Äq Kwnj, ÒKvMR †Zv Bu`y‡iI Avb‡Z cv‡i|Ó
wejvmx Kwnj, Ò`y-B n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ `y‡Uv Av‡Q Avwg ejwQ|Ó
ev¯ÍweK wejvmxi K_vB dwjj Ges gg©vwšÍKfv‡eB †mw`b dwjj| wgwbU-`‡k‡Ki g‡a¨ GKUv cÖKvÐ Lwik
†MvL‡iv awiqv †dwjqv g„Z¨z Äq Avgvi nv‡Z w`j| wKš‘ †mUv‡K Suvwci g‡a¨ cywiqv wdwi‡Z bv wdwi‡ZB g„Z¨z Äq
ÔDtÕ Kwiqv wbtk¦vm †dwjqv evwn‡i Avwmqv ùvovBj| Zvnvi nv‡Zi DjUv wcV w`‡q SiSi Kwiqv i³ cwo‡ZwQj|
cÖ_gUv †hb mevB nZeyw× nBqv †Mjvg| KviY mvc awi‡Z †M‡j †m cvjvBevi Rb¨ e¨vKzj bv nBqv eiÂ
MZ© nB‡Z GKnvZ gyL evwni Kwiqv `skb K‡i, Ggb Afvebxq e¨vcvi Rxe‡b GB GKwUevi †`wLqvwQ|
ciÿ‡YB wejvmx wPrKvi Kwiqv QzwUqv wMqv AvuPj w`qv Zvnvi nvZUv euvwaqv †dwjj Ges hZ iK‡gi
wkKo-evKo †m m‡½ AvwbqvwQj mg¯ÍB Zvnv‡K wPevB‡Z w`j| g„Zz¨Ä‡qi wb‡Ri gv`ywj †Zv wQjB,
Zvnvi Dc‡i Avgvi gv`ywjUvI Lywjqv Zvnvi nv‡Z euvwaqv w`jvg| Avkv, wel Bnvi E‡aŸ© Avi DwV‡e bv,
eis †mB Ôwelnwii AvÁvÕ gš¿Uv m‡Z‡R evisevi Ave„wË Kwi‡Z jvwMjvg| PZzw`©‡K wfo Rwgqv †Mj
Ges G AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ †hLv‡b hZ ¸Yx e¨w³ Av‡Qb mKj‡K Lei wèvi Rb¨ w`‡K w`‡K †jvK QzwUj|
wejvmxi evc‡K msev` wèvi Rb¨ †jvK †Mj|
Avgvi gš¿ covi Avi weivg bvB, wKš‘ wVK myweav nB‡Z‡Q ewjqv g‡b nBj bv| Z_vwc Ave„wË mgfv‡eB
Pwj‡Z jvwMj| wKš‘ wgwbU c‡bi Kzwo c‡iB hLb g„Zz¨Äq GKevi ewg Kwiqv w`j, ZLb wejvmx gvwUi
Ici GKev‡i AvQvo LvBqv cwoj| AvwgI eywSjvg, welnwii †`vnvB eywS-ev Avi Lv‡U bv|
wbKUeZx© AviI `yB-PvwiRb I¯Ív` Avwmqv cwo‡jb Ges Avgiv KLbI-ev GKm‡½ KLbI Avjv`v
†ZwÎk †KvwU †è‡èxi †`vnvB cvwo‡Z jvwMjvg| wKš‘ wel †`vnvB gvwbj bv, †ivMxi Ae¯’v µ‡gB g›`
nB‡Z jvwMj| hLb †`Lv †Mj fv‡jv K_vq nB‡e bv, ZLb wZb-PviRb ISv wgwjqv wel‡K Ggwb AK_¨
AkÖve¨ MvwjMvjvR Kwi‡Z jvwMj †h, we‡li Kvb _vwK‡j †m g„Zz¨Äq †Zv g„Zz¨Äq, †mw`b †`k Qvwoqv
cjvBZ| wKš‘ wKQz‡ZB wKQz nBj bv| AviI Ava NÈv aŸ¯ÍvaŸw¯Íi c‡i †ivMx Zvnvi evc gv‡qi †Ìqv
g„Zz¨Äq bvg, Zvnvi k¦ï‡ii †Ìqv g‡š¿Šlwa mg¯Í wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ Kwiqv Bn‡jv‡Ki jxjv mv½ Kwij|
wejvmx Zvnvi ¯^vgxi gv_vUv †Kv‡j Kwiqv ewmqvwQj †m †hb G‡Kev‡i cv_i nBqv †Mj|
hvK, Zvnvi `yt‡Li KvwnwbwU Avi evovBe bv| †Kej GBUzKz ewjqv †kl Kwie †h, †m mvZ w`‡bi †ewk
euvwPqv _vKvUv mwn‡Z cvwij bv| Avgv‡K ïay GKw`b ewjqvwQj, VvKzi Avgvi gv_vi w`we¨ iBj, Gme
Zzwg Avi KLbI K‡iv bv|
Avgvi gv`ywj-KeP †Zv g„Zz¨Ä‡qi m‡½ Ke‡i wMqvwQj, wQj ïay welnwii AvÁv| wKš‘ †m AvÁv †h
g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui AvÁv b‡n Ges mv‡ci wel †h evOvwji wel bq, Zvnv AvwgI eywSqvwQjvg|
GKw`b wMqv ïwbjvg, N‡i †Zv Avi we‡li Afve wQj bv, wejvmx AvZ¥nZ¨v Kwiqv gwiqv‡Q Ges kv¯¿g‡Z
†m wbðq bi‡K wMqv‡Q| wKš‘ †hLv‡bB hvK, Avgvi wb‡Ri hLb hvBevi mgq Avwm‡e, ZLb IBiƒc
†Kv‡bv GKUv bi‡K hvIqvi cÖ¯Ív‡e wcQvBqv ùvovBe bv, GBgvÎ ewj‡Z cvwi|
Lyov gkvB †lvj Avbv evMvb `Lj Kwiqv AZ¨šÍ we‡Ái g‡Zv Pvwiw`‡K ewjqv †eovB‡Z jvwM‡jb, Ii hw`
bv AcNvZ-g„Z¨z n‡e, †Zv n‡e Kvi? cyiælgvbyl Agb GKUv †Q‡o `kUv KiæK bv, Zv‡Z †Zv †Zgb Av‡m
hvq bvÑbv nq GKUz wb›`vB n‡Zv| wKš‘ nv‡Z fvZ †L‡q gi‡Z †Mwj †Kb? wb‡R gi‡jv, Avgvi ch©šÍ gv_v
†nuU K‡i †Mj| bv †c‡j GK †duvUv Av¸b, bv †c‡j GKUv wcwÐ, bv n‡jv GKUv fzwR¨ D”Qz¸¨| MÖv‡gi †jvK
GKev‡K¨ ewj‡Z jvwMj, Zvnv‡Z Avi m‡›`n Kx! Abœcvc| evc †i! Gi wK Avi cÖvqwðË Av‡Q|
wejvmxi AvZ¥nZ¨vi e¨vcviUv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q cwinv‡mi welq nBj| Avwg cÖvq fvwe, G Aciva nqZ Bnviv
Df‡qB KwiqvwQj, wKš‘ g„Z¨z Äq †Zv cwjøMvÖ ‡giB †Q‡j, cvovMuv‡qi †Z‡j-R‡jB †Zv gvbyl| Zey AZ eo
`ytmvn‡mi Kv‡R cÖeË „ KwiqvwQj Zvnv‡K †h e¯‘Uv †mUv †Kn GKevi †PvL †gwjqv †`wL‡Z cvBj bv?
Avgvi g‡b nq, †h †`‡ki bibvixi g‡a¨ ci¯ú‡ii ü`q Rq Kwiqv weevn Kwievi ixwZ bvB, eiÂ Zvnv
wb›`vi mvgMÖx, †h †`‡k bibvix Avkv Kwievi †mŠfvM¨, AvKv•ÿv Kwievi fqsKi Avb›` nB‡Z wPiw`‡bi
Rb¨ ewÂZ, hvnv‡ì R‡qi Me©, civR‡qi e¨_v †Kv‡bvUvB Rxe‡b GKwUeviI enb Kwi‡Z nq bv,
hvnv‡ì fzj Kwievi `ytL, Avi fzj bv Kwievi AvZ¥cÖmv`, wKQziB evjvB bvB, hvnv‡ì cÖvPxb Ges
eû`kx© weÁ mgvR me© cÖKv‡ii nv½vgv nB‡Z AZ¨šÍ mveav‡b †`‡ki †jvK‡K Zdvr Kwiqv, AvRxeb
†Kej fv‡jvwU nBqv _vwKeviB eë¯’v Kwiqv w`qv‡Qb, ZvB weevn e¨vcviUv hvnv‡ì ïay wbQK Contract
Zv †m hZB †Kbbv êw`K gš¿ w`qv Document cvKv Kiv †nvK, †m †`‡ki †jv‡Ki mva¨B bvB g„Zz¨Ä‡qi
Abœcv‡ci KviY †ev‡S| wejvmx‡K huvnviv cwinvm KwiqvwQ‡jb, Zuvnviv mvay M„n¯’ Ges mvaŸx M„wnYx−
Aÿq mZx‡jvK Zuvnviv mevB cvB‡eb, ZvI Avwg Rvwb wKš‘ †mB mvcy‡oi †g‡qwU hLb GKwU cxwoZ
kh¨vMZ †jvK‡K wZj wZj Kwiqv Rq Kwi‡ZwQj, Zvnvi ZLbKvi †mB †MŠi‡ei KYvgvÎ nqZ AvwRI
Bnv‡ì †Kn †Pv‡L †`‡Lb bvB| g„Zz¨Äq nqZ wbZvšÍB GKUv Zz”Q gvbyl wQj, wKš‘ Zvnvi ü`q Rq
Kwiqv `Lj Kivi Avb›ÙvI Zz”Q bq, †m m¤úÌ AwKwÂrKi b‡n|
GB e¯‘UvB G †`‡ki †jv‡Ki c‡ÿ eywSqv DVv KwVb| Avwg f~‡èeveyi cvwievwiK cÖe‡ÜiI †`vl wè
bv Ges kv¯¿xq Z_v mvgvwRK wewa-eë¯’viI wb›`v Kwie bv| Kwi‡jI gy‡Li Ici Kov Reve w`qv huvnviv
ewj‡eb, GB wn›`y mgvR Zvnvi wbf©yj wewaeë¯’vi †Rv‡iB AZ kZvãxi AZ¸‡jv wecø‡ei g‡a¨ euvwPqv
Av‡Q, Avwg Zuvnv‡ìI AwZkq fw³ Kwi, cÖZz¨Ë‡i Avwg KLbB ewje bv, wUwKqv _vKvB Pig mv_©KZv
bq, Ges AwZKvq n¯Íx †jvc cvBqv‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv wUwKqv Av‡Q| Avwg ïay GB ewje †h, eo‡jv‡Ki
b›`‡MvcvjwUi g‡Zv wèvivwÎ †Pv‡L †Pv‡L Ges †Kv‡j †Kv‡j ivwL‡j †h †m †ekwU _vwK‡e, Zvnv‡Z
†Kv‡bvB m‡›`n bvB, wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i †Zjv‡cvKvwUi gZ euvPvBqv ivLvi †P‡q GK Avaevi †Kvj nB‡Z
bvgvBqv AviI cuvPRb gvby‡li g‡Zv `y-GK cv nuvwU‡Z w`‡jB cÖvqwðË Kivi gZ cvc nq bv|
kãv_© I UxKv
gv-mi¯^Zx − wn›`y cyivY Abymv‡i we`¨v I Kjvi AwaôvÎx †èx| exYvcvwY| ev‡ºex|
K…Zwe`¨ − we`¨v AR©b K‡i‡Qb Ggb cwÐZ| weØvb|
euBwP − KuvUvhy³ GKiKg †QvU MvQ I Zvi dj|
i¤¢vi Kuvw` − Kjvi Qov|
KvbvP − N‡ii †cQb w`KKvi jv‡Mvqv RvqMv|
†LRyi‡gwZ − †LRyi Mv‡Qi gv_vi Kv‡Qi big wgwó Ask|
Kvg¯‹vU&&Kv − cÖK…Z D”PviY KvgPvU&&Kv (Kamchatka) ivwkqvi AšÍM©Z mvB‡ewiqvi
DËi c~‡e© Aew¯’Z GKwU DcØxc| Gi `wÿY-cwð‡g ILUK mvMi I
DËi-c~‡e© †ewis mvMi| DcØxcwU cve©Z¨, Zz›`ªv I ebgq| eû Dò
cÖmªeY I m‡Z‡ivwU RxešÍ Av‡MœqwMwi Av‡Q GLv‡b| cÖPzi m¨vgb gvQ
cvIqv hvq e‡j ØxcwU m¨vgb gv‡Qi †`k bv‡g cwiwPZ| ivRavbx kn‡ii
bvg− †c‡Îvcvf&&‡jvf¯‹&|
48 mvwnZ¨ cvV
mvB‡ewiqv − Gwkqvi DË‡i ivwkqvi AšÍf©y³ Gwkqvi DËivÂ‡ji we¯ÍxY© f~fvM| Gwkqv
gnv‡`‡ki GK Z…Zxqvsk AÂj Gi g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q| Zz›`ªv, mijeM©xq
e„‡ÿi AiY¨, †¯Íc Z…Yf~wg I c„w_exi MfxiZg n«` ÔêKvjÕ GLv‡b
Aew¯’Z| c„w_exi `xN©Zg †ijc_ UªvÝ-mvB‡ewiqvb Pvjy nIqvi ci
GLv‡b eû kni M‡o D‡V‡Q|
G‡Wb − †jvwnZmvMi I Avie mvM‡ii cÖ‡ekc‡_ Avie †`‡ki `wÿY-cwð‡g
Aew¯’Z weL¨vZ e›ì| mvgyw`ªK jeY ˆZwii Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
cviwkqv − cvim¨ ev Bivb †`k|
nygvq~b − †gvMj mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv eve‡ii cyÎ Ges wØZxq †gvMj m¤ªvU| wZwb
†gvMj m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii wcZv|
†ZvMjK Luv − fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m †ZvMjK Luv bv‡g †Kv‡bv m¤ªvU wQ‡jb bv| BwZnv‡m
†h wZbRb weL¨vZ †ZvMjK m¤ªv‡Ui bvg cvIqv hvq Zuviv n‡jb :
wMqvmDwÏb †ZvMjK, gynv¤§` †ZvMjK I wd‡ivR †ZvMjK|
Pwjø‡ki †KvVv − GLv‡b Pwjøk †_‡K EbcÂvk ch©šÍ eqmmxgv|
_vW© K¬vm − eZ©gvb Aóg †kÖwY| †mKv‡j gva¨wgK wkÿvi †kÖwY wnmve Kiv n‡Zv Ici
†_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K| `kg †kÖwY ZLb wQj dv÷© K¬vm, beg †kÖwY wQj
†m‡KÛ K¬vm|
cÖZœZvwË¡K − cyivZË¡we`| cÖvPxb aŸsmve‡kl, gy`ªv, wjwc BZ¨vw` †_‡K HwZnvwmK Z_¨
wbY©‡qi we`¨vq cwÐZ e¨w³|
†dv_© K¬vm − GLbKvi mßg †kÖwY|
†m‡KÛ K¬vm − GLbKvi beg †kÖwY|
¸wj − Avwd‡gi ˆZwi GKiKg gv`K hv ewoi g‡Zv ¸wj cvwK‡q eënvi Kiv
nq|
Ic‡ii Av`vj‡Zi nyKz‡g − mªóvi wb‡`©‡k|
Ggwb mybvg − `yb©vg †evSv‡Z we`ªæc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gv‡jv − G M‡í mv‡ci ISv A‡_© eëüZ| mvaviYZ Giv mvc a‡i, mv‡ci
Kvg‡oi wPwKrmv I mv‡ci †Ljv †`wL‡q RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| Z‡e gv‡jv
ej‡Z Ggb GKwU m¤úª`vq‡KI †evSvq hv‡ì †ckv gvQ aiv|
mØ¨q KwiqvwQ − Ace¨q K‡iwQ †evSv‡Z e¨½ f‡i ejv n‡q‡Q|
K¼vjmvi − Aw¯’Pg©mvi Ae¯’v †hb cÖvq K¼vj|
hgivR − ag©ivR| GLv‡b g„Zz¨ A‡_©|
wZjva© − wZj cwigvY mg‡qi Aa©, gyn~Z©gvÎ|
RbkÖæwZ − †jvKci¤úivq †kvbv K_v, Rbie, †jvKkÖæwZ|
mZ¨hyM − wn›`y cyiv‡Y ewY©Z Pvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g hyM hLb mgv‡R AmZ¨ Ab¨vq
G‡Kev‡iB wQj bv e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
imvZ‡j †Mj − Aatcv‡Z ev D”Q‡bœ †Mj|
wejvmx 49
AKvjKz®§vÐ − Amg‡q d‡j‡Q Ggb Kzg‡ov| GLv‡b AKg©Y¨ e¨w³|

wbKv − Aviwe kã wbKvn&; we‡q| weaevweevn ev cybe©vi weevn|
Kwj − wn›`y cyiv‡Y ewY©Z Pvi hy‡Mi †kl hyM| cyivY g‡Z, G hy‡M Ab¨vq, AmZ¨
I Aa‡g©i evovevwo NU‡e|
e`b `» bv nq − gyL †hb bv †cv‡o| mybvg †hb bó bv nq|
bvivq‡Yi KZ…©c‡ÿiI
Pÿzj¾v nB‡e − Kziæ‡ÿ‡Îi hy‡× GKw`‡K me©fviZxq ivRviv GKcÿ wb‡q hy×
K‡iwQ‡jb| kÖxK…ò wQ‡jb wbi¯¿ i_-mviw_| †mLv‡b bvivq‡Yi wbi‡cÿ
AvPiY wQj Kvcyiæl-myjf| †mB bvivq‡Yi c_vej¤^xivI Giƒc
AvPiY‡K fxiæZv ej‡Z jw¾Z n‡e| evK¨vskwU‡Z cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e¨½ K‡i
ejv n‡q‡Q †hÑ I‡ì AvPiY GZB ee©i wQj †h Zv KvcyiælZvi †P‡qI
j¾vRbK wQj|
wejvZ cÖf…wZ †¤ø”Q‡`‡k − Bsj¨vÛmn BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~‡n †hLv‡b wn›`y mgv‡Ri AvPvia‡g©i †Kv‡bv
evjvB †bB|
mbvZb wn›`y G
Kzms¯‹vi gv‡b bv − GLv‡b wn›`y a‡g©i ms¯‹viv”QbœZv‡K Zxeªfv‡e e¨½ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
kÖve¨-AkÖve¨ − †kvbvi †hvM¨ I A‡hvM¨| køxj-Akøxj A‡_© eëüZ|
†èx exYvcvwYi e‡i
msKxY©Zv Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨
Avwm‡e Kx Kwiqv − GLv‡b e¨½ K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q− †èx mi¯^Zxi cÖK…Z gvb¨Zvi Afv‡e Giv
msKxY©Zvme©¯^ n‡q c‡o‡Q|
cÖvZt¯§iYxq − cÖvZtKv‡j ¯§iY Kivi †hvM¨| AwZ kÖ‡×q|
†mUv KvkxB e‡U − Kvkx fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡k Aew¯’Z weL¨vZ I mycÖvPxb Zx_©‡ÿÎ| †mLv‡b
mvay-mšÍ-cyY¨v_x©i mgv‡ek †hgb nq †Zgwb `yðwiÎ †jvKR‡bi AvLovI
†mLv‡b R‡g| gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvk‡qi weaev cyÎea~‡K †hLvb †_‡K D×vi
K‡i Avbv n‡qwQj Zv Kvkx n‡jI Zx_©¯’vb wQj bv eis cwZZvjq ev
Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv ¯’vb wQj GLv‡b †mB Bw½ZB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eviIqvwi − A‡b‡Ki mg‡eZ †Póvq hv Kiv nq| me©Rbxb| ev‡ivqvwi|
my`wÿYv − cy‡ivwn‡Zi m¤§vbx ev †mjvwg|
djvnvi − Rj‡hvM| djvi|
ab¨ ab¨ cwoqv †Mj − mK‡j cÖksmvq cÂgyL n‡q DV‡jb|
gn‡Ë¡i Kvwnwb − gnvbyfeZvi K_v| e¨½v‡_© bxPZvi Kvwnwb|
G›UªvÝ − cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿv| eZ©gvb gva¨wgK cixÿvi mgZzj¨|
ayPzwb − Pvj BZ¨vw` †avqvi Rb¨ eû wQ`ªwewkó euv‡ki Szwo|
cÂgyL − cuvP gy‡L †h K_v e‡j| gyLi|
50 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cwjøMÖv‡gi cyiæl‡ì
myL¨vwZ‡Z − e¨½ K‡i myL¨vwZ ejv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z †jLK MÖv‡gi cyiæl‡ì mgv‡jvPbv
I wb›`v K‡i‡Qb|
gš¿wm× − g‡š¿ mvabvq wmw× AR©b K‡i‡Qb Ggb hvi D”PvwiZ gš¿ Ae¨_©fv‡e
Kvh©Ki|
gbmv − wn›`y ag©vbymv‡i mv‡ci †èx|
g‡š¿i `ªóv − whwb cÖ_g gš¿ jvf K‡ib| gš¿ m¤ú‡K© mvaviY †jvKwek¦vm GB †h, gš¿
†KD ˆZwi K‡ib bv| Zv †Kv‡bv fvMëvb ˆèe‡j †c‡q _v‡Kb| huvi
Kv‡Q cÖ_g gš¿ Avwef~©Z nq wZwbB gš¿`ªóv|
KvgvL¨v − fvi‡Zi Avmvg iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z cÖvPxb Zx_©¯’vb| Zvwš¿K mvaK I
DcvmK‡ì Zš¿gš¿ mvabvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
Pµ Zzwjqv − dYv Zz‡j|
Lwik †MvLiv − Lye welv³ GK cÖRvwZi †MvLiv mvc|
welnwii †`vnvB − gbmvi gš¿kw³|
g„Zz¨Äq bvg − g„Zz¨Äq bv‡gi A_©− whwb g„Zz¨‡K Rq K‡ib| welKÉ wke ev g‡nk¦‡ii
Ab¨ bvg g„Zz¨Äq| g„Zz¨Ä‡qi evev-gv Zv‡ì cy‡Îi bvg g„Zz¨Äq ivL‡jI
†m g„Zz¨‡K Rq Ki‡Z cvij bv| Zvi bvg wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ n‡jv|
k¦ï‡ii †Ìqv g‡š¿Šlwa − g„Zz¨Äq Zvi k¦ï‡ii KvQ †_‡K A‡gvN g‡š¿Šlwa †c‡qwQj e‡j RbkÖæwZ
wQj|
g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui AvÁv − †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Av‡`k ev ûKzg hv cvjb Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| g¨vwR‡÷ªU
P‡j †M‡jI ûKzg envj _v‡K|
evOvwji wel − †jLK e¨½v‡_© ej‡Z Pvb, evOvwji †µva, we‡Øl BZ¨vw` gy‡Li ev‡K¨B
mxgve× Ges ÿY¯’vqx| Zv mv‡ci we‡li g‡Zv Ae¨_©fv‡e Kvh©Ki bq|
wcwÐ − kÖv× Abyôv‡b g„‡Zi D‡Ï‡k †Ìqv Pv‡ji †MvjvKvi †Wjv|
fzwR¨ D”QzM¨ − g„‡Zi AvZ¥vi m`MwZ Kvgbv K‡i eªvþY‡K †h †fvR¨ DrmM© Kiv nq Zv|
eû`k©x − Ávbx| A‡bK †`‡L‡Qb Ggb| eû AwfÁZvm¤úbœ|
f~‡èevey − f~‡èP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1825-1894 wLªóvã) Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi
beRvMi‡Yi Ab¨Zg cw_K…r| wn›`y mgv‡Ri bvbv Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× gZ e¨³
K‡i AvaywbK gvbm MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wZwb A‡bK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| ÔcvwievwiK
cÖeÜÕ, ÔmvgvwRK cÖeÜÕ, ÔAvPvi cÖeÜÕ BZ¨vw` G wel‡q Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš|’
AwZKvq n¯Íx − gnvMR| Mammoth| nvwZi GB cÖRvwZ eZ©gvb Kv‡ji nvwZi †P‡q
A‡bK eo wQj| GB cÖRvwZi nvwZ cÖvwYRMr †_‡K jyß n‡q‡Q
cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡M| Zv‡ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wPý i‡q †M‡Q Zv‡ì K¼v‡j|
wejvmx 51
cvV-cwiwPwZ
kirP‡›`ªi ÒwejvmxÓ MíwU cÖ_‡g cÖKvwkZ nq ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq 1325 e½v‡ãi (1918 wLªóvã) êkvL
msL¨vq| Òb¨vovÓ bv‡gi GK hye‡Ki wb‡Ri Revwb‡Z wee„Z n‡q‡Q G Mí| GB M‡íi Kvwnwb‡Z
kirP‡›`ªi cÖ_g Rxe‡bi QvqvcvZ N‡U‡Q|
ÒwejvmxÓ M‡í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q e¨wZµgag©x `yB gvbe-gvbexi Pwi‡Îi AmvaviY †cÖ‡gi gwngv, hv Qvwc‡q
D‡V‡Q RvwZMZ we‡f‡ì msKxY© mxgv| M‡í msNwUZ G‡Ki ci GK NUbv Ges wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨
msNv‡Zi gva¨‡gB Kvwnwb AMÖmi nq| NUbvi Ø›Ø-msNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q Kvwnwb‡Z MwZ mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
†jLK †Kvb Ae¯’vb †_‡K Kvwnwb ej‡Qb, †mUv A‡bK mgq Kvwnwb eY©bvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
†jLK me©`k©x Ae¯’vb †_‡KI Kvwnwb eY©bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †m‡ÿ‡Î wZwb me¸‡jv PwiÎ I NUbv−
wbi‡cÿ Ae¯’vb †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib| †hgbwU †`Lv hvq ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i ÔjvjmvjyÕ Dcb¨vm Ges
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ògvwm-wcwmÓ M‡í| cÿvšÍ‡i MíwU DËg cyiæ‡li fv‡lÏ ewY©Z n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î M‡í Avwg, Avgv‡K BZ¨vw` me©bvg G‡m hvq| GiKg †ÿ‡Î KL‡bv-KL‡bv †jLK wb‡RB
Kvwnwbi GKUv Pwi‡Îi f~wgKv †bb, n‡q I‡Vb K_K| ÒwejvmxÓ M‡í †jLK †mB f~wgKv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
eZ©gvb msKj‡bi ÒAcwiwPZvÓ, ÒAvnŸvbÓ I ÒZvRgnjÓ M‡í DËgcyiæ‡li fvl¨ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
ÒwejvmxÓ M‡íi bvg PwiÎ Kg©wbcyY, eyw×gZx I †meveªZx wejvmx; kirmvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ D¾¡j
bvwqKv‡ì g‡ZvB GKRb| †h †cÖ‡gi R‡b¨ wbwØ©avq †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q †¯^”Qvg„Zzï c_ Avi Zvi †cÖ‡gi
gwngvgq Av‡jvq aiv c‡o‡Q mgv‡Ri Aby`viZv I iÿYkxjZv, Rxe‡bi wbôzi I Aïf †Pnviv|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒNb R½‡ji c_| GKUz †`‡L cv †d‡j †h‡qv|Ó− Dw³wU Kvi?
K. b¨vovi L. g„Zy¨Ä‡qi
M. wejvmxi N. Lyovi
2. Ôgn‡Ë¡i Kvwnwb Avgv‡ì A‡bK Av‡QÕ| GLv‡b ÔgnË¡Õ Kx A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q?
K. e¨½v‡_© L. cÖksmv‡_©
M. †ÿvfv‡_© N. wb›`v‡_©
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
wbjydv kn‡i GKwU †cvkvK KviLvbvq KvR K‡ib| Zvi kn‡i KvR Kivi welqwU MÖv‡gi wKQz gvbyl
cQ›` K‡ib bv| QzwU‡Z evwo †M‡j MÖv‡gi IB gvbyl¸‡jv wbjydvi bv‡g wePvi emvb| Zviv wbjydv‡K
†Rvi K‡i MÖvg †_‡K †ei K‡i †Ìqvi wm×všÍ †bb| wKšÍy wbjydv Zv‡Z cÖwZev` K‡ib| Amy¯’ gv‡K
†i‡L wZwb Gmgq wKQz‡Z †Kv_vI hv‡eb bv|
3. Aby‡”Q‡ì m‡½ 'wejvmx' M‡íi †h w`‡Ki mv`…k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. bvixi cÖwZ wbh©vZb
ii. Kyms¯‹viv”Qbœ mgvR
iii. MÖvgxY wePvi eë¯’v
52 mvwnZ¨ cvV
4. GB Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq wb‡q ejv hvq, wbjydv I wejvmx Df‡qB−

i. cÖwZev`x bvixmËv
ii. wbh©vwZZ bvix
iii. Kyms¯‹v‡ii wkKvi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
D¾wqbxi ivRv weµgvw`‡Zï ivRmfvi cÖL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©` eivncyÎ wgwn‡ii ¯¿x Lbv| GKw`b wcZv
eivn Ges cyÎ wgwni AvKv‡ki Zviv MYbv Ki‡Z wM‡q mgm¨vq co‡j Lbv G mgm¨vi mgvavb †`b|
ivRv weµgvw`Z¨ Zuvi ¸‡Y gy» nb| MYbv K‡i Lbvi †Ìqv c~e©vfv‡m iv‡Rï K…lKiv DcK…Z n‡Zb
e‡j ivRv weµgvw`Z¨ Lbv‡K `kg iZœ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`b| wKš‘ Lbvi GB L¨vwZ I m¤§vb Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨B Zuvi Rxe‡b weo¤^bv wb‡q Av‡m| ivRmfvq cÖwZcwË nviv‡bvi f‡q I bvixi Áv‡bi
Kv‡Q wbPz nIqvi j¾vq cÖwZwnsmvcivqY n‡q eiv‡ni Av‡`‡k wgwni Lbvi wRnŸv †K‡U †`b| Gi
wKQzKvj c‡i Lbvi g„Zy¨ nq|
K. Lyov †Kvb es‡ki?
L. ÔBnv Avi GKwU kw³Õ- ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. wejvmx Pwi‡Îi †Kvb w`KwU Lbvi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv eY©bv Ki|
N. Ôg„Zy¨Äq I wgwni ci¯úi wecixZ Pwi‡Îi gvbyl|Õ− gšÍe¨wU hvPvB Ki|
Pvlvi `yÿz
†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb 1880 mv‡ji 9B wW‡m¤î iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi _vbvi AšÍM©Z cvqive›` MÖv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg RwniDÏxb Avey Avjx nvq`vi mv‡ei Ges gvZv ivnvZz‡bœmv †PŠayix| Zuvi
cÖK…Z bvg †iv‡Kqv LvZzb Ges êevwnK m~‡Î bvg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb| †iv‡Kqvi wcZv eû fvlvq
mycwÐZ n‡jI †g‡q‡ì wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i wQ‡jb iÿYkxj| eofvB-†ev‡bi mvnP‡h© †iv‡Kqv evsjv I Bs‡iwR
fvlv fv‡jvfv‡eB iß K‡ib Ges ÁvbvR©‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖnx n‡q D‡Vb| 1898 mv‡j D`y©fvlx I wecZœxK ˆmq`
mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ wZwb weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nb| †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU ¯^vgxi Drmvn I Aby‡cÖiYvq Zuvi
ÁvbvR©‡bi c_ AwaKZi myMg nq| wei~c mgv‡jvPbv I bvbvwea cÖwZeÜKZvi gy‡LI wZwb KLbB bvixwkÿvi
jÿ¨ †_‡K m‡i Av‡mbwb; eis c`©vcÖ_v I wkÿvwegyL gymjgvb †g‡q‡ì wkÿvi Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ Kivi Rb¨
evwo‡Z evwo‡Z Ny‡i QvÎx msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| †iv‡Kqv evsjv M‡`ï wewkó wkíx| mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi I RoZv `~i
Kivi Rb¨ wZwb AmvaviY cvwÐZ¨c~Y© I ü`qMÖvnx M`¨ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi me iPbvB mgvR Rxe‡bi Mfxi
Dcjwä †_‡K DrmvwiZ| ÔgwZP~iÕ I ÔAe‡ivaevwmbxÕ Zvui Zvrch©c~Y© M`¨MÖš’| GQvov ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ I
ÔcÙivMÕ bv‡g `ywU Dcb¨vmI wZwb iPbv K‡ib|
1932 wLªóv‡ãi 9B wW‡m¤î GB gnxqmx bvixi Rxebvemvb N‡U|
†ÿ‡Z †ÿ‡Z cyBov gwi, †i fvB

cvQvq †Rv‡U bv Z¨vbv|
†eŠ-Gi ˆcQv weKvq Zey
†QBjv cvq bv `vbv|
ïwb‡Z cvB, †ò kZ ermi c~‡e© fviZevmx Amf¨ ee©i wQj,− GB †ò kZ ermi nB‡Z Avgiv µgk
mf¨ nB‡Z mf¨Zi nB‡ZwQ| wkÿvq, m¤ú‡` Avgiv c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k I RvwZi mgKÿ nB‡Z
PwjqvwQ| GLb Avgv‡ì mf¨Zv I Hk¦h© ivwLevi ¯’vb bvB|− mZ¨B †Zv, GB †h Aå‡f`x cuvPZjv cvKv
evwo, †ijI‡q, UªvgI‡q, w÷gvi, G‡iv‡cøb, †gvUi jwi, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, †cv÷vwdm, wPwVc‡Îi
mywbqwgZ †Wwjfvwi, GLv‡b cvUKj, †mLv‡b PUKj, AÆvwjKvi P~ovq eo eo Nwo, mvgvb¨ AmyL nB‡j
AvU `k Rb Wv³v‡i †U‡c bvox, wPwKrmv, Jla, Acv‡ikb, Bb‡RKkb, eë¯’v-c‡Îi QovQwo, w_‡qUvi,
evq‡¯‹vc, †NŠo‡`Šo RbZvi ûovûwo †jg‡jÛ wRÄv‡iÛ, ei‡di Mvwo, B‡jKwUªK jvBU, d¨vb,
Abv‡ie‡ji MovMwo (êÁvwbK cÖwµqvq Lv`¨Ñ`ª‡e¨ †fRv‡ji evovevwo)− Gme wK mf¨Zvi wb`©kb b‡n?
wbðq! †h e‡j Ôb‡nÕ, †m Wvnv wbgKnvivg|
wKš‘ Bnvi Aci c„ôvI Av‡Q−†Kej KwjKvZvUzKz Avgv‡ì †MvUv fviZel© b‡n Ges gywó‡gq,
†mŠfvM¨kvjx abvX¨ e¨w³ mg¯Í fvi‡Zi Awaevmx b‡n| A`¨ Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ welq, Pvlvi `vwi`ª¨| PvlvB
mgv‡Ri †giæ`Ð| Z‡e Avgvi Ôavb fvwb‡Z wk‡ei MvbÕ †Kb? Aek¨B Bnvi KviY Av‡Q| Avwg hw`
cÖ_‡gB cwjøevmx K…l‡Ki `ytL-`y`©kvi Kvbœv Kuvw`‡Z ewmZvg Z‡e †Kn PU&& Kwiqv Avgvi P‡ÿ AvOzj w`qv
54 mvwnZ¨ cvV
w`qv †`LvB‡Zb †h, Avgv‡ì †gvUiKvi Av‡Q, MÖv‡gv‡dvb Av‡Q BZ¨vw`| fv‡jvi fvM Qvwoqv †Kej g‡›ì
w`KUv †`Lv †Kb? †mBRb¨ fv‡jvi w`KUv Av‡M †`LvBjvg| GLb g‡›ì w`‡K †`Lv hvDK|
H †h PUKj Avi cvUKj; −GK GKUv RyU wg‡ji Kg©PvixMY gvwmK 500 −700 (cuvP wK¤^v mvZ kZ)
UvKv †eZb cvBqv bevwe nv‡j _v‡K, bevwe Pvj Pv‡j, wKš‘ †mB RyU (cvU) hvnviv Drcv`b K‡i, Zvnv‡ì
Ae¯’v GB †h, − ÒcvQvq †Rv‡U bv Z¨vbv!Ó Bnv fvweevi welq b‡n wK? AvjøvnZvÕjv GZ AwePvi Kxiƒ‡c
mn¨ Kwi‡Z‡Qb?
mgMÖ fvi‡Zi welq Qvwoqv †Kej e½‡`‡ki Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡jB h‡_ó nB‡e| GKwU PvDj cixÿv Kwi‡jB
nuvwofiv fv‡Zi Ae¯’v Rvbv hvq| Avgv‡ì e½f~wg myRjv, mydjv, km¨Ñk¨vgjv, − Zey Pvlvi D`‡i Abœ
bvB †Kb? Bnvi DËi kÖ×v¯ú` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi w`qv‡Qb, Òavb¨ Zvi emyÜiv hviÓ| ZvB †Zv, AfvMv Pvlv
†K? †m †Kej Ò†ÿ‡Z †ÿ‡Z cyBov gwi‡eÓ, nvj enb Kwi‡e, Avi cvU Drcv`b Kwi‡e| Zvnv nB‡j
Pvlvi N‡i †h Ò†gvivBÑfiv avb wQj, †Mvqvj fiv Miæ wQj, DVvb fiv gyiwM wQjÓ, G K_vi A_© Kx? Bnv
wK ïayB Kwei Kíbv? bv, Kwei Kíbv b‡n, Kve¨ Dcb¨vmI b‡n, mZ¨ K_v| c~‡e© Ime wQj, GLb bvB|
Av‡i! GLb †h Avgiv mf¨ nBqvwQ! BnvB wK mf¨Zv? mf¨Zv Kx Kwi‡e, BD‡iv‡ci gnvhy× mg¯Í c„w_ex‡K
me©¯^všÍ Kwiqv‡Q, Zv e½xq K…l‡Ki K_v wK?
Avwg Dch©y³ DË‡i mš‘ó nB‡Z cvwi bv, KviY BD‡ivcxq gnvhy× †Zv GB mvZ erm‡ii NUbv| 50 ermi
c~‡e©I wK Pvlvi Ae¯’v fv‡jv wQj? `yB GKwU D`vniY †`LvB− evj¨Kv‡j ïwbZvg, UvKvq 8 †mi mwilvi
ˆZj wQj, Avi UvKvq 4 †mi N„Z| hLb UvKvq 8 †mi mwilvi ˆZj wQj, ZLbKvi GKUv Mí GB :
ÒK…lK Kb¨v Rwgi‡bi gv_vq †ek Nb I j¤^v Pzj wQj, Zvi gv_vq cÖvq Ava †cvqvUvK †Zj jvwMZ|
†mBRb¨ †hw`b Rwgib gv_v NwlZ, †mw`b Zvnvi gv Zv‡K ivRevwo jBqv AvwmZ, Avgiv Zv‡K †Zj
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eÜziv ej‡jb, ÒGZ Kv‡Q Gevi mvwnZ¨-m‡¤§jb n‡”Q, P‡jv †`‡L Avmv hvK|Ó Avwg ejjvg, ÔKx
†mLv‡b n‡e Zvi Kíbv Kiv †Zvgv‡ì c‡ÿ GZB wK k³?Õ Zuviv ej‡jb, Òiv‡Lv †Zvgvi Kuz‡owg, Gevi
†h‡ZB n‡e; ˆZwi nI|Ó
wbw`©ó w`‡b gyÝxMÄ Awfgy‡L iIbv nIqv †Mj| hvw”Qjvg Avgiv e½xq mvwnZ¨-m‡¤§j‡b e‡U, wKš‘ †mw`b
Avgv‡ì mwZ¨Kvi e¨vcvi wQj wbiæ‡Ïk ågY|
MšÍe¨ ¯’v‡b †cuŠQv †Mj| Avgv‡ì evm wbw`©ó n‡jv kn‡ii wKQz evB‡i gv‡Vi gvSLv‡b GK `vjv‡b|
Pviw`‡KB †LvjvgvV; cyew`‡K wKQz`~‡i cÖevwnZ n‡”Q cÙvÑAwfmvix GK Lvj; `~‡i K…lK-cwjø, ïay
meyR Mv‡Qi wfo; Plv cwicvwU gv‡V †kvfv cv‡”Q Pviv avbMvQ| g‡b g‡b Lywk n‡q fvejvg, Avgv‡ì
GeviKvi wbiæ‡Ïk åg‡Yi Dci weavZvi my›ì n‡¯Íi Avkxe©v` ewl©Z n‡”Q †`L‡Z cvw”Q|
h_vmg‡q m‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z nIqv †Mj| h_vwewnZ Awfb›`b Avc¨vqb mywb®úbœ n‡jv| mvwnZ¨gnvi_xe„›`
G‡K G‡K Zuv‡ì AwffvlY cvV K‡i Pj‡jb| hLb †hLv‡b KiZvwji cÖ‡qvRb Mí Avi a~gcvb
ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ K‡i Zv mgvav K‡i †kÖvZ…gÐjx wb‡R‡ì mgS`vwii cwiPq w`‡jb| evsjv mvwn‡Zï
DrcwË, Zvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, Zvi fwel¨r, Zvi PgrKvwiZ¡, Zvi ÎæwU, evOvwji RvZxq Rxe‡bi `ye©jZv,
Zvi fwel¨r KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` wel‡q eû gšÍe¨ kÖeY Kievi †mŠfvM¨ Avgv‡ì n‡jv| Zv iv‡Î wd‡i G‡m
MÖvg¨ eveywP©i weï× N„‡Zi †cvjvI, UvUKv gyiwMi †Kvigv, Avi ivgcvwj Kjv Dì¯’ K‡i fjvw›Uqvi‡ì
f~qmx cÖksmv Kijvg, Avi g‡b g‡b fvejvgÑhvK, Avgv‡ì GeviKvi wbiæ‡Ïk åg‡Yi im wKQz‡ZB
†Mu‡R hv‡e bv Ggb Avkv Ki‡Z cvwi|
60 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†R¨vr¯œv-Av‡jvwKZ gv‡Vi gvSLv‡b GB NiwU‡Z eû ivZ ch©šÍ ìRv-Rvbvjv Ly‡j †i‡L †k‡l Nywg‡q
cov †Mj| Mv‡bi k‡ã mKv‡j Nyg †f‡O †M‡j †`wL, cv‡ki weQvbvq e‡m GK eÜz ˆfiex-jwjZ wgkv‡bv
GKwU Mvb Mv‡”Qb| Avgvi cv‡b †P‡q wZwb nvm‡jb, AvwgI nvmjvg| cv‡k PvB‡ZB †`LjvgÑGKRb
MÖvg¨ ÔgymwjøÕ-†Mv‡Qi †jvK Iav‡ii †Pqv‡i e‡m AvgviB w`‡K †P‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb Av`ve Ki‡jb; Avwg
Av`ve Kijvg| Kv‡jv ¯^v¯’¨-mgwš^Z RIqvb †Pnviv Zuvi, gy‡L Abg¨ SuvKov `vwo, Kv‡jv cyiæ I‡ôi
Ici k³ †Muvd Lv‡Uv K‡i QuvUv; †PvL `ywU †QvU, Zv‡Z †h `„wó Zv‡Z h‡_ó J¾¡j¨|
Zneb-civ j¤^v bxj †KvZ©v Mv‡q GB ewjô e¨w³ webxZfv‡e Avgvi weQvbvi GK cv‡k G‡m em‡jb|
Zuvi euv nv‡Z K‡qKLvwb LvZv| GKLvwb Ly‡j Avgvi mvg‡b †i‡L ej‡jb, ÒGK bZyb c×wZ‡Z Avwg GB
eBLvwb wj‡LwQ, †g‡nievwb K‡i GKUz c‡o †`Lyb|Ó wKQz mw›`»wP‡Ë LvZvLvwb nv‡Z Zz‡j cvZv Dwë‡q
Dwë‡q GLv‡b ILv‡b †`L‡Z jvMjvg| `yB-GK RvqMvq †jLvi †h euvaywb †Pv‡L co‡jv Zv‡Z wKQz we¯§q
†eva n‡jv| Zuv‡K ejjvg, ÒAvcwb co–b Avwg ïwb|Ó wZwb co‡Z jvM‡jb| cÖ_g wkÿv_x© †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì
Kx K‡i gy‡L gy‡L evbvb wkÿv †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i, †mB m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gi †h f~wgKv wZwb
co‡jb Zvi K‡qKwU K_v GB, Ò†h c_ `yM©g †Póv K‡i †m c_‡K myMg Kiv hvq| hv RwUj ZvI †Póv
K‡i AvqË Kiv hvq, Avi Zv AvqË Kievi mnR c_ wb‡`©k Kiv hvq : Z‡e †Kb mijgwZ wkï‡ì g‡b
fxwZ A_ev AiæwP Drcv`b bv K‡i Zv‡ì gvZ…fvlvi eY©web¨vm ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wkÿv †Ìqv hv‡e bv?Ó
Avgvi AvšÍwiK cÖksmvi Aewa wQj bv| gv‡S gv‡S AZ¨šÍ wew¯§Z n‡q jÿ KiwQjvgÑ mZ¨v‡š^lxi c‡ÿ
Aek¨jf¨ †h weÁvb`„wó GB AíwkwÿZ MÖvg¨ †jvKwUi c‡ÿI Zv Kx A™¢yZfv‡e m¤¢eci n‡q‡Q|
cov †kl n‡j Zuv‡K mvayev` cÖ`v‡bi Kvc©Y¨ Ki‡Z cvijvg bv| wZwb ej‡jb, GwU cÖKvk Ki‡Z wZwb
B”QzK, wKš‘ Zuvi g‡Zv bMY¨ e¨w³i Avì wK ¯‹zjKZ…©c‡ÿiv Ki‡eb| Avwg ejjvg, G e¨vcv‡i AvgviI
ÿgZv ZuviB g‡Zv, Z‡e Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q hw` Avgvi Øviv †Kv‡bv KvR nq Zv †Zv wbðqB Ki‡ev|
†jvKwUi m‡½ Avjv‡ci MvpZ¡ mn‡RB m¤¢eci n‡jv| AwZ AíÿY K_vevZ©vi ciB Zuvi ˆ`bw›`b
Rxe‡bi bvbv †QvU †QvU K_v wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cvijvg| mnRfv‡e wZwbI †m mg‡¯Íi DËi w`‡jb| wZwb
MÖv‡gi cvVkvjvi wkÿK; eûKvj ch©šÍ MÖv‡gi ÔLwZeÕI wQ‡jb; †Kv‡bv iK‡g w`b¸Rivb nqÑ A_©vr
evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì nvRviKiv bqkZ wbivbeŸB R‡bi †h iK‡g nq| Avgv‡ì Avjvc GwM‡q Pjj|
†k‡l Ggb GKUv Rxe‡bi Qvc Avgvi wPËc‡U gyw`ªZ n‡jv hv MÖvg¨ cwÐ‡Zi bq, KwelktcÖv_x©iI bq,Ñ
hvi cÖZ¨vkv GeviKvi wbiæ‡Ïk-hvÎvi cÖvi‡¤¢ ¯^‡cœI g‡b ¯’vb w`‡Z cvwiwb|
cwÐZ mv‡ne G‡K G‡K Zuvi c‡b‡iv erm‡ii wkÿKZvi K_v Avgv‡K ej‡jb| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv Zuvi cÖwZ
m`q bq| Zuvi ¯‹z‡ji Qv‡Îiv cÖvqB e„wË cvq; ¯‹zj-cwi`k©Kiv Zuvi LyeB cÖksmv K‡ib : G mg¯Í Avi
MÖv‡gi †jvK‡ì †Pv‡L mn¨ nq bv| Avwg ejjvg, ÒZv wkÿKZv †Zv Avi mK‡j K‡i bv †h cÖksmv
cv‡e|Ó wZwb ej‡jb, Ò†m †Póv wK Avi Zviv K‡iwb| wKš‘ ¯‹zj Ly‡j Kw`b Pvjvevi ÿgZv Zv‡ì Av‡Q|
`yBevi Lye †Zvo‡Rv‡o `yB ¯‹zj Ly‡jwQj| Zv‡ì ¯‹zj Avi Kw`b Pj‡Z cv‡i| QvÎ‡ì cov‡bv nq bv,
Zviv cvm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zviv cvwj‡q †k‡l Avevi Avgvi ¯‹z‡j G‡m fwZ© n‡jv|Ó †n‡m ej‡jb,
Ò†c‡U we‡`¨ eyw× wKQz _vK‡j †Zv ¯‹zj Pvjv‡Z cvi‡e|Ó
−w`j‡Lvjv G nvwm, Z‡e Gi c`©vq we`ªƒ‡ci wel Avi e¨_©Zvi cªwZNvZ|
cwÐZ mv‡ne 61
MÖvgevmx‡ì m‡½ Zuvi g‡bvgvwj‡bï cÖKZ

… KviY wKQz Abygvb Ki‡Z cvijvg| Zey ejjvg, ÒG †Zv
AvovAvwoi K_v| Kx wb‡q Gu‡ì m‡½ Avcbvi g‡bvgvwj‡bï m~ÎcvZ hv‡Z Zuviv wfbœ ¯‹j
z Ly‡jwQ‡jb?Ó
wZwb ej‡jb, ÒZviv MÖv‡gi gvZeŸi| Zv‡ì `jv`wj‡Z Avwg mvq w`B‡b| Avgv‡K cÖKvivšÍ‡i wg_¨v mvÿx
w`‡Z e‡j; Zv Avwg †è †Kb| GB me wb‡qB Avgvi m‡½ we‡iva| †m eû K_v| GKevi GK gvZeŸ‡ii
†Q‡j ÔBÏZÕ cvi bv n‡ZB GK weaev‡K wb‡K Ki‡Z cvMj n‡q DVj| †gvoj Avgv‡K wb‡K cwo‡q w`‡Z
ej‡j| Avwg ejjvg,ÑÔkivÕi weiæ‡× KvR Avwg cvi‡ev bv| G wb‡q †gvoj Avgvi Dci gnv L¨vàv|Ó
GB mej †giæ`Ðm¤úbœ AvZ¥vwfgvbx MÖvg¨ cwÐ‡Zi cÖwZ GK AvšÍwiK †¯œn Avi mnvbyf~wZ‡Z Avgvi ü`q
f‡i DVwQj| GKavi †_‡K wZwb MÖvgevmx‡ì kÖv× K‡i P‡jwQ‡jb| ÒGiv †jvK †`wL‡q bvgvR c‡o;
c‡ii Awbó Avi wb‡Ri ¯^v_© wmw×i w`‡KB G‡ì gb; Giv bv‡g gvÎ gymjgvb, Kv‡R GK`g cï|Ó
BZ¨vKvi eP‡b Zv‡ì mwe¯Í…Z cwiPq w`w”Q‡jb| nvwmgy‡L Zuvi mg¯Í K_vB ïbwQjvg, Avi fvewQjvg,
ÒgyKzwjZ AvgMvQ Zvi DMÖM‡Ü †Kb `kw`K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i †Zv‡j, Avi Zvi cv‡k †kIov MvQ †Kb
kÖxnxb †Pnviv wb‡q ùvwo‡q _v‡K, G Z‡Ë¡i Zvrch© MÖnY †Zvgvi Rb¨ bq|ÓÑ †k‡l cwÐZ ej‡jb, ÒGiv
†h Kx k³ ÔRv‡njÕ Zv Avcwb KíbvI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| KZK¸‡jv †g‡qI Avgvi Kv‡Q †Kvivb kwid
c‡o| ZviB wfZ‡i GKwU †g‡q Kx Ô†bK-LvmjZÕ Avi covïbvq `ÿ n‡qwQj| †Kvivb kwid cvV LZg
K‡iwQj| D`y© Ô†gd&ZvûjRvbœvZÕ †kl K‡iwQj| evsjv wb¤œ cÖvBgvwi ch©šÍ c‡owQj; wKš‘ mvwn‡Z¨ D”P
cÖvBgvwi K¬v‡mi Qv‡ÎivI Zvi Kv‡Q wKQz bq| Avi Kx Zvi nv‡Zi †jLv! ¯‹zj mve-BÝ‡c±i e‡jwQ‡jb,
G ch©šÍ wb¤œ cÖvBgvwii †Kv‡bv QvÎ-QvÎxi †jLvB wZwb AZ my›ì †`‡Lbwb| GB Rv‡njiv Avgv‡K Rã
Kievi Rb¨ Zv‡KB we‡q w`‡j GK AvKvU g~‡L©i m‡½|Ó Zuvi KÉ fvix n‡q Gj, gyL wdwi‡q Rvgvi
Avw¯Í‡b wZwb †PvL gyQ‡jb|
Avwg ¯Íä n‡q ÿYKvj Zuvi gy‡Li cv‡b †P‡q iBjvg| †k‡l ax‡i ax‡i ejjvg, ÒZv †g‡qwUi evc-gv...Ó
wZwb ej‡jb, Ò†ewk UvKv Zviv †c‡j-Avi Zviv Kx †`L‡e|Ó
A`~‡i-emv Avgvi GK BwZnvmÁ eÜz Avgv‡ì K_vevZ©v ïbwQ‡jb| wZwb ej‡jb, Òhuviv AMÖeZx©
wPiKvjB Zuv‡ì Kó †fvM Ki‡Z nq| †c÷v‡jvw¾ hLb Zuvi be-D™¢vweZ c×wZ Abymv‡i wkïi wkÿv
weav‡b AMÖmi n‡jb, AwffveKiv Zuvi Kv‡Q mšÍvb cvVv‡Z ch©šÍ ivwR n‡jb bv| iv¯Ívi †eIqvwik
†Q‡j‡ì wb‡q cÖ_‡g Zuvi bZyb ai‡bi wkÿv Pjj|Ó
wKš‘ nvq, Gi wK †Kv‡bv mvšÍ¦bv Av‡Q! bxi‡e e‡m Zuvi ewjô †e`bvgvLv wP‡Ëi DËvc Avi R¡vjv Abyfe
Ki‡Z †Póv KiwQjvg| B”Qv nw”Qj ewj, ÒAvcbvi †h `ytL, Zv en‡bi †mŠfvM¨ †_‡K ewÂZ e‡jB †Zv
evsjvi gymjgvb AvR nZfvM¨|Ó Zv Avi mvnm n‡jv bv| K_vUv Zuvi Kv‡Q †nuqvwji g‡Zv †kvbvevi
m¤¢vebvB †ewk|
mg¯Í cÖwZK~jZvi weiæ‡× msMÖvg K‡i Zuv‡K Rqx n‡Z n‡e, †k‡l GB me e‡j Zuv‡K we`vq w`jvg|
m‡¤§j‡bi êVK `yB w`‡bi RvqMvq wZb w`b n‡jv| myLv`¨, my-Avjvc, Mvb, †R¨vr¯œv-D™¢vwmZ gv‡V
62 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ev‡mi †ivgvÂ, †Zgwb Pjj| wKš‘ †mw`‡bi mg¯Í myL¯§„wZi cy®ú`‡ji gvSLv‡b KuvPv bexb d‡ji g‡Zv
†R‡M i‡q‡Q GB Mªvg¨ wkÿ‡Ki ¯§„wZ| †mLv‡b Avjv‡ci w`‡bi Aemv‡b iv‡Î †mB gv‡Vi wfZiKvi
`vjv‡b cvqPvwi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z `~‡i MÖv‡gi cv‡b †P‡q fvewQjvg Zuvi K_v| g~p, MZvbyMwZK, me©cÖKv‡i
`wi`ª, MÖvgevmx‡ì gvSLv‡b gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvwo‡q‡Q, wKQz DMÖ, AvZ¥vwfgvbx, b¨vqwbô, DbœZ Rxe‡bi
Av‡Mœq AvKl©‡Y AvK…ó, GB Aa©wkwÿZ cyiæl| †meviKvi mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b GB wQj Avgvi me PvB‡Z
eo Z‡_ï Avwe®‹vi|
AvR cybivq hLb †mB ¯§„wZ g‡b †f‡m DV‡Q ZLb †`LwQ, mZ¨ G GK Avwe®‹vi| me©cÖKv‡i AatcwZZ
evsjvi wekvj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri cyÄxf~Z cÖvYnxbZvi gv‡S †nv_vq †n_vq K¡wPr KL‡bv mZ¨Kvi
cÖvY¯ú›`bI †h Abyfe Kiv hvq, G ZviB Avwe®‹vi| wKš‘ †mw`b †f‡e wKQz `ytwLZB n‡qwQjvg, GB
mvgvb¨ cÖvY-kw³i Pvicvk wN‡i Kx weKU g„Zy¨ Zvi MÖvm G KZÿY Gwo‡q _vK‡Z cvi‡e!
AvR hLb fvewQ, `~‡i MÐMÖv‡g †mB cwÐZ wbZ¨ Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K nxbZvi m‡½ hyS‡Q, nqZ K¬všÍ n‡q
c‡o‡Q, Zvi Rb¨ mnvbyf~wZ n‡jI `ytL‡eva †bB| G mZ¨Kvi cÖvYewý, wbe©vwcZ nIqvi Av‡M ch©šÍ
Zvi cwi‡eób‡K `nb K‡i Pj‡e|− G `n‡bi eo cÖ‡qvRb|
kãv_© I UxKv
cÙv-Awfmvix − cÙvb`x AwfgyLx| cÙvi w`‡K cÖengvb|
mvwnZ¨gnvi_xe„›` − wewkó †jLK-Kwee„›`|
†Mu‡R hv‡e bv − GLv‡b e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡e bv| wedj n‡e bv|
Zneb-civ − jyw½ cwiwnZ|
LwZe − LyZev cvVKvix|
nvRviKiv bqkZ wbivbeŸB − GK nvRv‡ii g‡a¨ bqkZ wbivbeŸB Rb (msL¨v)|
KwehktcÖv_x© − Kwe L¨vwZ AR©‡bi A‡cÿvq Av‡Qb Ggb| ZiæY Kwe|
c`©vq we`ªƒ‡ci ... e¨_©Zvi
cÖwZNvZ − evB‡i GK iKg Avi †fZ‡i AbïKg A_©vr AcÖvwßi †e`bv‡K
MÖvgxY Zz”QZvq Dc¯’vcb|
AvovAvwoi K_v − SMov-weev‡ì cÖm½|
AvZ¥vwfgvbx − AnsKvix|
cwÐZ mv‡ne 63
gyKzwjZ AvgMvQ...Av‡›`vwjZ
K‡i − Avg Mv‡Q hLb gyKzj Av‡m ZLb Zvi ZxeÖM‡Ü Pviw`K Av‡gvw`Z
nq| Avg Mv‡Qi gyKzwjZ Ae¯’vi m‡½ cwÐZ mv‡n‡ei f~wgKvq
Zzjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q †jLK G DcgvwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
Rv‡nj − AÁ| g~L©| wb‡e©va| AwkwÿZ e¨w³|
†bK-LvmjZ − fv‡jv ¯^fve| fv‡jv AvPiY|
†gd&&ZvûjRvbœvZ − D`y©fvlvq iwPZ GKwU agx©q MÖš’|
†eIqvwik − ¯^Z¡vwaKvik~b¨| AwffveKnxb| `vwe`vi †bB Ggb|
†c÷v‡jvw¾ − Rvg©vb wkÿvZË¡we`| cy‡iv bvg B‡qvnvb nvBbwiL †c÷v‡jvw¾
(Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi)
cvV-cwiwPwZ
mvwnZ¨vbyivMx K‡qKRb eÜzi m‡½ †jLK gywÝM‡Ä wM‡qwQ‡jb e½xq mvwnZ¨-m‡¤§j‡bi Abyôv‡b|
†mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j cwiwPZ nIqv GKRb MÖvgxY ¯‹zj wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvfvebv I Zuvi e¨w³Rxe‡bi wKQz
Abyf~wZi ¯§„wZPviY eZ©gvb iPbvwUi DcRxe¨| GKRb MÖvgxY ¯‹zj-wkÿK ÔGK bZzb c×wZ‡ZÕ
gvZ…fvlvi eY©web¨vm, evbvb wkÿv cÖf…wZ welq wb‡q GKwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| cwÐZ mv‡n‡ei iPbv I
wkÿvc×wZ cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì cÖwZeÜKZvi wkKvi n‡jI †jL‡Ki fv‡jv †j‡MwQj| gvbyl wKQzUv wbf©iZv
†c‡j Zvi n„`‡qi mg¯Í K_v,GgbwK GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ K_vI, cÖKvk K‡i †d‡j| cwÐZ mv‡neI Zvi
my`xN© c‡b‡iv eQ‡ii wkÿKZv Rxe‡bi bvbv ¯§„wZ, MÖvg¨ `jv`wj, Zz”QZv cÖf…wZi K_v †jLK‡K
Rvbv‡jb| ej‡jb AcÖvwß I †e`bvi K_v| †mKv‡ji AatcwZZ evsjvi wekvj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri
cyÄxf~Z cÖvYnxbZvi g‡a¨ GK cÖvYevb cyiæl wn‡m‡e cwÐZ mv‡ne‡K Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †jLK|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1.ÒcwÐZ mv‡neÓ M‡íi m‡¤§jbwU †Kv_vq n‡qwQj?
K. ivRevwo L. XvKv
M. gyÝxMÄ N. KjKvZv
2. ÒG `n‡bi eo cÖ‡qvRbÓ− Kvi m‡½ `nb †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. wkÿvi L. cvwicvwk¦©KZvi
M. †gvo‡ji N. wkÿv_©x‡ì
64 mvwnZ¨ cvV

eÜz‡Mv Avi ewj‡Z cvwi bv, eo wel R¡vjv GB ey‡K,
†`wLqv ïwbqv †ÿwcqv wMqvwQ, ZvB hvnv Av‡m KB gy‡L,
i³ Siv‡Z cvwi bv †Zv GKv
ZvB wj‡L hvB G i³ †jLv,
--- --- ---
cÖv_©bv K‡iv hviv †K‡o Lvq †ZwÎk †KvwU gy‡Li MÖvm,
†hb †jLv nq Avgvi i³ †jLvq Zv‡ì me©bvk|
3. KweZvs‡k Kwei wÿßZv ÒcwÐZ mv‡neÓ M‡íi †Kvb PwiÎwUi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q?
K. †jL‡Ki L. BwZnvmÁ eÜzi
M. MÖv‡gi cwÐ‡Zi N. BÝ‡c±‡ii
4. KweZvs‡k ewY©Z Ae¯’v ÒcwÐZ mv‡neÓ M‡íi Abyiƒc, KviY Dfq Ae¯’v‡ZB cÖKvwkZ−
i. Amnv‡qi `ytL I †ÿvf
ii. wbh©vwZZ e¨w³i `„p msKí
iii. cÖwZK~jZvq wcwQ‡q Avmvi AwfcÖvq
M. i I iii N . i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Av‡jvKvqb we`¨vcx‡Vi wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZUv G‡Kev‡iB AbïKg| †mLv‡b gvV-NvU, b`x-bvjv,
cvnvo-ce©Z Avi gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb cÖYvjxi mvwbœ‡a¨ wkÿv_©x‡ì RxebNwbô wkÿv †Ìqv nq|
cvV`v‡b AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi nq| †mB mv‡_ gyL¯’ we`¨v‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq| ZvB GLvb
†_‡K cvm Kiv wkÿv_©xiv mn‡RB mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y we`¨vcxVwU
G AÂ‡j Av`k©¯’vbxq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
K. †jLK †Kvb m‡¤§j‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb?
L. cwÐZ mv‡n‡ei Rb¨ †jL‡Ki Òmnvbyf~wZ n‡jI `ytL‡eva †bBÓ †Kb?
M. Av‡jvKvqb we`¨vcx‡Vi Kvh©µ‡g ÒcwÐZ mv‡neÓ M‡íi †h w`K dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔcwÐZ mv‡n‡ei Rxeb`k©b Av‡jvKvqb we`¨vcx‡Vi wkÿv`vb c×wZ cy‡ivcywi mvgÄm¨c~Y©Õ Dw³wUi
hv_v_©¨ wbiƒcY Ki|
AvnŸvb
wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1894 mv‡ji 12B †m‡Þ¤î cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi gyivwicyi MÖv‡g
gvgvevwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZ…wbevm GKB †Rjvi e¨vivKcyi MÖv‡g| wef~wZf~l‡Yi evj¨ I
ˆK‡kviKvj Kv‡U AZ¨šÍ `vwi‡`ª¨| wKš‘ wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ †gavex QvÎ| 1914 mv‡j g¨vwUªK I 1916 mv‡j
AvBG − Dfq cixÿvq cÖ_g wefv‡M Ges 1918 mv‡j wWw÷skbmn weG cvm K‡ib| wZwb `xN©w`b ¯‹z‡j
wkÿKZv K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi cvkvcvwk kni †_‡K `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i wbiew”Qbœ mvwnZ¨mvabv K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi
cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li Rxeb‡K wZwb Zuvi AmvaviY wkímylgvgq fvlvq mvnwRK mvi‡j¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
gvbyl‡K wZwb †`‡L‡Qb Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva I wbweo fv‡jvevmv w`‡q| Zuvi M`¨ Kve¨gq I wPÎvZ¥K eY©bvq
mg„×|
wef~wZf~l‡Yi KvjRqx hyMj Dcb¨vm Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ, ÔAcivwRZvÕ| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q− Dcb¨vm : Ô`„wó cÖ`xcÕ, ÔAviY¨KÕ, Ô†èhvbÕ I ÔBQvgwZÕ; MíMÖš’ : Ô†gNgjøviÕ, Ô†gŠwidzjÕ,
ÔhvÎve`jÕ I ÔwKbœi `jÕ|
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1950 mv‡ji c‡njv †m‡Þ¤î NvUwkjvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
†`‡ki Nievwo †bB A‡bKw`b †_‡KB| ˆcZ…K evwo hv wQj †f‡OPz‡i wfwU‡Z R½j MwR‡q‡Q| G Ae¯’vq
GKw`b wM‡qwQ †`‡k wK‡mi GKUv QzwU‡Z|
MÖv‡gi P‡°vwË gkvq Avgvi evevi cyivZb eÜz| Avgv‡K †`‡L Lye Lywk n‡jb| ej‡jbÑKZKvj c‡i evev
g‡b coj †`‡ki K_v? cÖYvg K‡i cv‡qi ayjv wbjvg| ej‡jbÑG‡mv, G‡mv, †eu‡P _v‡Kv, `xN©Rxex nI|
evwoNi Ki‡e bv?
−Av‡Á mvgvb¨ gvB‡b cvB−
−Zv‡Z Kx? MÖv‡gi †Q‡j MÖv‡g evm Ki‡e, G‡Z Avi mvgvb¨ gvB‡b †ewk gvB‡b Kx? Avwg Lo euvk w`w”Q,
PvjvNi Zz‡j †dj, gv‡S gv‡S hvZvqvZ K‡iv|
AviI A‡b‡K G‡m aij, AšÍZ L‡oi Ni IVv‡Z n‡e| A‡bK w`b c‡i MÖv‡g G‡m jvM‡Q fv‡jvB| eo
AvgevMv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evRv‡ii w`‡K hvw”Q, AvgMv‡Qi Qvqvq GKwU e„×vi †Pnviv, Wvb nv‡Z bwo VKVK
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †evanq evRv‡ii w`‡K P‡j‡Q|
eywo‡K †`‡LB Avwg ùvwo‡q †Mjvg| wRÁvmv Kijvg, †Kv_vq hv‡e?
−evRv‡i evev|
eywo Avgvq fv‡jv bv †`L‡Z †c‡q wKsev bv wPb‡Z †c‡i Wvb nvZ DuwP‡q Zvjy Avofv‡e †Pv‡Li Ici
aij| ejj, †K evev Zzwg? †Pbjvg bv †Zv?
−wPb‡e bv| Avwg A‡bK w`b Muv‡q Avwm wb|
−Zv n‡e evev| Avwg Av‡M †Zv Gcvov-Icvov hvZvg AvmZvg bv| wZwb _vKwZ Afve wQj bv †Kv‡bv
wRwb‡mi| †Mvjv‡cviv avb, †Mvqvj‡cviv Miæ|
66 mvwnZ¨ cvV
−†Zvgv‡K †Zv wPb‡Z cvijvg bv, eywo?

−Avgvi †Zv †Zbvi bvg Ki‡Z †bB evev| Kiv‡Zi KvR Ki‡Zb|
ejjvg, †Zvgvi †Q‡j Av‡Q?
−†KD †bB evev, †KD †bB| GK bvZ-RvgvB Av‡Q †Zv †m †gv‡i fvZ †`q bv| Avgvi eÇ Kó| fvZ
†Rv‡U bv mew`b|
eywo‡K c‡KU †_‡K wKQz cqmv evi K‡i w`jvg|
−e¨vcviUv GLv‡bB Pz‡K hv‡e †f‡ewQjvg| wKš‘ Zv PyKj bv|
c‡ii w`b mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡VwQ, Ggb mgq †mB eywo jvwV VKVK Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nvwRi D‡Vv‡b| _vwK
GK ÁvwZ Ly‡ovi evwo| wZwb ej‡jb, I n‡jv Rwgi KivwZi ¯¿x| A‡bKw`b Av‡M g‡i wM‡q‡Q Rwgi|
eywo D‡Vv‡b ùvwo‡q WvKj, I evev|
†evanq †Pv‡L GKUz Kg †`‡L|
ejjvg, GB †h Avwg GLv‡b|
Avgvi Ly‡ovgkvq eywo‡K eywS‡q w`‡jb Avwg †K| †m D‡Vv‡bi KuvVvjZjvq e‡m Avcb g‡b Lye LvwbKUv
e‡K †Mj|
ciw`b KjKvZv P‡j †Mjvg, QzwU dzwi‡q †Mj|
K‡qK gvm c‡i ˆR¨ô gv‡m Mi‡gi QzwU‡Z Avgvi bZzb ˆZwi L‡oi NiLvbv‡Z G‡m DVjvg| KjKvZv‡Z
Kg©e¨¯Í GB KÕgv‡mi g‡a¨ eywo‡K GKeviI g‡b c‡owb ev GLv‡b G‡mI g‡b nVvr nqZ n‡Zv bv, hw`
†m Zvi c‡ii w`bB mKv‡j Avgvi N‡ii wbPz `vIqvq G‡m bv e‡m coZ|
ejjvg, Kx eywo, fv‡jv AvQ?
gqjv †Quov Kvc‡oi cÖvšÍ †_‡K †MvUvKZK Avg Ly‡j Avgvi mvg‡b gvwU‡Z †i‡L ejj, Avgvi wK giY
Av‡Q †i evev|
wRÁvmv Kijvg, I Avg Kx‡mi|
`šÍnxb gy‡L GKUz nvmevi †Póv K‡i ej‡j, A †Mvcvj Avgvi, †Zvi Rwb¨ wb‡q Avjvg| Mv‡Qi Avg †ek
Kov wgwó, †L‡q †`L GLb|
e‡ov fv‡jv jvMj| MÖv‡g A‡bKw`b †_‡K Avcbvi Rb †KD †bB| GKUv Nwbô Av`‡ii m‡¤^vab Kivi
†jv‡Ki †`Lv cvB wb evj¨Kv‡j gv-wcwmgv gviv hvIqvi ci †_‡K|
eywo ej‡j, LvI †Kv_vq nu¨v evev?
−Ly‡ov gkv‡qi evwo|
−†ek hZœ K‡i †Zv Ibviv?
−Zv K‡i|
−`ya cv”P fv‡jv?
−NyuwU †Mvqvwjbx †`q, g›` bv|
AvnŸvb 67
−I evev, Ii `ya! A‡a©K Rj− `ya †LwZ cv”P bv fv‡jv †m ey‡SwP|

ciw`b mKvj n‡q‡Q m‡e, eywo †`wL D‡Vv‡b G‡m WvK‡Q, A †Mvcvj|
weQvbv †Q‡o D‡V ejjvg, Av‡i GZ mKv‡j Kx g‡b K‡i| nv‡Z Kx?
e„×v nv‡Zi bwo Avgvi `vIqvi Mv‡q †Vm w`‡q †i‡L ejj, GK NwU `ya Avbjvg †Zvi Rwb¨|
−†m Kx! `ya †c‡j †Kv_vq GZ mKv‡j?
Avgvq gv e‡j Wv‡K IB nvRiv e¨vUvi eD| ZviI †KD †bB| †gvi PvjvN‡ii cv‡k Ii PvjvNi| I‡i
Kvj ivwË‡i e‡j †i‡L w`‡qwQjvg, ewj eD Avgvi, †Mvcvj `ya †LwZ cvq bv| ZvB AvR †fv‡i D‡V †`wL
Avgv‡i WvK‡P, gv I‡Vv, †Zvgvi †Mvcv‡ji Rwb¨ `ya wb‡q hvI|
−Av”Qv †Kb ej‡Zv †Zvgvi Gme! G iKg Avi KLbI G‡bv bv| KZ cqmv `vg w`‡Z n‡e ej| KZUv `ya?
eywo GKUz Nve‡o †Mj| f‡q f‡q e‡j, †Kb evev, cqmv †Kb?
−cqmv bv †Zv Zzwg `ya cv‡e †Kv_vq?
−IB †h, ejjvg evev, Avgvi †g‡qi evwo †_‡K|
−Zv †nvK, Zzwg cqmv wb‡q hvI| †mI †Zv Mwie †jvK|
eywo cqmv wb‡q P‡j †Mj e‡U wKš‘ †m †h `‡g wM‡q‡Q Zvi K_vevZ©vi ai‡b †ek eyS‡Z cvijvg| g‡b
GKUz Kó n‡jv eywo P‡j †M‡j| cqmv w`‡Z hvIqv wVK n‡q‡Q wK? eywoi Kx iKg nqZ gb c‡o wM‡q‡Q
Avgvi Ici, †¯œ‡ni `vb− Ggb Kiv wVK nqwb| eywo wKš‘ G Ae‡njv Mv‡q gvLj bv Av‡`Š| cÖwZw`b
mKvj n‡Z bv n‡ZB †m G‡m RyU‡e|
−A †Mvcvj, GB `ywU KwP kmvi Rvwj †gvi Mv‡Qi, GB b¨vI| byb w`‡q LvI w`wKb †gvi mvg‡b?
−eywo †Zvgvi P‡j Kx‡m?
−IB hv‡i †g‡q ewj, I eÇ fv‡jv| †jv‡Ki avb fv‡b, ZvB Pvj cvq, Avgvq `y‡Uv bv w`‡q Lvq bv|
−GKv _vK?
−Zv GKw`b †gvi NiLvbv bv nq †`LwZ †M‡j, A †gvi †Mvcvj! Avwg bZzb LvRyi cvZvi †PUvB ey‡b
†i‡L w`‡qwQjvg †Zvgv‡i emwZ †èvi Rwb¨|
†mevi eywoi evwo‡Z Avgvi hvIqv N‡U DVj bv| bvbvw`‡K e¨¯Í _vwK| A‡bK w`b c‡i MÖv‡g G‡mwQ †Zv!
†h Kw`b MÖv‡g _vwK eywo †ivR mKv‡j Avm‡Z fzj‡e bv| wKQz bv wKQz Avb‡eB| KL‡bv cvKv Avg,
KL‡bv cvwZ †jey, KL‡bv ev GKQov KuvPKjv wK GK-dvwj Kzg‡ov|
cybivq MÖv‡g Gjvg cuvPÑQq gvm c‡i, Avwk¦b gv‡mi †k‡l| K‡qKw`b c‡i N‡i e‡m AvwQ, evB‡ii
D‡Vv‡b ùvwo‡q †K †hb wRÁvmv Ki‡j; evey N‡i Av‡Qb Mv?
evB‡i G‡m †`wL MZ ˆR¨ô gv‡m hv‡K eywoi m‡½ †`‡LwQjvg †mB gaëqmx ¯¿x‡jvKwU| Avgvq †`‡L
mj¾fv‡e gv_vi KvcoUv Avi GKUz †U‡b †èvi †Póv K‡i †m ej‡j, evey K‡e G‡m‡Qb?
−w`b cuvP-Qq n‡jv| †Kb?
−Avgvi †mB gv †cwU‡q w`‡j, e‡j †`‡L G‡mv wM‡q|
−†K?
68 mvwnZ¨ cvV
−IB †mB eywo− GLv‡b whwb AvmZ| †Zbvi eÇ AmyL| Gevi †evanq evuP‡e bv| †Mvcvj K‡e Avm‡e,
†Mvcvj K‡e Avm‡e− Aw¯’i, Avgv‡i †ivR ïavq| GKevi †`‡L Avmyb wM‡q, eÇ Lywk n‡e Zvnwj|
we‡K‡ji w`‡K †eov‡Z hvevi c‡_ †`L‡Z †Mjvg eywo‡K| eywo ï‡q Av‡Q GKUv gv`y‡ii Ici, gv_vq
gwjb evwjk| Avwg wM‡q Kv‡Q ùvov‡ZB eywo †PvL †g‡j Avgvi w`‡K PvBj| c‡i Avgv‡K wP‡b aogo
K‡i weQvbv †Q‡o DVevi †Póv Ki‡ZB Avwg ejjvg, D‡Vv bv, I Kx?
eywo Avn¬v‡` AvULvbv n‡q ejj, fv‡jv AvQ A †gvi †Mvcvj? em‡Z †` †Mvcvj‡K| em‡Z †`|
−emevi ìKvi †bB, _vK|
−†Mvcv‡j‡i IB LvRy‡ii PULvbv †c‡Z †`|
c‡i wVK †hb Avcbvi gv wK wcwmgvi g‡Zv Aby‡hv‡Mi my‡i ej‡Z jvMj, †Zvi Rwb¨ LvRy‡ii PvUvBLvbv
KwÏb Av‡M ey‡b †i‡Ljvg| ILvbv cyi‡bv n‡q †f‡½ hv‡”Q| ZzB GKw`bI Gwj bv †Mvcvj| AmyL n‡q‡Q
ZvI †`L‡Z Gwj bv|
eywoi `y‡PvL †e‡q Rj †e‡q co‡Q Mwo‡q| Avgvq ejj, †Mvcvj, hw` gwi, Avgvi Kvd‡bi Kvco ZzB
wK‡b w`m|
Avmevi mgq eywoi cvZv‡bv †g‡qwUi nv‡Z wKQz w`‡q Gjvg c_¨ I d‡ji Rb¨| nqZ Avi †ewk w`b
euvP‡e bv, GB AmyL †_‡K DV‡e bv|
eywo wKš‘ †m hvÎv †m‡i DVj|
eQiLv‡bK Avi MÖv‡g hvBwb| †evanq †ò eQiI n‡Z cv‡i| GKevi ki‡Zi QzwUi ci ZLbI `yBw`b
QzwU nv‡Z Av‡Q| MÖv‡gB †Mjvg GB `yBw`b KvUv‡Z| MÖv‡g XzK‡ZB cÖ_‡g †`Lv ciï m`©v‡ii eD
w`M¤îxi m‡½| w`M¤îx AevK n‡q e‡j, Igv AvRB Zzwg G‡j? †m eywo †h Kvj iv‡Z gviv wM‡q‡Q|
†Zvgvi bvg Ki‡jv eÇ| Ii †mB cvZv‡bv †g‡q AvR mKv‡j ej‡Qj|
Avwg G‡mwQ ï‡b eywoi bvZRvgvB †`Lv Ki‡Z Gj| Avgvi g‡b coj eywo e‡jwQj †mB GKw`b− Avwg
g‡i †M‡j ZzB Kvd‡bi Kvco wK‡b w`m evev| Ii †¯œnvZzi AvZ¥v eû `~i †_‡K Avgvq AvnŸvb K‡i
G‡b‡Q| Avgvi gb nqZ Ii WvK Gevi Avi Zvw”Qj¨ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
Kvco †Kbevi UvKv w`jvg| bvZRvgvB e‡j †Mj, gvwU †Ìqvi mgq GKevi hv‡eb evey| †ejv ev‡ivUv
Av›`vR hv‡eb|
ki‡Zi KUzwZ³ MÜ IVv eb‡Svc I gvKvj-jZv †`vjv‡bv GKUv cÖvPxb wZwËivR Mv‡Qi Zjvq e„×v‡K
Kei †Ìqv n‡”Q| Avwg wM‡q emjvg| Ave`yj, ïKzi wgqv, bmi, Avgv‡ì m‡½ coZ Av‡e`vwj, Zvi
†Q‡j Mwb| Giv mK‡j Mv‡Qi Qvqvq e‡m|
cÖexY ïKzi wgqv Avgvq †`‡L ejj, GB †h evev, G‡mv| eywoi gvwU †Ìqvi w`b Zzwg K‡b †_‡K G‡j,
Zzwg †Zv Rvb‡Z bv? †Zvgvq †h eÇ fv‡jvevmZ eywo|
`yRb †Rvqvb †Q‡j Kei Lyuo‡Q| Kei †Ìqvi ci mK‡j GK GK †Kv`vj gvwU w`j Ke‡ii Dci| ïKzi
wgqv ejj, `¨vI evev− ZzwgI `¨vI|
w`jvg GK †Kv`vj gvwU| m‡½ m‡½ g‡b n‡jv, I †eu‡P _vK‡j e‡j DVZ,− A †gvi †Mvcvj|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
AvnŸvb 69
kãv_© I UxKv
P‡°vËx − ÔPµeZx©Õ Dcvwai mswÿß iƒc| c~Rvix eªvþ‡Yi Dcvwawe‡kl|
bwo − jvwV|
A‡Üi bwo − Amnv‡qi GKgvÎ Aej¤^b|
†Mvjv‡cviv − †Mvjvfiv|
†Mqvj‡cviv − †Mvqvjfiv|
Kiv‡Zi KvR − KvV †PivB Kivi †ckv|
KivwZ − KivZ w`‡q KvV †K‡U RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i †h|
`vIqv − †ivqvK| eviv›`v|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒAvnŸvbÓ MíwU wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi iPbvewj †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU D`vi gvbweK
m¤ú‡K©i Mí| gvby‡li †¯œn-ggZv-cÖxwZi †h euvab Zv abm¤ú‡` bq, ü`‡qi wbweo AvšÍwiKZvi ¯ú‡k©B
M‡o I‡V| abx-`wi‡`ªi †kÖwYwefvM I êlg¨, wewfbœ a‡g©i gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h `~iZ¡ ms¯‹vi I †Muvovwgi
d‡j M‡o I‡V ZvI Ny‡P †h‡Z cv‡iÑ wbweo †¯œn, D`vi ü`‡qi AvšÍwiKZv I gvbexq `„wói d‡j|
`vwi`ª¨-cxwoZ MÖv‡gi gvby‡li mnR-mij Rxebavivi cÖwZdjbI GB M‡íi Ab¨Zg DcRxe¨| G M‡í
†jLK `ywU wfbœ ag©, eY© I Avw_©K Ae¯’v‡b †e‡o-IVv Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ msKxY©Zv I ms¯‹vigy³ g‡bvfw½i
cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb| MÖvgxY †jvKvqZ cÖvwšÍK Rxebaviv kv¯¿xq K‡VviZv †_‡K †h A‡bKUv gy³ †m-mZÏ
G M‡í D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒAvnŸvbÓ M‡í K_‡Ki mncvVx †K wQ‡jb?
K. Ave`yj L. Av‡e`vwj
M. ïKzi wgqv N. bmi
2. eywo †Kb evievi †Mvcv‡ji Kv‡Q †h‡Zb?
K. cqmv cvIqvi †jv‡f L. †¯œn fv‡jvevmvi Uv‡b
M. wbtm½Zv `yi Ki‡Z N. AwZw_ civqb e‡j
70 mvwnZ¨ cvV

AKv‡j weaev n‡q cÖwZgv AvR †_‡K 30 eQi Av‡M G‡mwQ‡jb my`xß‡ì evwo‡Z, my`xßi eqm ZLb
wZb gvm| e¨¯Í wPwKrmK evev-gvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z cÖwZgvi Kv‡QB my`xß †e‡o D‡V| AvR my`xßI
GKRb wPwKrmK| D”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ †m Av‡gwiKv P‡j hv‡e ï‡b cÖwZgv Zv‡K e‡jbÑ evev, †hLv‡b
_vwKm Avgvi g„Zzï ci ZyB gyLvwMœ Ki‡Z Avwmm|
3. my`xß ÒAvnŸvbÓ M‡íi †Kvb PwiÎwUi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i?
K. Avãy‡ji L. Rwgi KivwZi
M. Av‡e`vwji N. K_‡Ki
4. cÖwZgv I M‡íi eywo Pwi‡Î cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q−
i. †¯œn
ii. wbf©iZv
iii. `vwqZ¡‡eva
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
KvR †k‡l evwo wdiwQ‡jb w`b gRyi †KivgZ| nVvr †`L‡Z cvb g„ZcÖvq GKwU wkï c‡_i av‡i
c‡o Av‡Q| cig h‡Zœ wZwb wkïwU‡K N‡i Zz‡j Av‡bb | wb‡Ri †Q‡j-†g‡q wb‡q Afv‡ei msmv‡i
¯¿x cÖ_‡g LvwbKUv AvcwË Ki‡jI wkïwUi Ae¯’v †`‡L wZwbI ey‡K Rwo‡q a‡ib− eo Ki‡Z _v‡Kb
wb‡Ri mšÍvb cwiP‡q|
K. eywo‡K gv e‡j WvKZ †K?
L. Ò†¯œ‡ni `vb Ggb Kiv wVK nqwbÓ− K_vwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. †KivgZ `¤úwZi ga¨ w`‡q ÒAvnŸvbÓ M‡íi †Kvb we‡kl w`KwUi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔD³ we‡kl w`KwUB Aby‡”Q` I ÒAvnŸvbÓ M‡íi g~j DcRxe¨Õ− we‡kølY Ki|
fy‡ji g~j¨
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡m‡bi Rb¥ 1897 wLªóv‡ãi 30G RyjvB Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvwj Dc‡Rjvi j²xcy‡i| Zuvi
ˆcZ…K wbevm wQj e„nËi dwi`cy‡ii ivRevwo †Rjvi cvskv Dc‡Rjvi evMgviv MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg KvRx
MIni DÏxb Avng`, gv‡qi bvg Zwmiæ‡bœmv| c`v_©weÁv‡bi K…Zx QvÎ †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb Kg©Rxe‡b Aa¨vcbv
K‡i‡Qb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q| 1975 mv‡j ÔRvZxq Aa¨vcKÕ c‡` f~wlZ nIqv cÖ_g wZbR‡bi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb
wZwb| wek I wÎ‡ki `k‡K XvKvq Ôeyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹w… ZK Av‡›`vj‡bi wZwb
wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg msMVK Ges IB Av‡›`vj‡bi gyLcÎ weL¨vZ ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvi Ab¨Zg m¤úv`K| gbbkxj †jLK
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i weÁvbx I mvwnwZ¨K| wZwb weÁvb, ag©, BwZnvm, mvwnZ¨, msMxZ
BZ¨vw` wb‡q A‡bK Z_¨mg„× gbbkxj cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡”Q- cÖeÜ msKjb : ÔmÂqbÕ I
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M. AwfÁZvi N. åg‡Yi
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PzbKvg-Kiv mvaviY gmwR‡ì g‡Zv ZvRgnj †`L‡Z †`L‡Z wgwj‡q †Mj|
c~wY©gvi ciw`b| ZLbI Puv` I‡Vwb| †R¨vr¯œvi c~e©vfvl †`Lv w`‡q‡Q c~e© w`M‡šÍ| †mB w`b mÜ¨vi ci
wØZxqevi `k©b Ki‡Z †Mjvg ZvRgnj‡K| Abyf~wZUv ¯úó g‡b Av‡Q GLbI| †MU †cwi‡q wfZ‡i
XzK‡ZB AùzU gg©i-aŸwb Kv‡b G‡jv| SvD-exw_ †_‡K bqÑ g‡b n‡jv †hb my`~i AZxZ †_‡K; gg©i-aŸwb
bq, †hb Pvcv Kvbœv| Clr Av‡jvwKZ AÜKv‡i cyÄxf~Z Zwg¯ªvi g‡Zv ¯Í~cxK…Z IB‡UB wK ZvRgnj? ax‡i
ax‡i AMÖmi n‡Z jvMjvg| wgbvi, wgbv‡iU, M¤^yR ¯úóZi n‡Z jvMj µgk| ïå AvfvmI dz‡U †eiæ‡Z
jvM‡jv AÜKvi †f` K‡i| Zvici AK¯§vr Avwef©~Z n‡jvÑ mg¯ÍUv g~Z© n‡q DV‡jv †hb mnmv wew¯§Z
†PZbv-c‡U| Puv` DV‡jv| †R¨vr¯œvi ¯^”Q Iobvq A½ †X‡K ivR-iv‡Rk¦ix kvnRvnvb-gwnlx ggZv‡Ri
¯^cœB Af¨_©bv Ki‡j †hb Avgv‡K G‡m ¯^qs| gy» `„wó‡Z wbe©vK n‡q †P‡q iBjvg|
Zvici A‡bK w`b †K‡U‡Q|
76 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†Kvb KbUªv±vi ZvRgnj †_‡K KZ UvKv DcvR©b K‡i, †Kvb †nv‡Uj-Iqvjv ZvRgn‡ji †`Šj‡Z ivRv e‡b
†Mj, †dwiIqvjv¸‡jv ev‡R cv_‡ii †QvU †QvU ZvRgnj Avi MoMovi g‡Zv wmMv‡iU cvBc wewµ K‡i
KZ cqmv †cZ †ivR, wbixn AvMš‘K‡ì VwK‡q UvOv¸‡jv wK fxlY fvov †bqÑ G me LeiI cy‡iv‡bv n‡q
†M‡Q| AÜKv‡i, †R¨vr¯œv‡jv‡K, mÜ¨vq, Dlvq, kxZ-MÖx®§-el©v-ki‡Z eûevi eûiƒ‡c †`‡LwQ Zvici
ZvRgnj‡K| GZevi †h Avi †Pv‡L jv‡M bv| †Pv‡L c‡oB bv| ... cvk w`‡q †M‡jI bq| ZvRgn‡ji
cvk w`‡q cÖvqB hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z nq AvRKvj| AvMÖvi Kv‡QB GK `vZe¨ wPwKrmvj‡q Wv³vi n‡q G‡mwQ
Avwg| ZvRgnj m¤^‡Ü Avi †gvn †bB| GKw`b wKš‘Ñ †Mvov †_‡KB ïbyb Zvn‡j|
†mw`b ÔAvDU †WviÕ †m‡i eviv›`v †_‡K bvgwQ, GK e„× gymjgvb †MU w`‡q XzK‡jv| wc‡V cÖKvÐ GKUv
Szwo euvav| Szwoi fv‡i †giæ`Ð †eu‡K †M‡Q †ePvwii| fvejvg †KvbI †gIqvIqvjv eywS| SzwoUv bvgv‡ZB
wKš‘ †`L‡Z †cjvg, Szwoi †fZiÑ †gIqv bq, †eviLvciv gwnjv e‡m Av‡Q GKwU| e„‡×i †Pnviv A‡bKUv
evD‡ji g‡Zv, AvjLvjøv civ, aca‡c mv`v `vwo| GwM‡q G‡m Avgv‡K †mjvg K‡i †Pv¯Í D`©y fvlvq
ej‡jÑ wb‡Ri †eMg‡K wc‡V K‡i e‡q G‡b‡Q †m Avgv‡K †`Lv‡e e‡j| wbZvšÍ Mwie †m| Avgv‡K evwo
wb‡q wM‡q ÔwdÕ w`‡q †`Lvevi mvg_©¨ Zvi †bB| Avwg hw` †g‡nievwb K‡iÑ
Kv‡Q †h‡ZB `yM©Ü †cjvg GKUv| nvmcvZv‡ji †fZ‡i wM‡q †eviLv Lyj‡ZB (AvcwË K‡iwQj †m †Xi)
e¨vcviUv †evSv †Mj| K¨vsµvg Awim! gy‡Li AvaLvbv c‡P †M‡Q| Wvbw`‡Ki MvjUv †bB| ùvZ¸‡jv
exfrmfv‡e †ewi‡q c‡o‡Q| `yM©‡Ü Kv‡Q ùvov‡bv hvq bv| `~i †_‡K wc‡V K‡i e‡q G‡b G †ivMxi wPwKrmv
P‡j bv| Avgvi Bb‡Wv‡iI RvqMv †bB ZLb| AMZ¨v nvmcvZv‡ji eviv›`v‡ZB _vK‡Z ejjvg|
eviv›`v‡ZI wKš‘ ivLv †Mj bv †kl ch©šÍ| fxlY `yM©Ü| Ab¨vb¨ †ivMx AvcwË Ki‡Z jvMj| K¤úvDÛvi,
†Wªmi, GgbwK †g_i ch©šÍ Kv‡Q †h‡Z ivwR n‡jv bv| e„× wKš‘ wbwe©Kvi| wèvivÎ †mev K‡i P‡j‡Q|
mK‡ji AvcwË †`‡L miv‡Z n‡jv eviv›`v †_‡K| nvmcvZv‡ji Kv‡Q GKUv eo MvQ wQj| ZviB Zjvq
_vK‡Z ejjvg| ZvB _vK‡Z jvMj| nvmcvZvj †_‡K †ivR Ilya wb‡q †hZ| Avwg gv‡S gv‡S wM‡q
Bb‡RKkvb w`‡q AvmZvg| Gfv‡eB PjwQj|
GKw`b gyljav‡i e„wó bvgj| Avwg ÔKjÕ †_‡K wdiwQ, nVvr †Pv‡L coj ey‡ov ùvwo‡q wfR‡Q| GKUv
Pv`‡ii `y‡Uv LuyU Mv‡Qi Wv‡j †eu‡a‡Q Avi `y‡Uv LuyU wb‡R `ynv‡Z a‡i ùvwo‡q wfR‡Q †jvKUv! †gvUi
†Nvivjvg| mvgvb¨ Pv`‡ii Av”Qv`‡b gyljaviv AvUKvq bv| †eMg mv‡ne †`Ljvg Avcv`g¯ÍK wf‡R
†M‡Q| Kuvc‡Q VK VK K‡i| AvaLvbv gy‡L exfrm nvwm| R¡‡i Mv cy‡o hv‡”Q|
ejjvgÑ ÒnvmcvZv‡ji eviv›`v‡ZB wb‡q Pj AvcvZZ|Ó e„× nVvr cÖkœ Ki‡jÑ ÒGi euvPevi †KvbI Avkv
Av‡Q ûRyi?Ó
mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z n‡jvÑ Ôbv|Õ
ey‡ov Pzc K‡i ùvwo‡q iBj| Avwg P‡j Gjvg|
ciw`b †`wL MvQZjv Lvwj| †KD †bB|
AviI K‡qKw`b c‡iÑ †mw`bI Kj †_‡K wdiwQÑ GKUv gv‡Vi †fZi w`‡q Avm‡Z Avm‡Z ey‡ov‡K
†`L‡Z †cjvg| Kx †hb Ki‡Q e‡m e‡m| Suv Suv Ki‡Q `ycy‡ii †iv`| Kx Ki‡Q ey‡ov ILv‡b? gv‡Vi
gvSLv‡b gyg~l©y †eMg‡K wb‡q weeªZ n‡q c‡o‡Q bv wK? GwM‡q †Mjvg| KZ¸‡jv fvOv BU Avi Kv`v wb‡q
ey‡ov Kx †hb Muv_‡Q|
ÒKx n‡”Q GLv‡b wgqv mv‡neÑÓ
e„× mm¤£‡g D‡V ùvwo‡q Suy‡K †mjvg Ki‡j Avgv‡K|
Ò†eM‡gi Kei Muv_wQ ûRyi|Ó
ZvRgnj 77
ÒKei?Ó
Ònüv ûRyi|Ó
Pzc K‡i iBjvg| LvwbKÿY A¯^w¯ÍKi bxieZvi ci wRÁvmv KijvgÑ ÒZywg _vK †Kv_vq?Ó
ÒAvMÖvi Av‡k-cv‡k wf‡ÿ K‡i †eovB Mwie-Mieq|Ó
Ò†`wLwb †Zv KLbI †Zvgv‡K| Kx bvg †Zvgvi?Ó
ÒdwKi kvRvnvb|Ó
wbe©vK n‡q ùvwo‡q iBjvg|
kãv_© I UxKv
Awj›` − PvZvj| eviv›`v|
`viv †m‡Kv − w`wjøi m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi †R¨ô cyÎ| AvIi½‡Re Zuv‡K hy‡× civwRZ K‡i
ew›` I nZ¨v K‡ib| wZwb D`vi-ü`q I webqx wQ‡jb| cvim¨ fvlvq
Dcwbl` Abyev` Kivq c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb|
Zwg¯ªv − AÜKvi| AÜKvi ivZ|
wgbv‡iU − wgbvim`„k DuPz ¯Í¤¢| Minaret|
M¤^yR − †MvjvKvi QuyPv‡jv Qv`|
MoMov − †QvU GK iK‡gi Avj‡evjv| gvwU‡Z ivLv nq Ggb j¤^v bjhy³ nuy‡Kv|
UvOv − `yB PvKvIqvjv GK ai‡bi †Nvovi Mvwo|
†gIqvIqvjv − djwe‡µZv|
AvjLvjøv − cv ch©šÍ j¤^v GK iKg wXjv Rvgv|
†Pv¯Í − wbcyY| ÎæwUnxb|
K¨vsµvg Awim − MwjZ gyLÿZ| Cancrum oris|
†Wªmvi − ÿZ¯’vb ïkÖ~lvKvix| Dresser|
Mwie-Mieq − Mwie-¸e©v| `xb-`wi`ª|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ebdz‡ji ÒZvRgnjÓ MíwU Zuvi ÔA`„k¨‡jv‡KÕ Mí-msKjb †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡í Awe¯§iYxq
gwngv †c‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri wbPzZjvi gvbyl dwKi kvRvnv‡bi cZœx‡cÖg| †m m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi g‡Zv ZvRgnj
wbg©vY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI BU-evwj w`‡q wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i g„Z †eM‡gi Kei M‡o‡Q|
Kvwnwb, NUbv I PwiÎ iƒcvq‡Yi w`K †_‡K ÒZvRgnjÓ MíwU we¯Í…Z cwim‡ii bq| Lye msnZ wkí
web¨vmB G M‡íi êwkó¨| ebdzj Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ M‡íi g‡Zv G M‡íI AZ¨šÍ m‡PZbfv‡e wgZevK| G
M‡íi †kl `ywU evK¨ bv co‡j M‡íi AšÍM©~p Zvrch© aiv c‡o bv| A™¢zZ Pg‡Ki †fZi w`‡q †mLv‡b
cÖKvwkZ nq GK Mfxi RxebmZ¨| GLv‡b gvbweK Abyf~wZi ev¯Íe wP‡Îi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q, †hLv‡b †jLK
hyMhyM a‡i M‡o IVv gvbweK m¤úK©‡K gwngvwš^Z K‡i‡Qb| G M‡í †jLK wbi‡cÿ `k©‡Ki g‡Zv NUbv
mvwR‡q‡Qb wbivm³ eY©bvq| MíwU DËg cyiæ‡l ewY©Z nIqvq Kvwnwb, NUbv, PwiÎ †Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K©B
†jLK †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ I we‡kølY †hvM K‡ibwb| wbZvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I Acwinvh© eY©bv I msjv‡ci evB‡i
†bB †Kv‡bv evûj¨| me‡P‡q eo K_v, G M‡í †h RxebmZ¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv MíKvi cvVK‡K mivmwi
e‡jbwb| Mí Zvi wbR¯^ cÖwµqvqB cvVK‡K w`‡q Zv Dcjwä Kwi‡q †bq|
78 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ZvRgnj †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z?
K. w`wjø L. AvMÖv
M. gv`ªvR N. gy¤^vB
2. ZvRgnj m¤^‡Ü †jL‡Ki †gvn †bB †Kb?
K. †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ wb‡g©vn L. †gvNj‡ì cÖwZ weiƒcZv
M. GKvwaKevi `k©b N. ZvRgn‡ii ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© AÁZv
†gvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q wcÖq Avgvwi Avcb cÖvY
ZvB wb‡q cÖfz cy‡Îi cÖvY Ki †gv‡i cÖwZ`vb|
3. KweZvs‡k ÒZvRgnjÓ M‡íi †h we‡kl w`KwU cÖwZfvZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. wcÖqR‡bi cÖwZ Mfxi fv‡jvevmv
ii. ciwnZeª‡Z AvZ¥jxbZv
iii. AvZ©-cxwo‡Zi my¯’Zv Kvgbv
4. wee„wZi êwkó¨ ÒZvRgnjÓ M‡í Kvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb?
K. †jL‡Ki L. e„‡×i
M. †Wªm‡ii N. †g_‡ii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
i. †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri QvÎ _vKvKvjxb Avwei nvmvb hLb K·evRv‡i †eov‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb ZLb Zvi
Drmvn-DÏxcbvi †kl wQj bv| Zv‡ì Mvwo PÆMÖvg Awfgy‡L hvIqvi mgq Avwei Mvwoi Rvbvjvq gyL
evwo‡qwQ‡jb KLb cvnvo Avi mgy‡`ªi Aciƒc †mŠ›`h© Zvi †PvL Ryov‡e| AvR Kg©m‡~ Î K·evRv‡i Av‡Qb
Wv. Avwei| A_P mgy‡`ªi Zx‡i hvIqv n‡q I‡V bv Zvi, DuPz cvnv‡o ùvwo‡q †`Lv nq bv m~hv© ¯Í|
ii. Awdmiæ‡g e‡mB Ajm mgq KvUvw”Q‡jb Wv. Avwei| GKRb e„×v G‡jb Zuvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z|
Avjvc cÖm‡½ Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h, wZwb AemicÖvß ¯‹zj wkwÿKv| ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci Zuvi bv‡g M‡o‡Qb
nvmcvZvj I GwZgLvbv| Pvjy K‡i‡Qb `wi`ª †gavex wkÿv_©x‡ì e„wË cÖ`vb| ¯^vgxi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv
I kÖ×vi Ggb `„óvšÍ Avwei nvmvb‡K gy» K‡i|
K. m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi †R¨ô cy‡Îi bvg Kx?
L. Ògy» `„wó‡Z wbe©vK n‡q †P‡q iBjvgÓ− †Kb?
M. cÖ_g Aby‡”Q‡` ÒZvRgnjÓ M‡íi †h w`KwUi Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡QÑ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. wØZxq Aby‡”Q‡ì e„×v, †gvMj m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb I ÒZvRgnjÓ M‡íi gymjgvb e„× †hb GKm~‡Î Muv_v
− we‡kølY Ki|
Avgvi c_
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe| wZwb fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi
Pziæwjqv MÖv‡g 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 25G †g (11B ˆR¨ô 1306) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi evevi bvg KvRx dwKi
Avn‡g`, gv‡qi bvg Rv‡n`v LvZzb|
mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki `yišÍ mvnm wb‡q bRiæj Avg„Zz¨ mKj Ab¨vq I †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× wQ‡jb †mv”Pvi, cÖwZev`x|
GRb¨ evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ wn‡m‡e wZwb mgwaK cwiwPZ| Avevi GKB m‡½ †Kvgj ìw` gb wb‡q
e¨w_Z ewÂZ gvby‡li cv‡k †_‡K‡Qb wZwb| GK nv‡Z euvwk Av‡iK nv‡Z iYZ~h© wb‡q Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡jb
bRiæj; Avi G‡mB cÖPwjZ wkíavivmg~n‡K cv‡ë w`‡q bZzb welq I bZzb k‡ã evsjv mvwnZ¨ I msMxZ‡K
K‡i‡Qb mg„×Zi| `wi`ª cwiev‡i Rb¥ †bIqv bRiæ‡ji Kg©RxebI wQj AZ¨šÍ êwPÎ¨gq| gmwR‡ì
BgvgwZ, †j‡Uvi `‡j †hvM`vb, 1917 wLªóv‡ã †mbvevwnbxi evOvwj cë‡b †hvM`vb, mvgëv`x avivi ivRbxwZ,
cwÎKv m¤úv`bv wKsev Pjw”P‡Îi m‡½ hy³ nIqvmn eû wewPÎ AwfÁZvq Zuvi Rxeb wQj c~Y©| gvÎ †ZZvwjøk
eQi eq‡m `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvq GB F× I m¤¢vebvgq Rxeb Avg„Zz¨ wbe©vK n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxb n‡j bvMwiKZ¡ Ges RvZxq Kwei gh©v`v w`‡q Amy¯’ bRiæj‡K mm¤§v‡b G‡`‡k eiY K‡i †bIqv nq|
Gi wKQzKvj c‡i Kwei g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuv‡K XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gmwR‡ì cv‡k c~Y© ivóªxq gh©v`vq mgvwa¯’ Kiv
nq| Kwe n‡jI mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvqI wZwb wePiY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ ÔeuvabnvivÕ,
Ôg„Zy¨-ÿzavÕ, ÔKz‡nwjKvÕ Ges MíMÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Ôe¨_vi `vbÕ, Ôwi‡³i †e`bÕ, ÔwkDwjgvjvÕ we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ÔhyM-evYxÕ, Ô`yw`©‡bi hvÎxÕ, Ôiæ`ª-g½jÕ, ÔivRew›ì Revbew›`Õ Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’|
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 29G AvM÷ (12B fv`ª 1383) XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Avgvi KY©avi Avwg| Avgvi c_ †`Lv‡e Avgvi mZ¨| Avgvi hvÎv-ïiæi Av‡M Avwg mvjvg Rvbvw”Q−
bg¯‹vi KiwQ Avgvi mZ¨‡K| †h-c_ Avgvi m‡Zï we‡ivax, †m c_ Avi †Kv‡bv c_B Avgvi wec_ bq|
ivRfq− †jvKfq †Kv‡bv fqB Avgvq wec‡_ wb‡q hv‡e bv| Avwg hw` mwZ¨ K‡i Avgvi mZ¨‡K wP‡b
_vwK, Avgvi AšÍ‡i wg_¨vi fq bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j evB‡ii †Kv‡bv fqB Avgvi wKQz Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| hvi
wfZ‡i fq, †mB evB‡i fq cvq| AZGe †h wg_¨v‡K †P‡b, †m wgQvwgwQ Zv‡K fqI K‡i bv| hvi g‡b
wg_¨v, †m-B wg_¨v‡K fq K‡i| wbR‡K wPb‡j gvby‡li g‡b Avcbv-Avcwb GZ eo GKUv †Rvi Av‡m †h,
†m Avcb mZ¨ Qvov Avi KvD‡K Kzwb©k K‡i bv− A_©vr †KD Zv‡K fq †`wL‡q c`vbZ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|
GB †h, wbR‡K †Pbv, Avcbvi mZ¨‡K Avcbvi ¸iæ, c_cÖ`k©K KvÐvwi e‡j Rvbv, GUv `¤¢ bq, AnsKvi
bq| GUv AvZ¥‡K †Pbvi mnR ¯^xKv‡ivw³| Avi hw` GUv‡K †KD fzj K‡i AnsKvi e‡j g‡b K‡ib, Zey
GUv g‡›ì fv‡jv− A_©vr wg_¨v web‡qi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk fv‡jv| A‡bK mgq Lye †ewk webq †`Lv‡Z
wM‡q wb‡Ri mZ¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i †djv nq| I‡Z gvbyl‡K µ‡gB †QvU K‡i †d‡j, gv_v wbPz K‡i Av‡b|
I iKg web‡qi †P‡q AnsKv‡ii †cŠiæl A‡bK-A‡bK fv‡jv|
AZGe GB Awfkvc-i‡_i mviw_i ¯úó K_v ejvUv‡K †KD †hb AnsKvi ev ¯úa©v e‡j fzj bv K‡ib|
80 mvwnZ¨ cvV
¯úó K_v ejvq GKUv Awebq wbðq _v‡K; wKš‘ Zv‡Z Kó cvIqvUv `yej © Zv| wbR‡K wPb‡j, wb‡Ri
mZ¨‡KB wb‡Ri KY©avi g‡b Rvb‡j wb‡Ri kw³i Ici AUzU wek¦vm Av‡m| GB ¯^vej¤^b, GB wb‡Ri Ici
AUzU wek¦vm Ki‡ZB †kLvw”Q‡jb gnvZ¥v MvÜxwR| wKš‘ Avgiv Zuvi K_v eySjvg bv, ÒAvwg AvwQÓ GB K_v
bv e‡j mevB ej‡Z jvMjvg ÒMvÜxwR Av‡QbÓ| GB civej¤^bB Avgv‡ì wbw®Œq K‡i †dj‡j| G‡KB e‡j
me‡P‡q eo `vmZ¡| AšÍ‡i hv‡ì GZ †Mvjvwgi fve, Zviv evB‡ii †Mvjvwg †_‡K †invB cv‡e Kx K‡i?
AvZ¥v‡K wPb‡jB AvZ¥wbf©iZv Av‡m| GB AvZ¥wbf©iZv †hw`b mwZ¨ mwZ¨B Avgv‡ì Avm‡e, †mB w`bB
Avgiv ¯^vaxb ne, Zvi Av‡M wKQz‡ZB bq| wb‡R wbw®Œq †_‡K Ab¨ GKRb gnvcyily ‡K cÖvYc‡Y fw³ Ki‡jB
hw` †`k D×vi n‡q †hZ, Zvn‡j GB †`k GZw`b civaxb _vKZ bv| AvZ¥‡K †Pbv wb‡Ri mZ¨‡K eo g‡b
Kivi `¤¢− Avi hvB †nvK fÐvwg bq| G-`¤¢ wki DuPz K‡i, cyiæl K‡i, g‡b GKUv Ô†Wv›U †KqviÕ-fve
Av‡b| Avi hv‡ì GB Z_vKw_Z `¤¢ Av‡Q, ïay ZvivB Amva¨ mvab Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
hvi wfwË c‡P †M‡Q, Zv‡K GK`g Dc‡o †d‡j bZzb K‡i wfwË bv Muv_‡j Zvi Ici BgviZ hZevi Lvov
Kiv hv‡e, ZZeviB Zv c‡o hv‡e| †`‡ki hviv kÎæ, †`‡ki hv-wKQz wg_¨v, fÐvwg, †gwK Zv me `~i Ki‡Z
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Av¸‡bi m¤§vR©bv! Avgvi Ggb ¸iæ †KD †bB, hvi LvwZ‡i †m Av¸b-mZ¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i
Kviæi wg_¨v ev fÐvwg‡K cÖkÖq †`‡e| Avwg †m-`vmZ¡ n‡Z m¤ú~Y© gy³| Avwg †Kv‡bv w`bB Kviæi evYx‡K
†eèvK¨ e‡j †g‡b †be bv, hw` Zvi mZ¨Zv cÖv‡Y Zvi mvov bv †`q| bv ey‡S †evSvi fÐvwg K‡i cuvP
R‡bi kÖ×v Avi cÖksmv cvevi †jvf Avwg †Kv‡bv w`bB Kie bv|
fz‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wM‡qB Z‡e mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡bv fzj KiwQ eyS‡Z cvi‡jB Avwg cÖvY Ly‡j Zv
¯^xKvi K‡i †be| wKš‘ bv ey‡SI bq, f‡qI bq| fzj KiwQ ev K‡iwQ ey‡SI ïay †R‡ì LvwZ‡i ev †Muv
eRvq ivLevi R‡b¨ fzjUv‡K a‡i _vKe bv| Zvn‡j Avgvi Av¸b †mB w`bB wb‡f hv‡e| GKgvÎ wg_¨vi
RjB GB wkLv‡K wbfv‡Z cvi‡e| ZvQvov †KD wbfv‡Z cvi‡e bv|
gvbyl-ag©B me‡P‡q eo ag©| wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi AšÍivq ev duvwK †KvbLv‡b Zv †`wL‡q w`‡q Gi
Mj` `~i Kiv Avgvi G c‡_i Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| gvby‡l gvby‡l †hLv‡b cÖv‡Yi wgj, Av`Z m‡Zï wgj,
†mLv‡b a‡g©i êlg¨, †Kv‡bv wnsmvi `ykgwbi fve Av‡b bv| hvi wb‡Ri a‡g© wek¦vm Av‡Q, †h wb‡Ri a‡g©i
mZ¨‡K wP‡b‡Q, †m KL‡bv Ab¨ ag©‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †`‡ki c‡ÿ hv g½jKi ev mZ¨, ïay ZvB
jÿ¨ K‡i GB Av¸‡bi SvÛv `ywj‡q c‡_ evwni njvg|
[ms‡ÿwcZ I cwigvwR©Z]
kãv_© I UxKv
KY©avi − †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi mvg_©¨ Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³|
Kzwb©k − Awfev`b| m¤§vb cÖ`k©b|
Awfkvc-i‡_i mviw_ − mgv‡Ri wbqg cvëv‡Z †M‡j evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq, mgvRiÿK‡ì
Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z nq| G K_v †R‡bI bRiæj Zuvi wek¦vm‡K
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| mKj Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× wZwb Awfkvc n‡q
Avwef‚©Z n‡q‡Qb| wb‡RB e‡m‡Qb i_PvjK Z_v mviw_i Avm‡b|
†gwK − wg_¨v| KcU|
m¤§vR©bv − N‡l-†g‡R cwi®‹vi Kiv|
Av¸‡bi SvÛv − AwMœcZvKv| Av¸‡b me ï× K‡i wb‡q m‡Zï c‡_ Iov‡bv wbkvb|
Avgvi c_ 81
cvV-cwiwPwZ
cÖeÜwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi myweL¨vZ cÖeÜMÖš’ Ôiæ`ª-g½jÕ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| ÒAvgvi c_Ó
cÖe‡Ü bRiæj Ggb GK ÔAvwgÕi Avevnb cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb hvi c_ m‡Zï c_; mZ¨ cÖKv‡k wZwb wbf©xK
Ams‡KvP| Zuvi GB ÔAvwgÕ-fvebv we›`y‡Z wmÜyi D”Q¡vm RvMvq| bRiæj cÖwZwU gvbyl‡K c~Y© GK ÔAvwgÕi
mxgvq e¨vß Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb; GKBm‡½, GK gvbyl‡K Av‡iK gvby‡li m‡½ wgwj‡q ÔAvgivÕ n‡q DV‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| ¯^wba©vwiZ GB Rxeb-msKí‡K wZwb Zuvi g‡Zv AviI hviv mZ¨c‡_i cw_K n‡Z AvMÖnx Zv‡ì
D‡Ï‡k Qwo‡q w`‡Z Pvb| GB m‡Zï Dcjwä Kwei cÖvYcÖvPz‡h©i Drmwe›`y| wZwb ZvB Abvqv‡m ej‡Z
cv‡ib, ÔAvgvi KY©avi Avwg| Avgvi c_ †`Lv‡e Avgvi mZ¨|Õ iæ`ª-†Z‡R wg_¨vi fq‡K Rq K‡i m‡Zï
Av‡jvq wb‡R‡K wP‡b wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i bRiæ‡ji GB ÔAvwgÕ mËv| Zuvi c_wb‡`©kK mZ¨ Awebq‡K †g‡b
wb‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Ab¨vq‡K mn¨ K‡i bv| mgvR I mgKvj ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvewÜK †`‡L‡Qb †h,
my¯úófv‡e wb‡Ri wek¦vm Avi mZ¨‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z bv Rvb‡j ˆZwi nq ciwbf©iZv, AvnZ nq Avgv‡ì
e¨w³Z¡| bRiæ‡ji Kv‡Q GB fMœ AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Møvwb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Gi cwie‡Z© wZwb cÖ‡qvR‡b `vw¤¢K
n‡Z Pvb; †Kbbv Zuvi wek¦vm− m‡Zï `¤¢ hv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì c‡ÿB †Kej Amva¨ mvab Kiv
m¤¢e|
bRiæj GB cÖe‡Ü †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wZwb fzj Ki‡Z ivwR Av‡Qb wKš‘ fÐvwg Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bb| fzj †R‡bI
Zv‡K wVK e‡j Pvwj‡q †èvi KcUZv wKsev †R` Zuvi `„wó‡Z fÐvwg| GB fyj e¨w³i n‡Z cv‡i, mgv‡Ri
n‡Z cv‡i wKsev n‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi wek¦v‡mi| Z‡e Zv hviB †nvK Avi †hgbB †nvK Gi †_‡K
†ewi‡q AvmvB bRiæ‡ji GKvšÍ cÖZ¨vkv| wZwb Rv‡bb, GB †ewi‡q Avmv m¤¢e n‡jB gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li
cÖv‡Yi mw¤§jb NUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e| gbyl¨Z¡‡ev‡a RvMÖZ n‡Z cvi‡jB a‡g©i mZ¨ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡e, GK a‡g©i
m‡½ Aci a‡g©i we‡iva wg‡U hv‡e| m¤¢e n‡e †MvUv gvbe mgvR‡K HKë× Kiv; Avi GB H‡Kï g~j
kw³ n‡jv m¤cÖxwZ| GB m¤cÖxwZi eÜb kw³kvjx n‡j gvby‡li g‡a¨ mnbkxjZv ev‡o| wfbœ
ag©-gZ-c‡_i gvby‡li cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva Rv‡M| Avi GB m¤cÖxwZi ga¨ w`‡q DrK…ó gvbe mgvR M‡o †Zvjv
m¤¢e|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg †KvbwU‡K bg¯‹vi Rvwb‡q‡Qb?
K. ZviæY¨‡K L. mZ¨‡K
M. ivRfq‡K N.†jvKfq‡K
2. fz‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Kxfv‡e mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq?
K. evi evi fzj K‡i L. fzj †_‡K wkÿv wb‡q
M. fzj †P‡c †i‡L N. fzj ¯^xKvi K‡i
82 mvwnZ¨ cvV

mZ¨ †h KwVb,
KwV‡b‡i fv‡jvevwmjvg
†m KL‡bv K‡i bv eÂbv|
3. ÒAvgvi c_Ó cÖe‡Üi †h †h evK¨ KweZvs‡ki e³e¨wUi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv n‡jvÑ
i. Avgvi c_ †`Lv‡e mZ¨
ii. bg¯‹vi KiwQ mZ¨‡K
iii. GB Av¸‡bi SvÛv `ywj‡q evwni njvg
4. D³ cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i KviY, mZ¨B−
i. my›ìZg
ii. gyw³i c_
iii. Av‡jvi w`kvix
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Ave`yj gv‡jK mvivwU Rxeb wkÿKZv K‡i‡Qb, M‡o‡Qb Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl| Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci wZwb
M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb ÔZviæY¨Õ bv‡g †mev-msMVb| wewfbœ mgvRKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk c_wkï‡ì
wkÿv`vb, `yb©xwZ-we‡ivax Awfhvb, ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva welqK †mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb K‡ib wZwb|
A‡b‡K Zuvi Kv‡Ri cÖksmv K‡ib Avevi wb›`v I KU~w³ Ki‡ZI Qv‡ob bv †KD †KD| wZwb ZiæY‡ì
D‡Ï‡k e‡jb−
g‡b‡i AvR Kn †h
fv‡jv g›` hvnvB AvmyK
m‡Z¨‡i jI mn‡R|
K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi g‡Z †KvbwU Avgv‡ì wbw®Œq K‡i †`q?
L. Kwe wb‡R‡K ÒAwfkvc i‡_i mviw_Ó e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡K Ave`yj gv‡j‡Ki gva¨‡g ÒAvgvi c_Ó cÖe‡Üi †h evYx D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡ki e³e¨ †PZbvq aviY K‡i Av‡jvwKZ c„w_ex M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|− cÖe‡Üi
Av‡jv‡K gšÍe¨wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki|
Rxeb I e„ÿ
†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi Rb¥ 1903 wLªóv‡ã †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi KvÂbcy‡i| wZwb ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb Ôeyw×i
gyw³ Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ evOvwj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi GK hyMvšÍKvix Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg KvÐvwi
wn‡m‡e| mvwn‡Zï A½‡b I ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB wZwb wQ‡jb †mŠ›`h©‡eva, gy³eyw×-†PZbv I
gvbe‡cÖ‡gi Av`‡k©i Abymvix| wZwb wQ‡jb KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, Aveyj û‡mb, KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, Aveyj
dRj, Ave`yj Kvwì cÖgy‡Li mn‡hvMx| gbbkxj, wPšÍv-DÏxcK I cwikxwjZ M‡`ï iPwqZv wn‡m‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb wewkó n‡q Av‡Qb| Zvui MÖš’ Ôms¯‹…wZ K_vÕ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜÑmvwn‡Z¨
GK wewkó ms‡hvRb| Zvui cÖKvwkZ Ab¨ `ywU MÖš’ n‡”Q K¬vBf †ej-Gi ÔCivilizationÕ MÖš’ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ
Ômf¨ZvÕ Ges eviUªvÛ iv‡m‡ji ‘Conquest of Happiness’ MÖ‡š’i Abyev` ÔmyLÕ| evsjv GKv‡Wwg Zuvi
cÖKvwkZ I AcÖKvwkZ mg¯Í iPbv iPbvewj-AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
PÆMÖvg K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbvKv‡j 1956 wLªóv‡ãi 18B †m‡Þ¤î wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
mgv‡Ri KvR †Kej wU‡K _vKvi myweav †Ìqv bq, gvbyl‡K eo K‡i †Zvjv, weKwkZ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li
Rxe‡b AvMÖn RvwM‡q †Ìqv| ¯^ícÖvY ¯’j
~ eyw× I Rei`w¯ÍwcÖq gvby‡l msmvi cwic~Y|© Zv‡ì KvR wb‡Ri
Rxeb‡K mv_©K I my›ì K‡i †Zvjv bq, Ac‡ii mv_©KZvi c‡_ AšÍivq m„wó Kiv| †cÖg I †mŠ›`‡h©i ¯úk©
jvf K‡iwb e‡j Giv wbôzi I weK…Zeyw×| G‡ì GKgvÎ †èZv AnsKvi| ZviB Pi‡Y Zviv wb‡ew`ZcÖvY|
e¨w³MZ AnsKvi, cvwievwiK AnsKvi, RvwZMZ AnsKviÑ G m‡ei wbkvb Iov‡bvB G‡ì KvR| gv‡S
gv‡S gvbe‡cÖ‡gi K_vI Zviv e‡j| wKš‘ Zv‡Z †bkv a‡i bv, g‡b nq AvšÍwiKZvk~b¨, Dcjwänxb eywj|
G‡ì ¯’v‡b G‡b w`‡Z n‡e eo gvbylÑ m~²eyw× D`viü`q MfxiwPË e¨w³, hv‡ì Kv‡Q eo n‡q DV‡e
Rxe‡bi weKvk, †Kej wU‡K _vKv bq| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Rxebv`‡k©i cÖZxK n‡e cÖvYnxb QuvP ev Kj bq,
mRxe e„ÿÑ hvi e„w× Av‡Q, MwZ Av‡Q, weKvk Av‡Q, dz‡j d‡j cwic~Y© n‡q Ac‡ii †mevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z
nIqv hvi KvR| e„‡ÿi Rxe‡bi MwZ I weKvk‡K Dcjwä Kiv ìKvi, bB‡j mv_©KZv I cwic~Y©Zvi Qwe
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b dzwU‡q †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
e„‡ÿi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Rxe‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä mnR nq| ZvB, evievi †mw`‡K ZvKv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| gvwUi
im †U‡b wb‡q wb‡R‡K †gvUv‡mvUv K‡i †Zvjv‡ZB e„‡ÿi Kv‡Ri mgvwß bq| Zv‡K dzj †dvUv‡Z nq, dj
aiv‡Z nq| bB‡j Zvi Rxeb Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hv‡e| ZvB e„ÿ‡K mv_©KZvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mRxeZv I mv_©KZvi Ggb RxešÍ `„óvšÍ Avi †bB|
Aek¨ iex›`ªbv_ Ab¨ K_v e‡j‡Qb| dz‡ji †dvUv Avi b`xi MwZi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i wZwb b`xi MwZi
g‡a¨B gbyl¨‡Z¡i mv`„k¨ †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡b gbyl¨‡Z¡i †e`bv b`xi MwZ‡ZB Dcjä nq, dz‡ji
†dvUvq bq| dz‡ji †dvUv mnR, b`xi MwZ mnR bqÑ Zv‡K A‡bK evav wWOv‡bvi `ytL †c‡Z nq| wKš‘
dz‡ji †dvUvi w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q e„‡ÿi dzj †dvUv‡bvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †evanq iex›`ªbv_ fv‡jv Ki‡Zb|
Z‡cveb‡cÖwgK iex›`ªbv_ †Kb †h Zv Ki‡jb bv †evSv gykwKj|
Rvwb, ejv n‡e : b`xi MwZ‡Z gbyl¨‡Z¡i `ytL hZUv ¯úó n‡q I‡V e„‡ÿi dzj †dvUv‡bvq Zv ZZ ¯úó
n‡q I‡V bv| ZvB Kwe b`x‡KB gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖZxK Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
84 mvwnZ¨ cvV
DË‡i eje : Pg©Pÿz‡K eo bv K‡i Kíbv I Abyfw~ Zi Pÿz‡K eo K‡i Zzj‡j e„‡ÿi †e`bvI mn‡R Dcjwä
Kiv hvq| Avi e„‡ÿi mvabvq †hgb GKUv axiw¯’i fve †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq, gvby‡li mvabvqI †Zgwb GKUv
axiw¯’i fve †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq, Avi GUvB nIqv DwPZ bq wK? AbeiZ †a‡q Pjv gvby‡li mvabv nIqv DwPZ
bq| hv‡K ejv nq †Mvcb I bxie mvabv Zv e„‡ÿB Awfe¨³, b`x‡Z bq| ZvQvov e„‡ÿi mv_©KZvi Qwe hZ
mn‡R Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi, b`xi mv_©KZvi Qwe ZZ mn‡R Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv| b`x mvM‡i cwZZ nq mZ¨,
wKš‘ Zvi Qwe Avgiv cÖZ¨n †`L‡Z cvB bv| e„‡ÿi dzj †dvUv‡bv I dj aiv‡bvi Qwe wKš‘ cÖZ¨n †Pv‡L c‡o|
†`v‡ii Kv‡Q ùvwo‡q †_‡K †m AbeiZ bwZ, kvwšÍ I †mevi evYx cÖPvi K‡i|
mvabvi e¨vcv‡i cÖvwß GKUv eo wRwbm| b`xi mvM‡i cwZZ nIqvq †mB cÖvwß ¯úó n‡q I‡V bv| †m †Zv
cÖvwß bq, AvZ¥wemR©b| Acic‡ÿ e„‡ÿi cÖvwß †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Qwe n‡q dz‡U I‡V| dz‡j d‡j hLb †m
cwic~Y© n‡q I‡V ZLb Avcbv †_‡KB ej‡Z B”Qv nq : GB †Zv mvabvi mv_©KZv| e„‡ÿ cÖvwß I `vb|
m„Rbkxj gvby‡liI cÖvwß I `v‡b cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv| hv Zvi cÖvwß Zv-B Zvi `vb|
e„‡ÿi cv‡b ZvwK‡q iex›`ªbv_ wbðqB AšÍ‡ii m„wóag© Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb| eû KweZvq Zvi cwiPq cvIqv
hvq| wKš‘ M‡`¨ wZwb Zv ¯úó K‡i e‡jbwb| ej‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv| Zvn‡j wb‡Ri N‡ii Kv‡QB †h
mv_©KZvi cÖZxK i‡q‡Q, †m m¤^‡Ü Avgiv m‡PZb n‡Z cviZvg|
bxie fvlvq e„ÿ Avgv‡ì mv_©KZvi Mvb †M‡q †kvbvq| Abyf~wZi Kvb w`‡q †m Mvb ïb‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j
eyS‡Z cviv hv‡e Rxe‡bi gv‡b e„w×, a‡g©i gv‡bI ZvB| cÖK„wZi †h ag© gvby‡li †m ag©; cv_©K¨ †Kej
ZiæjZv I RxeRš‘i e„w×i Ici Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †Kv‡bv nvZ †bB, gvby‡li e„w×i Ic‡i Zvi wb‡Ri nvZ
i‡q‡Q| Avi GLv‡bB gvby‡li gh©v`v| gvby‡li e„w× †Kej ˆ`wnK bq, AvwZ¥KI| gvbyl‡K AvZ¥v m„wó K‡i
wb‡Z nq, Zv ˆZwi cvIqv hvq bv| myLÑ`ytLÑ†e`bv Dcjwäi d‡j AšÍ‡ii †h cwicK¡Zv, ZvB †Zv
AvZ¥v| GB AvZ¥viƒc dj mªóvi Dc‡fvM¨| ZvB gnvKwei gy‡L ïb‡Z cvIqv hvq : ÔRipeness is allÕÑ
cwicK¡ZvB me| AvZ¥v‡K gayi I cyó K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| bB‡j Zv mªóvi Dc‡fv‡Mi Dchy³ n‡e
bv| wewPÎ AwfÁZv, cÖPzi †cÖg I Mfxi Abyf~wZi Øviv AvZ¥vi cwicywó I gvayh© m¤úv`b m¤¢e| ZvB
Zv‡ì mvabvB gvby‡li wkÿvi cÖavb welqe¯‘| e¯‘wRÁvmv Z_v weÁvb KL‡bv wkÿvi cÖavb welqe¯‘ n‡Z
cv‡i bv| †Kbbv, Zv‡Z AvZ¥vi DbœwZ nq bvÑ Rxeb‡eva I g~j¨‡ev‡a AšÍi cwic~Y© nq bv; Zv nq
mvwnZ¨ÑwkíKjvi Øviv| ZvB wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì GZ g~j¨|
Ic‡i †h e„w×i K_v ejv n‡jv e„‡ÿi Rxeb Zvi PgrKvi wb`k©b| e„‡ÿi A¼zwiZ nIqv †_‡K djevb
nIqv ch©šÍ †mLv‡b †KejB e„w×i BwZnvm| e„‡ÿi cv‡b ZvwK‡q Avgiv jvfevb n‡Z cvwiÑ Rxe‡bi M~p
A_© m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb n‡Z cvwi e‡j|
e„ÿ †h †Kej e„w×i Bkviv Zv bqÑ cÖkvwšÍiI Bw½Z| AwZ kvšÍ I mwnòzZvq †m Rxe‡bi ¸iæfvi enb K‡i|
kãv_© I UxKv
¯’~jeyw× − m~² wePvieyw×nxb| AMfxi Ávbm¤úbœ|
Rei`w¯ÍwcÖq − Mv‡qi †Rv‡i KvR nvwm‡j Zrci| wePvi-we‡ePbvnxb|
weK…Zeyw× − eyw×i weKvi N‡U‡Q Ggb| h_vh_ wPšÍv‡PZbvnxb|
G‡ì cÖavb †èZv AnsKvi − h_vh_ wePvi-we‡ePbv I wPšÍv‡PZbvnxb †jv‡Kiv GZ M‡e©v×Z n‡q
_v‡K †h g‡b nq †hb AnsKviB Zv‡ì cÖavb Dcvm¨ ev †èZv|
Rxeb I e„ÿ 85
eywj − GLv‡b Mr-euvav K_v wn‡m‡e eëüZ| h_vh_ A_© enb K‡i bv Ggb
K_v hv Af¨v‡mi e‡k ejv n‡q _v‡K|
gbyl¨Z¡ − gvb‡evwPZ m`¸Yvewj| gvby‡li we‡kl ¸Y ev êwkó¨|
Z‡evcb-†cÖwgK iex›`ªbv_ − cÖvPxb fviZxq Fwl‡ì g‡Zv iex›`ªbv_I wQ‡jb AiY¨ I e„ÿ‡cÖwgK|
Zuvi A‡bK KweZvq e„‡ÿi e›`bv ¯úó|
Z‡cveb − Ai‡Y¨ Fwli Avkªg| gywb Fwliv Zcm¨v K‡ib Ggb eb|
Abyf~wZi Pÿz − g‡bi †PvL| Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Abyf~wZi ev Dcjwäi ÿgZv,
ms‡e`bkxjZv|
bwZ − AebZ fve| webq, bgªZv|
e„‡ÿi cÖvwß I `vb − e„‡ÿi AR©b n‡”Q Zvi dzj I dj| G¸‡jv †m A‡bï nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q|
d‡j e„ÿ hyMcr cÖvwß I `v‡bi Av`k©|
m„wóag© − m„wó ev m„R‡bi êwkó¨|
AvwZ¥K − g‡bvRvMwZK| wPšÍv-†PZbvi †ÿÎ|
cwicK¡Zv − mycwiYwZRvZ| cwic~Y© weKvkmvab|
e¯‘wRÁvmv − e¯‘RM‡Zi inm¨ D‡b¥vPb-A‡š^lv| e¯‘RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi AvMÖn|
M~p A_© − cÖ”Qbœ Mfxi Zvrch©|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi ÒRxeb I e„ÿÓ cÖeÜwU Zuvi Ôms¯‹…wZ K_vÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
civ‡_© AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z myK…wZgq mv_©K we‡eK‡evam¤úbœ gvbeRxe‡bi gnËg cÖZ¨vkv †_‡K †jLK gvby‡li
RxebKvVv‡gv‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb e„‡ÿi m‡½| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, e„‡ÿi weKvk, cwic~Y©Zv I mv_©KZvi
†cQ‡b i‡q‡Q Zvi bxie mvabv| e„ÿ †hgb K‡i dz‡j d‡j cwic~Y©Zv cvq, Avi †m me Ab¨‡K `vb K‡i
mv_©KZvi D¾¡j `„óvšÍ n‡q I‡V, gvbe-Rxe‡bi mv_©KZvi Rb¨ Zvi wb‡Ri mvabvI †Zgwb nIqv DwPZ|
Zvn‡jB ¯^v_©ci, AnsKvix, we‡eKnxb, wbôzi Rei`w¯ÍcÖeY gvby‡li RvqMvq †`Lv †`‡e †cÖ‡g, †mŠ›`‡h©,
†mevq weKwkZ we‡eKevb cwic~Y© I mv_©K gvbyl|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix Kv‡K gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖZxK Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
K. b`x‡K L. e„ÿ‡K
M. ag©‡K N. AvZ¥v‡K
2. ÔcÖK…wZi †h ag© gvby‡li †m ag©ÕÑDw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. c‡ivcKvwiZv L. mnbkxjZv
M. D`viZv N. ms‡e`bkxjZv
86 mvwnZ¨ cvV
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

Zgvj †gavex| †`‡ki ¯^bvgab¨ †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †_‡K Wv³vwi cvm K‡i wd‡i hvb wbR MÖv‡g| cÖwZôv
K‡ib `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq| kn‡i cÖvKwUm K‡i A‡bK UvKv †ivRMv‡ii cwie‡Z© wbR MÖv‡gi mvaviY
gvby‡li †mev‡K wZwb eªZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡jb|
3. DÏxc‡Ki Zgv‡ji mv‡_ ÒRxeb I e„ÿÓ cÖe‡Üi Kvi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q?
K. e„‡ÿi L. Rxe‡bi
M. †jL‡Ki N. b`xi
4. DÏxc‡Ki fvev_© wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. e„w× †Kej ˆ`wnK bq, AvwZ¥KI|
L. e„ÿ †h †Kej e„w×i Bkviv Zv bq, cÖkvwšÍiI Bw½Z|
M. hv Zvi cÖvwß ZvB Zvi `vb|
N. bxie fvlvq e„ÿ Avgv‡ì mv_©KZvi Mvb †kvbvq|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
GB †h weUwc †kÖwY †nwi mvwi mvwi−
wK Avðh© †kvfvgq hvB ewjnvwi|
†Knev mij mvay ü`q †hgb,
djfv‡i bZ †Kn ¸Yxi gZb|
G‡ì ¯^fve fv‡jv gvb‡ei †P‡q,
B”Qv hvi †`L †`L ÁvbP‡ÿ †P‡q|
hLb gvbeKzj abevb nq,
ZLb Zv‡ì wki mgybœZ iq|
wKš‘ djkvjx n‡j GB ZiæMY,
AnsKv‡i D”P wki bv K‡i KLb|
djk~b¨ n‡j m`v _v‡K mgybœZ,
bxP cÖvq Kvi VuvB b‡n AebZ|
K. †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mi †PŠayix †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi KvÐvwi wQ‡jb?
L. Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi b`x‡KB gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖZxK Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †Kb?
M. Ôe„‡ÿi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Rxe‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä mnR nqÕ− cÖe‡Üi G Dw³wU DÏxc‡K Kxfv‡e
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔDÏxc‡Ki Ôe„ÿÕ Ges ÒRxeb I e„ÿÓ cÖe‡Üi Ôe„ÿÕ wK GKm~‡Î Muv_v?Õ− †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³
`vI|
gvbe-Kj¨vY
Aveyj dRj
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Aveyj dR‡ji Rb¥ 1903 wLªóv‡ãi c‡njv RyjvB PÆMÖv‡gi mvZKvwbqvq| Zuvi wcZvi bvg dRjyi ingvb|
wZwb PÆMÖvg I XvKvq Zuvi wkÿvRxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| ¯‹zj wkÿK wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡i cÖvq wÎk
eQi K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© I ivóªcwZi Dc‡`óvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib
wZwb| mgvR I mgKvj-m‡PZb mvwnwZ¨K Ges cÖMwZev`x eyw×Rxex wn‡m‡e wZwb mgwaK L¨vZ| QvÎRxe‡bB
hy³ nb eyw×i gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡b; Ab¨‡ì m‡½ cÖwZôv K‡ib gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR| K_vwkíx wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ
AR©b Ki‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb g~jZ wPšÍvkxj cÖvewÜK| Zuvi cÖe‡Ü mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, mgvR I ivóª m¤ú‡K© Mfxi
I ¯^”Q `„wói cwiPq wea„Z| AvaywbK Amv¤úª`vwqK Rxeb‡eva, ¯^‡`k I HwZn¨cÖxwZ, gvbeZv I ïf‡eva Zuvi
mvwnZ¨K‡g©i g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q− Dcb¨vm : Ô†PŠwPiÕ, ÔivOv cÖfvZÕ;
MíMÖš’ : ÔgvwUi c„w_exÕ, Ôg„‡Zi AvZ¥nZ¨vÕ; cÖeÜ : ÔmvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ mvabvÕ, ÔmvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I RxebÕ,
ÔmgvR mvwnZ¨ I ivóªÕ, ÔgvbeZš¿Õ, ÔGKzk gv‡b gv_v bZ bv KivÕ; w`bwjwc : Ô†iLvwPÎÕ, Ô`yw`©‡bi w`bwjwcÕ|
mvwnZ¨K…wZi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vimn wewfbœ cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
1983 wLªóv‡ãi 4 †g PÆMÖv‡g Zuvi Rxebvemvb N‡U|
gvbe-Kj¨vY− G wk‡ivbvg Avgvi †Ìqv bq| Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ aviYv Avi PjwZ K_vq gvbe-Kj¨vY
K_vUv A‡bKLvwb m¯Ív Avi gvgywj A‡_©B eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
GKgywó wfÿv †Ìqv‡KI Avgiv gvbe-Kj¨vY g‡b K‡i _vwK| gbyl¨Z¡‡eva Avi gvbe-gh©v`v‡K G‡Z †h
ÿzYœ Kiv nq Zv mvaviYZ Dcjwä Kiv nq bv|
Bmjv‡gi bwe e‡j‡Qb, Ic‡ii nvZ me mgq wb‡Pi nvZ †_‡K †kÖô| wb‡Pi nvZ gv‡b †h gvbyl nvZ
†c‡Z MÖnY K‡i, Ic‡ii nvZ gv‡b `vZv− †h nvZ Zy‡j Ici †_‡K AbyMÖn el©Y K‡i| `vb ev wfÿv
MÖnYKvixi `xbZv Zvi me© Aeq‡e Kxfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq Zvi exfrm `„k¨ Kvi bv bR‡i c‡o‡Q?
gbyl¨Z¡ Avi gvbe-gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K AbyMÖnKvix Avi AbyM„nx‡Zi g‡a¨ AvKvk-cvZvj ZdvZ| G K_v
e¨w³i †ejvq †hgb mZ¨, †Zgwb †`k Avi iv‡óªi †ejvq eis AwaKZi mZ¨| KviY, ivóª RvwZi †hŠ_
Rxeb Avi †hŠ_ †PZbviB cÖZxK|
iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ ïay cÖkvmb Pvjv‡bvB bq, RvwZ‡K AvZ¥gh©v`vm¤úbœ K‡i †ZvjvI iv‡óªi GK e„nËi `vwqZ¡| †h
ivóª nvZcvZv Avi PvUzKvwiZv‡K †`q cÖkqª , †m ivóª wKQz‡ZB AvZ¥gh©v`vm¤úbœ bvMwiK m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvB gvbe-Kj¨vY A‡_© Avwg `qv ev KiæYvi ekeZx© n‡q `vb-LqivZ‡K g‡b Kwi bv| gbyl¨‡Z¡i
Aegvbbv †h wµqvK‡g©i Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ Zv‡K wKQz‡ZB gvbe-Kj¨vY bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq bv|
gvbe-Kj¨v‡Yi Drm gvby‡li gh©v`v‡eva e„w× Avi gvbweK †PZbv weKv‡ki g‡a¨B wbwnZ| GKw`b GK
e¨w³ Bmjv‡gi bwei Kv‡Q wfÿv PvB‡Z G‡mwQj| bwe Zv‡K GKLvbv Kzovj wK‡b w`‡q e‡jwQ‡jb, GwU
w`‡q Zzwg eb †_‡K KvV msMÖn K‡i evRv‡i wewµ K‡i RxweKv †ivRMvi K‡iv †M| Gfv‡e wZwb
†jvKwU‡Z ïay ¯^vej¤^‡bi c_ †`Lvbwb, †m m‡½ †`wL‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb gh©v`vevb nIqvi, gh©v`vi mv‡_
Rxebhvc‡bi DcvqI|
88 mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvbyl‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e Ges gvbweK-e„wËi weKv‡ki c‡_B †e‡o DV‡Z n‡e Avi Zvi h_vh_ †ÿÎ iPbvB
gvbe-Kj¨v‡Yi cÖv_wgK †mvcvb| †m †mvcvb iPbvB mgvR Avi iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡| mgv‡Ri ÿz`ªZg A½ ev
BDwbU cwieviÑ †m cwievi‡KI cvjb Ki‡Z nq G `vwqZ¡| KviY, gvby‡li fwel¨r Rxe‡bi m~Pbv
†mLvb †_‡KB| ax‡i ax‡i e¨vcKZi cwiwa‡Z hLb gvby‡li wePiY nq ïiæ, ZLb †m cwiwa‡Z †h me
cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ Zvi ms‡hvM N‡U− Zv wkÿv wKsev RxweKv msµvšÍ hv †nvK bv ZLb †m `vwqZ¡ Hme
cÖwZôv‡bi IciI eZ©vq| Z‡e Zv A‡bKLvwb wbf©i K‡i AbyK~j cwi‡ek I †ÿÎ M‡o †Zvjvi Ici|
gvbe-Kj¨vY ¯^q¤¢,~ wew”Qbœ, m¤úK©-iwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZwU gvbyl †hgb mgv‡Ri m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, †Zgwb Zvi
Kj¨vYI mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡Ri fv‡jv-g‡›ì m‡½ mshy³| Dcjwä Qvov gvbe-Kj¨vY †¯ªd `vb-LqivZ Avi
KvOvwj †fvR‡bi g‡Zv gvbe-gh©v`vi AegvbbvKi GK c×wZ bv n‡q hvq bv, hv Avgv‡ì †`k Avi mgv‡R
n‡q‡Q| Gme‡K evnev †Ìqvi Ges Gme K‡i evnev Kz‡ovevi †jv‡KiI Afve †bB †`‡k|
Avmj K_v, gvby‡li gbyl¨Z¡‡K ev` w`‡q †¯ªd Zvi ˆRe Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj G ai‡bi
gvbe-Kj¨vY wKQzgvÎ djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G †nb gvbe-Kj¨v‡Yi KzrwmZ Qwe †`Lvi Rb¨ `~i`~iv‡šÍ
hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Avgv‡ì Av‡k-cv‡k, Pviw`‡K ZvwK‡q †`L‡jB Zv †`Lv hvq|
eZ©gv‡b gvbe-Kj¨vY A‡_© Avgiv hv eywS Zvi cÖavbZg AšÍivq ivóª, RvwZ, m¤úª`vq I †MvôxMZ
†PZbvÑ hv gvbyl‡K †gjvq bv, K‡i wef³| wefw³Ki‡Yi g‡bvfve wb‡q Kv‡iv Kj¨vY Kiv hvq bv| Kiv
hvq GKgvÎ mgZv Avi mn‡hvM-mn‡hvwMZvi c‡_|
mwZ¨Kvi gvbe-Kj¨vY gnr wPšÍv-fvebviB dmj| evsjv‡`‡ki gnr cÖwZfviv mevB gvbweK wPšÍv Avi
Av`‡k©i DËivwaKvi †i‡L †M‡Qb| `yt‡Li welq, †m DËivwaKvi‡K Avgiv Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvwiwb|
we`¨vcwZ PÊx`vm †_‡K jvjb cÖgyL Kwe Ges A‡cÿvK…Z AvaywbKKv‡j iex›`ªbv_-bRiæj mevB‡Zv
gvbweK †PZbvi D`vË KÉ¯î| ew¼gP‡›`ªi Awe¯§iYxq mvwnwZ¨K Dw³ : ÒZzwg Aag ZvB ewjqv Avwg
DËg nBe bv †Kb?Ó GK Mfxi g~j¨‡ev‡aiB DrmviY|
G cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv‡_i wb¤œwjwLZ Dw³wUI ¯§iYxq : ÒRelationship is the fundamental truth of the
world of appearance.Ó Kwe G Dw³wU K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi wnevU© e³…Zvgvjvq| AšÍi-RM‡Zi evB‡i †h
RMr‡K Avgiv Anin †`L‡Z cvB Zvi †gŠwjK mZ¨ cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM-mn‡hvwMZv, Kwe hv‡K
Relationship e‡j‡Qb| †m ms‡hvM ev m¤ú‡K©i Afve NU‡j gvbe-Kj¨vY K_vUv †mªd wfÿv
†Ìqv-†bIqvi m¤ú‡K© cwiYZ nq|
gvbe-Kj¨vY A‡jŠwKK wKQz bq− G GK RvMwZK gvbeag©| ZvB Gi mv‡_ gvbe-gh©v`vi Z_v Human
dignity-i m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| AvR c„w_exi w`‡K ZvwK‡q †`L‡j Kx †`L‡Z cvB? †`L‡Z cvB `y¯’,
Ae‡nwjZ, ev¯‘nviv, ¯^‡`k-weZvwoZ gvby‡li msL¨v w`b w`bB †e‡o P‡j‡Q| †m m‡½ e„w× †c‡q‡Q
wiwjd, wi‡nwewj‡Ukb BZ¨vw` k‡ãi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM| †iWµm BZ¨vw` †mevagx© ms¯’vi msL¨v e„w×B wK
cÖgvY K‡i bv gvbe-Kj¨vY K_vUv †¯ªd gvbe-Acgv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q? gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi Avi
gh©v`vi ¯^xK…wZ Avi cÖwZôv Qvov gvbe-Kj¨vY gvbe-Acgv‡b cwiYZ bv n‡q cv‡i bv|
Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Avgiv GLb Avi tribe ev †Mvôxe× Rxe bB− e„nËi gvbeZvi Ask| ZvB Go of
humanity-†K wew”Qbœ, wewÿß wKsev LwÊZfv‡e †`Lv ev †bIqv hvq bv| †Zgwb †bIqv hvq bv Zvi
Kj¨vYKg©‡KI LwÐZ K‡i| †`L‡Z gvbylI Ab¨ GKUv cÖvYx gvÎ, wKš‘ †fZ‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GK
gvbe-Kj¨vY 89
Amxg I AbšÍ m¤¢vebvi exR| †h m¤¢vebvi ùziY-ùzU‡bi my‡hvM †Ìqv, †ÿÎ iPbv Avi Zv‡Z mvnvh¨
KivB †kªôZg gvbe-Kj¨vY| †mUv Zz”Q-Zvw”Qj¨ wKsev †Kv‡bv iKg Acgvb-Aegvbbvi c‡_ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| nv‡j †h `k©b‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡ev` bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq, Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K ejv nq Existentialism ZviI
g~j K_v e¨w³ gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯^xK…wZ `vb|
ej cÖ‡qvM wKsev mvgwiK kvmb w`‡q gvbyl‡K Zuv‡e`vi wKsev PvUzKvi evbv‡Z cviv hvq wKš‘ cÖwZôv Kiv hvq bv
gvbe-gh©v`vi Avm‡b| me K‡g©i mv‡_ ïay †h e¨w³MZ m¤úK© _v‡K Zv bq, Zvi mvgvwRK cwiYwZ Z_v Social
consequence-I Awew”Qbœ| †h‡nZz me gvbylB mgv‡Ri A½, ZvB me iKg Kj¨vY-K‡g©iI i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK
cwiYwZ| G mZÜv A‡bK mgq fz‡j _vKv nq| we‡klZ hLb `„wó _v‡K EaŸ© w`‡K Z_v ci‡jv‡Ki cv‡b|
†¯ªd mw`”Qvi Øviv gvbe-Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq bv| me ag© Avi ag©-cÖeZ©‡Kiv evisevi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb gvby‡li
fv‡jv K‡iv, gvby‡li Kj¨vY K‡iv, myL-kvwšÍ `vb K‡iv gvbyl‡K| GgbwK me©Rx‡e wn‡Zi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|
AZGe Avgv‡ì `„wófw½ cvëv‡Z n‡e| mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e bZzb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K| bZzb
c×wZ‡Z− hv n‡e êÁvwbK, i¨vkbvj I myeyw×-wbqwš¿Z| mgm¨v hZ eo Avi hZ e¨vcKB †nvK bv Zvi
†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e mvnm Avi eyw×gËvi mv‡_| Gwo‡q wM‡q wKsev †RvovZvwj w`‡q †Kv‡bv mgm¨viB
mgvavb Kiv hvq bv|
Avgv‡ì wek¦vm gy³eyw×i mnvqZvq mycwiKwíZ c‡_B Kj¨vYgq c„w_ex iPbv m¤¢e| GKgvÎ gy³
wePvieyw×i mvnv‡h¨B weÁv‡bi Afvebxq Avwe®‹vi‡K aŸs‡mi cwie‡Z© m„Rbkxj gvbweK K‡g© Kiv hvq
wb‡qvM| Zv Kiv n‡jB gvbe-Kj¨vY n‡q DV‡e gvbe-gh©v`vi mnvqK| [ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
AbyM„nxZ − AbyMÖn ev AvbyK‚j¨ †c‡q‡Q Ggb| DcK…Z|
gbxlv − eyw×| gbb| cÖwZfv| †gav| cÖÁv|
i¨vkbvj − wePvieyw×m¤úbœ| wePÿY| hyw³m¤§Z| Rational|
gy³eyw× − msKxY©Zv I †Muvovwggy³ D`vi gvbwmKZv|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Aveyj dR‡ji Ògvbe-Kj¨vYÓ cÖeÜwU 1972 wLªóv‡ã iwPZ| GwU cÖ_g ÔgvbeZš¿Õ MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ nq|
GB iPbvq †jLK gvbe-Kj¨vY aviYvwUi Zvrch© wePv‡i m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| mvaviYfv‡e A‡b‡K `y¯’
gvbyl‡K KiæYvekZ `vb-LqivZ Kiv‡K gvbe Kj¨vY g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ †jL‡Ki g‡Z, Ggb aviYv LyeB
msKxY© g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPvqK| Zuvi g‡Z, gvbe-Kj¨vY n‡jv gvby‡li mvwe©K g½‡ji cÖqvm| G Kj¨v‡Yi
jÿ¨ mKj AegvbbvKi Ae¯’v †_‡K gh©v`vc~Y© Ae¯’vq gvby‡li DËiY NUv‡bv| †jL‡Ki wek¦vm,
gy³eyw×i mnvqZvq cwiKíbvgvwdK c‡_B Kj¨vYgq c„w_ex iPbv Kiv m¤¢e|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ògvbe-Kj¨vYÓ cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki †Kvb MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q?
K. †PŠwPi L. ivOv cÖfvZ
M. gvbeZš¿ N. gvwUi c„w_ex
90 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. ÔAvgv‡ì `„wófw½ cvëv‡Z n‡eÕ− GLv‡b Ô`„wófw½Õ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−

K. gvbwmKZvi L. ms¯‹vi
M. †`Lvi †KŠkj N. †`Lvi B”Qv
KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
Avcbv‡i j‡q weeªZ iwn‡Z
Av‡m bvB †Kn Aebx c‡i
mK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv
cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡i|
3. DÏxc‡Ki fvev_© Ògvbe-Kj¨vYÓ cÖe‡Üi †h fve wb‡`©k K‡i Zv n‡jv−
K. cvi¯úwiK †mŠnv‡`©ï g‡a¨ gvbe-Kj¨vY wbwnZ|
L. gvbe-Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wbt¯^v_© nIqv evÃbxq|
M. Ab¨‡K wec`gy³ Ki‡jB gvbe-Kj¨vY nq bv|
N. Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡gB gvbe-Kj¨vY m¤¢e|
4. wb‡`©wkZ fvewU wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨ we`¨gvb?
K. mwZ¨Kvi gvbe-Kj¨vY gnr wPšÍv-fvebvi dmj|
L. gvbe-Kj¨vY ¯^q¤¢~, wew”Qbœ m¤úK© iwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
M. gvbe-Kj¨vY A‡jŠwKK wKQz bqÑG KvR RvMwZK gvbeag©|
N. Zzwg Aag ZvB ewjqv Avwg DËg bv nBe †Kb?
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Avgvi GKvi myL, myL b‡n fvB,
mK‡ji myL, mLv, myL ïay ZvB|
Avgvi GKvi Av‡jv †m †h AÜKvi,
hw` bv mev‡i Ask w`‡Z cvB|
mK‡ji mv‡_ eÜz, mK‡ji mv‡_,
hvBe Kvnv‡i ej; †dwjqv cðv‡Z|
GK mv‡_ euvwP Avi GK mv‡_ gwi,
G‡mv eÜz, G Rxeb mygayi Kwi|
K. ÔIc‡ii nvZ me mgq wb‡Pi nvZ †_‡K †kÖôÕ− K_vwU †K e‡j‡Qb?
L. Ôivóª RvwZi †hŠ_ Rxeb Avi †hŠ_ †PZbviB cÖZxKÕ− Dw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. KweZvskwU Ògvbe-Kj¨vYÓ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. KweZvskwU Ògvbe-Kj¨vYÓ cÖe‡Üi AvswkK cÖwZ”Qwe− †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|
MšÍe¨ Kveyj
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx 1904 wLªóv‡ãi 13B †m‡Þ¤î wcZvi Kg©¯’j Avmv‡gi KwigM‡Ä Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
ˆcZ…K wbevm e„nËi wm‡jU †Rjvq| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq` wmKv›`vi Avjx| gyRZev Avjxi wkÿvRxe‡bi
AwaKvsk mgq †K‡U‡Q kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b| wZwb wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1926 mv‡j ¯œvZK wWwMÖ jvf
K‡ib| Rvg©vwbi eb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Kvey‡j K…wlweÁvb K‡j‡R wKQzKvj Aa¨vcbv K‡ib wZwb| GQvovI †`‡k-we‡`‡k eû¯’v‡b wZwb
Kg©m~‡Î Mgb K‡i‡Qb| Aviwe, dviwm, ms¯‹…Z, divwm, Rvg©vbmn wewfbœ fvlvq Zuvi `ÿZv wQj| wZwb wQ‡jb
iex›`ªmvwn‡Zï we‡kl AbyivMx| Zzjbvg~jK ag©Z‡Ë¡ Zuvi wQj we‡kl cvwÐZ¨| mvwnwZ¨K im‡eva ˆmq`
gyRZev Avjxi iPbvi gyL¨ cÖeYZv| Zuvi iPbvq wewPÎ RxebcÖev‡ni bvbv Abyl½ †KŠZzK I e¨‡½ imve„Z n‡q
Dc¯’vwcZ nq| ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ô†`‡k we‡`‡kÕ, ÔcÂZš¿Õ,
ÔPvPvKvwnwbÕ, ÔkebgÕ, ÔKZ bv AkÖæRjÕ cÖf…wZ|
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx 1974 wLªóv‡ãi 11B †deªæqvwi XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Puv`wb †_‡K bqwm‡K w`‡q GKUv kvU© wK‡b wb‡qwQjyg| ZLbKvi w`‡b wePÿY evOvwji Rb¨ B‡qv‡ivwcqvb
_vW© bvgK GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZôvb fvi‡Zi me©Î Avbv‡Mvbv KiZ|
nvIov †÷k‡b †mB _v‡W© DV‡Z †h‡ZB GK wdwiw½ †nu‡K ejj, ÒGUv B‡qv‡ivwcqvb‡ì Rb¨|Ó
Avwg MuvK MuvK K‡i ejjyg, ÒB‡qv‡ivwcqvb †Zv †KD †bB| Pj, †Zvgv‡Z Avgv‡Z duvKv MvwoUv Kv‡R jvMvB|Ó
GK ZzjbvZ¥K fvlvZ‡Ë¡i eB‡q c‡owQjyg, Òevsjv k‡ãi AšÍ¨‡`‡k Aby¯^vi †hvM Kwi‡j ms¯‹…Z nq;
Bs‡iwR k‡ãi cÖvM‡`‡k †Rvi w`qv K_v ewj‡j mv‡qwe Bs‡iwR nq|Ó A_©vr cqjv wm‡je‡j A¨vK‡m›U
†Ìqv Lvivc ivbœvq j¼v †V‡m †Ìqvi g‡ZvÑ me cvc XvKv c‡o hvq| †mvRv evsjvq GiB bvg MuvK MuvK
K‡i Bs‡iwR ejv| wdwiw½ ZvjZjvi †bwUf, Kv‡RB Avgvi Bs‡iwR ï‡b fvwi Lywk n‡q wRwbmcÎ
†MvQv‡Z mvnvh¨ Kij|
wKš‘ Gw`‡K Avgvi åg‡Yi Drmvn µ‡gB Pzc‡m AvmwQj| GZw`b cvm‡cvU© RvgvKvco †hvMvo Ki‡Z
e¨¯Í wQjyg, Ab¨ wKQz fveevi dzimZ cvBwb| Mvwo Qvovi m‡½ m‡½B cÖ_g †h fvebv Avgvi g‡b D`q
n‡jv †mUv AZ¨šÍ KvcyiælR‡bvwPZ− g‡b n‡jv Avwg GKv|
wdwiw½wU †jvK fv‡jv| Avgv‡K ¸g n‡q ï‡q _vK‡Z †`‡L ejj, ÒGZ gbgiv n‡j †Kb? †Mvwqs dvi?Ó
†`Ljyg, wewjwZ Kvq`v Rv‡b| Ò†nvqvi Avi BD †Mvwqs?Ó ejj bv|
Zv †m hvB †nvK, mv‡q‡ei m‡½ AvjvcPvwiZv Avi¤¢ n‡jv| Zv‡Z jvfI n‡jv| mÜ¨v n‡Z bv n‡ZB †m
cÖKvÐ GK Pzewo Ly‡j ejj, Zvi Ôwdquv‡mÕ bvwK DrK…ó wWbvi ˆZwi K‡i m‡½ w`‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡Z bvwK
GKUv cyiv`¯‘i cëb †cvlv hvq| Avwg AvcwË Rvwb‡q ejjyg †h AvwgI wKQz wKQz m‡½ G‡bwQ, Z‡e †m
wbZvšÍ †bwUf e¯‘, nqZ eÇ †ewk Svj| LvwbKÿY ZK©vZwK©i ci w¯’i n‡jv, me wKQz wgwj‡q w`‡q
eªv`viwj wWwfkb K‡i AvjvKvZ© †fvRb, hvi hv Lywk Lv‡e|
mv‡qe †hgb †hgb Zvi me Lvevi †ei Ki‡Z jvMj, Avgvi †PvL `y‡Uv m‡½ m‡½ R‡g †h‡Z jvMj| †mB
wkKKveve, †mB XvKvB c‡ivUv, gyiwM gymjøg, Avjy-†Mv¯Í| AvwgI ZvB wb‡q G‡mwQ RvKvwiqv w÷ªU †_‡K|
92 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Gevi mv‡q‡ei Pÿzw¯’i nIqvi cvjv| wdwiw¯Í wgwj‡q GKB gvj †e‡iv‡Z jvMj| GgbwK wkKKvev‡ei
RvqMvq kvwgKveve bq, Avjy-†Mv‡¯Íi e`‡j Kwc-†Mv¯Í ch©šÍ bq| Avwg ejjyg, Òeªv`vi, Avgvi wdquv‡m
†bB, Gme RvKvwiqv w÷ªU †_‡K †Kbv|Ó
GK`g ûeû GKB ¯^v`| mv‡qe Lvq Avi Avbg‡b evB‡ii w`‡K ZvKvq| AvgviI AveQv AveQv g‡b coj,
hLb mI`v KiwQjyg ZLb †hb GK Mvãv‡Mvãv wdwiw½ †gg‡K †nv‡U‡j hv cvIqv hvq ZvB wKb‡Z
†`‡LwQ| wdwiw½‡K ej‡Z hvw”Qjyg Zvi wdquv‡mi GKUv eY©bv w`‡Z, wKš‘ †_‡g †Mjyg|
†fvi †Kv_vq n‡jv g‡b †bB| Ryb gv‡mi Mig cwð‡g †MŠiPw›`ªKv K‡i bv‡g bv| mvZUv evR‡Z bv evR‡ZB
PoPo K‡i †UiPv n‡q Mvwo‡Z †Xv‡K Avi evwK w`bUv Kx iKg K‡i KvU‡e Zvi Avfvm ZLbB w`‡q †`q|
Mvwo †hb Kv‡jvqvZ EaŸ©k¦v‡m Qz‡U‡Q, †Kv‡bv MwZ‡K †ivÏy‡ii ZejwP‡K nvi gvwb‡q †hb †Kv_vI wM‡q
VvÐvq wR‡iv‡e| Avi †ivÏyiI P‡j‡Q m‡½ m‡½ Z‡ZvwaK EaŸ©k¦v‡m| †m cvjøvq c¨v‡mÄvi‡ì cÖvY hvq|
Mvwo Gi gv‡S Avevi †fvj wdwi‡q wb‡q‡Q| `vwo j¤^v n‡q‡Q, wUwK Lv‡Uv n‡q‡Q, bv`ymby`ym jvjvwR‡ì
wgwó wgwó ÔAvB‡q êwV‡qÕ Avi †kvbv hvq bv| GLb Q-dzU j¤^v cvVvb‡ì Ô`vMv, `vMv, w`jZv, ivIov,Õ
cvÄvwe‡ì ÔZzwe, AwmÕ, Avi wkL m`©viwR‡ì RvjeÜ `vwoi n‡iK iKg evnvi|
mvg‡bi ey‡ov m`©viwRB cÖ_g Avjvc Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| Ô†Mvwq½ dvi?Õ bq, †mvRvmywR ÔKnuv RvB‡qMv?Õ Avwg
Wej Zmwjg K‡i mwebq DËi w`jygÑ f`ª‡jvK VvKzi`vi eqmx Avi ReiR½ `vwo-†Muv‡di wfZi AwZ wgó
†gvjv‡qg nvwm| wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, †ckvIqv‡i KvD‡K wPwb? bv †nv‡U‡j DVe| ejjyg ÔeÜzi eÜz †÷k‡b
Avm‡eb, Z‡e Zuv‡K KL‡bv †`wLwb, wZwb †h Avgv‡K Kx K‡i wPb‡eb †m m¤^‡Ü Clr D‡ØM Av‡Q|Õ
m`©viwR †n‡m ej‡jb, ÒwKQz fq †bB, †ckvIqvi †÷k‡b GK Mvwo evOvwj bv‡g bv, Avcwb `y-wgwbU meyi
Ki‡jB wZwb Avcbv‡K wVK Luy‡R †b‡eb|Ó
Avwg mvnm †c‡q ejjyg, ÒZv †Zv e‡UB, Z‡e wKbv kvU© c‡i G‡mwQÑÓ m`©viwR Gevi AÆnvm K‡i
ej‡jb, Òkv‡U© †h GK dzU RvqMv XvKv c‡o ZvB w`‡q gvbyl gvbyl‡K †P‡b bvwK?Ó
Avwg AvgZv AvgZv K‡i ejjyg, ÒZv bq, Z‡e wKbv aywZ-cvÄvwe ci‡j nqZ fv‡jv n‡Zv|Ó
m`©viwR‡K nvivevi Dcvq †bB| ej‡jb, ÒGI †Zv Zv¾ewK evZÑ cvÄvwe ci‡j evOvwj‡K †Pbv hvq?Ó
Avwg Avi GMjyg bv| evOvwj ÔcvÄvweÕ I cvÄvwe KzZ©vq Kx ZdvZ †m m¤^‡Ü m`©viwR‡K wKQz ej‡Z †M‡j
wZwb nqZ Avgv‡K AviI †evKv evwb‡q †`‡eb| Zvi †P‡q eiÂ DwbB K_v ejyb, Avwg ï‡b hvB| wRÁvmv
Kijyg, Òm`©viwR wkjIqvi evbv‡Z K-MR Kvco jv‡M?Ó
ej‡jb, Òw`wjø‡Z mv‡o wZb, RjÜ‡i mv‡o Pvi, jv‡nv‡i mv‡o cuvP, jvjgymvq mv‡o Qq, ivIjwcwÛ‡Z
mv‡o mvZ, Zvici †ckvIqvi GK j‡ç mv‡o `k, Lvm cvVvbgyjøyK †KvnvU LvBev‡i cy‡iv _vb|Ó
Ôwek MR!Õ
Ònu¨v, ZvI Avevi LvwK kvwU©s w`‡q evbv‡bv|Ó
Avwg ejjyg, ÒG iKg GK e¯Ív Kvco Mv‡q Rwo‡q Pjv‡div K‡i Kx K‡i? gviwcU, Lyb-ivnvRvwbi K_v
ev` w`b|Ó
m`©viwR ej‡jb, ÒAvcwb eywS KL‡bv evq‡¯‹vc hvb bv? Avwg GB ey‡oveq‡mI gv‡S gv‡S hvB| bv †M‡j
†Q‡j-†QvKiv‡ì gwZMwZ †evSvevi Dcvq †bB− Avgvi Avevi GKcvj bvwZ-bvZwb| GB †mw`b †`Ljyg,
`y‡kv eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv M‡í GK †ggmv‡qe d«‡Ki ci d«K c‡iB hv‡”Qb, c‡iB hv‡”Qb− g‡b †bB,
`kLvbv bv ev‡ivLvbv| Zv‡Z wb‡`bc‡ÿ PwjøkMR Kvco jvMvi K_v| †mB c‡i hw` †ggiv †b‡PKuy‡`
_vK‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e gÏv cvVvb wekMwR wkjIqvi c‡i gviwcU Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †Kb?Ó Avwg LvwbKUv
†f‡e ejjyg, ÒnK K_v; Z‡e wKbv ev‡R LiP|Ó
MšÍe¨ Kveyj 93
B‡Zvg‡a¨ M‡íi wfZi w`‡q Lei †c‡q wM‡qwQ †h cvVvbgyjøy‡Ki cÖev`, Òw`‡bi †ejv †ckvIqvi
Bs‡i‡Ri, iv‡Î cvVv‡bi|Ó ï‡b Me© Abyfe K‡iwQ e‡U †h e›`yKavix cvVvb Kvgvbavix Bs‡i‡Ri m‡½
cvjøv w`‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ we›`ygvÎ Avivg †eva Kwiwb| Mvwo †ckvIqvi †cuŠQ‡e ivZ bqUvq| ZLb †h Kvi
ivR‡Z¡ wM‡q †cuŠQe ZvB g‡b g‡b bvbv fvebv fvewQ; Ggb mgq †`wL Mvwo G‡m †ckvIqv‡iB ùvovj|
2
cø¨vUdi‡g †ewk wfo †bB| wRwbmcÎ bvgvevi duv‡K jÿ Kijyg †h Q-dzwU cvVvb‡ì †P‡qI GKgv_v DuPz
GK f`ª‡jvK Avgvi w`‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Qb| KvZi bq‡b Zuvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q hZ`~i m¤¢e wb‡Ri evOvwjZ¡
Rvwni Kivi m‡½ m‡½B wZwb G‡m DËg D`y©‡Z Avgv‡K ej‡jb, Zuvi bvg †kL Avng` Avjx| Avwg wb‡Ri
bvg e‡j GK nvZ GwM‡q w`‡ZB wZwb Zuvi `ynv‡Z †mwU jy‡d wb‡q w`‡jb GK PvcÑ cig Drmv‡n, Mig
msea©bvq| †m Pv‡c Avgvi nv‡Zi cuvP AvOzj Zuvi `yB _vevi wfZi ZLb jy‡KvPzwi †Lj‡Q|
LvwbKUv †Kv‡j-wc‡V, LvwbKUv †U‡b-wnuP‡o wZwb Avgv‡K †÷k‡bi evB‡i G‡b GKUv UvOvq emv‡jb|
Avwg ZLb ïay fvewQ f`ª‡jvK Avgv‡K †P‡bb bv, Rv‡bb bv, Avwg evOvwj wZwb cvVvb| Z‡e †h GZ
msea©bv Ki‡Qb Zvi gv‡b Kx? Gi KZUv AvšÍwiK, Avi KZUv †jŠwKKZv?
AvR ej‡Z cvwi cvVv‡bi Af¨_©bv m¤ú~Y© wbR©jv AvšÍwiK| AwZw_‡K evwo‡Z †W‡K †bIqvi g‡Zv Avb›`
cvVvb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wRwb‡m cvq bv Avi †m AwZw_ hw` we‡`wk nq Zv n‡j †Zv Avi K_vB †bB|
3
Aviwe fvlvq GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q ÒB‡qvg Dm mdi, wbm&d Dm& md&iÓ− A_©vr wKbv hvÎvi w`bB A‡a©K
ågY| c~e© evsjvqI GKB cÖev` cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv nq, ÔD‡Vvb mgy`ª †ci‡jB Av‡aK gykwKj
Avmvb|Õ Avng` Avjxi D‡Vvb †c‡iv‡Z wM‡q Avgvi cv°v mvZw`b †K‡U †Mj| AvUw`‡bi w`b mKvj‡ejv
Avng` Avjx ¯^qs Avgv‡K GKLvbv ev‡m WªvBfv‡ii cv‡k ewm‡q Zv‡K Avgvi Rvb-gvj euvPvevi Rb¨
we¯Íi wè¨w`jvkv w`‡q we`vq wb‡jb| nvIov †÷k‡b g‡b n‡qwQj ÔAvwg GKvÕ, GLb g‡b n‡jv ÔAvwg
fqsKi GKvÕ| ÔfqsKi GKvÕ GB A‡_© †h †bv g¨vbm j¨vÛB ejyb Avi Lvm AvdMvwb¯ÍvbB ejyb, Gme
RvqMvq gvbyl Avcb Avcb cÖvY wb‡qB e¨¯Í|
mvaviY †jv‡Ki we‡eKeyw× Gme †`‡k GiKg K_vB Kq| Zey AvdMvwb¯Ívb ¯^vaxb mf¨ †`k; Avi cuvPUv
†`k hLb Lyb-Lvivwei cÖwZ GZ †egvjyg D`vmxb bq ZLb Zuv‡ìI †Zv wKQz GKUv Kievi Av‡Q GB †f‡e
`y-Pvi‡U cywjk `y-GKw`b AKz¯’‡j †NvivNywi K‡i hvq|
Wvbw`‡K WªvBfvi wkL m`©viwR| eqm lv‡Ui KvQvKvwQ| KuvPvcvKv `xN© `vwo I c‡i Rvb‡Z cvijyg
ivZKvbv| euv w`‡K AvdMvb miKv‡ii GK Kg©Pvix| †ckvIqvi wM‡qwQ‡jb Kveyj †eZvi‡K‡›`ªi
gvjmiÄvg Qvwo‡q Avbevi Rb¨| me fvlvB Rv‡bb A_P ej‡Z †M‡j GK divwm Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvB
Rv‡bb bv| A_©vr Avcwb hw` Zuvi Bs‡iwR bv †ev‡Sb Z‡e wZwb fveLvbv K‡ib †hb AvcwbB h‡_ó Bs‡iwR
Rv‡bb bv, ZLb wZwb divwmi †h QqwU kã Rv‡bb †m¸‡jv Qv‡ob| ZL‡bv hw` Avcwb Zvi e³e¨ bv
†ev‡Sb Z‡e wZwb D`y© Sv‡ob| †klUvq Ggb fve †`Lvb †h AwkwÿZ ee©i‡ì m‡½ K_v ejevi SKgvwi
Avi wZwb KZ †cvnv‡eb? A_P c‡i †`Ljyg f`ª‡jvK AZ¨šÍ eÜzermj, wec‡bœi mnvq| ZviI c‡i eyS‡Z
cvijyg fvlv eve‡` f`ª‡jv‡Ki G `ye©jZv †Kb hLb ïb‡Z †cjyg †h wZwb A‡bK fvlvq cvwÐ‡Zï `vwe
K‡i †eZv‡i PvKwi †c‡q‡Qb|
94 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ev‡mi †c‡U GKcvj Kveywj eëmvqx| †ckvIqvi †_‡K wmMv‡iU, MÖv‡gv‡dvb, †iKW©, †c‡jU-evmb,
Svo-jÚb, dzUej, weRwj-evwZi mvR-miÄvg, †KZve-cuyw_, GK K_vq `ywbqvi me wRwbm wK‡b wb‡q
hv‡”Q| evèvwK cÖvq me wKQzB Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq wn›`y¯’vb †_‡K, wKQzUv iæk †_‡K| Gme Z_¨ Rvbevi
Rb¨ AvdMvb miKv‡ii evwYR¨ cÖwZ‡e`b co‡Z nq bv, Kveyj kn‡i GKUv P°i gvi‡jB nq|
†m me c‡ii K_v| †ckvIqvi †_‡K Rgiæ` `yM© mv‡o `k gvBj mgZj f~wg| †mLv‡b GK`dv cvm‡cvU©
†`Lv‡Z n‡jv| Zvici LvBevi wMwimsKU|
4
`yw`‡K nvRvi dzU DuPz cv_‡ii †bov cvnvo| gvSLv‡b LvBevicvm| GK †Rvov iv¯Ív Gu‡K‡eu‡K G‡K
A‡bï Mv †Nu‡l P‡j‡Q Kvey‡ji w`‡K| GK iv¯Ív †gvU‡ii Rb¨, Ab¨ iv¯Ív DU L”Pi Mvav †Nvovi
cYëvwnbx ev K¨vivfv‡bi Rb¨| msKxY©Zg ¯’‡j `yB iv¯Ívq wg‡j wÎk nvZI n‡e bv| †m iv¯Ív Avevi
gvZv‡ji g‡Zv Uj‡Z Uj‡Z GZB G‡uK‡eu‡K wM‡q‡Q †h, †h †Kv‡bv RvqMvq ùvov‡j †Pv‡L c‡o Wv‡b euv‡q
cvnvo, mvg‡b wcQ‡b cvnvo|
wØcÖni m~h© †mB biKKz‡Ð †mvRv †b‡g G‡m‡QÑZvB wb‡q PZzw`©‡Ki cvnvo †hb †jvdvjywd †Lj‡Q|
AevK n‡q †`LwQ †mB Mi‡g eyLvivi cyw¯Íb (dvi) eëmvqxiv `yB BwÂ cyiæ †jvgIqvjv Pvgovi Ifvi‡KvU Mv‡q
w`‡q L”Pi †Lw`‡q †Lw`‡q fviZe‡l©i w`‡K P‡j‡Q| m`©viwR‡K inm¨ mgvav‡bi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡j wZwb ej‡jb,
hv‡ì Af¨vm n‡q wM‡q‡Q Zv‡ì c‡ÿ mZ¨B GiKg cyiæ Rvgv GB Mi‡g Avivg`vqK| evB‡ii Mig XzK‡Z
cv‡i bv, kixi VvÛv iv‡L| Nvg †Zv Avi G‡`‡k nq bv, Avi n‡jB ev wK? Giv Zvi †_vovB c‡ivqv K‡i| GUzKz
ej‡Z ej‡ZB †`Ljyg Mi‡gi név gy‡L Xz‡K m`©viwRi Mjv ïwK‡q w`j| Mí Rgvevi †Póv e„_v|
KZ †`‡ki KZ iK‡gi †jvK cYëvwnbxi m‡½ m‡½ P‡j‡Q| KZ X‡Oi Uzwc, KZ i‡Oi cvMwo, KZ hy‡Mi
A¯¿-Mv`ve›`yK †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i AvaywbKZg Rg©b gvDRvi| `v‡g‡¯‹i weL¨vZ my`k©b Zievwi, mycvwi KvUvi
RuvwZi g‡Zv ÔRvgaiÕ †gvMj Qwe‡Z †`‡LwQjyg, ev¯Í‡e †`Ljyg ûeû †mB iKg †Mvjvwc wm‡éi †Kvgie‡Ü
†MuvRv| Kv‡iv nv‡Z Kvb‡RvLv †cZ‡j euvav‡bv jvwV, Kv‡iv nv‡Z j¤^v SKS‡K ek©v| D‡Vi wc‡V ck‡g †ik‡g
†evbv KZ i‡Oi Kv‡c©U, KZ AvKv‡ii mv‡gvfvi| e¯Ív e¯Ív †c¯Ív ev`vg AvL‡ivU wKmwgm AvjyeLy viv P‡j‡Q
wn›`y¯v’ ‡bi wewiqvwb †cvjvI‡qi †RŠjym evovevi Rb¨| AviI P‡j‡Q, ïb‡Z †cjyg, †Kvgie‡Üi wb‡P, B‡R‡ii
fuv‡R, cyw¯Í‡bi jvBwbs‡qi wfZ‡i Avwds Avi nvwmm bv K‡KbB, bv AviI wKQz|
mevB P‡j‡Q AwZ ax‡i AwZ gš’‡i|
cvVvb `y-evi e‡jwQ‡jb, Avwg Z…Zxqevi †mB cÖev` kc_iƒ‡c MÖnY Kijyg| ÔnšÍ`šÍ nIqvi gv‡b
kqZv‡bi cš’vq Pjv|Õ †K e‡j wesk kZvãx‡Z A‡jŠwKK NUbv N‡U bv? Avgvi mKj mgm¨v mgvavb
K‡iB †hb aovg K‡i kã n‡jv| Kveywj Zwor MwZ‡Z †Pv‡Li †dUv Ly‡j Avgvi w`‡K weeY© gy‡L ZvKvj,
Avwg m`©viwRi w`‡K ZvKvjyg| wZwb †`wL AwZ kvšÍfv‡e MvwoLvbv GK cv‡k wb‡q `vuo Kiv‡jb| ej‡jb,
Uvqvi †du‡m‡Q| cÖwZev‡iB nq| GB Mi‡g bv nIqvB wewPÎ|Õ
cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv, Zey m`©viwR Avgv‡ì ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡jb †h, LvBevi cv‡mi iv¯Ív `y‡Uv miKv‡ii e‡U, wKš‘
`yw`‡Ki Rwg cvVv‡bi| †mLv‡b †b‡gQ wK g‡iQ| Avov‡j-AveWv‡j cvVvb my‡hv‡Mi A‡cÿvq Ir †c‡Z e‡m
Av‡Q| bvg‡jB KovK- wcO&| Zvici Kx Kvq`vq me wKQz niY K‡i Zvi eY©bv †èvi Avi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
cvVvb hv‡Z wVK iv¯Ívi ey‡Ki Ici ivnvRvwb bv K‡i Zvi Rb¨ LvBevi cv‡mi `yw`‡K †hLv‡b emwZ Av‡Q
†mLvbKvi cvVvb‡ì Bs‡iR `y-UvKv K‡i eQ‡i LvRbv †`q| c‡i Av‡iKwU kZ© AwZ K‡ó Av`vq K‡i‡Q|
Avwd«w` Avwd«w`‡Z SMov eva‡j iv¯Ívi Gcv‡i Icv‡i †hb e›`yK bv gviv nq|
MšÍe¨ Kveyj 95
†gvUi Avevi Pjj| Kveywji Mjv †f‡O wM‡q‡Q| Zey weoweo K‡i hv ejwQ‡jb, Zvi wbh©vmÑ
wK”Qz fq †bB mv‡qeÑ KvjB Kveyj †cuŠ‡Q hvw”Q| †mLv‡b †cuŠ‡Q Ke& K‡i Kveyj b`x‡Z Wze †è| eidMjv
wngRj cvnvo †_‡K †b‡g G‡m‡Q, w`j Rvb KwjRv me VvÐv n‡q hv‡e|
Avwg ejjyg, ÒAvcbvi gy‡L dzjP›`b coyK|Ó
nVvr †`wL mvg‡b GwK! gixwPKv? mg¯Í iv¯Ív eÜ K‡i †MU †Kb? †gvUi _vgj| cvm‡cvU© †`Lv‡Z n‡jv|
†MU Ly‡j †Mj| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b XzKjyg| e‡ov e‡ov ni‡d mvBb‡ev‡W© †jLvÑ
Kveywj ej‡jb, Ò`ywbqvi me cixÿv cvm Kivi †P‡q eo cixÿv LvBevicvm cvm Kiv| Avjnvg`ywjjøv
(Ly`v‡K abëv`)|Ó
Avwg ejjyg, ÒAv‡gb|Ó
5
LvBevi cvm †Zv `yt‡L-my‡L †c‡ivjyg Ges g‡b g‡b Avkv Kijyg GBevi Mig Kg‡e| Kg‡jv e‡U, wKš‘
cv‡mi wfZi wcPÑXvjv iv¯Ív wQj−Zv †m msKxY© †nvK Avi we¯ÍxY©B †nvK| GLb Avi iv¯Ív e‡j †Kv‡bv
evjvB †bB| nvRv‡iv erm‡ii †jvK-PjvP‡ji d‡j cv_i Ges AwZ mvgvb¨ gvwUi Ici †h `vM c‡o‡Q
ZviB Dci w`‡q †gvUi Pjj| G `v‡Mi Ici w`‡q cYëvwnbxi †h‡Z Avm‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv|
wKš‘ †gvUi-Av‡ivnxi c‡ÿ †h KZ`~i cxov`vqK n‡Z cv‡i Zvi LvwbKUv Zzjbv nq exif~g-euvKzovq Wv½v
I †LvqvB‡q ivwÎKv‡j †Mviæi Mvwo Povi m‡½Ñ hw` †m Mvwo Kzwo gvBj †e‡M P‡j, wfZ‡i L‡oi cyiæ
†ZvkK bv _v‡K Ges †QvUeo bywo w`‡q Wv½v-†LvqvB †Q‡q †djv nq|
jvwÛ‡KvUvj †_‡K `°v `k gvBj|
†mB giæcÖvšÍ‡i `°v`yM© AZ¨šÍ AevšÍi e‡j g‡b n‡jv| gvwU Avi Lo wgwk‡q wc‡U wc‡U DuPz †`qvj M‡o †Zvjv
n‡q‡Q Avkcv‡ki i‡Oi m‡½ is wgwj‡qÑ d¨vKv‡k, gqjv, wNbwN‡b nj‡` is| †`qv‡ji Ic‡ii w`‡K GK mvwi
MZ©; `y‡M©i †jvK ZviB wfZ‡i w`‡q e›`y‡Ki bj Mwj‡q wbivc‡` evB‡ii kÎæ‡K ¸wj Ki‡Z cv‡i| `~i †_‡K
†mB Kv‡jv Kv‡jv MZ© †`‡L g‡b nq †hb A‡Üi Dc‡o †bIqv †Pv‡Li k~b¨ †KvUi|
wKš‘ `y‡M©i mvg‡b G‡m euv w`‡K ZvwK‡q †PvL Rywo‡q †Mj| QjQj K‡i Kveyj b`x euvK wb‡q GK cvk
w`‡q P‡j wM‡q‡QbÑ Wvb w`‡K GK dvwj meyR AvuPj jywU‡q c‡o‡Q|
Kveywj ej‡jb, ÒPjyb `y‡M©i wfZ‡i hvB| cvm‡cvU© †`Lv‡Z n‡e| Avgiv miKvwi Kg©Pvix| ZvovZvwo
†Q‡o †`‡e| Zvn‡j mÜ¨vi Av‡MB Rvjvjvev` †cuŠQ‡Z cvie|Ó
`y‡M©i Awdmvi Avgv‡K we‡`wk †`‡L cÖPiz LvwZi-hZœ Ki‡jb| `°vi g‡Zv RvqMvq ei‡di Kj _vKvi K_v
bq, wKš‘ †h kieZ †Ljyg Zvi Rb¨ VvÐv Rj Kz‡u Rv‡Z Kx K‡i ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv eyS‡Z cvijyg bv|
6
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Awdmvi hw` Kwe n‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e Zuvi c‡ÿ wci n‡q fwel¨ØvYx KivI wKQzgvÎ wewPÎ
bq| wZb-wZbevi PvKv dvUv‡jv, Avi BwÄb m`©viwRi Ici †Mvmv K‡i `yevi ¸g n‡jb| PvKv mvivj
n¨vwR g¨vbb Ñ Z`viK Ki‡jb m`©viwR|
Rvjvjvev` †cuŠQevi K‡qK gvBj Av‡M m`©viwRi †KvgieÜ A_ev bxweeÜ wKsev †eëÑ hvB ejyb, wQu‡o
`yUzK‡iv n‡jv| ZLb Lei †cjyg m`©viwRI ivZKvbv| †iwWIi Kg©Pvix Avgvi KvbUv‡K gvB‡µv‡dvb
†f‡e wdm wdm K‡i cÖPvi K‡i w`‡jb, ÒA`¨Kvi g‡Zv Avgv‡ì Abyôvb GBLv‡bB mgvß n‡jv| Kvj
mKvj mvZUvq Avgiv Avevi Dcw¯’Z ne|Ó
96 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Ava gvBjUvK `~‡i AvdMvb mivB| †eZv‡ii mv‡qe I Avwg Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †mw`‡K GwM‡q Pjjyg| evèvwK
Avi mK‡j ˆn-njøv K‡i K‡i Mvwo †V‡j wb‡q Pjj|
m`©viwR Zš^x K‡i ej‡jb, ÒGKUz cv Pvwj‡q| mÜ¨v n‡q †M‡j mivB‡qi ìRv eÜ K‡i †`‡e|Ó
mivB †Zv bq, fxlY `ykg‡bi g‡Zv ùvwo‡q GK †PŠ‡Kv `yM|© ÒKg©A‡šÍ wbf…Z cvš’kvjv‡ZÓ ej‡Z Avgv‡ì
†Pv‡L †h w¯œ»Zvi Qwe dz‡U D‡V Gi m‡½ Zvi †Kv‡bv mskÖe †bB| wÎk dzU DuPz nj‡` gvwUi wb‡iU PviLvbv
†`qvj, mvg‡bi Lvbv‡Z GK weivU ìRvÑ Zvi †fZi w`‡q DU, evm, Wej-†WKvi ch©šÍ Abvqv‡m XzK‡Z
cv‡i, wKš‘ †fZ‡i hvevi mgq g‡b nq, GB †kl †XvKv, G `vb‡ei †cU †_‡K Avi †e‡iv‡Z n‡e bv|
Xz‡KB _g‡K ùvovjyg| KZ kZ kZvãxi cyÄxf~Z `yM©Ü Avgv‡K av°v †g‡iwQj ej‡Z cvwi †b, wKš‘ g‡b
n‡jv Avwg †hb †m av°vq wZb MR wcwQ‡q †Mjyg| e¨vcviUv Kx eyS‡Z Aek¨ †ewk mgq jvMj bv|
GjvKvUv †gŠmywg nvIqvi evB‡i, ZvB GLv‡b KL‡bv e„wó nq bvÑ h‡_ó DuPz bq e‡j eidI c‡o bv|
Av‡kcv‡k b`x ev Sibv †bB e‡j †avqv‡gvQvi Rb¨ R‡ji ev‡R LiPvi K_vI I‡V bv| AZGe
wmK›ìkvwn evwRivR †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i ciïw`‡bi Av¯Í †fovi cvj †h me ÔAe`vbÕ †i‡L wM‡q‡Q, Zvi
¯’~jfvM gv‡S gv‡S mvd Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ m~² MÜ me©Î Ggwb ¯Íixf~Z n‡q Av‡Q †h, fq nq av°v
w`‡q bv miv‡j GwM‡q hvIqv Am¤¢e|
m~wP‡f`¨ AÜKvi †`‡LwQ, GB cÖ_g m~wP‡f`¨ `yM©Ü ïKjyg|
7
†fvi‡ejv Nyg fvOj AvRvb ï‡b| bvgvR cov‡jb eyLvivi GK cyw¯Íb m`vMi| DrK…ó Aviwe D”PviY ï‡b
we¯§q gvbjyg †h ZzwK©¯Ív‡b GZ fv‡jv D”PviY wU‡K iBj Kx K‡i| †eZviIqvjv‡K wRÁvmv Kiv‡Z wZwb
ej‡jb, ÒAvcwb wb‡RB wR‡Ám Kiæb bv|Ó Avwg ejjyg, ÒwKQz hw` g‡b K‡ib?Ó Avgvi GB ms‡Kv‡P
wZwb GZ Avðh© n‡jb †h eyS‡Z cvijyg, Lvm cÖvP¨ †`‡k A‡Pbv-ARvbv †jvK‡K †h †Kv‡bv cÖkœ wRÁvmv
Ki‡Z evav †bB| c‡i Rvbjyg, hvi m¤^‡Ü †KŠZ~nj †`Lv‡bv nq †m Zv‡Z eiÂ LywkB nq|
†gvU‡i e‡m ZviB †LB Zz‡j wb‡q Av‡Mi iv‡Zi AwfÁZvi RgvLiPv wb‡Z jvMjyg|
†PvL eÜ Ae¯’vqB VvÐv nvIqvi cÖ_g cik †cjyg; Ly‡j †`wL mvg‡b meyR DcZ¨KvÑ iv¯Ívi `yw`‡K dmj
†ÿZ| m`©viwR cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q ej‡jb, ÒRvjvjvev`Ó| ZLb `yw`‡KB meyR, Avi †jvKR‡bi Nievwo|
mvgvb¨ GKwU b`x ÿz`Zª g my‡hvM †c‡j †h Kx †gvnb mey‡Ri jxjv‡Ljv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i Rvjvjvev‡` Zvi AwZ
gayi Zmwei| GgbwK †h `y-Pvi‡U cvVvb iv¯Ív w`‡q hvw”Qj Zv‡ì †PnvivI †hb mxgv‡šÍi cvVv‡bi †P‡q
†gvjv‡qg e‡j g‡b n‡jv| jÿ Kijyg, †h cvVvb kn‡i wM‡q †mLvbKvi †g‡q‡ì †ec`©vwg wb›`v K‡i ZviB
eD-wS †ÿ‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Ab¨ †`‡ki †g‡q‡ìB g‡Zv| gyL Zz‡j ev‡mi w`‡K ZvKv‡ZI Zv‡ì AvcwË †bB|
†eZvi KZ©v‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡Z wZwb M¤¢xifv‡e ej‡jb, ÒAvgvi hZ`~i Rvbv, †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Mwie †g‡qB c`©v
gv‡b bv, AšÍZ Avcb Muv‡q gv‡b bv| kn‡i wM‡q ga¨we‡Ëi AbyKi‡Y KL‡bv c`©v †g‡b Ôf`ª‡jvK nevi †Póv
K‡iÕ KL‡bv KvR-K‡g©i Amyweav nq e‡j Muv‡qi †iIqvRB eRvq iv‡L|Ó
Avwg wRÁvmv Kijyg, ÒAvi‡ei †e`yBb †g‡qivÓ|
wZwb ej‡jb, ÔAvwg Biv‡K Zv‡ì webv c`©vq QvMj Piv‡Z †`‡LwQ|Õ
Mvwo mì iv¯Ív †Q‡o Rvjvjvev` kn‡i XzKj| Kveywjiv me ev‡mi †cU †_‡K †ewi‡q GK wgwb‡Ui †fZi
AšÍav© b| †KD GKevi wR‡Ám ch©šÍ Kij bv, evm †di Qvo‡e KLb| Avgvi †Zv GB cÖ_g hvÎv, ZvB m`©viwR‡K
ïavjvg Òevm Avevi Qvo‡e KLb?Ó m`©viwR ej‡jb, Avevi hLb mevB R‡ov n‡e| wR‡Ám Kijyg †m K‡e?
m`©viwR †hb GKUz wei³ n‡q ej‡jb, ÒAvwg Zvi Kx Rvwb? mevB †L‡q‡`‡q wd‡i Avm‡e hLb ZLb|Ó
MšÍe¨ Kveyj 97
†eZviKZ©v ej‡jb, ÒVvq ùvwo‡q Ki‡Qb Kx? Avmyb Avgvi m‡½|Ó Avwg ïavjvg, ÒAvi me †Mj †Kv_vq?
wdi‡eB ev KLb?Ó
wZwb ej‡jb, ÒI‡ì Rb¨ Avcwb GZ DwØMœ n‡”Qb †Kb, Avcwb †Zv I‡ì gvjRv‡bi wR¤§v`vi bb|Ó
Avwg ejjyg, ÒZv †Zv bB-B| wKš‘ †hiKg fv‡e ûU K‡i mevB wbiæ‡Ïk n‡jv Zv‡Z †Zv g‡b n‡jv bv †h
Iiv wkMwMi wdi‡e| AvR mÜ¨vq Zv n‡j Kveyj †cuŠQe Kx K‡i?Ó
†eZviKZ©v ej‡jb, Ô†m Avkv wk‡Kq Zz‡j ivLyb| G‡ì †Zv Kveyj †cuŠQevi †Kv‡bv Zvov †bB| evm hLb
wQj bv, ZLb Iiv Kveyj †cuŠQZ c‡b‡iv w`‡b, GLb Pvi w`b jvM‡jI Zv‡ì AvcwË †bB| Rvjvjvev‡`
†cuŠ‡Q‡Q GLv‡b m°‡jiB KvKv-gvgv-kvjv, †KD-bv-†KD Av‡Q, Zv‡ì ZË¡Zvjvk Ki‡e, Lv‡e-`v‡e,
Zvici wd‡i Avm‡e|Õ
8
†gvUi Qvoj A‡bK †ejvq| Kv‡RB †ejv‡ewj Kveyj †cuŠQevi Avi †Kv‡bv fimvB iBj bv| †ckvIqvi
†_‡K Rvjvjvev` GKk gvBj, Rvjvjvev` †_‡K Kveyj AviI GKk gvBj| kv‡¯¿ †j‡L, mK‡j †ckIqvi
†Q‡o mÜ¨vq Rvjvjvev` †cuŠQ‡e| ciw`b †fvi‡ejv Rvjvjvev` †Q‡o mÜ¨vq Kveyj| ZLbB †evSv DwPZ
wQj †h, kv¯¿ gv‡b Aí †jv‡KB| c‡i Rvbjyg GKgvÎ †gj evm Qvov Avi †KD kv¯¿wbw`©ó †e‡M P‡j bv|
mÜ¨v KvUj bvjvi cv‡i, bviwMm e‡bi GK cv‡k, wPbvi gg©‡ii gvSLv‡b| m~h©v‡¯Íi †kl AvfvUzKz
wPbvi-cjøe †_‡K gy‡Q hvIqvi c‡i WvK-evs‡jvi Lvbmvgv Avnvi w`‡q †Mj| †L‡q‡`‡q †mLv‡bB PvicvB
Avwb‡q ï‡q cojyg|
†kliv‡Î Nyg fvOj Ac~e© gvayixi gvSLv‡b| nVvr ïwb wbZvšÍ Kv‡bi cv‡k R‡ji KzjyKzjy kã Avi Avgvi
me©‡`n Rwo‡q bvKgyL Qvwc‡q †Kvb ARvbv †mŠif my›ìxi gayi wbtk¦vm|
†kliv‡Î †bŠKv hLb wej †Q‡o b`x‡Z bv‡g ZLb †hgb b`xi KzjyKzjy k‡ã Nyg †f‡O hvq, Rvbjvi cv‡k
wkDwj MvQ _vK‡j ki‡Zi AwZ †fv‡i †h iKg Z›`ªªv Uz‡U hvq, GLv‡b ZvB n‡jv wKš‘ `y‡q wg‡j wM‡q |
G msMxZ eûevi ï‡bwQ, wKš‘ Zvi m‡½ G‡nb †mŠif‡mvnvM Rxe‡b Avi KL‡bv cvBwb|
†mB Avav-Av‡jv-AÜKv‡i †P‡q †`wL w`‡bi †ejvi ïK‡bv bvjv R‡j f‡i wM‡q `yB K~j Qvwc‡q bviwM‡mi
cv ay‡q w`‡q Qz‡U P‡j‡Q| eySjyg bvjvi DRv‡b w`‡bi †ejvq euva w`‡q Rj eÜ Kiv n‡qwQj− †fv‡ii
AvRv‡bi mgq wbgjvi evMv‡bi cvjv; euva Ly‡j w`‡ZB bvjv Qvwc‡q Rj Qz‡U‡Q− ZviB ci‡k bviwMm
bqb †g‡j ZvwK‡q‡Q| Gi Mvb Ii †mŠi‡f wg‡k wM‡q‡Q|
Avi †h-wPbv‡ii c`cÖv‡šÍ Df‡qi msMx‡Z †mŠif D”Q¡wmZ n‡q D‡V‡Q, †m Zvi gv_v Zz‡j ùvwo‡q Av‡Q
cÖfvZm~‡h©i cÖ_g iwk¥i bexb Awf‡l‡Ki Rb¨| †`L‡Z-bv-†`L‡Z wPbvi †mvbvi gyKzU c‡i wbjÑ c`cÖv‡šÍ
cy®úe‡bi MÜa~‡c êZvwjK gyLwiZ n‡q DVj|
Gw`b AvwR †Kvb N‡i †Mv
Ly‡j w`j Øvi
AvwR cÖv‡Z m~h© IVv
mdj n‡jv Kvi?
†fv‡ii bvgvR †kl n‡ZB m`©viwR †fucy evRv‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb| fveMwZK †`‡L g‡b n‡jv wZwb gbw¯’i
K‡i †d‡j‡Qb, AvR mÜ¨vq †h K‡iB †nvK Kveyj †cuŠQ‡eb|
98 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kãv_© I UxKv
nvIov †÷kb − cwðge‡½i GKwU †ij‡÷kb| AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K GwU fvi‡Zi GKwU e„nËi
†ij‡÷kb| eZ©gv‡b GB †÷k‡b 26wU cøvUdg© Av‡Q|
cÖvM‡`k − †Kv‡bv wKQzi ïiæ‡Z| c~e©‡`k| c~e©¯’vb|
wdwiw½ − dvwm© †_‡K AvMZ kã| Gi A_© n‡jv divwm ev BD‡ivwcqvb| Z‡e weªwUkkvwmZ
fviZe‡l© mv`v Pvgovi we‡`wk gv‡ÎB wdwiw½ e‡j AwfwnZ n‡Zb|
†bwUf − weªwUkkvwmZ fviZe‡l© weªwUkiv fviZxq‡ì †bwUf e‡j AwfwnZ Ki‡Zb| Gi
gv‡b n‡jv ¯^‡`wk| †h e¨w³ †h-†`‡k ev †h cwi‡e‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib wZwb IB
†`‡ki ev cwi‡e‡ki †bwUf|
wdquv‡m − fv‡jvevmvi bvix| cÖvPxb divwm fvlvq Gi A_© cÖwZÁv|
AvjvKvZ© − Ala carte| divwm kã| Gi A_© Lv`¨ZvwjKv Abyhvqx|
RvKvwiqv w÷ªU − KjKvZvi GKwU ¯’vb| †nv‡U‡ji Rb¨ weL¨vZ| me ai‡bi Lvevi cvIqv hvq|
†MŠiPw›`ªKv − f~wgKv| cÖvK&K_b|
Kv‡jvqvZ − aªæc`, †Lqvj BZ¨vw`| msMx‡Z cvi`kx© wkíx| D”Pv½ msMx‡Zi g‡Zv `ªæZ j‡q|
†c‡kvqvi †÷kb − cvwK¯Ív‡bi †c‡kvqv‡i Aew¯’Z †ij‡÷kb|
w`wjø − fvi‡Zi ivRavbx kni| c„w_exi wØZxq e„nËg Rbeûj kni wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K fvi‡Zi me‡P‡q eo kni Ges fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb kni¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
RjÜi − fvi‡Zi cvÄve cÖ‡`‡ki AwZ cÖvPxb kni| cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ kni wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
ivIqvjwcwÛ − cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx Bmjvgvev` †_‡K bq gvBj `~‡ii kni ivIqvjwcwÛ|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi me‡P‡q NbemwZc~Y© kni|
†c‡kvqvi − cvwK¯Ív‡bi LvBevi cvLZzb cÖ‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo kni †c‡kvqvi| LvBevi
cvm-Gi †kl c~e© cÖv‡šÍi n«‡ì cv‡k kniwU Aew¯’Z| ga¨ I `wÿY Gwkqvi
mvs¯‹…wZK êwP‡Î¨ kniwU mg„×|
UvOv − UvÆz †Nvovq Uvbv `yB PvKvi Mvwo|
LvBevi cvm − wMwic_| GB wMwic‡_i gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ívb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvwaZ
n‡q‡Q| c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg iv¯Ívi g‡a¨ GwU Ab¨Zg| Av‡jKRvÛvi w` †MÖU I
†Pw½m Lvb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i gymwjg kvmKMY Zv‡ì wek¦ weR‡q LvBevi cvm
eënvi K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g wek¦h‡y ×i mgq hy×‡KŠk‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e weªwUkiv GB
LvBevi cvm w`‡q GKwU fvwi †ijI‡q wbg©vY K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GB c_ w`‡q Av‡gwiKv
Zv‡ì ˆmb¨‡ì Rb¨ AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b im` wb‡q hvq|
eyLviv − DR‡ewK¯Ív‡bi cÂg e„nr kni| cÖvPxb GB kni eëmv-evwYR¨, ms¯‹…wZPP©v I
ag©PP©vi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| GKw`‡K cÖPzi ¯’vcZ¨Kg© Ges Ab¨w`‡K gmwR`-gv`&&ivmv
GB kniwU‡K êwPÎ¨gwÐZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
MšÍe¨ Kveyj 99
Rg©b gvDRvi − Rvg©v‡bi GKwU A¯¿ ˆZwii KviLvbvi bvg gvDRvi (Mauser)| cj gvDRvi Gi
cÖwZôvZv| 1874 mv‡ji 23G †g KviLvbvwU cÖwZwôZ nq| GL‡bv GB
cÖwZôv‡bi wWRvBbK…Z ivB‡dj I wc¯Íj mviv c„w_ex‡Z wewµ nq|
mv‡gvfvi − Mig cvwbi cvÎwe‡kl|
`v‡g¯‹ − wmwiqvi ivRavbx| ms¯‹…wZ I ag©PP©vi weL¨vZ †K›`ª| Pvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M
kniwU wbwg©Z nq|
Kvb‡RvLv − Kuva cwigvY|
Avwd«w` − cvwK¯Ív‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgv‡šÍi mvnmx DcRvwZ we‡kl| cwðg †c‡kvqv‡ii cÖvq
GK nvRvi eM©gvBje¨vcx G‡ì evm|
jvwÛ‡KvUvj − cvwK¯Ív‡bi DcRvwZ kvwmZ AÂ‡ji GKwU kni| LvBevi cvm-Gi cwðgvÂ‡ji
we¯Í…Z AÂj Ry‡o GB kni Aew¯’Z|
cyw¯Íb − Pvgovi Rvgv ev †KvU
Rvjvjvev` − AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi GKwU kni| Avw`bvcyi bv‡g L¨vZ| Kveyj b`x, Kzbvi b`x I
jvMgvb Øx‡ci ms‡hvM¯’‡j kniwU Aew¯’Z| cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbKUeZx©
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wkíbMix Rvjvjvev`|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx iwPZ ÒMšÍe¨ KveyjÓ kxl©K ågYKvwnwbwU Zuvi Ô†`‡k we‡`‡kÕ (1948) MÖš’ †_‡K
†bIqv n‡q‡Q| GB iPbvwUi ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi AmvaviY ågY-mvwn‡Zï m‡½B ïay
cwiwPZ nB bv, AwaKš‘ Zuvi Rxeb‡eva, mvwnZïæwP I wbR¯^ wkí-êwk‡óï m‡½I cwiwPZ n‡Z cvwi|
ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx wewPÎ GK Rxeb hvcb K‡i‡Qb| KZ Rbc`, KZ gvbyl Avi KZ NUbvi m‡½ †h
wZwb GK Rxe‡b cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb Zvi BqËv †bB| Avi †mB Rbc`, †mB gvbyl Avi †mB me NUbv‡KI
wZwb †`‡L‡Qb KL‡bv iwm‡Ki †Pv‡L, KL‡bv fvey‡Ki †Pv‡L Ges KL‡bvev we`» cvwÐ‡Zï gbb I wbôvi
†Pv‡L| d‡j Awbevh©fv‡eB Zuvi me m„wói g‡Zv ågY-mvwnZÏ n‡q D‡V‡Q Zz‡Lvo GK RxebPvÂ‡j¨
ficyi K_vgvjv| ÒMšÍe¨ KveyjÓ Zvi e¨wZµg bq| nvIov †÷kb †_‡K Kvey‡ji D‡Ï‡k †h hvÎvwU wZwb
ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡Z †kl ch©šÍ AmvaviY imNb GK AwfÁZvi m‡½ Avgv‡ì cwiPq N‡U| GB
cwiP‡qi cÖwZwU c‡e© KZ †h †KŠZzK, †KŠZ~nj, nvwm-VvÆv, ig¨-iwmKZv Avi cÖÁv I gbb cvV‡Ki Rb¨
A‡cÿv K‡i Zvi †Kv‡bv Zzjbv P‡j bv| hvÎvi ïiæ‡ZB Mvwo‡Z DV‡Z †M‡j GKRb Bs‡iR nuvK w`‡q
e‡jwQ‡jb ÒIUv B‡qv‡ivwcqvb‡ì Rb¨Ó| GB GKwU gvÎ Dw³i g‡a¨ weªwUkkvwmZ `yBk eQ‡ii
BwZnv‡mi GKwU gvÎv Abyfe Kiv hvq| Avevi †mB wdwiw½i m‡½B hLb kvwšÍc~Y© I eÜzZ¡c~Y© hvÎv ïiæ
nq Avi fvM-euv‡Uvqviv K‡i LvIqv nq wb‡R‡ì m‡½ K‡i Avbv wewPÎ Lvevi ZLb Ab¨ GK BwZnv‡mi
m‡½ Avgv‡ì cwiPq N‡U| †mB BwZnvm gvbweKZvi, mv‡gï, †mŠ›`‡h©i| GB wewPÎ gvbyl-R‡bi m‡½
wg‡jwg‡k Av‡Q bvbv ai‡bi cÖK…wZ, f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm I bvbv ms¯‹…wZ| GB iPbvq ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx Zuvi
wecyj AwfÁZvi GKwU AwZ Zvrch©c~Y© Aa¨v‡qi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. jvwÛ‡KvUvj †_‡K `°vi `~iZ¡ KZ gvBj?
K. bq L. `k
M. GMv‡iv N. ev‡iv
100 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. ÒGi Mvb Ii †mŠi‡f wg‡k wM‡q‡QÓÑDw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

K. Mvb I †mŠif wfbœZvm~PK L. myi I myMÜ GKvKvi
M. Mvb myM‡Üi m„wó K‡i N. myi †mŠi‡fi cwic~iK
wg_y‡bi cvnvo †`Lvi kL A‡bK w`b †_‡KB| ZvB Gevi MÖx‡®§i QzwU‡Z wZwb wM‡qwQ‡jb cve©Z¨ †Rjv
LvMovQwo| †mLv‡b AuvKv-euvKv cvnvwo iv¯Ív Avi `yBav‡i Nb eb-R½j †`‡L wZwb Awff~Z nb| cvnv‡oi Mv
†e‡q †b‡g Avmv wimvs Sibvi mykxZj Rj Avi AvjywUjvi ¸nvq †ivgvÂKi AwfhvÎv Zv‡K fxlYfv‡e bvov
†`q| ZvQvov wewfbœ RvwZ, ag© I e‡Y©i cvnvwo Awaevmx‡ì mv‡_ wg‡k Zvi wewPÎ AwfÁZv nq|
3. ÒMšÍe¨ KveyjÓ iPbvi †Kvb êwkó¨ DÏxc‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q?
K. AvšÍwiKZv L. †`k‡cÖg
M. †mŠ›`h©wcÖqZv N. D”Pvwfjvl
4. cÖKvwkZ êwkó¨wU †h †h ev‡K¨ we`¨gvb Zvn‡jv
i. `yBw`‡K nvRvi dzU DuPz cv_‡ii †bov cvnvo
ii. KZ †`‡ki KZ iK‡gi †jvK cY¨ evwnbxi m‡½ m‡½ P‡j‡Q
iii. Gi Mvb I †mŠi‡f wg‡k wM‡q‡Q
M. iiI iii N. i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gvbyl †h †Kej wb‡R‡KB Rvwb‡Z Pvq ZvnvB b‡n, evwn‡ii RM‡Zi AvnŸv‡b cÖwZwbqZB Zvnv‡K
Uvwb‡Z‡Q| GB AvnŸv‡b cÖjyä nBqv A‡bK †jvK †`kåg‡Y ewnM©Z nq| bvbv †`k, bvbv RvwZ,
Zvnv‡ì HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wewfbœ R‡bi wbKU wewfbœ iƒ‡c aiv †`q| evwn‡ii GB e¯‘mËv‡K †jLK
gvbmi‡m cÖZ¨ÿ Kwiqv Z_¨msewjZ MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB RvZxq MÖ‡š’ e¯‘mËvi cÖvavb¨ _vwK‡jI
Dnvi g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ `„wófw½ _vwK‡Z cv‡i|
K. wdwiw½ Kx?
L. m`©viwR‡K †jL‡Ki fv‡jv jvMvi KviY Kx?
M. ÒMšÍe¨ KveyjÓ iPbvq DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb mËvwU we‡klfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q?− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Dch©y³ mËvwU ÒMšÍe¨ KveyjÓ iPbvi †kl K_v bq|− we‡kølY Ki|
gvwm-wcwm
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wenv‡ii muvIZvj ciMbvi `ygKvq 1908 wLªóv‡ãi 19G †g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K
evwo XvKvi weµgcy‡i| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wcZvi bvg nwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges gvZvi bvg bxi`vmy›ìx
†èx| Zuvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡evaKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| WvKbvg gvwbK| evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi wewfbœ ¯‹zj I
K‡j‡R wZwb cov‡kvbv K‡ib|
gvÎ AvUPwjøk eQi wZwb †eu‡PwQ‡jb| KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R weGmwm covi mg‡q gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m
eÜz‡ì m‡½ evwR a‡i wZwb cÖ_g Mí ÒAZmxgvgxÓ wj‡L L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zvici Rxe‡bi evwK AvUvk
eQi wbiew”Qbœfv‡e wj‡L †M‡Qb| gv‡S eQi wZ‡bK gvÎ wZwb PvKwi I eëmvwqK Kv‡R wb‡R‡K Rov‡jI
evwK cy‡iv mgqUvB wZwb mve©ÿwYKfv‡e mvwnZ¨‡mevq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
Dcb¨vm I †QvUMí †jLK wn‡m‡e gvwbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ L¨vwZgvb| Aí mg‡qB cÖPzi Mí-Dcb¨vm m„wó
K‡ib| †mB m‡½ wj‡L‡Qb wKQz KweZv, bvUK, cÖeÜ I Wv‡qwi| weÁvbgb¯‹ GB †jLK gvby‡li g‡bvRMr
Z_v AšÍR©xe‡bi iƒcKvi wn‡m‡e mv_©KZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| GKB m‡½ mgvRev¯ÍeZvi wkíx wn‡m‡eI ¯^vÿi
†i‡L‡Qb| ÔRbbxÕ, ÔwèvivwÎi Kve¨Õ, ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ, ÔcyZzjbv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ, ÔwPýÕ cÖf„wZ Zuvi weL¨vZ
Dcb¨vm| Zuvi weL¨vZ †QvUM‡íi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ : ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ, Ômixm„cÕ, Ômgy‡`ªi ¯^v`Õ, ÔKzô‡ivMxi
†eŠÕ, ÔwUKwUwKÕ, Ônjy` †cvovÕ, ÔAvR Kvj cikyi MíÕ, Ônviv‡bi bvZRvgvBÕ, Ô†QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎxÕ cÖf„wZ|
KjKvZvq 1956 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv wW‡m¤î wZwb †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|
†kl‡ejvq Lv‡j GLb cy‡iv fvUv| Rj †b‡g wM‡q Kv`v Avi fvOv BUcvU‡Kj I IR‡b fvwi AveR©bv
†ewi‡q c‡o‡Q| Kswµ‡Ui cy‡ji Kv‡Q Lv‡ji av‡i jvMv‡bv mvjwZ †_‡K Lo †Zvjv n‡”Q cv‡o|
cvkvcvwk †Rvov jvMv‡bv `y‡Uv eo mvjwZ †evSvB AuvwUeuvav Lo wZbR‡bi gv_vq P‡o wM‡q Rgv n‡”Q
Ic‡ii g¯Í Mv`vq| IVvbvgvi c‡_ Iiv Lo †d‡j wb‡q‡Q Kv`vq| mvjwZ †_‡K I‡ì gv_vq Lo Zz‡j
w`‡”Q `yRb| GKR‡bi eqm n‡q‡Q, AvacvKv Pzj, †ivMv kixi| Ab¨Rb gvSeqmx, †eu‡U, †Rvqvb,
gv_vq Vvmv K`gQuvUv iæÿ Pzj|
cy‡ji Zjv w`‡q fvUvi Uvb †V‡j GwM‡q Gj miæ j¤^v Av‡iKUv mvjwZ, `y-nvZ PIov nqwb bv nq|
`y-gv_vq ùvwo‡q `yRb †cÖŠpv weaev jwM †Vj‡Q, gqjv †gvUv _v‡bi AuvPj `yR‡biB †Kvg‡i euvav|
gvSLv‡b ¸wUmywU n‡q e‡m Av‡Q Aíeqmx GKwU †eŠ| Mv‡q Rvgv Av‡Q, bKkv cv‡oi m¯Ív mv`v kvwo|
AuvUmuvU _g_‡g Mob, †MvjMvj gyL|
Ògvwm-wcwm wdi‡Q ˆK‡jkÓ, ey‡ov †jvKwU ejj|
ˆKjvk evn‡Ki gv_vq Lo Pvcv‡Z e¨¯Í wQj| PUcU †kl AuvwUUv Pvwc‡q w`‡q †m hLb wdij, gvwm-wcwmi
mvjwZ `y-nv‡Zi g‡a¨ G‡m †M‡Q|
ÒI gvwm, I‡Mv wcwm, iv‡Lv iv‡Lv| Lci Av‡Q ï‡b hvI|Ó
mvg‡bi w`‡K jwM cyu‡Z gvwm-wcwm mvjwZi MwZ †VKvq, Avn¬vw` wmuw_i wmu`yi ch©šÍ †NvgUv †U‡b †`q|
mvg‡b †_‡K gvwm e‡j weiw³i m‡½, Ò†ejv Avi †bB ˆK‡jk|Ó †cQ‡b †_‡K wcwm e‡j, ÒA‡bKUv c_
†h‡Z n‡e ˆK‡jk|Ó
102 mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvwm-wcwmi Mjv SiS‡i, AvIqvR GKUz †gvUv, GKUz SsKvi Av‡Q| ˆKjv‡ki LeiUv †Mvcb, `yR‡b j¤^v j¤^v
mvjwZi `y-gv_vq _vK‡j m¤¢e bq Pz‡c Pz‡c ejv| gvwm eo mvjwZi Lo †VKv‡bv euvkUv †P‡c a‡i _v‡K, wcwm
jwM nv‡Z wb‡qB wcQb †_‡K GwM‡q Av‡m mvg‡bi w`‡K| Avn¬vw` †hLv‡b wQj †mLv‡b e‡mB Kvb †c‡Z
iv‡L| K_vevZ©v †m me ïb‡Z cvq mn‡RB| KviY, †m hv‡Z ïb‡Z cvq Ggwb K‡iB e‡j ˆKjvk|
Òewj gvwm, †Zvgv‡KI ewj wcwmÓ, ˆKjvk ïiæ K‡i, Ò†gqv‡K GK`g k¦ïiNi cvVv‡e bv g‡b K‡iQ hw`,
†m †Kgb aviv K_v nq? GZ eo †mvgË †gqv, †Zvgiv `ywU †g‡q‡jvK ev‡` N‡i GKUv cyiælgvbyl †bB,
wec`-Avc` N‡U hw` †ZvÑÓ
gvwm e‡j, ÒLybmywU iv‡Lv w`wK ˆK‡jk †Zvgvi, †gvÏvK_vUv Kx ZvB KI, ej‡j bv †h Lci Av‡Q, Kx?Ó
wcwm e‡j, ÒLciUv Kx ZvB KI| †ejv †ewk †bB ˆK‡jk|Ó
gvwm-wcwmi mv‡_ cviv hv‡e bv Rv‡b ˆKjvk| AMZ¨v †dwb‡q iwm‡q ejevi e`‡j †m †mvRv K_vq
Av‡m, ÒR¸i mv‡_ †`Lv n‡jv Kvj| Lo Zz‡j w`‡Z muvS n‡q †Mj, Zv †`vKv‡b GUUz-gv‡b Avi wK Pv
†L‡Z †MwQ Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b, R¸i mv‡_ †`Lv|Ó
gvwm e‡j, ÒPv‡qi †`vKvb bv wK‡mi †`vKvb Zv eywSwQ ˆK‡jk, Zv K_vUv Kx?Ó
wcwm e‡j, Ò†m_v Qvov Avi I‡K †Kv_v †`L‡e| nv‡Z `y‡Uv cqmv G‡j †ZvgviI ¯^fve weM‡o hvq
ˆK‡jk| Zv, Kx ej‡j R¸?Ó
ˆKjvk duvc‡i c‡o Avo‡Pv‡L Pvq Avn¬vwì w`‡K, nVvr †eg°v †Rv‡ii m‡½ cÖwZev` K‡i †h, Zv bq,
cy‡ji Kv‡QB Pv‡qi †`vKvb, gvwm-wcwm wM‡q wRÁvmv KiæK bv †mLv‡b| Zvic‡iB †Rvi nvwi‡q e‡j,
ÒIme GKiKg †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q R¸| †jvKUv †Kgb e`‡j †M‡Q gvwm, mwZ¨ K_v wcwm, R¸ Avi †mB R¸
†bB| †eŠ‡K wb‡Z Pvq GLb| †Zvgiv bvwK cY K‡iQ †gqv cvVv‡e bv, Zv‡ZB P‡U Av‡Q| m¤§vb †Zv
Av‡Q GKUv gvby‡li, Kevi wb‡Z Gj Zv †gqv w`‡j bv, ZvB †Zv wb‡Z Av‡m bv Avi| Avwg ewj Kx,
wb‡Riv †h‡P Gevi cvwV‡q †Ì †gqv‡K|Ó
gvwm e‡j, Ò†cU ïwK‡q jvw_ SuvUv †L‡Z? Kj‡K‡cvov Qu¨vKv †L‡Z? LyuwUi mv‡_ `woeuvav n‡q _vK‡Z
w`bfi ivZfi?Ó
wcwm-e‡j, Ò†gqv bv cvVvB, RvgvB G‡j ivwLwb RvgvB-Av`‡i Zv‡K? QvMjUv †e‡P w`‡q LvIqvBwb
fv‡jvg›` `kUv wRwbm?Ó
gvwm e‡j, Ò†di AvmyK, Av`‡i ivLe hwÏb _v‡K| e¾vZ †nvK, Ly‡b †nvK, RvgvB †Zv| N‡i G‡j
LvwZi bv Kie †Kb? Z‡e †gqv †gviv cvVve bv|Ó
wcwm e‡j, Ò†b ˆK‡jk, gi‡Z †gviv †gqv‡K cvVve bv|Ó
ey‡ov ingvb GKv Lo Pvwc‡q hvq evnK‡ì gv_vq, PzcPvc ï‡b hvq G‡ì K_v| QjQj †Pv‡L GKevi
ZvKvq Avn¬vwì w`‡K| Zvi †g‡qUv k¦ïievwo‡Z g‡i‡Q Aíw`b Av‡M| wKQz‡Z †h‡Z Pvqwb †g‡qUv,
`vcv`vwc K‡i †Ku‡`‡Q hvIqv †VKv‡Z, †QvU AeyS †g‡q| Zvi fv‡jvi R‡b¨B Zv‡K †Rvi-Rei`w¯Í K‡i
cvwV‡q w`‡qwQj| Avn¬vwì m‡½ Zvi †Pnvivq †Kv‡bv wgj bvB| eq‡m †m wQj A‡bK †QvU, †Pnviv wQj
A‡bK †ewk †ivMv| Zey Avn¬vwì d¨vKv‡k gy‡L ZviB gy‡Li Qvc ingvb †`L‡Z cvq, L‡oi AuvwU Zz‡j
†èvi duv‡K duv‡K hLbB †m ZvKvq Avn¬vwì w`‡K|
gvwm-wcwm 103
ˆKjvk e‡j, ÒZ‡e Avmj K_vUv ewj| R¸ †gv‡K ej‡j, Gevi †m gvgjv Ki‡e †eŠ †bevi Rb¨| Zvi
we‡q Kiv †eŠ‡K †Zvgiv AvU‡K †i‡LQ e` gZj‡e| gvgjv Ki‡j wec‡` co‡e| †mvqvwg wb‡Z PvB‡j
†eŠ‡K AvU‡K ivLvi AvBb †bB| †Rj n‡q hv‡e †Zvgv‡ì| Avi †hgb eySjvg, gvgjv R¸ Ki‡eB
AvRKv‡ji g‡a¨| gi‡e †Zvgiv Rvb gvwm, Rvb wcwm, gviv co‡e †Zvgiv G‡Kev‡i|Ó
Avn¬vw` GKUv kã K‡i, AùzU AvZ©bv‡ì g‡Zv| gvwm I wcwm gyL PvIqv-PvIwq K‡i K‡qK evi| g‡b
nq, g‡b Zv‡ì GKB K_v D`q n‡q‡Q, †Pv‡L †Pv‡L †P‡q †mUv ïay RvbvRvwb K‡i wbj Zviv|
gvwm ejj, Ò†R‡j bq †Mjvg ˆK‡jk, wKš‘ †gqv hw` †mvqvwgi Kv‡Q bv †h‡Z Pvq Lyb nevi f‡q?Ó
e‡j gvwm eo mvjwZi Lo †VKv‡bv euvk †Q‡o w`‡q jwM ¸u‡R †`q Kv`vq, wcwm ZiZi K‡i wcQ‡b wM‡q
jwM Kv`vq ¸u‡R †n‡j c‡o, kix‡ii fv‡i miæ j¤^v mvjwZUv‡K GwM‡q †`q fvUvi Uv‡bi wec‡ÿ| †ejv
GKiKg †bB| Qvqv bvg‡Q Pviw`‡K|
kKzbiv D‡o G‡m em‡Q cvZvk~b¨ ïK‡bv MvQUvq| GKUv kKzb D‡o †Mj G AvkÖq †Q‡o Aí `~‡i
Av‡iKUv Mv‡Qi w`‡K| Wvj †Q‡o Do‡Z Avi bZzb Wv‡j wM‡q em‡Z Kx Zvi cvLv SvcUvwb!
gv‡qi †evb gvwm Avi ev‡ci †evb wcwm Qvov ev‡ci N‡ii †KD †bB Avn¬vwì| `ywf©ÿ †Kv‡bvg‡Z †VwK‡qwQj
Zvi evc| gnvgvixi GKUv †iv‡M, K‡jivq, †m, Zvi †eŠ Avi †Q‡jUv †kl n‡q †Mj| gvwm-wcwm Zvi AvkÖ‡q
gv_v ¸u‡R Av‡Q A‡bK w`b, `~i QvB m‡q Avi Kzwo‡q †c‡Z †L‡q wbivkÖq weaeviv †hgb _v‡K| wb‡R‡ì
fiY‡cvl‡Yi wKQz Zviv †ivRMvi KiZ avb †f‡b, Kuv_v †mjvB K‡i, Wv‡ji ewo †e‡P, †nvMjv †Mu‡_,
kvKcvZv djg~j WuvUv Kzwo‡q, GUv IUv †RvMvo K‡i| kvKcvZv Ly`Kz‡u ov †fvRb, eQ‡i `y‡Rvov _vb cibÑ
LiP †Zv GB| eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i wKQz cywu R ch©šÍ n‡qwQj `yR‡bi, iƒ‡cvi UvKv Avaywj wmwK| `ywf©‡ÿi
mgqUv euvPevi Rb¨ Zv‡ì jo‡Z n‡q‡Q mvsNvwZKfv‡e, Avn¬vwì evc Zv‡ì _vKvUv ïay eivÏ †i‡L LvIqv
QuvUvB K‡i w`‡qwQj G‡Kev‡i cy‡ivcywi| ZviI ZLb welg Ae¯’v| wb‡Riv euv‡P wK euv‡P bv, Zvi Ici R¸i
jvw_i †Pv‡U gigi †g‡q G‡m nvwRi| †m †Kvbw`K mvgjv‡e? gvwm-wcwmi †mev-h‡ZœB Avn¬vw` Aek¨ †mevi
†eu‡P wM‡qwQj, Zvi evc-gvI †mUv ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Kx Ki‡e, Mjv †K‡U i³ w`‡q †m avi †kva Kiv
hw`Ñev m¤¢e, Abœ †Ìqvi ÿgZv †Kv_vq cv‡e| cvjøv w`‡q gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vwì Rxe‡bi Rb¨ j‡owQj, †cj
hw` †Zv †L‡q, bvÑ†cj hw` †Zv bvÑ†L‡qB| Ae¯’v hLb Zv‡ì AwZ Kvwnj, Pviw`‡K bv-†L‡q giv ïiæ
K‡i‡Q gvbyl, giY †VKv‡ZB dzwi‡q Avm‡Q Zv‡ì Rxebxkw³; GKw`b gvwm e‡j wcwm‡K, ÒGKUv KvR
Kiwe †eqvBb? Zv‡ZI †ZviI `y‡Uv cqmv Av‡m, †gviI `y‡Uv cqmv Av‡m|Ó
kn‡ii evRv‡i ZwiZiKvwi djg~‡ji `vg Pov| Muv †_‡K wK‡b hw` evRv‡i wM‡q †e‡P Av‡m Zviv, wKQz
†ivRMvi n‡e| GKv gvwmi fimv nq bv mvjwZ †e‡q AZ`~i †h‡Z, hvIqv-AvmvI GKvi Øviv n‡e bv
Zvi| wcwm ivwR n‡qwQj| G‡Z wKQz n‡e wK bv n‡e fMevb Rv‡b, wKš‘ hw` nq Z‡e †ivRMv‡ii GKUv
bZzb Dcvq gvwm †c‡q hv‡e Avi †m cv‡e bv, Zv‡K bv †c‡j Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ nqZ gvwm e‡›`ve¯Í Ki‡e,
Zv wK cv‡i wcwm NU‡Z w`‡Z|
†mB †_‡K ïiæ nq †Mi‡¯Íi evowZ kvKmewR djg~j wb‡q gvwm-wcwmi mvjwZ †e‡q kn‡ii evRv‡i wM‡q
†e‡P Avmv| Muv‡qi evey evwm›`vivI bM` cqmvi Rb¨ evMv‡bi wRwbm †eP‡Z †`q|
gvwm-wcwmi fve wQj Av‡MI| Ae¯’v GK, eqm mgvb, GKN‡i evm, ci¯ú‡ii Kv‡Q Qvov myL-`yt‡Li K_v Zviv
Kv‡KB-ev ej‡e, †KB-ev ïb‡e| Z‡e wnsmv †Øl †ilv‡iwlI wQj h‡_ó, †Kv›`jI †e‡a †hZ Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y|
104 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wcwm G evwoi †g‡q, G Zvi ev‡ci evwo| gvwm D‡o G‡m Ry‡o e‡m‡Q GLv‡b| ZvB gvwmi Dci wcwmi GKUv
AeÁv Ae‡njvi fve wQj| GB wb‡q wcwmi AnsKvi Avi †LuvPvB me‡P‡q Amn¨ jvMZ gvwmi| axi kvšÍ `ytLx
gvbyl g‡b n‡Zv Ggwb Zv‡ì, wKš‘ SMov eva‡j AevK n‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv Zv‡ì †`‡L| †m Kx ivM, †m Kx †ZR,
†m Kx †Muv! g‡b n‡Zv GB eywS Kvg‡o †`q G‡K Aci‡K, GB eywS Kv‡U euwU w`‡q|
kvKmewR †e‡P euvPevi †Póvq GKm‡½ †Kvgi †eu‡a †b‡g covgvÎ me we‡iva me cv_©K¨ D‡o wM‡q
`yR‡bi n‡q †Mj GKgb, GKcÖvY| †m wgj RgRgvU n‡q DVj Avn¬vwì fvi Nv‡o covq| wb‡Ri †cU
fiv‡bv ïay bq, wb‡R‡ì †eu‡P _vKv ïay bq, Zv‡ì `yR‡biB GLb Avn¬vw` Av‡Q| LvB‡q cwi‡q h‡Zœ
ivL‡Z n‡e Zv‡K, k¦ïiN‡ii Kej †_‡K euvPv‡Z n‡e Zv‡K, Muv‡qi e¾vZ‡ì bRi †_‡K mvg‡j ivL‡Z
n‡e, KZ `vwqZ¡ Zv‡ì, KZ KvR, KZ fvebv|
evc gv †eu‡P _vK‡j Avn¬vw`‡K nqZ k¦ïievwo †h‡Z n‡Zv, gvwm-wcwmI we‡kl wKQz ej‡Zv wK bv m‡›`n|
wKš‘ Zviv †Zv †bB, GLb gvwm-wcwmiB me `vwqZ¡| webv civg‡k© Avcbv †_‡KB Zv‡ì wVK n‡qwQj,
Avn¬vw`‡K cvVv‡bv n‡e bv| Avn¬vw`‡K †Kv_vI cvVv‡bvi K_v Zviv fve‡ZI cv‡i bv| we‡kl K‡i IB
Ly‡b‡ì Kv‡Q KL‡bv †g‡q Zviv cvVv‡Z cv‡i, hvevi K_v fve‡jB †g‡q hLb AvZ‡¼ cuvï‡U †g‡i hvq?
ev‡ci Ni`yqvi RwgRgvUzKz Avn¬vw`‡K e‡Z©‡Q, R¸i †eŠ †bevi AvMÖnI LyeB ¯úó| mvgvb¨B wQj Zvi
ev‡ci, ZviI wmwKg‡Zv Av‡Q †gv‡U, evwK †M‡Q †MvKz‡ji Ke‡j| Zey gyd‡Z hv cvIqv hvq Zv‡ZB
R¸i cÖej †jvf|
Lvwj N‡i Avn¬vw`‡K †i‡L †Kv_vI hvevi mvnm Zv‡ì nq bv| `yR‡b wg‡j hw` †h‡Z nq †Kv_vI
Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv m‡½ wb‡q hvq|
gvwm e‡j, ÔWivm&&wb Avn¬vw`| fuvIZv w`‡q Avgv‡ì `gvevi wdwKi me| bq †Zv ˆK‡jk‡K w`‡q Ime
K_v ejvq †gv‡ì?Õ
wcwm e‡j, Ô`yw`b ev‡` †di Avm‡e †`wLm RvgvB| ZLb ï‡av‡j ej‡e, KB bv, Avwg †Zv Ime wKQz ewj
wb ˆK‡jk‡K|Õ
gvwm e‡j, ÔPvi gv‡m cowj, Avi KUv w`b ev| gv-gvwmi Kv‡QB iB‡Z nq G mgqUv, RvgvB G‡j eywS‡q
eje|Õ wcwm e‡j, Ô†Q‡ji gyL †`‡L cvlvY big nq, Rvwbm Avn¬vw`| †Zvi wc‡m wQj R¸i g‡Zv|
†LvKvUv †Kv‡j Avm‡Z Kx n‡q †Mj †mB gvbyl| Pzwc Pzwc G‡m GUv IUv LvIqvq, DV‡Z ewj †Zv I‡V,
em‡Z ewj †Zv e‡mÕ|
gvwm e‡j, Ô†Zvi †g‡mv wVK wQj, kvDwo bb` wQj evN| DV‡Z em‡Z Kx Qu¨vPv †L‡qwQ fve‡j eyK Kuv‡c|
wKš‘ Rvwbm Avn¬vw`, †g‡qUv †hB †Kv‡j Gj kvDwo bb` †hb †gv‡K gv_vq K‡i ivL‡j euv‡P|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔZzBI hvwe, †mvqvwgi Ni Kiwe| Wivm&&wb, Wi wK‡mi?Õ
evwo wd‡i `xc †R¡‡j gvwm-wcwm ivbœvevbœv mvi‡Z †j‡M hvq| evB‡i w`b KvU‡jI Avn¬vwì cwikÖg wKQz
nqwb, ï‡q e‡mB w`b †K‡U‡Q| Zey gvwm-wcwmi K_vq †m GKUz †kvq| kixi bq, gbUv Zvi †Kgb
Ki‡Q| wb‡R‡K Zvi Qu¨vPov, †bvsiv, b`©gvi g‡Zv jv‡M| gvwm-wcwmi Avov‡j †_‡KI †m †Ui cvq
Kxfv‡e gvby‡li ci gvbyl ZvKv‡”Q Zvi w`‡K, KZRb KZfv‡e gvwm-wcwmi m‡½ Avjvc Rgv‡”Q
ZwiZiKvwii g‡Zv Zv‡KI †Kbv hvq wK bv hvPvB Kievi Rb¨| Muv‡qiI KZRb Zvi KZ iK‡gi ì
gvwm-wcwm 105
w`‡q‡Q gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q| gvwm-wcwm‡K wP‡b Zviv A‡bKUv PzcPvc n‡q †M‡Q AvRKvj, wKš‘ †MvKzj
nvj Qv‡owb| gvwm-wcwm‡K cvMj K‡i Zz‡j‡Q †MvKzj| gv‡qi evov Zvi GB gvwm-wcwm, Kx `y‡f©vM
Zv‡ì Zvi Rb¨| gvwm-wcwm‡K GZ hš¿Yv †Ìqvi †P‡q †m bq k¦ïiN‡ii jvÃbv mBZ, R¸i jvw_
†LZ| Clr Z›`ªvi †Nv‡i wkD‡i I‡V Avn¬vw`| GKcv‡k gvwm Avi GKcv‡k wcwm‡K bv wb‡q ï‡j wK
Pj‡e Zvi †Kv‡bvw`b?
ivbœv †m‡i LvIqvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Q gvwm-wcwm, G‡Kev‡i fvZUvZ †e‡o Avn¬vw`‡K WvK‡e| fvMvfvwM KvR
Zv‡ì Ggb mnR n‡q †M‡Q †h ejvewji ìKvi Zv‡ì nq bv, `yR‡b wg‡j KvR K‡i †hb GKR‡b Ki‡Q|
Gevi e¨Ä‡b byb †`‡e G K_v ej‡Z nq bv wcwm‡K, wVK mg‡q by‡bi cvÎ †m GwM‡q †`q gvwmi Kv‡Q|
ejvewj Ki‡Q Zviv Avn¬vwì K_v, Avn¬vwì myL`ytL, Avn¬vwì mgm¨v, Avn¬vwì fwel¨r| RvgvB hw` Av‡m,
GKwU Kov K_v Zv‡K ejv n‡e bv, GZUzKz †LuvPv †Ìqv n‡e bv| Dc‡`k w`‡Z †M‡j PU‡e RvgvB, cyiælgvbyl
†Zv hZB †nvK, GUv Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq, Gme wKQz ejv n‡e bv Zv‡K| RvgvB G‡m‡Q ZvB Avb›` ivLevi
†hb VuvB †bB GB fve †`Lv‡e gvwm-wcwmÑ Avn¬vw`‡K wkwL‡q w`‡Z n‡e †mvqvwg G‡m‡Q e‡j †hb Avn¬v‡`
M`M` nevi fve †`Lvq| †h Kw`b _v‡K RvgvB, †m †hb Abyfe K‡i, †m-B GLvbKvi KZ©v, †m-B m‡e©me©v|
evB‡i †_‡K nuvK Av‡m KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii| gvwm-wcwm ci¯ú‡ii gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKvq, †Rv‡i wbtk¦vm c‡o
`yR‡bi| mvivUv w`b †M‡Q j‡o Avi j‡o| miKvieveyi m‡½ evRv‡ii †Zvjv wb‡q SMov Ki‡Z A‡a©K Rxeb
†ewi‡q †M‡Q `y-R‡bi| GLb Gj †PŠwK`vi KvbvB| nv½vgv bv Av‡m iv‡Î, Muv‡q †jvK hLb Ny‡gv‡”Q|
imyB Pvjvq Suvc Gu‡U gvwm-wcwm evB‡i hvq| ïK¬c‡ÿi GKv`kxi D‡cvm K‡i‡Q Zviv `yR‡b MZKvj|
AvR Øv`kx, †R¨vr¯œv †ek D¾¡j| KvbvB‡qi mv‡_ †MvKz‡ji †h wZbRb †cqv`v G‡m‡Q Zv‡ì
gvwm-wcwm wPb‡Z cv‡i, gv_vq jvj cvMwo-AuvUv †jvKUv Zv‡ì A‡Pbv|
KvbvB e‡j, ÔKvQvwievwo †h‡Z n‡e GKevi|Õ
gvwm e‡j, ÔGZ iv‡Z?Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔgiY †bB?Õ
KvbvB e‡j, Ô`v‡ivMvevey G‡m e‡m Av‡Qb eveyi mv‡_| †h‡Z GKevi n‡e‡Mv w`w`VvKiæbiv| †eu‡a wb‡q
hvevi ûKzg Av‡Q|Õ
gvwm-wcwm gy‡L gy‡L ZvKvq| c‡_i cv‡k †Wvevi av‡i KuvVvj Mv‡Qi Qvqvq wZb-PviRb NycwU †g‡i Av‡Q
¯úóB †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Q gvwm-wcwm| Iiv †h Muv‡qi ¸Ûv mvay ê`¨ Imgv‡biv Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB, ê‡`ï
†dwU-euvav evewi PzjIqvjv gv_vUvq cvZvi duv‡K †R¨vr¯œv c‡o‡Q| Zviv hv‡e KvQvwi‡Z KvbvB Avi
†cqv`v Kb‡÷e‡ji m‡½| Iiv G‡m Avn¬vw`‡K wb‡q hv‡e|
gvwm e‡j, Ô†gv‡ì GKRb †M‡j n‡e bv KvbvB?Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔAvwg hvB P‡jv?Õ
KZ©v †W‡K‡Qb `yRb‡K|
gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB Avevi ZvKvq gy‡L gy‡L|
gvwm e‡j, ÔKvcoUv †Q‡o Avwm KvbvB|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔnvZ ay‡q Avwm, GK`Ð jvM‡e bv|Õ
106 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ZvovZvwoB wd‡i Av‡m Zviv| gvwm wb‡q Av‡m euwUUv nv‡Z K‡i, wcwmi nv‡Z †`Lv hvq ivg`vi g‡Zv g¯Í
GKUv KvUvwi|
gvwm e‡j, ÔKvbvB, KËv‡K †ev‡jv, †g‡q‡bv‡Ki GZ iv‡Z KvQvwievwo †h‡Z b¾v K‡i| Kvj mKv‡j hve|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔGZ iv‡Z †g‡q‡bvK‡K KvQvwievwo WvK‡Z KËvi b¾v K‡i bv KvbvB?Õ
KvbvB duy‡m I‡V, Ôbv hw` hvI VvKiæbiv fv‡jvq fv‡jvq, a‡i †eu‡a †U‡bwnuP‡o wb‡q hvevi ûKzg Av‡Q
wKš‘ e‡j ivLjvg|Õ
gvwm euwUUv evwM‡q a‡i ùv‡Z ùvZ Kvg‡o e‡j, Ôe‡U? a‡i †eu‡a †U‡bwnuP‡o wb‡q hv‡e? G‡mv| †K
GwM‡q Avm‡e G‡mv| euwUi GK †Kv‡c Mjv duvK K‡i †è|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔAvq bv e¾vZ nvivgRv`viv, GwM‡q Avq bv? KvUvwii †Kv‡c Mjv KvwU `y-GKUvi|Õ
`y-cv G‡Mvq Zviv wØavf‡i| gvwm-wcwmi g‡a¨ f‡qi †jkUzKz bv †`‡L mwZ¨B Zviv LvwbKUv f¨vevP¨vKv
†L‡q wM‡q‡Q| gvivZ¥K fw½‡Z euwU Avi `v DuPz nq gvwm-wcwmi|
gvwm e‡j, Ô†kv‡bv KvbvB, G wKš‘ GwK© bq †gv‡U| †Zvgv‡ì mv‡_ †gviv †g‡q‡bvK cvie bv Rvwb wKš‘
`y‡Uv-GKUv‡K gvie RLg Kie wVK|Õ
wcwm e‡j, Ô†gviv bq gie|Õ
Zvici webv civg‡k©B gvwm-wcwm nVvr Mjv †Q‡o †`q| cÖ_‡g ïiæ K‡i gvwm, Zvici †hvM †`q wcwm|
Avkcv‡k hZ evwm›`v Av‡Q mK‡ji bvg a‡i Mjv dvwU‡q Zviv nuvK †`q, I evevVvKzi! I †Nvl gkvq!
I RbvÏb! I‡Mv Kvbyi gv! wewcb! eskx ...Õ
KvbvB A`„k¨ n‡q hvq `jej wb‡q| nuvKvnuvwK WvKvWvwK ïiæ n‡q hvq cvovq, A‡b‡K Qz‡U Av‡m, †KD
†KD e¨vcvi Abygvb K‡i N‡ii Rvbvjv w`‡q DuwK †`q evB‡i bv †ewi‡q|
GB nÆ‡Mv‡ji ci AviI wbSzg AviI _g_‡g g‡b nq ivwÎUv| Avn¬vw`‡K gvSLv‡b wb‡q ï‡q Nyg Av‡m
bv gvwm-wcwmi †Pv‡L| wec‡` c‡o nuvK w`‡j cvovi GZ †jvK Qz‡U Av‡m, Ggbfv‡e cÖvY Ly‡j GZLvwb
R¡vjvi m‡½ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †LvjvLywjfv‡e †MvKzj Avi `v‡ivMv e¨vUvi †PvÏcyiæl D×vi Ki‡Z mvnm cvq,
Rvbv wQj bv gvwm-wcwmi| Zviv nuvKWvK ïiæ K‡iwQj LvwbKUv KvbvB‡ì fo‡K †èvi R‡b¨, GZ †jvK
G‡m co‡e Avkv K‡iwb| Zv‡ì Rb¨ hZUv bq, †MvKzj Avi `v‡ivMvi Ici iv‡Mi R¡vjvB †hb I‡ì
Ni †_‡K †U‡b evi K‡i G‡b‡Q g‡b n‡jv mK‡ji K_vevZ©v ï‡b| †Kgb GKUv ¯^w¯Í †eva K‡i
gvwm-wcwm| ey‡K bZzb †Rvi cvq|
gvwm e‡j, ÔRv‡bv †eqvBb, Iiv †di Ny‡i Avm‡e gb ej‡Q| GZ mn‡R Qvo‡e wK|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔZvB fvewQjvg| †g‡qUv‡K KzUzgevwo mwi‡q †Ìqvq †mvbv‡ì N‡i gvSiv‡Z Av¸b
awi‡qwQj †mevi|Õ
LvwbK PzcPvc fv‡e `yR‡b|
gvwm e‡j, ÔmRvM iB‡Z n‡e ivZUv|Õ
wcwm e‡j, ÔZvB fv‡jv| Kuv_v K¤^jUv Pzwe‡q ivwL R‡j, Kx Rvwb Kx nq|Õ
gvwm-wcwm 107
Av‡¯Í Pzwc Pzwc Zviv K_v Kq, Avn¬vwì Nyg bv fv‡O| AwZ mšÍc©‡Y Zviv weQvbv †Q‡o I‡V| Avn¬vwì
ev‡ci Avg‡ji †MviæUv †bB, MvgjvUv Av‡Q| Nov †_‡K Rj †X‡j †gvUv Kuv_v Avi cyi‡bv †Quov GKUv
K¤^j Pzwe‡q iv‡L, Pvjvq Av¸b a‡i DV‡Z DV‡Z †Mvovq Pvcv w`‡q †bfv‡bv hv‡Z mnR nq| Novq Avi
nuvwo Kjwm‡Z AviI Rj G‡b iv‡L Zviv †Wvev †_‡K| euwU Avi `v iv‡L nv‡Zi Kv‡QB| hy‡×i Av‡qvRb
K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwm| [ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
mvjwZ − kvjKvV wbwg©Z ev ZvjKv‡Vi miæ †WvOv ev †bŠKv|
K`gQuvU − gv_vi Pzj Ggbfv‡e QuvUv †h Zv K`gdz‡ji AvKvi aviY K‡i|
jwM − nvZ Q‡qK j¤^v miæ euvk| †bŠKv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ eëüZ euv‡ki `Ð|
Lci − ÔLeiÕ k‡ãi AvÂwjK D”PviY|
†gqv − Ô†g‡qÕ k‡ãi AvÂwjK D”PviY|
†mvgË − mg_© (msmviag© cvj‡b), †hŠebcÖvß|
LybmywU − nvwm-Zvgvkvhy³ weev`-wem¤^v` ev SMov|
†eg°v − ¯’vb-ewnf~©Z| AmsMZ|
†c‡U ïwK‡q jvw_ SuvUv − ch©vß Lvevi bv-RywM‡q Kó †Ìqvi cvkvcvwk jvw_ SuvUvi gva¨‡g
kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vZb Kiv|
Kj‡K‡cvov Qu¨vKv − ZvgvK‡me‡b eëüZ ûKvi Dc‡i Kj‡K‡Z †h Av¸b _v‡K Zv w`‡q `»
Kiv|
Wv‡ji ewo − PvjKzgov I Wvj wc‡l †QvU †QvU AvKv‡i ˆZwi Kiv Lv`ë¯‘ hv †iv‡`
ïwK‡q msiÿY Kiv nq Ges mewR-gvQ-gvs‡mi m‡½ ivbœv K‡i LvIqv nq|
cvuky‡U − QvBeY©wewkó| cvsïeY©| cvÐyi| d¨vKv‡k|
e¨Äb − ivbœv-Kiv ZiKvwi|
evRv‡ii †Zvjv − evRv‡i we‡µZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Av`vqKiv LvRbv|
imyB Pvjv − †h Pvjvi wb‡P ivbœv Kiv nq| ivbœvNi|
KvUvwi − KvUevi A¯¿|
GwK© − ÔBqvwK©Õ k‡ãi AvÂwjK D”PviY| nvm¨-cwinvm ev iwmKZv|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ògvwm-wcwmÓ MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq KjKvZvi Ôc~e©vkvÕ cwÎKvq 1352 e½v‡ãi ˆPÎ msL¨vq
(gvP©-GwcÖj 1946)| c‡i GwU msKwjZ nq Ôcwiw¯’wZÕ (A‡±vei 1946) bvgK MíMÖ‡š’| eZ©gvb cvV
MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔHwZn¨Õ cÖKvwkZ gvwbK-iPbvewj cÂg LÐ †_‡K|
¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK ZiæYxi KiæY RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q
Ògvwm-wcwmÓ Mí| Avn¬vw` bvgK IB ZiæYxi gvwm I wcwm `yRbB weaev I wbt¯^| Zviv Zv‡ì
Aw¯ÍZ¡iÿvi cvkvcvwk weiƒc wek¦ †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †h eyw×`xß I mvnmx msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡i
†mUvB MíwU‡K Zvrch©c~Y© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx Ges jvjmv-Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi, `v‡ivMv I
¸Ûv-e`gvk‡ì AvµgY †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K wbivc` ivLvi †ÿ‡Î Amnvq `yB weaevi `vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK
Rxebhy× LyeB cÖksmbxq| `ywf©‡ÿi gg©¯úk©x ¯§„wZ, RxweKv wbe©v‡ni KwVb msMÖvg, bvix n‡q †bŠKvPvjbv
I mewRi eëmvq cwiPvjbv cÖf„wZ G M‡íi êwPÎ¨gq w`K|
108 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. KvbvB‡qi mv‡_ †MvKz‡ji KZRb †cqv`v G‡mwQ‡jb?
K. `yB L. wZb
M. Pvi N. cuvP
2. gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K R¸i Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z Pvqwb †Kb?
K. wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q L. †¯œ‡ni AvwZk‡h¨
M. `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y N. Avn¬vw` †h‡Z Pvqwb e‡j
†`wL bvB hv‡i, wPwb bvB hv‡i
ïwb bvB bvg Kfz
wZwbB AvwR‡K †èZv Avgvi
wZwbB Avgvi cÖfz|
3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖfz Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ iPbvi Kvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©?
K. †jL‡Ki L. R¸i
M. ˆK‡j‡ki N. †MvKz‡ji
4. Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h êwkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv :
K. AvwacZ¨ L. cvwÐZ¨
M. ˆ¯îvPvix N. Ans‡eva
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
lv‡UvaŸ© weaev dv‡Zgv †eMg| wbtmšÍvb G e„×vi Avcb ej‡Z †KD †bB| GKw`b mKv‡j nuvU‡Z
†ewi‡q nVvr wZwb GKwU †g‡q‡K iv¯Ívq Kuv`‡Z †`‡Lb| e„ËvšÍ ï‡b wZwb †g‡qwU‡K evwo‡Z wb‡q
Av‡mb Ges ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô †g‡qwU‡K gvZ…‡¯œ‡n AvkÖq †`b| ¯^vgxcÿ Lei †c‡q Zv‡K
wb‡q †h‡Z Pvb| †g‡qwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †h‡Z B”QzK bb| e„×vI †g‡qwU‡K †h‡Z †`bwb| G‡Z Zv‡K
A‡bK Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z nq| g„Zzï c~‡e© e„×v †g‡qwU‡K mgy`q m¤úwË `vb K‡i hvb|
K. Ô†Q‡ji gyL †`‡L cvlvY big nqÕ− Dw³wU Kvi?
L. Ôhy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwmÕ− Dw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU Ògvwm-wcwmÓ M‡íi Avn¬vwì mv‡_ Kxfv‡e m½wZc~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ògvwm-wcwmÓ M‡íi gvwm-wcwm I DÏxc‡Ki e„×v GKm~‡Î Muv_v− gšÍe¨wU hvPvB Ki|
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi
Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏx‡bi Rb¥ e„nËi XvKvi MvRxcyi †Rjvi KvwjM‡Ä 1911 wLªóv‡ãi 11B gvP©|
cÖwZôvwbKfv‡e D”PZi wkÿv MÖnY bv Ki‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb ¯^wkwÿZ| mvsevw`KZvi cvkvcvwk wZwb miKvwi
PvKwiI K‡i‡Qb| mgvR-m‡PZb I ivRbxwZ-m‡PZb e¨w³ wn‡m‡e wZwb wQ‡jb ms¯‹vigy³, cÖMwZKvgx I
gy³eyw×m¤úbœ|
evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMY¨ K_vmvwnwZ¨K Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb cÂvk eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i mvwnZ¨mvabvq eªZx
wQ‡jb| †Kej MíKvi I Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡e wZwb cwiwPZ bb; wZwb bvUK wj‡L‡Qb, Abyev` K‡i‡Qb|
cÖL¨vZ mvsevw`K wn‡m‡eI wZwb mycwiwPZ|
wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ A½‡b we‡kl cwiwPZ I Av‡jvwPZ nb ÔfvIqvj M‡oi DcvL¨vbÕ bv‡gi Dcb¨vm
wj‡L| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm n‡”Q : ÔcÙv †gNbv hgybvÕ, ÔmsKi msKxZ©bÕ, ÔcÖcÂÕ, Ô†`qvjÕ| Zuvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MíMÖš’ n‡”Q : Ô†kl ivwÎi ZvivÕ, ÔGK †Rvov c¨v›U I Ab¨vb¨Õ, Ôiv‡Rb VvKz‡ii Zx_©hvÎvÕ, ÔAvey
Rvdi kvgmyÏx‡bi †kÖô MíÕ, BZ¨vw`| Zuvi iwPZ ÔAvZ¥¯§„wZÕI Amvgvb¨ MÖš’|
mvwn‡Z¨ I mvsevw`KZvq K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn
wewfbœ cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
Zuvi g„Zz¨ 1989 wLªóv‡ãi 24G AvM÷ XvKvq|
XvKv †Rjvi GKwU evrmwiK cøveb AÂj| kxZjÿ¨v b`xi `y-Zxi a‡i gvBj `y-gvBj †fZi ch©šÍ †Wv‡e
bv| el©vq AviI †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv gykwKj| `y-gvBj †h‡Z cuvP gvBj Nyi‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖvg
ixwZg‡Zv Øxc n‡q hvq| XzK‡Z bvI-†Kv›`v jv‡M| †QvU cvwb cvivcvi nIqvi Rb¨ †Kv_vI euv‡ki
muv‡Kv, †Kv_vI Kv‡Vi cyj Av‡Q| I¸‡jv cvivcvi n‡Z †Uªwbs Avek¨K| Abf¨‡¯Íi Rb¨ cÖvq †ÿ‡Î
I¸‡jv cyj‡mivZ| muv‡Kv‡Z EaŸ©c‡ÿ `y‡Uv euvk cvkvcvwk cvZv, wb‡P †Rvovq †Rvovq AvovAvwo †cuvZv
euv‡ki LyuwU| a‡i Pjvi Rb¨ cv‡k nvjKv euvk KL‡bv _v‡KI bv| ga¨c‡_ hvIqvi ci nq †`Lv †Mj
cv‡qi wb‡P gvÎ GKwU euvk, Ab¨wU DavI n‡q †M‡Q| PovgvÎ muv‡Kv gvwSgvjøvnxb wWwO †bŠKvi g‡Zv
†emvgvj bo‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡Vi cy‡ji Ae¯’vI cÖvq IiKg| Miæ-QvMj cvivcvi nIqvi d‡j GK eQ‡ii
g‡a¨B cy‡ji ev‡ivUv ev‡R| cv‡qi wb‡Pi Pvi Z³v †f‡O `y-Z³v GgbwK GK Z³vI n‡q hvq| †Kv_vI
Z³v A`„k¨ n‡q hvq, cvkvcvwk `y-LÐ euvk ¯’vcb K‡i ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq| `ye©j LuywUi Ici ¯’vwcZ
Gme Kv‡Vi cy‡j PovgvÎ ey‡ov gvby‡li ùv‡Zi g‡Zv LULU b‡o| †gvUK_v, kZKiv AvwkRb MÖvgevmxi
Avw_©K w¯’wZi g‡Zv muv‡Kvi w¯’wZI eo boe‡o| cy‡ji wb‡P A‰_ cvwbi †¯ªvZ| cv dm‡K co‡j wec`|
muvZvi bv Rvb‡j AviI †ewk wec`|
KwjgwÏ GjvKvi `dv`vi| wek evBk eQi eq‡m BDwbqb †ev‡W©i `dv`vwi‡Z Xz‡KwQj| ZLb n‡Z †m
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GLb eqm cÖvq lvU, Pzj `vwo‡Z cvK a‡i‡Q| eqmKv‡j †m jvwV
†LjZ| GLb †m jvwV †L‡j bv, wKš‘ HwZnïƒ‡c evewi Pzj iv‡L| †PŠwK`v‡ii m`©vi `dv`vi|
MÖvgvÂ‡ji GKwU gh©v`vevb c`| gh©v`v †m cvqI| †jv‡Kiv Zv‡K `dv`vi mve Wv‡K| wKš‘ c`gh©v`vi
110 mvwnZ¨ cvV
fvi Zvi evo evovqwb| Zvi AvPvi-AvPiY mnR, mij| nvjKv iwmKZvq imcUz| †hŠe‡b ivZ †R‡M
cyuw_ coZ| mßv‡n GKw`b Zv‡K _vbvq nvwRiv w`‡Z nq| †mLv‡bI †PŠwK`v‡ii Ic‡i Zvi gvbgh©v`v|
eo `v‡ivMv Ges BDwbqb †ev‡W©i †cÖwm‡W›U †g¤^viiv Zv‡K ÔZzwgÕ e‡jb, †k‡lv³‡ì †KD †KD Avcwb
e‡jI m¤§vb K‡ib| †PŠwK`vi‡ì K‡ib ZzB-†ZvKvwiÑ GgbwK hv‡”QZvB MvwjMvjvRI|
KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii evwo ej‡Z GKwU Q‡bi Ni Ges ZvjcvZvi QvDwb †`qv GKwU GKPvjv cvKNi, mvg‡b
GK dvwj D‡Vvb| Zvi mvg‡b cuvP KvVv cwigvY RvqMv| †mwU‡Z †m ÔAv¸BbvÕ wPZvi Pvl K‡i| jZvi wb‡Pi
g~j KweivwR Ily‡ai Dcv`vb| kn‡ii KviLvbvq fv‡jv `vg cvIqv hvq| Pv‡li Rwg mvgvb¨| gvm `y-gv‡mi
†LvivwK nq| evwK msermi wK‡b †L‡Z nq| ¯¿x I cyÎKb¨v wb‡q cuvPR‡bi msmvi, †eZb mvgvb¨| K‡qKwU
Avg, KuvVvj, †cqviv I †cu‡c MvQ AwZwi³ Av‡qi Drm| Avi Av‡Q GKwU †QvU Mvwf Ges ¯¿xi GKwU QvMj
I †gviM, nuvm `y-PviwU| we‡qv‡j MvwfwU †ò `y-†mi `ya †`q| Ava †mi †i‡L evwK †m mKv‡ji evRv‡i
†e‡P| Gfv‡e Kvq‡K¬‡k msmvi P‡j| avb-Pv‡ji `vg evo‡j D‡cvm-K‡cvmI Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q
aviK‡R©i Rb¨ nvZ †c‡Z `dv`vi Zvi gh©v`v †Lvqvq bv| Pig `yw`©‡bI †h ù~wZ©evR gvbyl| evRv‡ii Pv
†`vKv‡b e‡m †m mK‡ji g‡Zv iwmKZv K‡i, iwmKZvi RvnvR Zvi gw¯Í®‹|
1971 mvj| fv‡`ªi †kl| Kvbvq Kvbvq fiv cøve‡bi cvwb| hy‡×i cÖ_gw`‡KB Lvb †mbviv _vbv mì
`Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj| _vbvi KvQvKvwQ XvKv-PÆMÖvg †ijI‡q| wKQzw`b †h‡Z b`xi Ici cyj| AÂ‡ji
wbivcËv eë¯’v AviI `„p Kivi j‡ÿ¨ m¤úªwZ Iiv †fZ‡iI cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii †evW©
Awdm kxZjÿ¨vi Zx‡i, evRv‡i| b`xi Gcv‡i-Icv‡i †ek wKQz eo eo Kj-KviLvbv| I¸‡jv kvm‡bi
myweav‡_© GK`j Lvb †mbv evRvimsjMœ nvB¯‹zjwU‡K QvDwb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| b`xi Icv‡i wg‡ji †i÷
nvD‡m Avi GKwU QvDwb| euvab LyeB k³| Zey †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv iv‡Î ¸wjwewbgq nq| †Kv_v n‡Z †Kvb
c‡_ †Kgb K‡i gyw³‡dŠR Av‡m, AvµgY K‡i Ges cÖwZ AvµgY Ki‡j †Kv_vq nvIqv n‡q hvq, Lvb
†mbviv Zvi inm¨ †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KL‡bv KL‡bv LZibvK Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ co‡Z nq| nvUevRv‡ii
†jvKRb, wgj d¨v±wii kÖwgK, †`vKvb`vi, ¯‹zjgv÷vi, QvÎ mKj‡K KvZview›` K‡i e›`y‡Ki bj DuwP‡q
wRÁvmvev` Ki‡Q, Ôgyw³ wKavi n¨vq †ev‡jv|Õ GK DËi, Iiv Rv‡b bv|
Aíw`b Av‡MB GKUv LZibvK NUbv N‡U‡Q| evRv‡ii cwðg-`wÿ‡Y K‡qK Ni MÜewYK evo–B RvZxq
wn›`yi evm| †m MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv b`xi Nv‡U ¯œvb K‡i, Kvco †avq Ges fiv Kjwm Kuv‡L evwo †d‡i|
evRv‡ii Aí `wÿ‡Y I‡ì NvU| QvqvNb euvkSvo, mycvwiMvQ, KjvMvQ, cv‡bi eiR cÖf…wZi †fZi w`‡q
BDwbqb †ev‡W©i AcÖk¯Í moK Gu‡K‡eu‡K G‡m b`xNv‡U †b‡g‡Q| Lvb †mbviv evRv‡ii DË‡i ¯‹zj N‡i|
nvU-evRvi GLb Avi †Zgb R‡g bv| Lvb †mbv‡ì MwZwewa I Ae¯’v‡bi †LuvRLei wb‡q eDwSiv Nv‡U
Av‡m| †LuvRLei wb‡qB †mw`b ga¨v‡ý Nv‡U G‡mwQj Mwie weaev nwigwZ Ges Zvi hyeZx †g‡q mygwZ|
RvqMv-Rwg †bB| Iiv ivZfi †XuwK‡Z wPov †Kv‡U, w`‡b gywo fv‡R| wPov-gywo †e‡P Iiv w`b ¸Rivb
K‡i| AfvMv †hLv‡b hvq mvMi ïwK‡q hvq, G iKg GKUv K_v Av‡Q| `yf©vM¨ I‡ì; m‡e fiv Kjwm
Kuv‡L Av`©ª e‡¯¿ b`xi fv½ybwZ †f‡O Ic‡i D‡V evwoi c_ a‡i‡Q wVK †m mgqUv‡ZB cuvPRb hg`~‡Zi
†Pv‡L c‡o IivÑ gv †g‡q| e›`yK Kuv‡a cuvPRb Lvb †mbv moKc‡_ `wÿY w`K †_‡K G‡m Dcw¯’Z nq
†PŠiv¯Ívi ms‡hvM¯’‡j|
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi 111
nwigwZ I mygwZ gvwUi Kjwm KuvL †_‡K †d‡j cwðg w`‡K †`Šo! †`Šo! QvqvNb AuvKveuvKv c‡_ Iiv
RxebcY †`Š‡ov‡”Q †Zv †`Š‡ov‡”QB| AvZ¥iÿv Ki‡ZB n‡e|
e›`yK Kuv‡a wb‡qB Lvb †mbviv I‡ì cðv×veb K‡i| nwigwZ I mygwZ GKbRi cðvwÏ‡K ZvwK‡q
AviI †e‡M †`Šovq| Avkcv‡ki †jvKRb IB `„k¨ †`‡L evwoNi †Q‡o †Sv‡c R½‡j AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i|
†cvqvwZ †g‡qiv µ›`biZ wkïi gyL †P‡c a‡i| Av`ª© e‡¯¿ gvBjLv‡bK †`Š‡ovevi ci gv †g‡q `y-R‡bi
GKRbI Avi †`Š‡ov‡Z cv‡i bv| iv¯Ívi Wvb w`‡K cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj| AvkÖ‡qi Avkvq Iiv ¯‹zjN‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i|
¯‹zjNi RbcÖvYxk~b¨| †`qv‡j UvOv‡bv eø¨vK‡ev‡W© Lwo gvwU‡Z Klv GKUv Aa©mgvß A¼ Qvov Avi wKQz
†Pv‡L c‡o bv| GKUv Qzu‡Pv Bu`yi I‡ì †`‡L cvwj‡q hvq| Pvi PviUv ìRv Ges me¸‡jv Rvbvjv †Lvjv|
nwigwZ, mygwZ Xz‡K `g †bqvi Av‡MB Lvb †mbv‡ì ey‡Ui `vcU ïb‡Z cvq| IivI wKQzÿY `g †bq|
Pvwiw`‡K cÖvPxi| mk¯¿ wkKvwi Ges wkKvi `y‡UvB †fZ‡i| wKQzÿY gv †g‡qi AvZ©bv` I‡V| c‡i wbtkã
n‡q hvq ¯‹zjNi| nwigwZ mygwZ‡K Iiv nZ¨v K‡i bv| i³v³ AÁvb Ae¯’vq †d‡j Lvb †mbviv ivB‡dj
Kuv‡a ¯‹zjNi Z¨vM K‡i|
iv¯Ívq c‡o K‡qK cv G‡Mv‡ZB ¸wji kã nq| †Kvb w`K †_‡K Avm‡Q Vvni Kivi Av‡MB GKR‡bi
gv_vi Lywj D‡V hvq| Ôgyw³ Av wMqv, Bqv AvjxÕ wPrKvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z evwK PviRb EaŸ©k¦v‡m †`Šovq|
AviI GKR‡bi Eiæi gvsm wQu‡o ¸wj †ewi‡q hvq| wbnZ m½x‡K cðv‡Z †d‡j †i‡L evwK PviRb
†Kv‡bvµ‡g QvDwb‡Z wd‡i Av‡m|
†mw`b †_‡K GjvKvq gyw³‡dŠR wbab KvR ïiæ nq| †ivR `j †eu‡a †e‡ivq Lvb †mbviv| evRv‡i
wgwjUvwi †XvKvi ci †_‡KB KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii Ici †evW© Awdm †Lvjvi fvi c‡o‡Q| A‡cÿvK…Z
Kgeq¯‹ †Pqvig¨vb, fvBm †Pqvig¨vb wgwjUvwii f‡q cviZc‡ÿ Gw`‡K Av‡mb bv| †g¤^viMYI
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †evW© Awdm wbqwgZ †Lvjv ivLvi ûKzg Rvwi Av‡Q| KwjgwÏ G KvR Kivi
Rb¨ evRv‡i Av‡m| Lvb †mbviv I‡KB I‡ì Awfhv‡bi m½x K‡i †bq| †m miKvwi †jvK, wbqwgZ
bvgvR c‡o Ges hv ûKzg nq Zv cvjb K‡i| myZivs m‡›`‡ni KviY †bB|
†mw`b †_‡K `dv`vi w`‡bi †ejv evwo †h‡Z cv‡i bv| evRv‡iB †L‡Z nq Zv‡K| LvIqvi Rb¨ †ivR
wZb UvKv cvq †m| Lvb †mbviv wK Zv‡K ivRvKv‡i fwZ© K‡i wb‡q‡Q? KwjgwÏ Zvi wKQz Rv‡b bv| †m
Zvi ¯^vfvweK nvwmgy‡L Lvb †mbv‡ì m½x n‡q †hw`K †h‡Z e‡j hvq| †m Avo-KvwV, Av‡M Av‡M c_
†`wL‡q wb‡q hvIqv Zvi wWDwU| evRv‡ii †jvKRb KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡K Aby‡hvM †`q, `dv`vi fvB
Avc‡bI?
KwjgwÏ w¯§Z †n‡m mnR DËi †`q, Avwg fvB miKvwi †jvK, hLbKvi miKvi ZLbKvi ûKzg cvjb
Kwi| Gi †ewk GKwU K_vI Zvi gyL †_‡K †ei Kiv hvq bv|
eyaevi| Avkcv‡k †Kv_vI nvUevi †bB| mKvj `kUvq KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii wWDwU c‡o| AvR BDwbqb
†ev‡W©i KuvPv moKc‡_ cwðg w`‡K gyw³we‡ivax Awfhvb| AvU-`kRb mk¯¿ Lvb †mbv| KwjgwÏ Av‡M
c_ †`wL‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q| jÿ¨¯’vb MÖvg| †mLv‡b bvwK eû wn›`yi evm, AviI wn›`y evB‡i †_‡K G‡m AvkÖq
wb‡q‡Q| gymjgvb¸‡jvI fviZxq PiÑ Kv‡di‡ì m‡½ GK †RvU| AvR IB MÖvgUv kv‡q¯Ív Ki‡Z n‡e|
Av¸b †`qvi gvjgmjv, A¯¿I m‡½ Av‡Q|
†ejv GMv‡ivUv| gv‡Vi Ici w`‡q AcÖk¯Í †g‡U moK| gvV †cwi‡q GKwU †QvU MÖvg| Zvic‡iB
jÿ¨¯’j|
112 mvwnZ¨ cvV
PKP‡K †iv`| mo‡Ki DË‡i ivB‡dj †i‡Äi g‡a¨ MvgQv-civ GK wK‡kvi wZb Pvi‡U Miæ †Lw`‡q wb‡q
hv‡”Q| Zvi gv_vq Qvjv †evSvB Nvm| Kuv‡a jvOj-†Rvqvj| m¤¢eZ †m gvV †_‡K evwo wdi‡Q| Ôgyw³!
gyw³!Õ GKRb ˆmwbK wPrKvi K‡i I‡V|
ÔKuvnv? Kuvnv?ÕÑ Ac‡iiv cÖkœ K‡i|
ÔWvnbv Zid †`‡Lv|Õ
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi mweb‡q ej‡Z Pvq, Ôgyw³ †bwn K¨vwÞb mve, D‡qv ivLvj n¨vq, †giv †PbvRvbv n¨vq|Õ
ÔPzc ivI mv‡j Kv‡di Kv ev”Pv Kv‡di| gyw³, Avjer gyw³|Õ e‡jB mK‡j GKm‡½ ¸wj †Qv‡o| GjvKv
†Ku‡c I‡V| aŸwb cÖwZaŸwb n‡q `~‡i Qwo‡q c‡o|
KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii evj¨Kv‡ji cvZv‡bv †`v¯Í mvBRwÏ Lwjdvi †lvj eQ‡ii †Q‡j GKevi gvÎ ÔgvÕ
e‡j| aivkvqx †`nUv †_‡K Avi †Kvb aŸwb Kv‡b Av‡m bv|
ÔGK gyw³ LZg| Avwf mvg‡b P‡jv `dv`vi|Õ
ÔwR, ûRyi,Õ e‡j †m ûKzg cvjb K‡i|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Lvb †mbv‡ì cwðggyLx Awfhv‡bi msev` gy‡L gy‡L Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| †Mvjv¸wji kã †kvbvi
ci Avkcv‡ki †jvKRb Nievwo †d‡j †h †hLv‡b cv‡i cvjv‡Z ïiæ K‡i| gvV cvwo †`qvi Av‡MB
mvg‡bi MÖvg mvd n‡q hvq|
c‡ii MÖv‡g †mw`‡bi g~j hy×‡ÿÎ| †m MÖv‡gi cwð‡g A_B R‡ji we¯ÍxY© gvV| cvwbi Ici evIqv av‡bi
meyR kxl| MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgvšÍ‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ avb-†ÿ‡Zi Ici w`‡q bvIùvov| MÖvgevmxiv DwVcwo
bvIÑ†Kv›`v †e‡q A_B cvwb‡Z fvmgvb D×Z av‡bi kx‡li Avov‡j AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i| hviv bvI-†Kv›`v
cvq bv Zviv we‡j bv‡g Ges gv_vi Ic‡i KPzwicvbv Pvwc‡q bvK RvwM‡q Wz‡e _v‡K|
gyw³ wbab Awfhvb GwM‡q P‡j| mvg‡b GKwU †jvKI c‡o bv| evwoNi Rbk~b¨, K‡jiv gnvgvix‡Z
weij RvqMvi g‡Zv g‡b nq cwjø| nuvm-†gviM KzKzi-weovjI †Mvjv¸wji kã ï‡b AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i‡Q|
`wo‡Z euvav QvMj-†Mviæ `y-PviUv †`Lv hvq|
ÔB‡q eKwi eûZ LyemyiZ AvIi ZvRv, Iqvcm Rv‡b †K IqvKZ... mg‡R ...Õ Lvb †mbv‡ì GKRb
m½x‡ì e‡j|
Ônüv, nüv, GK wd÷ û Rv‡qMv,Õ A‡bïv †n‡m mg_©b Rvbvq| Iiv c‡_i `y-av‡ii evwoN‡i DuwKSzuwK Ges
†Sv‡c R½‡j ¸wj Qz‡o nÏ nq| GKRb gyw³i mÜvbI cvIqv hvq bv|
†ejv ZLb ev‡ivUv, nVvr KgvÛvi wb‡`©k †`q, Ônë! GK, †`v!Õ
mvg‡b Kv‡Vi cyj| `y-w`K †_‡K wZwik wWwMÖ A¨v‡½‡j Lvov n‡q wKQz `~‡i IVvi ci gvSfv‡e mgZj, wb‡P
cøvweZ Lvj Ges `y-w`‡Ki evIqv av‡bi †ÿZ, D×Z av‡bi wkl cvwbi m‡½ Zvj †i‡L †e‡o Pj‡Q| cy‡ji
DËi-`wÿ‡Y hZ`~i `„wó hvq Lvj Ges cøvweZ avb‡ÿZ Gu‡K‡eu‡K ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b Ak¦L‡y ii AvKv‡i wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i GwM‡q P‡j‡Q| cy‡ji Ici w`‡q gvbyl Ges QvMj-Miæ cvivcvi nq, wbP w`‡q P‡j bvI-†Kv›`v| Nb
MvQcvjv-†ewóZ `y-cv‡ii MÖvg †ek DuP‡z Z| bevM‡Zi Kv‡Q cve©Z¨ AÂj g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Avm‡j GUvB
fvIqvj ciMbvi f~wgweb¨vm êwkó¨| ¯’vbxq †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q DuPz wUjv¸‡jv †UK bv‡g cwiwPZ|
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi 113
hy×¯’jiƒ‡c wbw`©ó mvg‡bi MÖv‡gi Ae¯’vcbœ Nievwo Gcv‡i ùvwo‡qI †`Lv hvq| †PŠPvjv wU‡bi N‡ii Uzqv
my¯úó| cyjUv bv †cwi‡q IMÖv‡g cÖ‡ek Kivi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| el©vKv‡j MÖvgUv Rj‡ewóZ Øxc|
ÔPwj‡q ûRyi!Õ KwjgwÏ `dv`vi e‡j|
ÔgMi! AvIi KzB iv¯Ív †bwn `dv`vi?Õ KgvÛvi wRÁvmv K‡i|
Ô†bwn ûRyi! †m‡id GKwn iv¯Ív| evwK Pv‡iv Zid cvwb|Õ `dv`vi Rvbvq| ÔB‡q cyj Av”Qv n¨vq!Õ
ÔwR, nu¨v, ûRyi, eûZ Av”Qv n¨vq| gvbyl Miæ nv‡gkv cvi †nvZv n¨vq|Õ
Ôgvjyg †nvZv cyj‡mivZ| wVK n¨vq; Zzg Av‡M P‡jv `dv`vi|Õ
ÔeûZ Av”Qv ûRyi|Õ
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi cy‡ji Ici I‡V| `y-wZb eQi Av‡M wKQz BDwbqb †ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨, wKQz MÖvgevmxi
Puv`vq ˆZwi wZb Z³vi cyj| cÖvq RvqMvq bvU-eëz wXjv n‡q †M‡Q| RvqMvq RvqMvq Mv‡qeI n‡q
†M‡Q| a‡i Pjvi Rb¨ `y-w`‡K euv‡ki aiwb †bB| Kv‡Vi LyuwUi †Mvovq cPb aivq ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b euv‡ki
wVKv †`qv n‡q‡Q| Ii Ici weQv‡bv Z³vI big, c‡PI †M‡Q `y-GK RvqMvq, wKš‘ MÖv‡gi †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q
wec¾bK bq, Avi hw` KLbI Z³vmy× wb‡P c‡oB hvq †KD muvZvi †K‡U cv‡o DV‡e| †QvU †QvU
†Q‡j‡g‡qiv cy‡ji Ici †_‡K jvwd‡q c‡o Lv‡ji R‡j Suvcywo †L‡j| Avm‡j cyjUv †Zgb GKUv
boe‡o bq, gvbyl Miæ Ic‡i DV‡j wKQz Kuv‡cÑ Kuvcv‡j AviI †ewk Kuv‡cÑ Kuvcwb GKUv msµvgK e¨vwa
wKbv ZvB|
KwjgwÏ GK-cv `y-cv K‡i AwZ mveav‡b GwM‡q hvq Ges wcQb w`‡K gyL wdwi‡q e‡j, AvB‡qb ûRyi|
ûRy‡iiv Ic‡i I‡Vb bv, cy‡ji †Mvovq ùvwo‡q KwjgwÏi cv `y-‡Uvi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`q| KwjgwÏ
`dv`vi hZ GwM‡q hvq, Zvi c`hyMj wbcyY Awf‡bZvi c`hyM‡ji g‡Zv VKVK Kuv‡c, cyj Kuv‡c wØ¸Y
Zv‡j|
EaŸ©v‡ivnY †k‡l Ic‡ii mgZj RvqMvUzKz| †mLvbKvi wZb Z³vi GKcv‡kiwU c‡P †M‡Q| Zvi GKwU
bvU-eëzI †bB| wb‡Pi eiMvwUi Kvbv RvqMvUvI †d‡U †M‡Q|
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Kx †f‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K GKbRi ZvKvqÑ Lv‡ji Zxeª †mªvZ Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv Sv‡gjv †bB
†mLv‡b| cigyn~‡Z© AvZ©bv‡ì g‡Zv KÉ¯^‡i Ôgyw³ gyw³Õ ej‡Z ej‡Z cPv Z³vm‡gZ wb‡P c‡o hvq|
Lv‡ji R‡j GKUv Szc kã nq| m‡½ m‡½ wecixZ w`K †_‡K ¸wjel©Y ïiæ nq| cwRkb wb‡q cvëv
¸wjel©‡Yi Av‡MB aivkvqx nq `y-wZbRb| Zvic‡iI wKQzÿY †Mvjv¸wj P‡j, wKš‘ hy×‡ÿ‡Î bq,
cjvqb c‡_i `y-w`‡K G‡jvcvZvwo| †h KRb hy× Ki‡Z wM‡qwQj QvDwb‡Z †m KRb AÿZ †d‡i bv|
KwjgwÏ‡K Avevi †`Lv hvq †lvjB wW‡m¤î mÜ¨vq evRv‡ii Pv ÷‡j| Zvi m½xiv mevB gyw³, †m-B ïay
Zvi cyi‡bv miKvwi †cvkv‡K mK‡ji cwiwPZ KwjgwÏ `dv`vi|
kãv_© I UxKv
†Kv›`v − ZvjMvQ w`‡q ˆZwi †bŠKv|
cyj‡mivZ − Bmjvwg ag©wek¦vm Abyhvqx ciKv‡ji wec¾bK muv‡Kvwe‡kl|
114 mvwnZ¨ cvV
`dv`vi − MÖv‡g cvnvivq wb‡qvwRZ †PŠwK`v‡ii mi`vi|

evo evov − J×Z¨| evovevwo| ¯úa©v|
ÔAv¸BbvÕ wPZv − †flR Dw™¢`we‡kl|
LZibvK − wec¾bK| gvivZ¥K|
MÜewYK − gkjv-eëmvqx|
evo–B − N‡ii Pvj QvIqv wgw¯¿|
Lvb †mbv − Lvb c`weavix †mbv A_©vr cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx|
fv½ybwZ − b`xi cv‡oi fvObkxj Ask|
gyw³ Av wMqv − gyw³evwnbx G‡m c‡o‡Q|
ivB‡dj †iÄ − ivB‡d‡ji ¸wjwe× Kivi AvIZv|
Kuvnv? Kuvnv? − †Kv_vq? †Kv_vq?
WvBbv Zid †`‡Lv − Wvb w`‡K †`L|
D‡qv ivLvj n¨vq − I n‡”Q ivLvj|
†giv †PbvRvbv n¨vq − Avgvi cwiwPZ (Av‡Q)|
Avwf − GLb|
bvIùvov − †bŠKv Pjvi †QvU Lv‡ji g‡Zv c_|
B‡q eKwi eûZ LyemyiZ
AvIi ZvRv, Iqvcm
Rv‡b †K IqvKZ...
mg‡R... − GB eKwi fvwi my›ì Avi ZvRv, †divi mg‡q... ey‡SQ...|
GK wd÷ û Rv‡qMv − GKUv fv‡jv †fvR n‡q hv‡e|
Uzqv − N‡ii Pv‡ji kxl©|
gMi! AvIi KzB iv¯Ív
†bwn `dv`vi? − wKš‘, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv iv¯Ív wK †bB, `dv`vi?
†bwn ûRyi! †m‡id
GKwn iv¯Ív| evwK Pv‡iv
Zid cvwb − bv ûRyi! †Kej GKwUB iv¯Ív| evwK Pvicv‡k cvwb|
B‡q cyj Av”Qv n¨vq? − GB cyj wK wVK Av‡Q?
gvjyg †nv cyj‡mivZ − g‡b n‡”Q †hb cyj‡mivZ|
aiwb − aivi Aej¤^b|
eiMvi Kvbv RvqMv − AvovAvwo jvMv‡bv Kv‡Vi fvOv gyL|
KwjgwÏ `dv`vi 115
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏx‡bi ÒKwjgwÏ `dv`viÓ MíwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q Aveyj nvmbvZ m¤úvw`Z gyw³hy×welqK
Mí-msKjb Ôgyw³hy‡×i MíÕ †_‡K| GB M‡í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi
evwnbxi wbôzi ee©iZvi Qwe| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× mk¯¿ gyw³evwnbxi exiZ¡c~Y© msMÖv‡gi
cÖZ¨ÿ Qwe GB M‡í ewY©Z bv n‡jI Zv‡ì `ye©vi cÖwZ‡ivag~jK ZrciZvi welqwU ¯úófv‡e Abyfe Kiv
hvq| 1971-Gi gnvb gyw³hy‡× MÖvg GjvKvi Avbmvi, †PŠwK`vi-`dv`viivI †h KL‡bv cÖZ¨ÿ KL‡bv
c‡ivÿ †KŠk‡j AZ¨šÍ †Mvc‡b cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× jovB‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡ì bvbvfv‡e
mnvqZv K‡iwQj, †mB ev¯ÍeZvB wkí-mZ¨ n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q ÒKwjgwÏ `dv`viÓ M‡í| MÖvgevsjvi GKRb
mvaviY gvby‡li †`k‡cÖg I eyw×gËvi cwiPq MíwUi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Av¸Bbv wPZv Kx?
K. Jla L. Dw™¢`
M. cÖvYx N. dj
2. Lvb †mbviv KwjgwÏ `dv`vi‡K Zv‡ì Awfhv‡bi m½x K‡i †bIqvi KviY Zvi−
i. mvnwmKZv
ii. wek¦¯ÍZv
iii. ag©vbyf~wZ
1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b b~iæj Avwg‡bi wb‡`©‡k QvÎ-RbZvi Ici cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| b~iæj Avwgb wQ‡jb
mv‡eK c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyL¨gš¿x| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgqI wZwb G †`k I RvwZi wec‡ÿ
wQ‡jb|
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb PwiÎwU‡Z b~iæj Avwgb Pwi‡Îi wecixZ gvbwmKZv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq?
K. mvBRwÏ Lwjdv L. KwjgwÏ `dv`vi
M. nwigwZ N. KgvÛvi
4. 3 bs cÖ‡kœ wecixZ gvbwmKZv ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−
K. AÜwek¦vm L. AvbyMZ¨
M. †`k‡cÖg N. `vwqZ¡nxbZv
116 mvwnZ¨ cvV
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gyw³hy× ïiæ n‡j cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx NuvwU euv‡a †MŠib`x Dc‡Rjv m`‡i| ivRvKvi Avnv`
†gvo‡ji mnvqZvq Zviv cÖvqB MÖv‡g nvbv †`q| MYnZ¨v, evwo-Ni R¦vwj‡q †Ìqv, bvix wbh©vZb,
jyÉb BZ¨vw` n‡q I‡V wbZ¨w`‡bi NUbv| welqwU Mfxifv‡e bvov †`q wK‡kvi ivRy‡K| †m my‡hvM
LyuRwQj cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi| ZvB my‡hvMg‡Zv GKw`b †m wg‡k hvq I‡ì Rb¨ evsKvi †Luvovi `‡j,
AZ¨šÍ †Mvc‡b †mLv‡b cuy‡Z iv‡L GKwU gvBb| mÜ¨vq cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx wbivc` AvkÖq
wnmv‡e evsKv‡i XzK‡j weKU k‡ã †mwU we‡¯dvwiZ nq| `~i †_‡K †kvbv hvq I‡ì AvZ© wPrKvi|
K. KwjgwÏ `dv`vi jvwV †Ljvi HwZn¨¯îƒc †KvbwU aviY K‡i Av‡Qb?
L. KwjgwÏ `dv`vi‡K wbcyY Awf‡bZv ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb?
M. wK‡kvi ivRyi Kvh©µ‡g ÒKwjgwÏ `dv`viÓ M‡íi †h we‡kl êwkó¨ cwiùyU n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. gyw³hy‡× RbZvi AskMÖn‡Yi †h wPÎ wkí-mZ¨ iƒ‡c dy‡U D‡V‡Q Zv DÏxcK I ÒKwjgwÏ `dv`viÓ
M‡íi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|
†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv
kIKZ Imgvb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
kIKZ Imgv‡bi cªK…Z bvg † kL AvwRRyi ingvb| kIKZ Imgvb Zvui mvwnwZ¨K bvg| Zvui Rb¥ 1917
wLªóv‡ãi †`vmiv Rvbyqvwi cwðge‡½i ûMwj †Rjvi mej wmsncy‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó K_vmvwnwZ¨K, bvU¨Kvi I cÖvewÜK kIKZ Imgv‡bi mvwnZ¨Kg© Zvui Zxÿè mgvRm‡PZb
I cÖMwZkxj fveavivi ˆkwíK dmj| kIKZ Imgvb `xN©w`b miKvwi K‡j‡R evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q
Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| wkÿKZvi Av‡M wZwb wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
kIKZ Imgvb Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, bvUK, igïPbv, Abyev` I wkï‡Zvl iPbv wg‡j AvwkwUiI †ewk eB
wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi iPbvewji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q : Ôewb Av`gÕ, ÔRbbxÕ, ÔµxZ`v‡mi nvwmÕ, Ô†PŠimwÜÕ, ÔivRv
DcvL¨vbÕ, Ô†bK‡o AiY¨Õ, ÔcZ½ wcÄiÕ, ÔRvnvbœg nB‡Z we`vqÕ BZ¨vw` Dcb¨vm; ÔwcuRiv‡cvjÕ, ÔcÖ¯Íi
djKÕ, ÔRb¥ hw` Ze e‡½Õ BZ¨vw` †QvUMíMÖš’| ÔµxZ`v‡mi nvwmÕ Zuvi e¨vcK Av‡jvwPZ GKwU Dcb¨vm|
mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e wZwb †ek K‡qKwU mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi I c`‡K f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q : Av`gwR cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, wdwjc&&m mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi BZ¨vw`|
1998 wLªóv‡ãi 14B †g wZwb XvKvq g„ZyëiY K‡ib|
GKUz ùvovI|
Avgvi eÜz bvwmi †gvjøv †Kv‡U©i cÖv½‡Y nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z nv‡Z †nuPKv Uvb w`‡q ej‡j|
Kx e¨vcvi?
e¨vcvi Av‡Q| †Kv‡U©i †cQ‡b GKUv kã †kvbv hv‡”Q| †`‡L Avmv hvK|
Avgvi ZvovZvwo evwo †divi K_v| LvRbvmsµvšÍ GKUv gvgjv wQj, Zvi c‡ii w`b| b‡Pr GLv‡b GB
Uwbœ-`vjvj DwKj-†gv³v‡ii `½‡j Avi GK wZj ùvov‡Z gb Pvq bv| wKš‘ Avgvi gvgjvq Z`wei,
hyw³-civgk© DwK‡ji ì`¯‘i bvwmiB K‡i| Gw`‡K Avgvi gMR †`Šovq bv| AMZ¨v †gvM‡ji m‡½ Lvbv †L‡Z
nq|
Avgvi AviI AvcwË wQj Ab¨ Kvi‡Y| Av`vj‡Zi †cQ‡b hvIqv KZUv wejvZ Ny‡i g°v Avmvi g‡Zv|
†KvU© wUjvi Ici| †cQ‡b †h‡Z n‡j GK avc wb‡P †b‡g Avevi Ic‡i DV‡Z DV‡Z Rvb Lvivc|
ixwZg‡Zv nuvcvwb a‡i hvq|
Zey bvwm‡ii Aby‡iva Gov‡Z cvijvg bv|
Avgiv `yR‡bB PvKwi †_‡K wiUvqvi K‡iwQ| GLbI msmv‡ii †M‡iv Kv‡Uwb| Avi mgq KvU‡e Kx K‡i?
wKQz bv wKQz Kv‡R †j‡M _vK‡ZB nq| bvwmi cvKv‡cv³ †jvK| Zvi nv‡Z nvZ mu‡cB Avwg wbwðšÍ| GB
†ÿ‡Î Avi Nvo euvwK‡q †Rvqv‡ji fvi AviI evov‡Z ivwR bB|
wKš‘ wUjvc‡_ h_vixwZ †b‡g Avevi Ic‡i IVvi mgq Zvgvkv †`Lv †Mj| Av`vj‡Zi †cQ‡b GK dvwj
gv‡Vi Ici †ek wfo R‡g †M‡Q GKUv cvw`ª‡K wN‡i| whkywLª‡ói †meKwU‡K AvgivI †`L‡Z cvw”Q|
mvg‡b UvK-cov gv_v, dimv j¤^v‡U †Pnviv| Mjvq µm Szj‡Q|
G †Zv Avgvi †Pbv †jvK! eªv`vi Rb| bvwmi nVvr e‡j DVj|
118 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Avgiv µgk Ic‡i DVwQ| av‡c av‡c cv †dj‡Z †dj‡Z bvwmi D”PviY K‡i, Av‡i Zzwg wPb‡e bv| G
n‡”Q eªv`vi Rb| GKevi †K‡ivwmb eø¨vKgv‡K©U Kivi Aciv‡a Avgvi †Kv‡U© e¨vUv KvVMovq ùvwo‡qwQj|
c‡i †m Kvwnwb eje| GLb cv PvjvI, `yR‡b nuvwc‡q DVwQjvg| e„×Kv‡j cvnvo-Pov AZ mnR bq|
AKz¯’‡j †`Lv †Mj, †jvKRb Kg R‡gwb| e¨vcvi Kx? eªv`vi Rb ZLb wPrKvi Ki‡Q, GB m¤úwË Lye
fv‡jv Av‡Q| Very good †fwi ¸W|
Avgiv `yB †KŠZ~njx `k©K| wMRwMR wf‡oi wKbvivq ùvwo‡q ïb‡Z jvMjvg|
cvw`ª nuvK‡Q, `k©KgÐjx| Avwg ZLb bvwmi‡K ejjvg, †ek evsjv e‡j †Zv|
eûw`b GB †`‡k Av‡Q, ej‡e bv †Kb? bvwmi Reve w`‡qB Avevi cvw`ªi Ici †PvL †djj| cvw`ª nuvK‡Z
jvMj, `k©KgÐjx! GB m¤úwË Lye fv‡jv m¤úwË Av‡Q| GK cø‡U ev‡iv ÔKvwbÕ Rwg| cyKzi| AviI Av‡Q
wZb GKi Rwgi Ici emZevwo, cyKzi, MvQcvjv, `kUv bvwi‡Kj MvQ, wjPzMvQ cuvPUv AviI d«zU-d‡ji
MvQ Av‡Q| GLb wbjvg WvKv n‡e| cÖ¯‘ZÑ| eªv`vi Rb `g wbj|
†KŠZ~njx †kÖvZv `k©K Gevi DrKY©| GKRb †bc‡_¨ Rvb‡Z PvBj, m¤úwË Kvi?
GB m¤úwËi gvwjK n‡”Q †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv wmm&&Uvi|
AvRe bvg!
cvw`ª e¨½ ¯î ï‡b AviI webq mnKv‡i Clr †Rvi-Mjvq e‡j DVj, †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv Pv‡P©i wmm&&UviÑ
e‡nb, fMœx wQj| wZwb GK gvm nq gviv †M‡Qb| PvP© Zvi m¤úwË wbjvg Ki‡Q| †kÖvZv‡ì g‡a¨ Gevi
GKUz PvÂj¨ †`Lv hvq, KviY AvKv‡ki †ivÏyi †ek wb`©q| nVvr Mig co‡Q| †bc‡_¨ GKRb ej‡j,
mv‡ne Rjw` K‡iv|
AjivBU D”Pvi‡Yi ci eªv`vi Rb †nu‡K DVj, †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv, †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv, ZviB m¤úwË Gevi
wbjvg ïiæ n‡e| Avgv‡ì cqjv WvK cuvP nvRvi| Zvici Avcbviv wewWs Kiæb| Ônv‡q÷ weWviÕ D”PZg
g~‡j¨ whwb WvK‡eb, wZwbB cv‡eb|
cvw`ªi m‡½ `yRb Kzwj †kÖwYi hyeK wQj| Zv‡ì w`‡K †PvL Bkvivg‡Zv GKRb †nu‡K DVj, cuvP nvRvi,
cuvP nvRvi, cuvP nvRvi|
Zvi Wv‡Ki g‡a¨ RbvwšÍ‡K GKRb WvK w`‡j, cuvP nvRvi cuvPk| cvw`ªi mnKvix nuvK‡j cuvP nvRvi
cuvPk| Avi †KD WvK‡eb| wKš‘ Avi Kv‡iv nuvKWvK †kvbv hvq bv| Awewk¨ `k©K-g‡a¨ ¸R¸Rywb Pj‡Q
bvbv K_v| cvw`ª-mnKvix Avevi nuvK w`‡j, cuvP nvRvi cuvPk-GK-cuvP nvRvi cuvPk Ñ `yBÑ| nVvr GKRb
WvK evov‡j, Q-nvRvi|
†fwi ¸W, eªv`vi Rb e‡j DVj| Zvi mnKvix Q-nvRvi Q-nvRvi i‡e AviI K‡qKevi nuvK w`‡j| †k‡l
Avi GKRb WvwK‡q evovj| †m mvZ nvRvi `vg Zz‡j w`‡j|
Avgiv †ek gRv †`LwQjvg| wKš‘ evowZ UvKv †Zv †bB| †cbk‡b †h KUv UvKv cvB Zv w`‡q †Kv‡bv iK‡g
msmvi P‡j| b‡Pr GZ eo m¤úwË cvIqv †hZ| eo Avd‡mvm n‡Z jvMj| ùvwo‡q wQjvg, m¤úwË †Kvb
fvMëv‡bi cv‡Z hvq Zv †`Lvi R‡b¨|
wbjvg R‡g DVj wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨| wKš‘ b-nvRv‡ii ci Avi `vg k‡Z k‡Z jvd w`‡q hvq bv| GKRb
WvK‡j b-nvRvi b-k cÂvk| AviI cÂvk UvKv evoj| `k nvRvi|
cvw`ª-mnKvix nuvK w`‡Z jvMj `k nvRvi GK Ñ `k nvRvi `yB Ñ| Zvici †m ¯Íä| RbZv bxie| wZb
ejvi Av‡M GKRb gvÎ cuwPk UvKv †hvM w`‡j| `k nvRvi cuwPk|
†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv 119
Iw`‡K †ivÏyi evo‡Q| e„×Kv‡j Zey †Kb ùvwo‡qwQjvg? AvR ej‡Z j¾v †bB| nqZ m¤úwËi †jv‡f|
ÿzavZ© Kv‡jf‡`ª Ac‡ii LvIqv †`‡LI bvwK kvwšÍ cvq|
†kl ch©šÍ AviI cuPvËi UvKv `vg evoj| A_©vr `k nvRvi GKk| †evSv †Mj, wbjvg WvwK‡q‡ì c‡KU
ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| im bv`vivr| whwb †kl cuwPk UvKv evwo‡qwQ‡jb, wf‡o Zuv‡K †`Lv †Mj bv| Z‡e nvZ
bvowQj †m Ac‡ii Kuv‡ai Ici w`‡q|
cvw`ª-mnKvix nuvK w`‡j, `k nvRvi GKkÑGK, Ñ `k nvRvi GKkÑ`yBÑ| †m _vg‡j Zvici| cuvP
Q-wgwbU †K‡U †Mj| Avi wZb D”PviY K‡i bv †m| Gevi †jvKUv‡K †`Ljvg, †h `k nvRv‡ii Ici
GKk evwo‡qwQj| gvSeqmx †jvK, wKš‘ ey‡ovey‡ov †V‡K| c¨v›U-†KvU-UvB mgwš^Z| gv_vq gLg‡ji
Uzwc| evwR †g‡i w`‡q‡Q, GB fve †Pv‡Lgy‡L| KZÿY Avi wbjvgÑNi Pzc _vK‡Z cv‡i? wKš‘ ÔwZbÕ Avi
D”PvwiZ nq bv| `k©K A‰ah©| †mI Reve †P‡q emj|
GLb †ek gRv †e‡a †M‡Q| †KŠZ~njx `k©K ZvB ùvwo‡q _v‡K| †ivÏyi m‡Ë¡I b‡o bv| eªv`vi R‡bi gy‡Li
w`‡K ZvKvB| †mLv‡b Kv‡jv Avi wd‡K meyR is †Ljv Ki‡Q gyn~‡Z© gyn~‡Z©| wKš‘ GKUv Kvwk w`‡q nVvr
AcÖwZf n‡q D‡V †m nuvK gvi‡j, `k©KgÐjx|
†KŠZ~nj AviI †e‡o hvq| wbjvg`vZv Gevi Kx Ki‡e|
eªv`vi Rb gyL Lyj‡j, †hb wMR©vi cyjwcU A_©vr cÖPvi‡ew` †_‡K mvg©vb w`‡”Q GgbB KÉ¯î : åvZ…MY,
AvR wbjvg GLv‡bB iwnZ _vK‡e| AvMvgxKj¨ cybivq WvKv n‡e| AvR †jvK LyeB Kg| Kvj `k nvRvi
GK k nB‡ZB Avi¤¢ nB‡eK| Av‡gb|
`k©K‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK ¸jZvwb ïiæ n‡jv| Avi Uzwcciv †mB †kl †cuvP-gviv wbjvg-wkíx †Zv †i‡MB Lyb|
eªv`vi R‡bi Pviw`‡K RUjv †c‡K †M‡Q| †mLv‡b f`ª‡jvK †Rvi Mjvq ej‡Q, This is sheer hypocrisy
GUv †Rv”Pzwi... BZ¨vw`| Avgvi †KŠZ~n‡ji gvÎv AviI †e‡o wM‡qwQj| wf‡oi mvwbœa¨ GB †ÿ‡Î
Avivg`vqK| Avwg ZvB cv evovB| bvwmi Avgvi nvZ a‡i †nuPKv Uvb †g‡i ej‡j, Av‡i wf‡o †muwaI
bv|
GKUz gRv †`‡L hvB|
ÑgRv †`‡L Avi KvR †bB| hv Mig mw`©Mwg© n‡q gie, P‡jv evwo hvB|
ÑGKUz †`‡L hvB bv|
Ñ†`‡L KvR †bB| Avgvi KvQ †_‡KB me e„ËvšÍ ï‡b wbI| AvKvk m~h© ZLb †`vR‡Li wcÐ ej‡jB P‡j|
Avwg bvwm‡ii K_v †g‡b wbjyg|
Avevi PovB-DrivB| IVvbvgvi e¨vcviUv Ggb KóKi| bvwmi †n‡m ej‡jb, AviI gRv †`L‡Z †M‡j
Avgv‡ì gvRv †f‡O †hZ|
iwmKZvi w`‡K Avgvi †Lqvj wQj bv| Avwg ejjvg, bvwmi, e¨vcvi Kx?
†m †ek gv_v `ywj‡q nVvr e¨½ Avi µyiZv-gvLv‡bv GK iK‡gi nvwm Qvwo‡q †k‡l gyL Lyjj, evev, Gi
bvg eªv`vi Rb|
Rb?
nuv, I GK Rb e‡U| Avgvi †Kv‡U© †K‡ivwmb eø¨vKgv‡K©‡Ui `v‡q Awfhy³| Avwg wR‡Ám K‡iwQjvg,
What have you to say †Zvgvi Kx ejvi? Rb Reve w`j End justifies the means. D‡Ïk¨ w`‡qB
Dcv‡qi wePvi Kiv DwPZ| Avwg eø¨vKgv‡K©U KwiqvwQ wfÿzK‡ì j½iLvbvq fvZ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨|
120 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ÑAciva ¯^xKvi Ki‡j?

Ñnu¨v| cÖ_g Aciva| ZvB †Q‡o w`jvg| wKš‘ e¨vUv cvKv e`gvk| AvR †`L‡j bv, Kxfv‡e g¨v‡bR Ki‡j|
ÑKx g¨v‡bR?
ÑIB m¤úwËi `vg Kg‡m Kg cuwPk nvRvi| `k nvRv‡i Qvo‡ZB cv‡i bv|
bvwmi Avgvi w`‡K gyL KzuP‡K †PvL bvwP‡q, R‡bi evnv`ywii Ae¯’vUv †dvUv‡Z PvB‡j|
ÑwKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvi m¤úwË, Avi wbjvg Ki‡Q eªv`vi Rb? G e¨vUviUv Kx?
bvwmi Zvi mv`vPzj gv_v `ywj‡q †Pv‡Li †Kvbvq nvwm gvwL‡q Reve w`‡j, †mUvB †Zv gRv|
ÑgRv?
Ñ†kv‡bv| †m A‡bK K_v| eªv`vi R‡bi gZ wPR‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †M‡j A‡bK eqvb cÖ‡qvRb|
Ñ†Zv eqvb K‡iv|
†ejvi w`‡K †Lqvj Av‡Q? †L‡q‡`‡q G‡mv mÜ¨vq Avgvi evwo, ZLb me mwe¯Ívi eje eªv`vi Rb-
†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv DcvL¨vb|
Ñbv, AZ †`wi Ki‡Z cvie bv| †L‡q GKUz wRwi‡qB we‡K‡j AvmwQ| we‡K‡ji Pv †Zvgvi ILv‡bB Lve|
Ñ†ek|
K_vq K_vq Avgiv iv¯Ívq G‡m c‡owQ| DrivB †kl n‡q †M‡Q| ZvovZvwo evwoi w`‡K cv Pvjv‡Z jvMjyg|
Rv‡bv mv¾v`, fvewQ †Kv_v †_‡K Avi¤¢ Kie| e¨vcviUv †ek RwUj| bvwmi †gvjøv GLb ey‡ov n‡q
G‡m‡Q ej‡Z cv‡iv| ZvB fq cv‡”Q| Z‡e ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|
†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jv bexM‡Äi Awaevwmbx| bexM‡Ä †h e¨vcwU÷ wgkb Av‡Q, ZviB KvQvKvwQ| Zzwg IB
AÂ‡j KZ w`b mv‡K©j Awdmvi wQ‡j, RvqMvUv †Zv †PbB| Awewk¨ ZLb ILv‡b wgk‡bi cvw`ª wQj dv`vi
Rbmb| †jvKUv fv‡jvB| G‡ì Avevi fv‡jvg›` Kx? weªwUk ivR‡Z¡i wfZ cvKv Ki‡Z G‡ì GLv‡b
†mLv‡b Qwo‡q †Ìqv n‡Zv, †hb ìKvi g‡Zv AvDU‡cv‡÷i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Mwie †`‡k
GLv‡b-ILv‡b `y-Pvi‡U `vZe¨ wWm‡cÝvwi wK GK AvaUv ¯‹zj Pvjvq| †jv‡Kiv fv‡e, Avnv Kx me `qvi
cÖvY; weªwUkiv fv‡jvB RvbZ, The nearest way to poor man’s heart is down their throatÑ Bs‡iRiB
cÖev`| Iiv GBfv‡e wKQz wKQz wLªóvbI evbvq| Zviv †Zv Bs‡i‡Ri L‡qi Lvu e‡b †hZ| ej‡Z cv‡ivÑ
Bs‡iR evnv`yi Ggbfv‡e wKQz †`wk ev”Pv ˆZwi KiZ| b`xqvi Kv‡Q †Zv KZ gymjgvb‡K Iiv GBfv‡e
wLªóvb K‡i †d‡j| c‡ovwb bRiæ‡ji Ôg„Zz¨-ÿzavÕ? Avm‡j Giv †KD whïwLª‡ói f…Z¨ bq, Giv weªwUk
mv¤ªv‡Rï f…Z¨| nüv, †Kv_v †_‡K †Kv_v G‡m cojvg| GKUz âh© a‡i †kv‡bv| e„×Kv‡j Zvj ivLv `vq|
K_vq K_vq A‡bK `~i P‡j †MwQ|
nu¨v, †mŠ`vwgbxi ¯^vgx RM`xk gv‡jv wQj †ckvq Avi`vwj| wKš‘ †eRvq Zz‡Lvo †jvK| cÖfyi gb RywM‡q
Pjv wkí †m †ek iß K‡iwQj| †h †Kv‡bv Awdmvi‡KB Lywk Kivi cš’v Avwe®‹v‡i `ÿ RM`xk gv‡jv|
d‡j, Kjv-gy‡jv fv‡jvB †cZ| eL&wk‡m †gvUv †cU, Ggb Avi`vwj Zzwg `ywU Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Avwg Aewk¨ Zv‡K †`wLwb| AvgviI †kvbv K_v| m¯Ívi evRvi| cyiv †eZb euvPj, Zvi Ici Dcwi
BbKvg| Avi †m †Zv wgk‡ii m¤ªvU n‡Z Pvqwb| †P‡qwQj, MÖv‡g `y-Pvi we‡N Rwg-wR‡iZ, GKUz
AbUb-gy³ w`b-hvcb| c‡bi-wek eQ‡ii PvKwi‡Z RM`xk Zv cywl‡q wb‡j| wKš‘ †ePvivi GKUv †ek
`ytL wQj| †Q‡jcy‡j †bB| †mŠ`vwgbxi ¯^vgx w¯’i Ki‡j, Avi GKUv we‡qB hyw³hy³; AšÍZ †Póv K‡i
†`Lv hvK| esk †Zv ¸g K‡i †Ìqv P‡j bv? wKš‘ †ePviv ei mvRvi Aemi cvqwb| nVvr g‡i †Mj|
A_P we‡qi K_vevZ©v wVK| Zvi g„ZzÜv AvRI inm¨ i‡q †M‡Q| Kz-†jv‡Kiv iwU‡q w`‡j †mŠ`vwgbx Zv‡K
wel LvB‡q‡Q| esk iÿv †nvK, wKš‘ Ac‡ii mšÍv‡b bq| †mŠ`vwgbx wfZ‡i wfZ‡i nqZ Ggb GKUv `yR©q
cY K‡i e‡mwQj| Gme †Lv`v‡KB gvjyg| Gme †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv †g‡q Kx K‡i, †evSv `vq| wKš‘ Zzwg ejQ,
¯^vgx‡K nZ¨v Ki‡eÑ Zv Abygvb Kiv gykwKj| gykwKj wKQzB bq| Ggb n‡Z †Zv cv‡i| AvwgI ejwQ,
¸R‡ei K_v| KviY, Gme wb‡q Avi †Kv‡bv Z`viK nqwb| ZLb †mŠ`vwgbxi eqm Pwjøk cvi| RM`xk
cÂv‡ki mvgvb¨ Gw`K wK Iw`K| nqZ †hŠe‡bi LuvB †bB, Zey mZxb ev mZx‡bi †Q‡j Avm‡eÑ Zv
†mŠ`vwgbx g‡bi m‡½ †gjv‡Z cv‡iwb| AZGe Ô`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †MvqvjÕ Av”Qv| AvwgI ejwQ,
Abygv‡bi K_v| hvK, I-cvU PzKj| †mŠ`vwgbx ZLb GKv| wKš‘ †mI ûuwkqvi †g‡q| Avi ieè wQj
†Rvi| ZLbI †`n Av‡Q, Zvi Ici m¤úwË| MÖv‡gi `y-Pvi Rb Qzu‡Pvi g‡Zv nqZ †nuv †nuv k‡ã NyiNyi
KiwQj| wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbx †Mvc‡bI RM`x‡kiB eD n‡q _vKj| Acev` †KD w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Awewk¨
RM`xk GKUv KvR K‡i †h‡Z cviZ| †Kv‡bv AvZ¥x‡qi bv‡g m¤úwË wj‡L c‡o †mŠ`vwgbx‡K Rxeb¯^‡Z¡i
AwaKvwiYx K‡i w`‡Z cviZ|
wKš‘ Zv nIqvi †Rv wQj bv| GK wbKU AvZ¥xq wQj †RVZz‡Zv `v`v| †m ¯^‡`wk KiZ| RM`xk miKv‡ii
†cqv‡ii †jvK| Ab¨ w`‡K ¯^‡`wk evey| mv‡c-†bD‡j Avi Kx w`‡q eÜzZ¡ n‡e| Gme K_v †Zvgv‡K
†kvbvw”Q, Zvn‡j me eyS‡Z cvi‡e| RM`xk †Zv gij| wKš‘ †Ri KvUj bv| weaevi m¤úwËi w`‡K IB
AvZ¥x‡qi †jvf mn‡R wK †g‡U! Aewkó AvU `k eQi GBfv‡e †K‡U †M‡Q| ¯^‡`wk eveyi bvg g‡bviÄb
gv‡jv| ZviI eqm n‡q wM‡qwQj| †Q‡jcy‡j Av‡Q| †Rj-†Uj †L‡U MÖv‡g wd‡i †m bv‡g ¯^‡`wk evey
iBj| mv`v UzwcUv c‡K‡U ¸u‡R A_ev ìKvi n‡j gv_vq w`‡q †mI gb w`‡j msmvi †MvQv‡Z| MÖvg¨
`jv`wji g‡a¨ gv_v Mjvb Ges Zr-gËZvi `yPvi cqmvi `vjvwj ev UwbœwMwi Kwgk‡b GKUv Av‡qi c_
†Zv †Lvjv hvq| GKK_vq, ¯^‡`wk eveyi ïåZv Zvi Uzwci g‡a¨B wbe× iBj| cvkvcvwk evwo, myZivs
weaev †eŠwì w`‡K bRi cov ¯^vfvweK| fzj ejjvg, †eŠw` bq, m¤úwËi w`‡K| wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbxi kixi
†MŠi Avi gyL my›ì n‡jI, K‡Vvi nIqvi g‡Zv h‡_ó †ZR wQj| Ae‡i-me‡i GB gvbyl Avevi nxivi
†P‡q k³ n‡Z cv‡i| hZ evM&&ov †Zv †mBLv‡b| b‡Pr g‡bviÄb gv‡jv K‡e `yM© d‡Z K‡i †djZ|
g‡bviÄb gv‡jv cÖ_g cÖ_g KZ¸‡jv ÷ª¨v‡UwRÑ cuvqZviv K‡l wb‡j| GKw`b nqZ mKv‡j †`Lv †Mj,
†mŠ`vwgbxi KjvevMvb †_‡K K‡qK Kuvw` cvKv dj Mv‡qe| wKQz PvivMvQ gvov‡bv| wKš‘ weaev
cvovcowk‡ì Lye wgó fvlvq e¨vcviUv Rvwb‡q Gj| Avi wKQz bv| Zvici gv‡S gv‡S iv‡Î †m e›`yK
QzoZ| Kwgkbvi mv‡ne RM`xk‡K wb‡Ri e›`yK w`‡qwQ‡jb eLwkmiƒ‡c| A¯¿Lvbv ZLbI †mŠ`vwgbxi
Kv‡Q Av‡Q| ZvQvov Zvi ZvK Avðh©| evwoi DVv‡b wPj XzK‡Z mvnm cvq bv| g‡bviÄb †dj gvi‡j|
†eŠwì †Pnviv my›ì, wKš‘ †ZR †Zgwb Ach©vß| Awewk¨ †mŠ`vwgbxi nv‡Z K‡qKUv †jvK wQj| Zvi
Rwg‡bi Pvwl, K‡qKRb| Zviv ejZ, gv‡qi A‡bœ cÖwZcvwjZ, gvi †Zv Acgvb n‡Z w`‡Z cvwi †b|
¯^‡`wk eveyi †mI GKUv fq| †Qv‡Uv †jvK¸‡jv KLb Kx K‡i e‡m, ejv hvq bv| Avi †mŠ`vwgbxi AšÍi
wQj| wec‡`-Avc‡` †m eû gvbyl‡KB mvnvh¨ KiZ| †eovi g‡a¨ †Mi¯’i gyiwM †`L‡j wR‡f Rj-miv
†kqvj †hgb Nb Nb ZvKvq Avi †jv‡fi †Pv‡U QUdU K‡i, g‡bviÄb gv‡jv †mB iKg Ae¯’vq bZzb
cuvqZviv fuvR‡Z jvMj| Kx Kiv hvq, Kx Kiv hvq| Awewk¨ mgqI Gw`‡K Mwo‡q hv‡”Q, Zv g‡b †i‡Lv|
eQi hv‡”Q eQi Avm‡Q| †mŠ`vwgbxi Pzj µgk mv`v, †`‡n †cÖŠp‡Z¡i †iLv| wKš‘ Av`vIwZ wVK Pj‡Q|
†mŠ`vwgbx ebvg ¯^‡`wk evey|
wVK GB ch©v‡q †`Lv w`j eªv`vi Rb| †m †Zv ciKv‡ji †P‡q BnKv‡ji Lei †Xi †ewk iv‡L| Zvici
wgk‡bi Ae¯’v fv‡jv bq| BD‡iv‡c gnvhy× †e‡awQj| d‡j †Wvbviiv Avi LvZ-g‡Zv Puv`v cvVvq bv ev
nvi w`‡q‡Q Kwg‡q| myZivs Avqe„w×i Dcvq GKUv Ki‡ZB nq| eªv`vi Rb GjvKvi Lei RvbZ|
122 mvwnZ¨ cvV
g‡bviÄ‡bi m‡½ Zvi wejÿY cwiPq wQj| KviY, evey GjvKvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv Bs‡iwR KB‡qÑewj‡q|
fvlv gvidZ GKUv A`„k¨ †hvMm~Î M‡o I‡V| Awewk¨ ZLb cvw`ªi f~wgKv ZZ cÖKU nqwb| Avi eveyi
m‡½ Kx K_vevZ©v n‡Zv Zv †Lv`v‡KB gvjyg|
wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbx mK‡ji gy‡L QvB w`‡q emj|
e¨vcviUv ejwQ| †mŠ`vwgbx gv‡S gv‡S AvZ¥xq¯^R‡bi m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z hvq| AvU-`k-wek-gvBj `~‡i
`~‡i Zvi gvZ…Kz‡ji wKQz fvB‡evb KzUzg Av‡Q| GK RvqMvq †_‡K †_‡K gvby‡li cÖvY †Zv nuvwc‡q I‡V|
†mŠ`vwgbx eQ‡i Ggb `y-GKevi `g †dj‡Z †eiæZ| ZLb Ni cvnviv w`Z Zvi Pvwl Ges Kvwg‡biv|
†mŠ`vwgbx GB e¨vcv‡i wbwðšÍ wQj| KviY, Iiv iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi fvi wb‡j Avi †Kv‡bv Avk¼v _v‡K bv|
wKš‘ Gevi †m ïay †ewo‡q G‡jv bv, m‡½ wb‡q G‡jv GKUv eQi `y‡q‡Ki wkï| GK AvZ¥x‡qi KvQ †_‡K
Avbv| †cvl¨cyÎ ivL‡e †mŠ`vwgbx| †cvl¨cyÎ? m¤úwËi w`‡K hviv †PvL ivLwQj, Zviv Gevi AvKv‡ki
w`‡K †PvL Zzj‡j| m¤úwËi bZzb gvwjK Ry‡U †M‡Q| Avi ïay gvwjK bq, wPi¯’vqx DËivwaKvix|
†mŠ`vwgbx Zv‡K gvbyl K‡i Zzj‡Z wb‡Ri mvgvb¨Zg Avivg ch©šÍ wewj‡q w`‡j| Gevi †mŠ`vwgbx Rbbx;
†hb m`¨ AuvZzoNi-Qvov| PweŸk cÖni †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivL‡Z jvMj †Q‡jUv‡K| bvg ivL‡j nwi`vm| nwi`vm
†e‡o DV‡Z jvMj| †PnvivUv dimv, †ek Lvov bvK| Avi †PvL `y‡Uv wSwj‡K Vvmv| †mŠ`vwgbx nwi`v‡mi
g‡a¨ Rxe‡bi mg¯Í c~Y©Zvi GKUv cÖZxK Lyu‡R †c‡j †hb| †ewk evB‡i †h‡Z w`Z bv Zv‡K| KviY,
cvovcowki Pÿzk~j| Ii R‡b¨ Avjv`v GKUv wkÿKB †i‡L w`‡jv evwo G‡m cwo‡q hvIqvi R‡b¨|
AviI cuvP-Q eQi Gfv‡eB †K‡U †Mj| †mŠ`vwgbxi Awewk¨ Pzj †c‡K †M‡Q| †Pnviv wb®úÖf| wKš‘ Zvi
gyLveq‡e GKUv cwiZ…wßi Avfv wQj| †mB gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKv‡j †Zvgvi †PvL Lyu^‡R cv‡e w¯œ»Zv, `qvmÄvZ
GK iK‡gi Zvcni ¯úk©| Awewk¨ g‡bviÄb e‡m †bB| ZviI eqm evo‡Q| Avi Zrm‡½ msmvi| A_©vr
me© iK‡gi †evSv| m¤úwËi w`‡K PvB‡j GLb †PvL cy‡o hvq| bZzb kwiK G‡m Ry‡U‡Q| nwi`v‡mi eqm
ev‡iv| GKUv †g‡q gvby‡li Kv‡Q †n‡i hv‡e g‡bviÄb gv‡jv? GKUv wKQz Ki‡Z nq| eªv`vi R‡bi wgkb
Pj‡Q bv wVKg‡Zv| iæwR-†ivRMvi cÖ‡qvRb| GKw`b Iw`‡K †M‡j wKQz GKUv hyw³ Kiv hvq| g‡bviÄb
g‡b g‡b Gme j¼vfvM K‡iwQj wbðq| AuvP Ki‡Z cv‡iv mv¾v`| ... nu¨v, ÁvwZ kÎæ eo kÎæ|
g‡bviÄb gv‡jv Gevi GKUv †evg dvUv‡j, ¯^‡`wk Avg‡j mš¿vmev`x‡ì m‡½ †_‡KI hv †m Ki‡Z mvnm
cvqwb|
†m MÖvggq cÖPvi K‡i w`‡j †mŠ`vwgbxi †cvl¨cyÎ Rv‡Z bgk~`ª bq, eªvþY| e¨vcviUv Zwj‡q †`L| Kx
fqvbK kv¯¿weiæ× cvcKg©| eªvþ‡Yi RvZ †g‡i‡Q GK k~`vª Yx| ivg, ivg| g‡bviÄb GB wX‡j cvwL‡K KvZ
K‡i Qvo‡j| Av‡M kÎæZv ev Cl©v hv e‡jv, wQj e¨w³MZ| Gevi Zv mgvRMZ e¨vcvi n‡q ùvovj| MÖv‡g
`y-Pvi Ni eªvþY-Kv‡qZ-gvwnl¨ wQj, Zviv ùv‡Z AvOzj KvU‡j| wQ wQ, Ggb K_v †K †Kvbw`b ï‡b‡Q|
hv‡ì eqm †ewk Zviv gšÍe¨ Kij : Kwj Kvj| †mŠ`vwgbx‡K MÖvg¨-mgv‡Ri KvVMovq ùvov‡Z n‡jv| †m
†ek †Rvi w`‡q njc& K‡i ej‡j, nwi`vm k~`Ñª Zvi `~im¤úKx©q GK Mwie AvZ¥x‡qi †Q‡j| cwiw¯’wZ
AvcvZZ GLv‡b PzKj| wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbxi weiæ‡× †Zv g‡bviÄb GKv bq| AviI ag©cÎy hywawôi Av‡Q|
myZivs MÖv‡gi APj wb®‹gv© cÖni Zviv mn‡R †h‡Z w`‡j bv| †LuvR wb‡qB †`Lv hvK| hwÌ wek gvBj `~‡i,
wKQz ivnv LiP hv‡e, hvK| Avnv, fMevb hv‡K WvK †`q †m †Zv †nu‡U †nu‡U evivbmx P‡j hvq Zx_© Ki‡Z|
GB `k †µvk c_ Avi Zviv mvgvj w`‡Z cvi‡e bv? †evSv †Mj I‡ì †mevi fMevb WvK w`‡qwQj| GKRb
†è-DrmwM©Z cÖvY ev‡ivqvwi ivnvÑLi‡P †mŠ`vwgbxi †mB AvZ¥xq evwo †_‡K †LuvR wb‡q wdij| evwRgvZv
gRKzi e¨w³i †Kv‡bv †Q‡jB †bB| me †g‡q| †mŠ`vwgbx SzU e‡j‡Q, wg_¨vevw`bx| mg¯Í MÖvg †Zvjcvo|
a‡g©i Kj evZv‡m bowQj, †mUv hywawô‡ii `j _vgv‡Z Pvq| †Zv b‡Pr Kj †Zv †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i| †mŠ`vwgbx
Gevi †Zv †ek †ivqv‡ei m‡½ Reve w`‡j wKš‘ †KD Zv wek¦vm Ki‡j bv| mg¯Í MÖvg Zvi weiæ‡×| Avi Ryjgy
ïiæ n‡jv| Zvi QvMj gvV †_‡K Avi wdij bv, `y‡aj `y‡Uv MvB nvwi‡q †Mj| Ggb †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv wbZ¨
wbh©vZb| GKw`b eªv`vi Rb GB mgq MÖv‡g Gj| BnKv‡ji Lei †m ciKv‡ji †P‡q Kg iv‡L bv, Av‡MB
e‡jwQ| eªv`vi Rb me ï‡b MÖvgevmx‡ì wgwU‡q †dj‡Z ejj e¨vcviUv, †mŠ`vwgbxi mvg‡bB| GKUv †Q‡j
gvbyl Ki‡Q ... gvbyl ... †m k~`ª Av‡Q bv Kv‡q¯Í Av‡Q MW Gme †`wL‡Z eviY Kwiqv‡Q ... GB RvZxq bvbv
evYx Qvo‡j| †mŠ`vwgbx Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z eªv`vi Rb‡K DwKj cvKov‡j GKUv wgUgv‡Ui R‡b¨| g‡bviÄb
gv‡jvi m‡½I GKcv‡k Pzwc Pzwc Kx K_v n‡jv Zv eªv`vi R‡bi MWB Rv‡b| welq wb®úwË cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘
g‡bviÄb gv‡jv †Zv m¤úwË wb®úwË Pvq| eªv`vi Rb ej‡j, `yw`b meyi K‡iv, Avwg dqmvjv Kwi‡q w`‡e|
Avi g‡b †iL, †mŠ`vwgbx GLb †KvYVvmv| GK nßvq Zvi Pzj kb n‡q †M‡Q| Av‡M †Zv eywo g‡b n‡Zv bv,
GLb †Zv k¥kvbhvÎxi kvwgj a‡i wb‡Z cvi| eywo †mB Ae¯’vq I‡K hviv †`‡LwQj, Zv‡ì Kv‡QB ï‡bwQ|
nwi`vm Avi evwoi evB‡i †hZ bv| †h‡Z PvB‡j †mŠ`vwgbx †Ku‡`‡K‡U evav w`Z| PZzw`©‡K †Nvjv‡U
AvenvIqv| eªv`vi Rb GB MÖv‡g Av‡m wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbxi m‡½ †`Lv K‡i bv| †k‡l K‡qKRb gwiqv-ag©cÎy
†Zv GKw`b †mŠ`vwgbxi evwo nvgjv K‡i emj| wKš‘ kvšÍ cÖKw… Zi ey‡ov gvbyl GB Ck¦i-cÖvY e¨w³‡ì
_vgvj| †mŠ`vwgbx ev‡ci †ewU| ev‡Ni `ya †L‡qB †eva nq gvbylÑ †ewi‡q Gj GK`g wbi¯¿, hwÌ evwo‡Z
e›`yK Av‡Q| wÿß RvšÍvi mvg‡b †m Gevi †evgv dvUvj| †evgvI †eva nq GZ kã Zzj‡Z cviZ bv|
†mŠ`vwgbx †PvL †_‡K wk‡ei g‡Zv Av¸b Qwo‡q ej‡j... Kx ej‡j †kvb| Zvi K_vUvB gyLRevwb †ck
Ki‡Z nq| †mŠ`vwgbxi Ici ZLb †hb wKQz fi K‡iwQj|
Ñ†kvb AvfvwMi e¨vUviv, ag©cyËzi hywawô‡ii `j ... Avgvi nwi`vm k~`ªI bq, eªvþYI bq| †kvb, Kx|
†Zviv †Zv Rvwbm| Avwg eQ‡i GKevi-`yevi AvZ¥xqevwo hvB| ZLb cÂv‡ki `ywf©ÿ, GK`g cy‡iv
†KvUvj| Muv‡q Muv‡q nvRvi `y-nvRvi †jvK gi‡Q nßvq| Avwg wdiwQjvg nwiðK †_‡K ... Av‡jvKWvOvi
KvQvKvwQ Avm‡Z †enviv‡ì †Zóv jvMj| GKUv AvgMv‡Qi Zjvq cvjwK †i‡L Iiv †Mj †L‡Z| cyKzi
Av‡Q, we‡N `yB Rwg `~‡i| Avgvi mvg‡b Avevi GKUv avb‡ÿZ, avb †c‡K †M‡Q| Avi c‡bi w`b euvP‡j
KZ †jvK †eu‡P †hZ wb‡Ri †ÿ‡Zi Pvj †L‡q; wKš‘ Zv Avi n‡jv KB| nVvr ïbjvg, avb‡ÿZ †_‡K
wkïi Kvbœv Avm‡Q| ZvovZvwo GwM‡q †Mjvg| †`Ljvg GKUv †jvK Rwgb AuvK‡o g‡i c‡o Av‡Q| gy‡L
`vwo| Zvi cv‡k GKUv giv †g‡q| Zvi cv‡k GKUv †Q‡j e‡m giv gv‡qi ey‡K gv_v †i‡L Kuv`‡Q †_‡K
†_‡K; Avevi D‡V em‡Q| wKš‘ †mI wPuwPu Ki‡Q| ayuK‡Q| †Q‡jUvi cv‡b PvB‡Z Avgvi w`‡K nvZ evovj|
†Pv‡Li PvDwb Kx KiæY| AvwgI ARvwb‡Z nvZ evwo‡q w`jvg| eQi wZ‡b‡Ki †Q‡j, wKš‘ Abvnv‡i
Abvnv‡i †ò eQ‡ii †ewk †`Lvq bv| †Kv‡j Zz‡j wbjvg ... wb‡q Gjvg ... cvjwKi †fZ‡i jywK‡q
ivLjvg ... Avwdg LvB, m‡½ `ya wQj ... `ya w`‡Z †Q‡jUv Nywg‡q coj| †enviviv †Ui †c‡j bv| GK
AvZ¥x‡qi Kv‡Q wZb gv‡mi R‡b¨ †i‡L Gjvg `yk UvKv w`‡q| fv‡jv LvIqv `vIqvq †Q‡jUv †ek ZvRv
n‡q DVj| Zvi ci wb‡q Gjvg| Ii Avmj evev †mB gymjgvb Pvwl ... Avgvi nwi`vm gymjgvb ... †hb
evR coj Dcw¯’Z RbZvi Ici|
†ik KvUj K‡qK gyn~Z© ci| wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbx‡K †KD GKUv D”PevP¨ Ki‡Z mvnm †cj bv| Zvgvkv
†`L‡Z `y-Pvi Rb gymjgvb ch©šÍ Ry‡UwQj| GLb e¨vcvi AviI MÛ‡Mv‡j Mov‡Z cv‡i, ZvB ag©cyÎiv †h
hvi gv‡b gv‡b evwo wdi‡j| eySj Avi †Mvjgvj we‡aq bq| e¨vcvi AviI w_wZ‡q †`Lv hv‡e|
g‡bviÄb AšÍZ Zv-B †f‡ewQj| ZvB †f‡MwQj|
†mB iv‡Î nwi`vm evwo †Q‡o cvwj‡q †Mj|
†mŠ`vwgbx eªv`vi Rb‡K WvwK‡q Avb‡j GK nßv A‡cÿvi ci| †m wLªóvb n‡e| eªv`vi Rb cÖ_‡g eviY
Ki‡j, Dc‡`k w`‡j, ag© Z¨vM fv‡jv bq| †kvbv K_v ejwQ| a‡i bvI Zv n‡ZI cv‡i| †bŠKv †V‡j w`‡q
weqvB‡K ÔAvR _vK‡j n‡ZvÕ ejvi g‡Zv|
124 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†mŠ`vwgbx wLªóvb n‡q †Mj| wZb Pvi w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zvi mg¯Í m¤úwË wgk‡bi bv‡g wj‡Lc‡o w`‡j ch©šÍ|
wb‡R D‡V †Mj wgk‡bi evwo‡Z| eªv`vi Rb m¤úwË †`Lvi R‡b¨ bZzb †jvK wb‡qvM Ki‡j| †mŠ`vwgbx
GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ cvMj n‡q †Mj| e`wj nIqvi Av‡M GK wmm&Uv‡ii gy‡L ï‡bwQjvg, †mŠ`vwgbx Kuv`Z
Avi wPrKvi w`Z :
... Avgv‡K †Q‡o cvwj‡q †M‡j− †n whï, I nwi, †n Avjøv, Avgvi heb nwi`vm‡K wdwi‡q †`− wdwi‡q
†`− wdwi‡q †`−
AvRB Rvb‡Z cvijvg, GZw`‡b nZfvwMbxi nvo Rywo‡q‡Q|
kãv_© I UxKv
†M‡iv − eÜb| euvab|
Uwbœ − GUwb©| Avg‡gv³vi|
†gvM‡ji mv‡_ Lvbv †L‡Z nq − eva¨ n‡q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq| cwiw¯’wZi Pv‡c B”Qvi weiæ‡×
m¤§wZ w`‡Z nq| Ôc‡owQ †gvM‡ji nv‡Z Lvbv †L‡Z n‡e mv‡_Õ
− cÖev`wUi Abymi‡Y iwPZ evKëÜ|
AKz¯’j − NUbv¯’j|
DrKY© − Kvb Lvov K‡i Av‡Q Ggb|
wewWs − wbjv‡g `vg nuvKv|
nv‡q÷ weWvi − me‡P‡q †ewk `vg nuvwK‡q|
RbvwšÍ‡K − ms‡Mvc‡b| RbM‡Yi Avov‡j|
¸R¸Rywb − ¸Äb|
bv`vivr − wenxb| k~b¨| Afve| bvB|
mvg©vb − wMR©vi †ew` †_‡K cÖ`Ë ag©xq ev ˆbwZK AwffvlY|
sheer − cy‡iv`¯Íyi| wb‡f©Rvj|
hypocrisy − K_vq GK Kv‡R Av‡iK| fÐvwg| †gvbv‡dwK|
j½iLvbv − webvg~‡j¨ Lv`¨ weZi‡Yi ¯’vb| AbœmÎ|
eqvb − weeiY| eY©bv|
e¨vcwU÷ wgkb − wLªó ag© m¤úª`v‡qi cÖPvi I `xÿv †K›`ª| baptist mission.
mv‡K©j Awdmvi − Kvh©µg cwigÐ‡ji Kg©KZ©v| circle officer.
LuvB − Kvgbv-evmbv| D”Pvwfjvl| Pvwn`v|
ieè − RuvKRgK|
Ae‡i-me‡i − mg‡q-Amg‡q|
d‡Z − Rq|
÷ª¨v‡UwR − jÿ¨ I mvdj¨ AR©‡bi †KŠkj ev bxwZ| strategy.
Av`vIwZ − kÎæZv| we‡Øl|

†Wvbvi − `vZv| donor.
gvjyg − Abyf~Z| †evaMg¨| AvMZ|
Kvwgb − bvix kÖwgK|
Zvcni − DËvc `~i K‡i Ggb|
gvwnl¨ − ˆKeZ© RvwZ|
ag©cyÎ hywawôi − e¨½ A‡_© mZëvw`Zvi fvbKvix, AwZkq wg_¨vev`x ev iUbvKvix|
ev‡ivqvwi ivnv Li‡P − mevi KvQ †_‡K Puv`v Zz‡j msM„nxZ c_ Li‡P|
gRKzi − c~e©ewY©Z|
†ivqve − m¤£g|
Kv‡qZ − Kvq¯’|
RvšÍv − †Rvi K‡i ÿgZv `LjKvix mvgwiK Pµ| GLv‡b AvµgYKvix|
gyLRevwb − gy‡Li fvlvq|
†KvUvj − Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gvq mgy`ª ev b`x‡Z RjùxwZ| fiv †Rvqvi|
GLv‡b me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K Ae¯’v †evSv‡Z eëüZ|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvÓ MíwU kIKZ Imgv‡bi Ôwbe©vwPZ MíÕ (1984) †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b wbqZ gvbevZ¥vi †h Aegvbbv Pj‡Q ZviB GKwU w`K dz‡U D‡V‡Q kIKZ Imgv‡bi
Ò†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvÓ M‡í| A_© m¤ú` jvjmv †h gvbyl‡K Kxfv‡e Ab¨vq I `y®‹‡g©i c‡_ PvwjZ K‡i, nxb
D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©‡K eënvi Ki‡Z ZvwoZ K‡i, GgbKx mvaviY gvby‡li ag©‡eva‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i gvbeZvi
weiæ‡× ZviB Ab¨Zg i~cwPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q GB M‡íi Kvwnwb‡Z| eY©wfwËK wn›`y mgv‡Ri AšÍ¨R †kÖwY
gv‡jv m¤úª`v‡qi wbtmšÍvb weaev †mŠ`vwgbx ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci DËivwaKvim~‡Î avwb Rwg, emZevwo, cyKzi,
d‡ji evMvbmn K‡qK GKi m¤úwËi gvwjK nq| GB m¤úwËi Ici bRi c‡o †mŠ`vwgbxi ÁvwZ †èi
g‡bviÄ‡bi| g‡bviÄb Q‡j-e‡j †KŠk‡j m¤úwË wb‡Ri n¯ÍMZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡jI `„pwPË †mŠ`vwgbxi
mvnm I †jvKcÖxwZi Kvi‡Y e¨_© nq| wKš‘ mšÍvbnxbv †cªŠpv †mŠ`vwgbx Zvi gvZ…ü`‡qi myß AvKv•ÿv
cwiZ…ß Kivi Rb¨ `~i †Kvb †`k †_‡K hLb GKwU wkï‡K G‡b mšÍvber cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K ZLb
g‡bviÄb bgk~`ªi N‡i eªvþY mšÍvb cvwjZ n‡”Q GB wg_¨v e³e¨ cÖPvi K‡i eY©wef³ wn›`y mgv‡Ri
ag©vbyf~wZi ayqv Zz‡j †mŠ`vwgbx‡K mgvRPz¨Z Kivi D‡`¨vM †bq| mgvRcwZ‡ì Pv‡c c‡o †kl ch©šÍ
†mŠ`vwgbx Zvi cvwjZ cyÎ †h gymjgv‡bi JimRvZ G mZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z Ges ¯âg©Z¨vM K‡i wLªóvb n‡Z
eva¨ nq| wKš‘ †mŠ`vwgbxi Rxe‡b Mfxi Uª¨v‡RwW †b‡g Av‡m, hLb Zvi cvwjZ cyÎ nwi`vm Rvb‡Z cv‡i
†h †mŠ`vwgbx Zvi gv bq| Avi G K_v †R‡bB †m wbiæwÏó nq| AwP‡iB †mŠ`vwgbxi gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ N‡U|
gvby‡li †jvf I ag©vÜZvi h~cKv‡ô †mŠ`vwgbxi gvZ…ü`q ewjcÖvß n‡jI Zvi gvZ…ü`‡qi nvnvKv‡ii
g‡aÏ aŸwbZ n‡Z _v‡K gvbeZvi RqMvb; Zvi gvZ…‡Z¡i Kv‡Q ag©, A_© I Aci mK‡ji civfe N‡U|
126 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Av`vjZ †Kvb RvqMvq Aew¯’Z?
K. cvnv‡oi Ici L. wUjvi Ici
M. mgZj f~wg‡Z N. b`xi av‡i
2. ÔAMZ¨v †gvM‡ji mv‡_ Lvbv †L‡Z n‡eÕ− GLv‡b Kv‡K †gvMj ejv n‡q‡Q?
K. DwKj‡K L. bvwmi‡K
M. eªv`vi Rb‡K N. †KŠZ~njx †kªvZv‡K
wb‡Pi Mívsk c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
Mdzi wgqv KvZi ¯^‡i ZK©iZœ‡K e‡jwQj, Aejv Rxe g‡nk Avgvi bv †L‡q g‡i hv‡”Q| w`b bv Kvnb
`yB Lo| †hfv‡e cvwi ïae evev| GK_v e‡j †m ZK©i‡Zœi cv‡qi Kv‡Q `c K‡i e‡m coj| ZK©iZœ
wZier `yB cv wcwQ‡q wM‡q ejj− Av gi! Qzu‡q †djwe bvwK|
3. Mívs‡k Mdz‡ii mv‡_ Ò†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvÓ M‡íi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q−
K. nwi`v‡mi L. RM`x‡ki
M. †mŠ`vwgbxi N. g‡bviÄ‡bi
4. Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY−
i. AmnvqZ¡
ii. evrmj¨
iii. cÖwZK~jZv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
eM©vPvwl gwb‡ii mvgvb¨ RwgUzKyI †K‡o †bIqvi B‡”Q Rv‡M cÖfvekvjx iwk‡ì| ZvB Zv †Kbvi cÖ¯Íve
w`‡j gwbi Zvi ˆcZ…K G m¤úwË wewµ Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvb| †mw`b †_‡K iwk` Zv‡K
Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y bv‡Rnvj K‡ib| Zvi †Q‡j‡K ¯‹zj †_‡K †ei K‡i †`b| GgbwK wg_¨v †`bvi `v‡q
Zv‡K wf‡UQvov K‡ib| †Pqvig¨v‡bi n¯Í‡ÿ‡c Ae‡k‡l gwbi meB wd‡i cvb|
K. eªv`vi Rb-Gi KvVMovq ùuvov‡bvi KviY Kx?
L. ÒBs‡iR evnv`yi Ggbfv‡e wKQz †`wk ev”Pv ˆZwi KiZÓ− ej‡Z †jLK Kx eywS‡q‡Qb?
M. iwk‡ì AvPi‡Y Ò†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvÓ M‡íi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K Ò†mŠ`vwgbx gv‡jvÓ M‡íi GKUv we‡kl w`‡Ki cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q gvÎ, mgMÖZv cÖKvk cvqwb
gšÍ‡eï h_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|
†PZbvi A¨vjevg
Ave`yj nK
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜmvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg L¨vwZgvb cyiæl Ave`yj nK| eZ©gvb PuvcvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi †Mvg¯Ívcyi
_vbvi D`qbMi MÖv‡g 1918 mv‡ji 10B A‡±vei gv‡m Zuvi Rb¥| Zuvi wcZvi bvg mwngywÏb wek¦vm Ges
gvZvi bvg mv‡qgv LvZzb| `vwi‡`ªï weiæ‡× msMÖvg K‡i Zuv‡K wkÿvRxeb Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb
KvbmvU, Uv½vBj, ivRkvnx I KjKvZvq cov‡kvbv K‡ib| miKvwi Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi
ci wZwb me‡k‡l evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e Aemi MÖnY K‡ib|
cvwK¯Ívb-c‡e© Ave`yj nK evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv wb‡q ÿyiavi †jLv wj‡L ÔKjg-ˆmwbKÕ Dcvwa jvf
K‡ib| ivóªfvlv evsjvi c‡ÿ 1947-c~e©Kv‡jB wZwb Kjg a‡ib Ges G welqK cÖ_g †jLK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
cvb| miKvwi Kg©Pvix n‡qI †ebv‡g miKviwe‡ivax †jLvq wZwb †h mvnwmKZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib Zv `„óvšÍ n‡q
Av‡Q| gy³eyw×, weÁvbgb¯‹Zv, kvwbZ hyw³, e³‡eï mvejxj Dc¯’vcb cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbvi êwkó¨| eyw×i
gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi wZwb GK †hvM¨ DËim~wi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb| cÖeÜ iPbv QvovI wZwb wj‡L‡Qb KweZv,
†QvUMí, Dcb¨vm I bvUK| Be‡m‡bi bvUK Abyev‡Ì K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi cÖeÜMÖ‡š’i g‡a¨
Av‡Q: ÔµvwšÍKvjÕ, ÔmvwnZ¨ HwZn¨ g~j¨‡evaÕ, ÔevOvwj RvZxqZvev` I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½Õ, ÔmvwnZ¨ I ¯^vaxbZvÕ,
Ôfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Avw`ce©Õ, Ôwbtm½‡PZbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½Õ, Ô†PZbvi A¨vjevg I wewea cÖm½Õ| mvwn‡Z¨
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
1997 mv‡ji 16B †deªæqvwi XvKvq Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|
e¨w³i †PZbv GB RxebKv‡jB cÖ_g Avi †kl K_v, wKš‘ mgMÖ gvbexq †PZbv bq| gvbexq †PZbv
e¨w³gvby‡li Zzjbvq †QvULv‡Uv welq bq, †ek `xN©Kvjxb e¨vcvi| e¨w³i g‡a¨ GB †PZbvi cÖKvk NU‡jI
gvbemgv‡R Gi avivevwnK Awew”QbœZv †_‡K hvq| bvbviƒc gnvRvMwZK Kvi‡Y GKw`b †MvUv gvbeRvwZiB
wejywß NU‡e; ˆè `yNU© bvq AKv‡j bv NU‡jI ¯^vfvweKfv‡e GKw`b NU‡eB, êÁvwbKMY G-iKg K_v e‡j
_v‡Kb| GB c„w_ex‡Z cÖvYxi Ggb A‡bK cÖRvwZ wQj hv GLb wejyß; †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ †KvwU eQi Ges
ZviI AwaKKvj hver c„w_ex‡Z wePiY K‡i †ewo‡q‡Q Zey Zviv Avi †bB, K¼vj †`‡L Zv‡ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v
Rvb‡Z nq| GKw`b Zviv wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| †Zgwb gvbeRvwZi fv‡MÏ NU‡e| wKš‘ GZ `xN©w`b c‡i NU‡e
†h †mRb¨ AvRB gb Lvivc K‡i †Kv‡bv jvf †bB| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³-gvby‡liB GKw`b g„Z¨z NU‡e Avi †mUv mevB
Rv‡b, wKš‘ †mRb¨ KqRb gvbyl gb Lvivc K‡i e‡m _v‡K? mxgve× Kv‡ji cÖvYx †m, †h-A‡_©B aiv hvK :
Z_vwc AbšÍKv‡ji K_v †m fv‡e| fv‡e, †Kbbv IUv Zvi wbqwZi m‡½ euvav|
GLv‡b AviI GKwU K_v e‡j ivLv fv‡jv| cÖexYZvi c‡_ e¨w³-gvby‡li †hgb GKw`b ¯^vfvweK g„Z¨z N‡U, †Zgwb
cÖexYZvi c‡_ becÖRvwZiI GKw`b we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i; Z‡e Aaybv GUvI g‡b n‡”Q †m AK¯§vr AvZ¥nZ¨vI K‡i
em‡Z cv‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv, wbDUªb †evgv A_ev AviI weaŸsmx †Kv‡bv gviYv¯¿ cÖ‡qv‡M| Aaybv GB c‡_
gvbecÖRvwZi we‡jv‡ci Avk¼v wejÿY we`¨gvb, †mB Avk¼vi K_v ev` w`‡qB Avgvi GB cÖm½|
aiv hvK, †hgb K‡iB †nvK me `yNU© bv Gwo‡q gvbyl †eu‡P-e‡Z© iBj| wKš‘ ZLb †h-mgm¨v †`Lv †`‡e Zv n‡”Q
gvby‡li eûwewPÎgyLx ÁvbfvÐv‡ii mgš^q mvab| gvbyl µgvMZ wewfbœ cÖKvi Ávb (wkí-mvwnZ¨mn) m„wó K‡i
P‡j‡Q| †h-†Kv‡bv welqK Áv‡bi m‡½ †mB Áv‡bi Avevi BwZnvmI Av‡Q| †mB m‡½ Avi GKwU welqK Áv‡bi
m‡½I Zvi m¤úK© _v‡K, A‡bK mgq †m-m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| GKwU Rvb‡Z n‡j Av‡iKwUi AšÍZ wKQz Ask Rvb‡Z
nq| G wb‡q mgm¨v nqZ GLbI †`Lv †`qwb; hwÌ m¤¢e Zey aiv hvK GKzk A_ev evBk kZ‡KI mgm¨v nqZ
†`Lv w`j bv, wKš‘ gvby‡li ÁvbfvÐvi k‰bt k‰bt †h nv‡i evo‡Q Zv‡Z K‡qK nvRvi eQi c‡i GKw`b mgm¨v
128 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†`Lv †`‡eB : †mUv n‡”Q ¯§„wZi mgm¨v| ¯§„wZ w`‡qB Áv‡bi avivevwnKZv| mvaviY gvbyl AvR ch©šÍ †gvUvgywU
†h-BwZnvm Rv‡b−me K_v bq, gvby‡li †gvUvgywU †h BwZnvm Rv‡b−Zv n‡”Q cuvP-Qq nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm|
AviI Rv‡b Zvi Av‡MKvi gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi K‡qKwU †iLvi cwiPq gvÎ| gvbyl ZLb Ni-msmvi ïay K‡iwb,
cÖKw… Zi m‡½ msMÖvg K‡i‡Q| Zvici †Mv‡Î-†Mv‡Î hy×-weMÖn K‡i‡Q A‡bK nvRvi eQi a‡i| AwjwLZ †m
BwZnvm| bvbv m~‡Î †m-BwZnv‡mi Avfvm gvÎ cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ K‡qK nvRvi eQi †_‡K gvby‡li †m-BwZnvm Zv
µ‡gB ewa©Z cwigv‡Y wjwLZ BwZnvm; hy×weMÖ‡ni BwZnvm ïay bq, gvby‡li meiKg Ávb I ms¯‹w… Zi BwZnvm|
Avi GB wjwLZ BwZnv‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q cÖvq R¨vwgwZK nv‡i| GKRb gvby‡li c‡ÿ mvivRxe‡b GB BwZnvm
RvbvB `yiƒn n‡q D‡V‡Q, gvbyl ZvB GLb Rvb‡Q ïay we‡klxK…Z BwZnvm| GK wnmv‡e ejv P‡j wew”Qbœ ¯^Zš¿
gvbe‡Mvôxi ms¯‹w… Z ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© G‡m µ‡gB cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q Ges GKUv wek¦ms¯‹w… Z iƒcjvf Ki‡Q, Zvi
bZzb-bZzb iƒcjvf NU‡Q Awew”Qbœ cÖwµqvq| Ab¨ wnmv‡e ejv P‡j gvby‡li Ávb I ms¯‹w… Zi wewfbœ wefvM µ‡gB
wef³ n‡q co‡Q Ges hZw`b hv‡e ZZB AcwiwgZiƒ‡c wef³ n‡q hv‡e| me ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© mgv‡Ri †ÿ‡ÎB GUv
NU‡Q, †Kv‡bv mgvRB Zvi ms¯‹w… Zmn GKB iKg wPiw`b _vK‡Q bv| †mB m‡½ mgv‡Ri gvbwmK m¤ú`−Zvi
mvwnZ¨-Ávb-weÁvb-ms¯‹w… Z GKB iKg _vK‡Q bv| RxešÍ ms¯‹w… Zi me aviv RxešÍ _vK‡Q bv, A‡bK avivi g„Z¨z
NU‡Q, GgbwK GK ms¯‹w… Zi wejywßi ci Av‡iK ms¯‹w… Zi D™¢e NU‡Q| †hgb e¨w³i †Zgwb GK-GKwU mgv‡Ri
g„Z¨z NU‡Q, RvwZi g„Z¨z NU‡Q, wKš‘ gvbexq aviv †eu‡P _vK‡Q, gvbexq ms¯‹w… Z †eu‡P _vK‡Q| wKš‘ †h-me ms¯‹w… Z,
mgvR A_ev RvwZi g„Z¨z NU‡Q Zviv g„Z¨z i ci BwZnvm n‡q hv‡”Q Ges ïay BwZnvm wnmv‡eB †eu‡P _vK‡Q|
GB BwZnv‡mi ¯§„wZi fvi GKw`b gvby‡li c‡ÿ Amnbxq n‡q DV‡e g‡b nq| `xN© `xN©Kvj c‡i GB
BwZnvm‡K Rvb‡Z n‡j me Ávbv_x©‡K GKw`b Qwei A¨vjev‡gi g‡Zv `ªæZ cvZv Dwë‡q †h‡Z n‡e ïay
LyuwU‡q-LyuwU‡q NÈvi ci NÈv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †`Lvi Aemi _vK‡e bv| GK-GK iKg Áv‡bi Rb¨ _vK‡e
GK-GK iKg A¨vjevg| wKš‘ GB Dcgvi g‡a¨ wKQz duvwK Av‡Q| A¨vjevg †Zv ïay †`Lvi Rb¨, wKš‘
A¨vjevg e‡j ewY©Z gvby‡li GB BwZnvm †`Lvi Rb¨ bq, covi Rb¨; †Kbbv bv co‡j AZx‡Zi wKQzB
Rvbv hvq bv| AZx‡Zi hv-wKQz †eu‡P _v‡K Zv‡K fv‡jv K‡i Rvb‡Z n‡j ïay †`L‡j P‡j bv, A_ev †`Lvi
we‡kl wKQz _v‡K bv, co‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kx co‡e ZLbKvi gvbyl? Mí, Dcb¨vm, KweZv, BwZnvm, `k©b,
weÁvb, bv GBm‡ei BwZnvm? †Kv‡bv fvlvi KxwZ©gvjvi BwZnvm? Avgiv GLb GKwU A_ev `ywU A_ev
K‡qKwU fvlvi K‡qKwU KxwZ©gvjvi K_v e¨w³MZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvwi gvÎ| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ìB
fvlvi AšÍM©Z mvwn‡Zï GKUv eo Ask‡K Avgiv cÖvq Rvwb bv, †Kej iæwPi Rb¨ A_ev Kv‡ji `~i‡Z¡i
Rb¨| Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLv‡K wb‡q †mB K_v| weÁvb, cÖ‡KŠkj, mgvRweÁvb BZ¨vw` Áv‡bi
AmsL¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv GgbB mg„× n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, GKw`b †Kv‡bv GKRb gvbyl nqZ A‡bK wel‡qB
mvaviY ÁvbI ivL‡Z cvi‡eb bv, GKwU wel‡q mycwÐZ n‡jI Ab¨ wel‡q wZwb wbZvšÍ AÁ †_‡K hv‡eb|
Ggb w`bI Avm‡Z cv‡i hLb gvby‡li ÁvbfvÐv‡ii g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ _vK‡e bv| GLbB †Zv †Kv‡bv
D”PwkwÿZ ag©cÖvY e¨w³ AvBb÷vBb A_ev A¨v‡÷ªvbwgi me©‡klÁvZ Áv‡bi m‡½ wPšÍvi mvgÄm¨ †i‡L
Pj‡Z cv‡ib bv|
Gw`K w`‡q AwkwÿZ Ams¯‹Z … gvbyl‡ì myweav| Lv`¨-e¯¿-evm¯’vb, Drcv`b Ges cÖRb‡bi g‡a¨B Zv‡ì
Rxeb, Zviv ¯§„wZi fv‡i cxwoZ bq, †KŠZ~n‡ji D‡ËRbvq PÂj bq, bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹v‡ii K…wZ‡Z¡ D”PwKZ
bq| ¯’vb Kvj †PZbv Ck¦i−GBme cÖkœ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wKQzB bq, Lv`¨-e¯¿-evm¯’vb, Rb¥-g„Z¨z −GBmeB Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q R¡jšÍ mgm¨v| GB wb‡q Zv‡ì RxebgiY| wKš‘ ïay Zv‡ì wb‡q †Zv c„w_ex bq Ges BwZnvm bq|
BwZnvm Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wKse`wšÍ, A_ev wKse`wšÍB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q BwZnvm? ïay Zv‡ì‡K wb‡q gnvRM‡Z
gnvgvby‡li Rxeb bq, †Kbbv Zv‡ì †PZbv LwÐZ| H me cÖkœ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv cÖkBœ bq| BwZnvm m„wó‡Z
Zviv mnvqZv K‡i wKš‘ BwZnvm Zviv wjwce× K‡i bv, †Kbbv ¯§„wZi fv‡i Zviv cxwoZ bq|
¯§„wZi fv‡i †h cxwoZ, mgm¨vUv Zvi| Zvi Kv‡Q ¯’vb Kvj †PZbv Ges GBm‡ei avivevwnKZv mZ¨ Ges GB
m‡Zï g‡a¨B †m Agi−A_©vr AvR ch©š|Í fwel¨‡ZI †m Agi _vK‡e, wKš‘ KZw`b? cÖkœ n‡”Q, †m wb‡RB
†PZbvi A¨vjevg 129
Agi n‡Z PvB‡e wK bv, H Acwimxg ¯§„wZi †evSv wb‡q| hv ¯§„wZi e¯‘ Zv ¯§„wZ‡Z _vK‡jB Zvi BwZnv‡mi
avivevwnKZv, wKš‘ m„wói fvi GKw`b Amnbxq n‡q DV‡j †mB avivevwnKZv webó n‡q hv‡e| BwZnv‡mi
cÖKZ… †PZbv wK †mw`b gvbemgv‡R _vK‡e? AvMvgx `y-GK jÿ eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GKw`b G-mgm¨v †`Lv †`‡e,
g‡b nq| AvMvgx †KvwU eQ‡i †Zv gvby‡li Ae¯’v AKíbxq| MZ †KvwU eQ‡ii BwZnv‡mi mgm¨v Abyiƒc|
†m-BwZnvm‡K bvbv RwUj cš’vq Avwe®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z nq, wKš‘ wesk kZvãxi †klcÖv‡šÍ NUbvi †hgb wfo
Zv‡Z AvMvgx †KvwU eQi wK gvbyl euvP‡e? `y-Pvi jvL eQi c‡iB †m K¬všÍ, K¬všÍ, K¬všÍ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
Zvi †P‡q ¸iæZi K_vUv n‡”Q GB †h, bZzb-bZzb gviYv¯¿ †h-nv‡i D™¢vweZ n‡”Q, GB gviYv¯¿ eënvi Kiv
†h DwPZ bq †m-Ávb Ges ˆbwZKZvi weKvk wK †mB nv‡i evo‡Q? iYbxwZ GLb GB ch©v‡q D‡V‡Q †h hy‡×
cÖwZc‡ÿi †h-me gvbyl g‡i Zviv Avi gvbyl bq, msL¨v gvÎ| Ggb w`b nqZ Avm‡Q hLb †h-†Kv‡bv msL¨vi
ci `y-Pvi‡U k~b¨ ïay k~b¨ Qvov Avi wKQzB _vK‡e bv| GLwb †Zv c~e-© cwð‡gi gnvkw³‡ì fvÐv‡i †h-cwigvY
gviYv¯¿ gRy` Av‡Q ZvB w`‡q gvbecÖRvwZi `k-wek evi AvZ¥nZ¨v Kiv m¤¢e| myZivs Ggb fqven cwiYvg
Gov‡Z n‡j ïf‡eva, ˆbwZKZv‡eva I gbyl¨Z¡‡ev‡ai wecyj RvMiY wfbœ †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
kãv_© I UxKv
†PZbv − ˆPZb¨| †eva| Ávb|
A¨vjevg − Av‡jvKwPÎ, WvKwU‡KU cÖf„wZ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GK cÖKvi LvZv|
cÖRvwZ − Bs‡iwR‡Z †¯úwmm| †Kv‡bv cÖvYx ev Dw™¢‡ì †kªwYwe‡kl|
cÖvwYRM‡Z gvbyl GKwU cÖRvwZ|
eûwewPÎgyLx ÁvbfvÐvi − gvby‡li Áv‡bi eû kvLv| †hgb : `k©b, A_©bxwZ, mgvRweÁvb, b„weÁvb,
c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb, Rxewe`¨v, ivóªweÁvb, fvlvZË¡, BwZnvm,
cÖ‡KŠkjwe`¨v, g‡bvweÁvb, wPwKrmvwe`¨v cÖf„wZ|
we‡klxK…Z BwZnvm − we‡klfv‡e wbw`©ó BwZnvm|
gvbwmK m¤ú` − mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ-Ávb-weÁvb−hv‡K AvwZ¥K m¤úÌ ejv hvq|
êlwqK I Avw_©K m¤ú‡ì wecixZ| g~jZ wPšÍb wµqvi ga¨ w`‡q hv m„ó|
gvbexq aviv − gvbeRvwZi ev gvb‡ei aviv| wbiew”Qbœ gvbecÖevn| e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨
NU‡jI gvbecÖRvwZ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖengvb|
wKse`wšÍ − †jvKci¤úivq cÖPwjZ K_v| RbkÖæwZ|
GB m‡Zï g‡a¨B
†m Agi − gvbeRvwZi mvgwóK †PZbvi cÖengvb iƒ‡ci †h mZ¨ †mB m‡Zï g‡a¨B
gvbyl †eu‡P _v‡K| e¨w³gvby‡li m„wói ga¨ w`‡qB gvbemf¨Zv cwicyó
n‡”Q Avi IB m„wókxjZvi g‡a¨B e¨w³ gvbyl †eu‡P _vK‡Q|
iYbxwZ − hy‡×i †KŠkj|
c~e©-cwð‡gi gnvkw³ − cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e kw³ai ivóªmg~n|
we‡klfv‡e cvigvYweK kw³ai ivóªmg~n‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
1981 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ GB cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki Ô†PZbvi A¨vjevg Ges wewea cÖm½Õ bvgK MÖ‡š’ cÖ_g iPbv
wn‡m‡e msKwjZ nq| MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq 1993 mv‡j|
G cÖe‡Ü †jLK gvbemf¨Zvi GKwU msK‡Ui K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GB msK‡Ui `ywU w`K i‡q‡Q| GKwU
w`K n‡jv, wewfbœ kvLvq gvby‡li ÁvbPP©v †hfv‡e e„w× cv‡”Q Zv‡Z GLbB GKRb gvby‡li c‡ÿ
Ávb-weÁv‡bi mKj kvLv m¤ú‡K© we¯Í…Z aviYv jvf Am¤¢e| ÁvbPP©vi aviv †hiƒc mg„× n‡q P‡j‡Q Zv‡Z
fwel¨‡Z Gi GKwU kvLv m¤ú‡K©I cy•Lvbycy•L aviYv jv‡fi gva¨‡g mycwÐZ n‡q IVv Am¤¢e n‡q co‡e|
130 mvwnZ¨ cvV
d‡j gvbyl‡K BwZnvm Rvb‡Z n‡j GKw`b Qwei A¨vjev‡gi g‡Zv Ávbiv‡Rï cvZv `ªæZ Dwë‡q †h‡Z
n‡e kyay| cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e †`LviI Aemi gvbyl cv‡e bv| Avi G‡KK iKg ÁvbkvLvi Rb¨ _vK‡e G‡KK
iKg A¨vjevg| †jL‡Ki g‡Z, GUv †Kej Ávbv_©x‡ìB mgm¨v| ÁvbPP©vq wegyL AwkwÿZ Ams¯‹…Z
gvby‡li Rb¨ GUv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bq| †jLK mgm¨vi Ab¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`‡K Avgv‡ì `„wó
wdwi‡q‡Qb| Zv n‡jv, gvbyl Zvi ÁvbPP©vi gva¨‡gB †h gviYv¯¿ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Zv eëüZ n‡j †h †Kv‡bv
mgq c„w_ex †_‡K gvbeRvwZi webvk NU‡Z cv‡i| Ggb fqvbK cwiYvg †_‡K gvbeRvwZ‡K iÿv Ki‡Z
n‡j ïfeyw×i cÖmvi NUv‡bv LyeB Riæwi|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †Kvb †PZbv `xN©Kvjxb e¨vcvi?
K. e¨w³K L. gvbexq
M. RvZxq N. gnvRvMwZK
2. ÔcÖexYZvi c‡_ becÖRvwZi GKw`b we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡iÕ−†jL‡Ki Giƒc Avk¼vi KviY Kx?
K. gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM L. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
M. mf¨Zvi weeZ©b N. ¯^vfvweK wbqg
†ivM-e¨vwa wbY©q, wbivgq, we‡bv`b, †hvMv‡hvM mKj †ÿ‡ÎB cÖhyw³ AvR wecøe G‡b w`‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³i
mvnv‡h¨ gyn~‡Z©B me mgm¨vi mgvavb †g‡j| Avevi `yóz‡jv‡Ki nv‡Z co‡j cÖhyw³ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i
gvbeweaŸsmx|
3. DÏxcKwU Ò†PZbvi A¨vjevgÓ cÖe‡Üi †h w`K¸‡jv‡K Bw½Z K‡i Zv n‡jv−
i. Ávb-weÁv‡bi weKvk
ii. gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM
iii. †PZbvi †bwZevPK w`K
†KvbwU wVK?
4. Bw½Zc~Y© w`KwU †_‡K gyw³i Dcvq wn‡m‡e Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü †KvbwU‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. ïfeyw×i cÖmvi L. †`k‡cÖg
M. MYRvMiY N. cÖK…Z ÁvbPP©v
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Avgiv GKwesk kZvãxi mf¨RM‡Zi gvbyl| Z_¨-cÖhyw³i GB hyM‡K wb‡q Avgiv A‡bK †ewk Me©‡eva
Kwi| c„w_ex AvR nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq †hb GKwU MÖv‡gi g‡Zv| gyn~‡Z© Zvi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ Ny‡i
Avwm †gvevBj wKsev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨| weÁvb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ˆZwi n‡”Q Genetically
modified food ev GM food| d‡j G kZvãxi gvbyl Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk AMÖmi| wKš‘ wKQz
Amr †jvK Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ gvÎvwZwi³ digvwjb, Kve©vBW, wmmv BZ¨vw` †gkv‡bvi d‡j Rb¯^v¯’¨ AvR
ûgwKi m¤§yLxb|
K. †jL‡Ki g‡Z nvRvi eQi ci gvby‡li Rxe‡b †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv †`‡e?
L. cÖvewÜK Avãyj nK Ôwek¦ms¯‹…wZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© Ò†PZbvi A¨vjevgÓ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxqv‡a©i †bwZevPKZv `~i Ki‡Z Ò†PZbvi A¨vjevgÓ cÖe‡Ü †jLK †h Av‡e`b
Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zv we‡kølY Ki|
evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv
†kL gywReyi ingvb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
me©Kv‡ji me©‡kÖô evOvwj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi ¯’cwZ I RvwZi RbK|
Zuvi Rb¥ 1920 wLªóv‡ãi 17B gvP© †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi Uzw½cvovq| Zuvi wcZv †kL jyrdi ingvb I gvZv
mv‡qiv LvZzb| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB wZwb ivRbxwZ I †`keª‡Z hy³ nb| wZwb KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K weG
wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb wefv‡M Aa¨qb K‡ib| fvlv-Av‡›`vjbmn wewfbœ MYZvwš¿K
Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q wZwb eûevi KviveiY K‡i‡Qb| 1956 mv‡j wZwb c~e©evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv †_‡K
c`Z¨vM K‡i †`ke¨vcx md‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡b evOvwj RvZxqZv‡eva I ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv m„wó
K‡ib| evOvwji gyw³i mb` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Qq `dv `vwe DÌvcb K‡i GK me©vZ¥K Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡j
wZwb mgMÖ RvwZ‡K HKë× K‡ib| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM 1970 mv‡j ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq I
cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i
lohš¿ ïiæ K‡i| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Amn‡hv‡Mi WvK †`b wZwb| 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b GK
HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib : ÒGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi
msMÖvg|Ó evOvwji gyw³msMÖvg‡K bm¨vr Kivi R‡b¨ 1971-Gi 25‡k gvP© gaïv‡Zi c‡i cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx
evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z †bZv‡K Zuvi avbgwÛi evmfeb †_‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| †MÖdZv‡ii Av‡M A_©vr
26‡k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib|
e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zuv‡K ivóªcwZ K‡i MwVZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi gyw³hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i|
gyw³hy‡× weRq AR©‡bi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K gy³ n‡q 1972 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi wZwb †`‡k
†d‡ib Ges hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k Movi gnvb `vwq‡Z¡ eªZx nb| evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv wn‡m‡e e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingvb RxeÏkvq wKse`wšÍ n‡q I‡Vb| e½eÜzB cÖ_g evOvwj whwb RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`
evsjvq fvlY †`b| 1972 mv‡j wZwb ÔRywjI KzwiÕ c`‡K f~wlZ nb|
1975 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ †`wk-we‡`wk loh‡š¿ mvgwiK evwnbxi KwZcq m`‡mï nv‡Z wZwb mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|
Gw`‡K †R‡ji †fZi Avgiv `yBR‡b cÖ¯‘Z nw”Qjvg Abkb ag©NU Kivi Rb¨| Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wVK
K‡iwQ, hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Avgiv Abkb fvOe bv| hw` GB c‡_B g„Zz¨ G‡m _v‡K Z‡e ZvB n‡e| †Rj
KZ…©cÿ we‡kl K‡i mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Avgxi †nv‡mb mv‡ne I ZLbKvi w`‡b ivRew›`‡ì †WcywU †Rjvi
†gvL‡jmyi ingvb mv‡ne Avgv‡ì eySv‡Z A‡bK †Póv Ki‡jb| Avgiv Zuv‡ì ejjvg, Avcbv‡ì weiæ‡×
Avgv‡ì ejevi wKQz bvB| Avi Avgiv †mRb¨ Abkb KiwQ bv| miKvi Avgv‡ì erm‡ii ci ermi webv
wePv‡i AvUK ivL‡Q, ZviB cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨ Abkb ag©NU KiwQ| GZw`b †Rj LvUjvg, Avcbv‡ì
mv‡_ Avgv‡ì g‡bvgvwjb¨ nq bvB| KviY Avgiv Rvwb †h, miKv‡ii ûKz‡gB Avcbv‡ì Pj‡Z nq|
15B †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L mKvj‡ejv Avgv‡K †Rj‡M‡U wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv GB K_v e‡j †h, Avgvi mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q Abkb ag©N‡Ui e¨vcvi wb‡q| Avwg hLb †Rj‡M‡U †cuŠQvjvg †`wL, GKUz c‡i
gwnDwÏb‡KI wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q GKB K_v e‡j| K‡qK wgwbU c‡i Avgvi gvjcÎ, Kvco‡Pvco I weQvbv
wb‡q Rgv`vi mv‡ne nvwRi| ejjvg, e¨vcvi Kx? KZ…c
© ÿ ej‡jb, Avcbv‡ì Ab¨ †R‡j cvVv‡bvi ûKyg
n‡q‡Q| wRÁvmv Kijvg, †Kvb †R‡j? †KD wKQz e‡jb bv| Gw`‡K Avg©W cywjk, AvBwe AwdmviI cÖ¯Z ‘
n‡q G‡m‡Q| Lei Pvcv _v‡K bv| GKRb Avgv‡K e‡j w`j, dwi`cyi †R‡j| `yBRb‡KB GK †R‡j
132 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cvVv‡bv n‡”Q| ZLb bqUv †e‡R †M‡Q| GMv‡ivUvq bvivqYMÄ †_‡K RvnvR Qv‡o, †mB RvnvR Avgv‡ì
ai‡Z n‡e| Avwg †`wi Ki‡Z ïiæ Kijvg, KviY Zv bv n‡j †KDB Rvb‡e bv Avgv‡ì †Kv_vq cvVv‡”Q!
cÖ_‡g Avgvi eB¸wj GK GK K‡i †gjv‡Z ïiæ Kijvg, Zvici Kvco¸wj| wnmve-wbKvk, KZ UvKv LiP
n‡q‡Q, KZ UvKv Av‡Q| †`wi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z `kUv evwR‡q w`jvg| iIqvbv Ki‡Z AviI Avav NÈv jvwM‡q
w`jvg| Avg©W cywj‡ki my‡e`vi I †Mv‡q›`v Kg©Pvixiv ZvovZvwo KiwQj| my‡e`vi cvwK¯Ívb nIqvi mgq
†MvcvjM‡Ä wQj Ges †m GKRb †ejywP f`ª‡jvK| Avgv‡K LyeB fv‡jvevmZ Ges kÖ×v KiZ| Avgv‡K
†`‡LB e‡j emj, B‡q †Kqv evZ n¨vq, Avc †RjLvbv †g| Avwg ejjvg, wKmgZ| Avi wKQzB ejjvg bv|
Avgv‡ì Rb¨ eÜ †Nvovi Mvwo Avbv n‡q‡Q| Mvwoi †fZi Rvbvjv DwV‡q I ìRvi KcvU eÜ K‡i w`j|
`yBRb †fZ‡iB Avgv‡ì mv‡_ emj| Avi GKUv Mvwo‡Z Abïv †cQ‡b †cQ‡b wf‡±vwiqv cv‡K©i cv‡k
†iv‡Wi w`‡K Pjj| †mLv‡b †h‡q †`wL c~‡e©B GKRb Avg©W cywjk U¨vw· wiRvf© K‡i ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| ZLb
U¨vw· cvIqv LyeB KóKi wQj| Avgiv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í bvgjvg I DVjvg| †Kv‡bv †Pbv †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †`Lv n‡jv
bv| hwÌ Gw`K Iw`K A‡bKevi ZvwK‡q wQjvg| U¨vw· ZvovZvwo Pvjv‡Z ejj| Avwg U¨vw·Iqvjv‡K
ejjvg, Ò†ewk †Rv‡i Pvjv‡eb bv, KviY evevi Kv‡ji RxebUv †hb iv¯Ívq bv hvq|Ó
Avgiv †cuŠ‡Q Lei †cjvg RvnvR †Q‡o P‡j †M‡Q| GLb Dcvq? †Kv_vq Avgv‡ì wb‡q hv‡e? ivZ
GKUvq Avi GKUv RvnvR Qvo‡e| Avgv‡ì bvivqYMÄ _vbvq wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv| IciIjv‡ì †Uwj‡dvb
Kij Ges ûKzg wbj _vbvqB ivL‡Z| Avgv‡ì cywjk e¨viv‡Ki GKUv N‡i wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv|
ivZ GMv‡ivUvq Avgiv †÷k‡b Avmjvg| RvnvR Nv‡UB wQj, Avgiv D‡V cojvg| RvnvR bv Qvov ch©šÍ
mnKgx©iv A‡cÿv Kij| ivZ GKUvi mgq mK‡ji KvQ †_‡K we`vq wbjvg| ejjvg, ÒRxe‡b Avi †`Lv
bv n‡ZI cv‡i| mK‡j †hb Avgv‡K ÿgv K‡i †`q| `ytL Avgvi bvB| GKw`b gi‡ZB n‡e, Ab¨vq I
AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖwZev` K‡i hw` gi‡Z cvwi, †m giv‡ZI kvwšÍ Av‡Q|Ó
RvnvR †Q‡o w`j, Avgiv weQvbv K‡i ï‡q cojvg| mKv‡j `yBR‡b civgk© K‡i wVK Kijvg, Rvnv‡R Abkb
Kwi Kx K‡i? Avgv‡ì †R‡j wb‡Z n‡e Abkb ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©| mg¯Í w`b RvnvR Pjj, iv‡Z †Mvqvj›` Nv‡U
Gjvg| †mLvb †_‡K †Uª‡b ivZ PviUvq dwi`cyi †cuŠQvjvg| iv‡Z Avgv‡ì †Rj KZ…c © ÿ MÖnY Kij bv|
Avgiv `yBR‡b †Rj wmcvwn‡ì e¨viv‡Ki eviv›`vq KvUvjvg| mKvj‡ejv my‡e`vi mv‡ne‡K ejjvg, Ò†Rj
Awdmviiv bv Avm‡j †Zv Avgv‡ì †R‡j wb‡e bv, P‡jb wKQz bvkZv K‡i Avwm|Ó bvkZv Lvevi B”Qv Avgv‡ì
bvB| Z‡e hw` KviI mv‡_ †`Lv n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j dwi`cy‡ii mnKgx©iv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e, Avgiv dwi`cyi †R‡j
AvwQ Ges Abkb ag©NU KiwQ| AvavNÈv †`wi Kijvg, KvD‡KI †`wLbv−Pv‡qi †`vKv‡bi gvwjK G‡m‡Q,
Zv‡K Avwg Avgvi bvg ejjvg Ges Lei w`‡Z ejjvg Avgvi mnKg©x‡ì| Avgiv †R‡ji w`‡K iIqvbv KiwQ,
Ggb mgq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GK Kg©x, Zvi bvgI gwnDwÏb−mK‡j gwn e‡j Wv‡K, Zvi m‡½ †`Lv| Avwg hLb
dwi`cy‡i 1946 mv‡ji B‡jKk‡b IqvK©vi BbPvR© wQjvg, ZLb Avgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ KvR K‡i‡Q| gwn
mvB‡K‡j hvw”Qj, Avwg Zv‡K †`‡L WvK w`jvg bvg a‡i, †m mvB‡Kj †_‡K Avgv‡K †`‡L GwM‡q Avmj|
AvBwe wb‡la KiwQj| Avwg ïbjvg bv, Zv‡K GK agK w`jvg Ges gwn‡K ejjvg, Avgv‡ì dwi`cyi †R‡j
G‡b‡Q Ges AvR †_‡K Abkb KiwQ mKj‡K G Lei w`‡Z|
Avgiv †Rj‡M‡U G‡m †`wL, †Rjvi mv‡ne, †WcywU †Rjvi mv‡ne G‡m †M‡Qb| Avgv‡ì ZvovZvwo
†fZ‡i wb‡q †h‡Z ej‡jb| Zuviv c~‡e©B Lei †c‡qwQ‡jb| RvqMvI wVK K‡i †i‡L‡Qb, Z‡e ivRew›`‡ì
mv‡_ bq, Ab¨ RvqMvq| Avgiv ZvovZvwo Jla †Ljvg †cU cwi®‹vi Kievi Rb¨| Zvici Abkb ag©NU
ïiæ Kijvg| `yB w`b ci Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡j Avgv‡ì nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv| Avgv‡ì `yBR‡biB
kixi Lvivc| gwnDwÏb fzM‡Q cøywiwmm †iv‡M, Avi Avwg fzMwQ bvbv †iv‡M| Pvi w`b c‡i Avgv‡ì bvK
w`‡q †Rvi K‡i LvIqv‡Z ïiæ Kij| gnvwec`! bv‡Ki wfZi w`‡q bj †c‡Ui g‡a¨ ch©šÍ †`q| Zvici
b‡ji gy‡L GKUv Kv‡ci g‡Zv jvwM‡q †`q| GKUv wQ`ªI _v‡K| †m Kv‡ci g‡a¨ `y‡ai g‡Zv cvZjv K‡i
evqvbœi w`b¸‡jv 133
Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i †c‡Ui †fZi †X‡j †`q| G‡ì K_v n‡jv, Ògi‡Z †è bv|Ó
Avgvi bv‡K GKUv e¨vivg wQj| `yB-wZbevi †èvi c‡iB Nv n‡q †M‡Q| i³ Av‡m Avi hš¿Yv cvB|
Avgiv AvcwË Ki‡Z jvMjvg| †Rj KZ…©cÿ ïb‡Q bv| LyeB Kó n‡”Q| Avgvi `yBUv bv‡Ki †fZiB Nv
n‡q †M‡Q| Zviv n¨vÛKvd civ‡bvi †jvKRb wb‡q Av‡m| evav w`‡j n¨vÛKvd cwi‡q †Rvi K‡i a‡i
LvIqv‡e| Avgv‡ì kixiI Lye `ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q| cuvP-Qq w`b c‡i weQvbv †_‡K IVvi kw³ nvwi‡q
†d‡jwQ| Avgiv B”Qv K‡i KvMwR †jeyi im w`‡q jeY cvwb †LZvg| KviY Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv dzW f¨vjy
bvB| Avgv‡ì IRbI Kg‡Z wQj| bv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q bj w`‡q LvIqvi mgq bjUv GKUz Gw`K Iw`K
n‡jB Avi Dcvq _vK‡e bv| wmwfj mvR©b mv‡ne, Wv³vi mv‡ne I †Rj KZ…©cÿ Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv Amyweav
bv nq, Zvi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| evi evi wmwfj mvR©b mv‡ne Abkb Ki‡Z wb‡la KiwQ‡jb| Avgvi I
gwnDwÏ‡bi kixi AwZkq `ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q| GLb Avi weQvbv †_‡K DVevi kw³ bvB| Avgvi nv‡U©i
Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡q c‡o‡Q eyS‡Z cvijvg| c¨vjwcwUkb nq fxlYfv‡e| wbtk¦vm †dj‡Z Kó nq| fvejvg
Avi †ewk w`b bvB| GKRb K‡qw`‡K w`‡q †Mvc‡b K‡qK UzKiv KvMR Avbvjvg| hwÌ nvZ Kuv‡c
Z_vwc †QvU †QvU K‡i PviUv wPwV wjLjvg| AveŸvi Kv‡Q GKUv, †iYyi Kv‡Q GKUv, Avi `yBUv knx`
mv‡ne I fvmvbx mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q| `y-GKw`b c‡i Avi †jLvi kw³ _vK‡e bv|
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avgiv D‡ØM, DrKÉv wb‡q w`b KvUvjvg, iv‡Z wmcvwniv wWDwU‡Z G‡m Lei w`j, XvKvq
fxlY †Mvjgvj n‡q‡Q| K‡qKRb †jvK ¸wj †L‡q gviv †M‡Q| †iwWIi Lei| dwi`cy‡i niZvj n‡q‡Q,
QvÎ-QvÎxiv †kvfvhvÎv K‡i †Rj‡M‡U G‡mwQj| Zviv wewfbœ †¯øvMvb w`w”Qj, Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ,
ÔevOvwj‡ì †kvlY Kiv Pj‡e bvÕ, Ô†kL gywR‡ei gyw³ PvBÕ, ÔivRew›`‡ì gyw³ PvBÕ AviI A‡bK
†¯øvMvb| Avgvi Lye Lvivc jvMj| KviY, dwi`cyi Avgvi †Rjv, gwnDwÏ‡bi bv‡g †Kv‡bv †¯øvMvb w`‡”Q
bv †Kb? ïay ÔivRew›`‡ì gyw³ PvBÕ ej‡jB †Zv n‡Zv| iv‡Z hLb XvKvi Lei †cjvg ZLb fxlY
wPšÍvhy³ n‡q cojvg| KZ †jvK gviv †M‡Q ejv KóKi| Z‡e A‡bK †jvK ¸wj †L‡q gviv †M‡Q ky‡bwQ|
`yR‡b cvkvcvwk weQvbvq ï‡q AvwQ| Wv³vi mv‡ne Avgv‡ì bovPov Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘
D‡ËRbvq D‡V emjvg|
22 Zvwi‡L mviv w`b dwi`cy‡i †kvfvhvÎv Pjj| K‡qKRb QvÎ-QvÎx GK RvqMvq n‡jB †¯øvMvb †`q|
†QvÆ †QvÆ †Q‡j‡g‡qiv iv¯Ívq †eovq Avi †¯øvMvb †`q| 22 Zvwi‡L Le‡ii KvMR Gj, wKQz wKQz Lei
†cjvg| gymwjg jxM miKvi KZ eo AcwiYvg`wk©Zvi KvR Kij| gvZ…fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b c„w_ex‡Z GB
cÖ_g evOvwjivB i³ w`j| `ywbqvi †Kv_vI fvlv Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨ ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq bvB| Rbve
b~iæj Avwgb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb bv, AvgjvZš¿ Zuv‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q †Mj| ¸wj n‡jv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR
†nv‡÷‡ji Gwiqvi †fZ‡i, iv¯ÍvqI bq| 144 aviv f½ Ki‡jI ¸wj bv K‡i †MÖdZvi Ki‡jB †Zv PjZ|
Avwg fvejvg, †`Le wK bv Rvwb bv, Z‡e i³ hLb Avgv‡ì †Q‡jiv w`‡q‡Q ZLb evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv
bv K‡i Avi Dcvq bvB| gvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡` fzj n‡Z _v‡K|
Le‡ii KvM‡R †`Ljvg, gvIjvbv Ave`yi iwk` ZK©evMxk GgGjG, LqivZ †nv‡mb GgGjG, Lvb mv‡ne
Imgvb Avjx GgGjG Ges †gvnv¤§` Aveyj †nv‡mb I †Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`mn kZ kZ QvÎ I
Kg©x‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q| `y-GKw`b c‡i †`Ljvg K‡qKRb cÖ‡dmi, gIjvbv fvmvbx, kvgmyj nK mv‡ne
I eû AvIqvgx jxM †bZv I Kgx©‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q| bvivqYM‡Ä Lvbmv‡ne Imgvb Avjxi evwoi †fZ‡i
Xz‡K fxlY gviwcU K‡i‡Q| e„× Lvb mv‡ne I Zuvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì Ici AK_¨ AZ¨vPvi n‡q‡Q| mg¯Í XvKvq
I bvivqYM‡Ä GK Îv‡mi ivRZ¡ m„wó K‡i‡Q| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †Kv‡bv Kgx©B †evanq Avi †RjLvbvi evB‡i
bvB|
Avgv‡ì Ae¯’v GLb Ggb ch©v‡q G‡m‡Q †h, †h-†Kv‡bv gyn‡~ Z© g„Z¨z i kvwšÍ-Qvqvq wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vb †c‡Z
134 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cvwi| wmwfj mvR©b mv‡ne w`‡bi g‡a¨ cuvP-mvZevi Avgv‡ì †`L‡Z Av‡mb| 25 ZvwiL mKv‡j hLb
Avgv‡K wZwb cixÿv KiwQ‡jb nVvr †`Ljvg, Zvi gyL M¤¢xi n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb †Kv‡bv K_v bv e‡j, gyL
Kv‡jv K‡i †ewi‡q †M‡jb| Avwg eySjvg, Avgvi w`b dzwi‡q †M‡Q| wKQz mgq c‡i Avevi wd‡i G‡m
ej‡jb, ÒGfv‡e g„Z¨z eiY K‡i wK †Kv‡bv jvf n‡e? evsjv‡`k †h Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K A‡bK wKQz Avkv
K‡i|Ó Avgvi K_v ej‡Z Kó nq, Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ejjvg, ÒA‡bK †jvK Av‡Q| KvR c‡o _vK‡e bv| †`k‡K
I †`‡ki gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevwm, Zv‡ì Rb¨B Rxeb w`‡Z cvijvg, GB kvwšÍ|Ó †WcywU †Rjvi mv‡ne ej‡jb,
ÒKvD‡K Lei w`‡Z n‡e wK bv? Avcbvi †Q‡j‡g‡q I ¯¿x †Kv_vq? Avcbvi AveŸvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv †UwjMÖvg
Ki‡eb?Ó ejjvg, ÒìKvi bvB| Avi Zv‡ì Kó w`‡Z PvB bv|Ó Avwg Avkv †Q‡o w`‡qwQ, nvZ-cv Aek
n‡q AvmwQj| nv‡U©i `yej© Zv bv _vK‡j GZ ZvovZvwo `yej© n‡q coZvg bv| GKRb K‡qw` wQj, Avgvi
nvZ-cv‡q mwilvi †Zj Mig K‡i gvwjk Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| gv‡S gv‡S VvÛv n‡q hvw”Qj|
gwnDwÏ‡bi Ae¯’vI fv‡jv bv, KviY cøywiwmm Avevi AvµgY K‡i e‡m‡Q| Avgvi wPwV PviLvbv GKRb
Kg©Pvix‡K †W‡K Zuvi Kv‡Q w`‡q ejjvg, Avgvi g„Zzï c‡i wPwV PviLvbv dwi`cy‡i Avgvi GK AvZ¥x‡qi
Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z| wZwb K_v w`‡jb, Avwg Zuvi KvQ †_‡K Iqv`v wbjvg| evi evi AveŸv, gv, fvB‡evb‡ì
†Pnviv †f‡m AvmwQj Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b| †iYyi `kv Kx n‡e? Zvi †Zv †KD bvB `ywbqvq| †QvU
†Q‡j‡g‡q `yBUvi Ae¯’vB ev Kx n‡e? Z‡e Avgvi AveŸv I †QvU fvB I‡ì †dj‡e bv, G wek¦vm Avgvi
wQj| wPšÍvkw³I nvwi‡q †djwQjvg| nvwPbv, Kvgvj‡K GKevi †`L‡ZI cvijvg bv| evwoi †KD Lei
cvq bvB, †c‡j wbðqB AvmZ|
gwnDwÏb I Avwg cvkvcvwk `yBUv LvU †c‡Z wb‡qwQjvg| GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi nvZ a‡i ï‡q _vKZvg|
`yR‡bB PzcPvc c‡o _vwK| Avgvi ey‡K e¨_v ïiæ n‡q‡Q| wmwfj mvR©b mv‡n‡ei †Kv‡bv mgq-Amgq wQj
bv| Avm‡Qb, †`L‡Qb, P‡j hv‡”Qb| 27 ZvwiL w`‡bi †ejv Avgvi Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc n‡q coj|
†evanq Avi `y-GKw`b euvP‡Z cvwi|
27 ZvwiL ivZ AvUUvi mgq Avgiv `yBRb PzcPvc ï‡q AvwQ| KviI mv‡_ K_v ejvi B”QvI bvB, kw³I bvB|
`yBR‡bB ï‡q ï‡q K‡qwì mvnv‡h¨ IRy K‡i †Lv`vi Kv‡Q gvc †P‡q wb‡qwQ| ìRv Ly‡j evB‡i †_‡K †WcywU
†Rjvi G‡m Avgvi Kv‡Q em‡jb Ges ej‡jb, ÒAvcbv‡K hw` gyw³ †Ìqv nq, Z‡e Lv‡eb †Zv?Ó ejjvg,
Ògyw³ w`‡j Lve, bv w`‡j Lve bv| Z‡e Avgvi jvk gyw³ †c‡q hv‡e|Ó Wv³vi mv‡ne Ges AviI K‡qKRb
Kg©Pvix G‡m †M‡Q, †P‡q †`Ljvg| †WcywU †Rjvi mv‡ne ej‡jb, ÒAvwg c‡o †kvbvB, Avcbvi gyw³i AW©vi
G‡m †M‡Q †iwWIMÖv‡g Ges †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU mv‡n‡ei Awdm †_‡KI AW©vi G‡m‡Q| `yBUv AW©vi †c‡qwQ|Ó
wZwb c‡o †kvbv‡jb, Avwg wek¦vm Ki‡Z PvBjvg bv| gwnDwÏb ï‡q ï‡q AW©viUv †`Lj Ges ejj †h,
Ò†Zvgvi AW©vi G‡m‡Q|Ó Avgv‡K gv_vq nvZ eywj‡q w`‡Z jvMj| †WcywU mv‡ne ej‡jb, ÒAvgv‡K Awek¦vm
Kivi wKQzB bvB| KviY, Avgvi †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© bvB; Avcbvi gyw³i Av‡`k mwZ¨B G‡m‡Q|Ó Wv³vi mv‡ne
Wv‡ei cvwb Avwb‡q‡Qb| gwnDwÏb‡K `yBRb a‡i ewm‡q w`‡jb| †m Avgv‡K ejj, Ò†Zvgv‡K Wv‡ei cvwb
Avwg LvB‡q wè|Ó `yB PvgP Wv‡ei cvwb w`‡q gwnDwÏb Avgvi Abkb fvwO‡q w`j|
mKvj `kUvi w`‡K Lei †cjvg, AveŸv G‡m‡Qb| †Rj‡M‡U Avgv‡K wb‡q hvIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB KZ…©cÿ
Zuv‡K wfZ‡i wb‡q Avm‡jb| Avgv‡K †`‡LB AveŸvi †Pv‡L cvwb G‡m †M‡Q| AveŸvi mn¨kw³ Lye †ewk|
†Kv‡bvg‡Z †Pv‡Li cvwb gy‡Q †dj‡jb| Kv‡Q e‡m Avgvi gv_vq nvZ eywj‡q w`‡jb Ges ej‡jb, †Zvgvi
gyw³i Av‡`k n‡q‡Q, †Zvgv‡K Avwg wb‡q hve evwo‡Z| Avwg XvKvq wM‡qwQjvg †Zvgvi gv, †iYy, nvwPbv
I Kvgvj‡K wb‡q, `yB w`b e‡m iBjvg, †KD Lei †`q bv, †Zvgv‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q †M‡Q| Zzwg XvKvq bvB
GK_v †Rj‡MU †_‡K e‡j‡Q| hwÌ c‡i Lei †cjvg, Zzwg dwi`cyi †R‡j AvQ| ZLb †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
eÜ| bvivqYMÄ G‡m †h RvnvR aie ZviI Dcvq †bB| †Zvgvi gv I †iYy‡K XvKvq †i‡L Avwg P‡j
G‡mwQ| KviY, Avgvi m‡›`n n‡qwQj †Zvgv‡K dwi`cyi †bIqv n‡q‡Q wK bv! AvRB †UwjMÖvg Kie, Zviv
†hb evwo‡Z iIqvbv n‡q hvq| Avwg AvMvgxKvj ev ciï †Zvgv‡K wb‡q iIqvbv Kie, evwK †Lv`v fimv|
wmwfj mvR©b mv‡ne e‡j‡Qb, †Zvgv‡K wb‡q †h‡Z n‡j wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e †h, ÒAvgvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡q hvw”Q|Ó
AveŸv Avgv‡K mvšÍ¡bv w`‡jb Ges ej‡jb, wZwb Lei †c‡q‡Qb gwnDwÏbI gyw³ cv‡e, Z‡e GKmv‡_
Qvo‡e bv, GKw`b c‡i Qvo‡e|
c‡ii w`b AveŸv Avgv‡K wb‡Z Avm‡jb| A‡bK †jvK †Rj‡M‡U nvwRi| Avgv‡K †÷ªPv‡i K‡i †Rj‡M‡U
wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv Ges †M‡Ui evB‡i †i‡L w`j, hw` wKQz nq evB‡i wM‡q †nvK, GB Zv‡ì aviYv|
cuvPw`b ci evwo †cuŠQvjvg| gv‡K †Zv †evSv‡bv KóKi| nvPz Avgvi Mjv a‡i cÖ_‡gB ejj, ÒAveŸv,
ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB, ivRew›`‡ì gyw³ PvB|Ó GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Iiv XvKvq wQj, hv ï‡b‡Q ZvB e‡j
P‡j‡Q| Kvgvj Avgvi Kv‡Q Avmj bv, Z‡e Avgvi w`‡K †P‡q iBj| Avwg Lye `ye©j, weQvbvq ï‡q
cojvg| MZKvj †iYy I gv XvKv †_‡K evwo G‡m Avgvi cÖZxÿvq w`b KvUvw”Qj| GK GK K‡i mK‡j
hLb Avgvi Kvgiv †_‡K we`vq wbj, ZLb †iYy †Ku‡` †djj Ges ejj, †Zvgvi wPwV †c‡q Avwg
ey‡SwQjvg, Zzwg wKQz GKUv K‡i †djev| Avwg †Zvgv‡K †`Levi Rb¨ e¨¯Í n‡q c‡owQjvg| Kv‡K eje
wb‡q †h‡Z, AveŸv‡K ej‡Z cvwi bv j¾vq| bv‡mi fvB evwo bvB| hLb Lei †cjvg Le‡ii KvM‡R,
ZLb j¾v kig Z¨vM K‡i AveŸv‡K ejjvg| AveŸv e¨¯Í n‡q co‡jb| ZvB iIqvbv Kijvg XvKvq,
†mvRv Avgv‡ì eo †bŠKvq wZbRb gvjøv wb‡q| †Kb Zzwg Abkb Ki‡Z wM‡qwQ‡j? G‡ì wK `qv gvqv
Av‡Q? Avgv‡ì KviI K_vI †Zvgvi g‡b wQj bv? wKQz GKUv n‡j Kx Dcvq n‡Zv? Avwg GB `yBUv `y‡ai
ev”Pv wb‡q Kx K‡i euvPZvg? nvwPbv, Kvgv‡ji Ae¯’v Kx n‡Zv? Zzwg ejev, LvIqv-`vIqvi Kó †Zv n‡Zv
bv? gvbyl wK ïay LvIqv-civ wb‡qB †eu‡P _vK‡Z Pvq? Avi g‡i †M‡j †`‡ki KvRB-ev Kxfv‡e KiZv?Õ
Avwg Zv‡K wKQzB ejjvg bv| Zv‡K ej‡Z w`jvg, KviY g‡bi K_v cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡j e¨_vUv wKQz K‡g
hvq| †iYy Lye Pvcv, AvR †hb K_vi euva †f‡O †M‡Q| ïay ejjvg, ÒDcvq wQj bv|Ó ev”Pv `yBUv Nywg‡q
c‡o‡Q| ï‡q cojvg| mvZvk-AvUvk gvm c‡i Avgvi †mB cyivbv RvqMvq, cyivbv Kvgivq, cyivbv
weQvbvq ï‡q KvivMv‡ii wbR©b cÖ‡Kv‡ôi w`b¸wji K_v g‡b coj| XvKvi Lei meB †c‡qwQjvg|
gwnDwÏbI gyw³ †c‡q‡Q| Avwg evB‡i Gjvg Avi Avgvi mnKgx©iv Avevi †R‡j wM‡q‡Q|
c‡ii w`b mKv‡j AveŸv Wv³vi Avbv‡jb| wmwfj mvR©b mv‡n‡ei †cÖmwµckbI wQj| Wv³vi mKj‡K
ej‡jb, Avgv‡K †hb weQvbv †_‡K DV‡Z bv †Ìqv nq| w`b `‡kK c‡i Avgv‡K nuvU‡Z ûKzg w`j ïay
we‡Kj‡ejv| Avgv‡K †`L‡Z †ivRB A‡bK †jvK evwo‡Z AvmZ| †MvcvjMÄ, Lyjbv I ewikvj †_‡KI
Avgvi wKQz msL¨K mnKg©x G‡mwQj|
GKw`b mKv‡j Avwg I †iYy weQvbvq e‡m Mí KiwQjvg| nvPz I Kvgvj wb‡P †LjwQj| nvPz gv‡S gv‡S
†Ljv †d‡j Avgvi Kv‡Q Av‡m Avi ÔAveŸvÕ ÔAveŸvÕ e‡j Wv‡K| Kvgvj †P‡q _v‡K| GKmgq Kvgvj
nvwPbv‡K ej‡Q, ÒnvPz Avcv, nvPz Avcv, †Zvgvi AveŸv‡K Avwg GKUy AveŸv ewj|Ó Avwg Avi †iYy `yR‡bB
ïbjvg| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í weQvbv †_‡K D‡V †h‡q I‡K †Kv‡j wb‡q ejjvg, ÒAvwg †Zv †ZvgviI AveŸv|Ó
Kvgvj Avgvi Kv‡Q Avm‡Z PvBZ bv| AvR Mjv a‡i c‡o iBj| eyS‡Z cvijvg, GLb Avi I mn¨ Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| wb‡Ri †Q‡jI A‡bK w`b bv †`L‡j fz‡j hvq! Avwg hLb †R‡j hvB ZLb Ii eqm gvÎ K‡qK
gvm| ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y GKRb‡K webv wePv‡i ew›` K‡i ivLv Avi Zvi AvZ¥xq¯^Rb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì KvQ
†_‡K `~‡i ivLv †h KZ eo RNb¨ KvR Zv †K eyS‡e? gvbyl ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ AÜ n‡q hvq| AvR `yBkZ ermi
c‡i Avgiv ¯^vaxb n‡qwQ| mvgvb¨ n‡jI wKQz Av‡›`vjbI K‡iwQ ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨| fv‡Mï wbôzi cwinvm,
AvR Avgv‡K I Avgvi mnKgx©‡ì eQ‡ii ci eQi †Rj LvU‡Z n‡”Q| AviI KZKvj LvU‡Z nq, †KBev
Rv‡b? G‡KB wK e‡j ¯^vaxbZv? fq Avwg cvB bv, Avi gbI k³ n‡q‡Q|
136 mvwnZ¨ cvV
1952 mv‡j XvKvq ¸wj nIqvi c‡i MÖv‡g MÖv‡g RbmvaviY eyS‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h, hviv kvmb Ki‡Q
Zviv RbM‡Yi AvcbRb bq| Lei wb‡q Rvb‡Z cvijvg, GKz‡k †deªæqvwi ¸wj nIqvi Lei evZv‡mi
mv‡_ mv‡_ MÖv‡g MÖv‡g †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q Ges †QvU †QvU nvUevRv‡i ch©šÍ niZvj n‡q‡Q| gvbyl eyS‡Z Avi¤¢
K‡i‡Q †h, we‡kl GKUv †Mvôx (`j) evOvwj‡ì gy‡Li fvlv †K‡o wb‡Z Pvq|
fimv n‡jv, Avi `gv‡Z cvi‡e bv| evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv bv K‡i Dcvq bvB| GB Av‡›`vj‡b †`‡ki
†jvK mvov w`‡q‡Q I GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvIjvbv mv‡neiv d‡Zvqv w`‡qwQ‡jb evsjv fvlvi
weiæ‡×| ZuvivI fq †c‡q †M‡Qb| GLb Avi cÖKv‡k¨ evsjv fvlvi weiæ‡× K_v ej‡Z mvnm cv‡”Qb bv|
RbgZ m„wó n‡q‡Q, Rbg‡Zi weiæ‡× †h‡Z †kvlKivI fq cvq| kvmKiv hLb †kvlK nq A_ev
†kvlK‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i ZLb †`‡ki I RbM‡Yi g½j nIqvi †P‡q Ag½jB †ewk nq|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
Abkb ag©NU − †Kv‡bv b¨vh¨ `vwe c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ GKUvbv Avnvi eR©‡bi msKí|
mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U − ZË¡veavqK (superintendent)|
gwnDwÏb − gwnDwÏb Avng` (1925-1997)| ivRbxwZwe`| evsjv‡`‡ki
Afy¨`‡qi c~‡e© I c‡i cÖvq mKj ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½
Nwbôfv‡e hy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK
Kvi‡Y weªwUk, cvwK¯Ívb I evsjv‡`k Avg‡j `xN©Kvj Kviv‡fvM K‡ib
wZwb| 1979-1981 Kvjc‡e© wZwb RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax`jxq
Dc‡bZv wQ‡jb|
†ejywP − cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ejywP¯Ívb cÖ‡`‡ki †jvK|
ÔB‡q †Kqv evZ... †gÕ − G †Kgb K_v, Avcwb †RjLvbvq|
wf‡±vwiqv cvK© − Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivwb wf‡±vwiqvi bv‡g XvKvi mìNvU GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ
D`¨vb| eZ©gvb bvg evnv`yi kvn& cvK©|
cøywiwmm − eÿe¨vwa|
†iYy − e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx †kL dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe| wZwb wQ‡jb e½eÜzi
ivR‰bwZK Rxeb I `ytmg‡qi AwePj mvw_|
b~iæj Avwgb − 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎRbZvi Ici ¸wjel©‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx
Z`vbxšÍb gyL¨gš¿x| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× I ¯^vaxbZvi
we‡ivwaZvKvix| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci b~iæj Avwgb
cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
AvgjvZš¿ − ivóªxq cÖkvm‡b miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì KZ…©Z¡g~jK eë¯’v|
Ave`yi iwk` ZK©evMxk − MYAvRv`x jxM †bZv| fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|
cieZx©Kv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
LqivZ †nv‡mb − ivRbxwZwe`| 1938-1947 ch©šÍ wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi

KvDwÝji| cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci bvwRgyÏxb miKv‡ii MYwe‡ivax
bxwZi cÖwZev‡` 1948-G gymwjg jx‡Mi m‡½ m¤úK© Z¨vM K‡ib|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ wQ‡jb|
Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb Avjx − bvivqYM‡Äi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZrKvjxb wewkó †bZv| wZwb AvBb
mfvi m`m¨ (GgGjG) wQ‡jb|
†Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g` − evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZrKvjxb msMVK| 1975-G mcwiev‡i
e½eÜz‡K gg©vwšÍK nZ¨vq lohš¿, †Mvcb mg_©b I mnvqZvi Rb¨
wbw›`Z|
†QvU fvB − e½eÜzi Kwbô åvZv †kL bv‡mi|
nvwPbv, nvPz − e½eÜzi †R¨ô mšÍvb †kL nvwmbv|
Kvgvj − e½eÜzi †R¨ô cyÎ †kL Kvgvj|
†iwWIMÖvg − †eZvievZ©v (radiogram)|
cÖ‡Kvô − Ni ev KzVwi|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ Zuvi ÔAmgvß AvZ¥RxebxÕ (2012) MÖš’
†_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| eÜzevÜe, mnKgx© I mnawg©Yxi Aby‡iv‡a e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1967
mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q XvKv †m›Uªvj †R‡j ivRew›` _vKv Ae¯’vq GB AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv Avi¤¢ K‡ib|
wKš‘ 1968 mv‡ji 17B Rvbyqvwi †_‡K e½eÜz HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq XvKv †mbvwbev‡m AvUK
_vKvq Rxebx †jLv eÜ n‡q hvq| RxebxwU‡Z 1955 mvj ch©šÍ NUbvewj ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| †hŠe‡bi
AwaKvsk mgq Kviv cÖ‡Kv‡ôi wbR©‡b KvU‡jI RbMY-AšÍcÖvY G gvbylwU wQ‡jb Avcmnxb, wbfx©K|
Rxe‡bi wewPÎ AwfÁZv, Mfxi Dcjwä I ivR‰bwZK ch©‡eÿY wZwb G MÖ‡š’ mnR mij fvlvq cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb|
Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq 1952 mv‡j e½eÜzi †RjRxeb I †Rj †_‡K gyw³jv‡fi ¯§„wZ wee„Z n‡q‡Q|
ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi Ackvmb I webvwePv‡i erm‡ii ci ermi ivRew›`‡ì KvivMv‡i AvUK
ivLvi cÖwZev‡` 1952 mv‡j †jLK Abkb ag©NU K‡ib| ¯§„wZPvi‡Y e¨³ n‡q‡Q AbkbKv‡j †Rj
KZ…©c‡ÿi f~wgKv I AvPiY, †bZvKg©x‡ì mv‡_ mvÿvr I Zv‡ì Kv‡Q evZ©v †cuŠQv‡bvi bvbv †KŠkj
BZ¨vw`| ¯§„wZPvi‡Y we‡klfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q XvKvq GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L QvÎRbZvi wgwQ‡j ¸wji
Lei| †mB m‡½ AbkbiZ Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨ AZ¨vmbœ †R‡b wcZvgvZv-¯¿x-mšÍvb‡ì wb‡q fvebv Ges Ae‡k‡l
gyw³ †c‡q ¯^Rb‡ì Kv‡Q wd‡i Avmvi ¯§„wZi ü`q¯úk©x weeiYI cwiùzU n‡q‡Q msKwjZ As‡k|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. fvlv‰mwbK‡ì kwn` nIqvi Lei e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Kxfv‡e †c‡qwQ‡jb?
K. wmcvwn‡ì gva¨‡g L. cÖnix‡ì mnvqZvq
M. †iwWI ï‡b N. ew›`‡ì KvQ †_‡K
2. ÔAvgjvZš¿ Zuv‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q †MjÕ− b~iæj Avwg‡bi †Kvb êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y e½eÜz Giƒc gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb?
K. GK¸u‡qwg L. wbe©yw×Zv
M. wePvieyw×nxbZv N. A`~i`wk©Zv
138 mvwnZ¨ cvV

weªwUk kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Dcgnv‡`‡ki gvbyl GK mgq duy‡m I‡Vb| Kvjµ‡g Zv e„nËi Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc
†bq| GK mgq G †`‡ki wmcvwnivI Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡ob| kvmK‡Mvôx G Av‡›`vjb K‡Vvi
nv‡Z `gb K‡ib| Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì Rbmg‡ÿ duvwm‡Z Szwj‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq|
3. DÏxc‡K kvmK‡Mvôxi †h †h g‡bvfve dz‡U D‡V‡Q †mwU‡K Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ kxl©K ¯§„wZK_vi
Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq−
i. Ackvmb
ii. wbg©gZv
iii. AZ¨vPvi
†KvbwU wVK?
4. kvmK‡Mvôxi DwjøwLZ g‡bvfv‡ei †LmviZ Kv‡K w`‡Z n‡qwQj?
K. Ave`yi iwk` ZK©evMxk‡K L. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
M. b~iæj Avwgb‡K N. Lvb mv‡ne Imgvb Avjx‡K
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
eY©ev`, êlg¨ Avi wbcxo‡bi Kvi‡Y kvmK‡Mvôxi weiæ‡× GK mgq duz‡m I‡V `wÿY Avwd«Kvi Kv‡jv
gvbyl¸‡jv| G‡ì cy‡ivav wQ‡jb †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv| Av‡›`vjb bm¨vr Ki‡Z ïiæ nq wbh©vZb| Zvu‡K
cy‡i †Ìqv nq †R‡j| mkÖg Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ Kiv nq Zuv‡K| cv_i fvOvi g‡Zv mxgvnxb cwikÖ‡gi
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q GKmgq Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob wZwb| wKš‘ G mgq G cvlvY ü`‡qi gvbyl¸‡jvi
cvkvcvwk wKQz fv‡jv g‡bi gvbylI wQ‡jb †mLv‡b hv‡ì fv‡jvevmv, ggZ¡‡eva Avi †mevq wm³
n‡q‡Qb wZwb| Ae‡k‡l `xN© 27 eQi Kviv‡fv‡Mi ci Zuvi gyw³ †g‡j|
K. Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq ewY©Z gwnDwÏb mv‡ne †Kvb †iv‡M fzMwQ‡jb?
L. Ôgvby‡li hLb cZb Av‡m ZLb c‡` c‡` fzj n‡Z _v‡KÕ− †Kvb cÖm‡½ †jLK G K_v e‡jwQ‡jb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjvi mv‡_ Òevqvbœi w`b¸‡jvÓ iPbvq †jL‡Ki mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU Zz‡j ai|
N. †cÖÿvcU wfbœ n‡jI †PZbvMZ HK¨B †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjv I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K GKm~‡Î
†Mu‡_‡Q− gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki|
GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnwb
ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& 1922 wLªóv‡ãi 15B AvM÷ ”ÆMÖv‡g Rb¥MnÖ Y K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq` Avng`Djøvn&| Zuv‡ì
ˆcZ…K wbevm wQj †bvqvLvjx| KjKvZv I XvKvmn evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kn‡i Zuvi wkÿvRxeb AwZevwnZ nq|
mvsevw`KZv w`‡q Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïiæ| †`‡k-we‡`‡k miKv‡ii wewfbœ D”PZi c‡` wZwb AwawôZ wQ‡jb|
evsjv K_vmvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kÖô iƒcKvi, RxebmÜvbx I mgvR-m‡PZb ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i iPbvq D¾¡j iƒ‡c
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q ag©xq mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi, g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq, gvbeg‡bi AšÍØ›© Ø cÖfw„ Z| evsjv‡`‡ki
K_vwkí‡K AvšÍRv© wZK gv‡b DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb wZwb| ÔjvjmvjyÕ, ÔPuv‡ì Agvem¨vÕ I ÔKuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`vÕ Zuvi
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- MíMÖš’ : ÔbqbPvivÕ Ges Ô`yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ MíÕ; bvUK :
ÔewncxiÕ, ÔZi½f½Õ I Ômyo½Õ| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Av`gRx cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi I
GKz‡k c`K (gi‡YvËi) †c‡q‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j 1971-Gi 10B A‡±vei wZwb c¨vwi‡m g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
aby‡Ki g‡Zv euvKv Kswµ‡Ui cyjwUi c‡iB evwoUv| †`vZjv, DuPz Ges cÖKvÐ evwo| Z‡e iv¯Ív †_‡KB
mivmwi `Ðvqgvb| G‡`‡k dzUcvZ bvB e‡j evwoUviI GKUz Rwg Qvovi f`ªZvi evjvB bvB| Z‡e †mUv
wKš‘ evB‡ii †Pnviv| KviY, †cQ‡b A‡bK RvqMv| cÖ_gZ cÖk¯Í D‡Vvb| Zvici cvqLvbv-†MvmjLvbvi
c‡i Avg-Rvg-KuvVvj Mv‡Q fiv R½‡ji g‡Zv RvqMv| †mLv‡b Kov m~h©v‡jv‡K I m~h©v‡¯Íi ¤øvb AÜKvi
Ges AvMvQvq Ave„Z gvwU‡Z f¨vcmv MÜ|
AZ RvqMv hLb ZLb mvg‡b wKQz †Q‡o GKUv evMvb Ki‡j Kx †`vl n‡Zv?
†m-K_vB Giv fv‡e| we‡kl K‡i gwZb| Zvi evMv‡bi eo kL, hwÌ AvR ch©šÍ Zv Kíbv‡ZB cyw®úZ
n‡q‡Q| †m fv‡e, GKUz Rwg †c‡j †m wb‡RB evMv‡bi g‡Zv K‡i wb‡Zv| hZœ K‡i jvMv‡Zv †gŠmywg dzj,
MÜivR-eKzj-nv¯œv‡nbv, `y-Pvi‡U †MvjvcI| Zvici mÜ¨vi ci Avwcm wd‡i †mLv‡b em‡Zv| GKUz
Avivg K‡i emevi R‡b¨ nvév †e‡Zi †Pqvi ev K¨vbfv‡mi †WK‡PqviB wK‡b wb‡Zv| Zvici Mv †X‡j
e‡m Mí-¸Re Ki‡Zv| AvgRv‡ì û‡Kvi Af¨vm| evMv‡bi m¤§vb eRvq †i‡L †m bv nq GKUv gvbvbmB
bjIqvjv my`„k¨ ¸o¸wo wK‡b wb‡Zv| Kv‡ì Mí-†cÖwgK| dzidz‡i nvIqvq Zvi KÉ Kvwnwbgq n‡q
DV‡Zv| wKsev cy®ú‡mŠi‡f gwì †R¨vr¯œviv‡Z Mí bv Ki‡jB ev Kx G‡m †h‡Zv? Ggwb‡Z †PvL ey‡R
e‡mB bxi‡e mvÜ¨Kvjxb w¯œ»Zv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Zv Zviv|
Avwcm †_‡K kÖvšÍ n‡q wd‡i cÖvq iv¯Ív †_‡KB Po‡Z _vKv †`vZjvq hvevi wmuwo fvO‡Z fvO‡Z gwZ‡bi
g‡b Rv‡M Gme K_v|
evwoUv Zviv `Lj K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ jovB bv K‡iB; Zv‡ì mvgwiK kw³ Abygvb K‡i evwoi gvwjK †h
c„ôcÖ`k©b K‡iwQj, Zv bq| †`kf‡½i ûRy‡M G kn‡i G‡m Zviv †hgb-†Zgb GKUv †Wivi mÜv‡b
D`qv¯Í Nyi‡Q, ZLb GKw`b †`L‡Z cvq evwoUv| mì ìRvq g¯Í Zvjv, wKš‘ mvgvb¨ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ci
eyS‡Z cv‡i evwo‡Z Rbgvbe bvB Ges Zvi gvwjK †`kcjvZK| cwiZ¨³ evwo wPb‡Z †`wi n‡jv bv|
wKš‘ Ggb evwo cvIqv wbZvšÍ †mŠfv‡Mï K_v| †mŠfv‡Mï AvKw¯§K Avwef©v‡e cÖ_‡g Zv‡ì g‡b fqB
Dcw¯’Z nq| †m fq KvU‡Z †`wi nq bv| †mw`b mÜ¨vq Zviv m`je‡j G‡m ìRvi Zvjv †f‡O iB-iB
AvIqvR Zz‡j evwoUvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ZLb êkv‡Li Avg-Kzov‡bv wÿcÖ Db¥v`bv e‡j e¨vcviUv
140 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q w`b-`ycy‡i WvKvwZi g‡Zv g‡b nq bv| †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai †PZbv hw` ev g‡b RvMvi cÖqvm
cvq Zv weR‡qi Djøv‡m wb‡g‡l Zz‡jvay‡bv n‡q D‡o hvq|
ciw`b kn‡i LeiUv Qwo‡q co‡j AbvwkÖZ‡ì AvMgb kyiæ nq| gv_vi Ici GKUv Qv` cvevi Avkvq
Zviv `‡j-`‡j Av‡m|
weR‡qi DjøvmUv †X‡K Giv e‡j, Kx †`L‡Qb? RvqMv bvB †Kv_vI| me N‡iB weQvbv c‡o‡Q| GB †h
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GKRb mg‡e`bvi K‡É e‡j,
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†mB n‡”Q Avmj K_v|
hviv nZvk nq Zv‡ì gyL Kv‡jv n‡q I‡V mg‡e`bv fiv Dw³‡Z|
−H NiUv?
wb‡Pi Zjvi iv¯Ívi av‡i NiUv Aek¨ LvwjB g‡b nq|
Lvwj †`Lv‡jI Lvwj bq| fv‡jv K‡i †P‡q †`Lyb| †`qv‡ji cv‡k mZiwÄ‡Z euvav `ywU †ewWs| †kl
RvqMvUvI `y-NÈv n‡jv A¨vKvD›Um-Gi †gvUv eìæwÏb wb‡q wb‡q‡Q| kvjvi KvQ †_‡K weQvbvcËi
Avb‡Z †M‡Q| kvjvI Avevi Zvi GK †`v‡¯Íi evwoi eviv›`vq Av¯Ívbv †M‡o‡Q| cwievi bv _vK‡j
kvjvwUI G‡m nvwRi n‡Zv|
†bnvZ Kcv‡ji K_v| Avevi GKR‡bi KÉ mg‡e`bvq LjLj K‡i I‡V| hw` NÈv `y‡qK Av‡M Avm‡Zb Z‡e
eìæwÏb‡K Kjv †`Lv‡Z cvi‡Zb| NiUvq †Zgb Av‡jv †bB e‡U wKš‘ †`Lyb Rvbvjvi cv‡kB miKvwi Av‡jv|
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Aek¨ G-me civnZ evwo-mÜvbx‡ì Kv‡b weler g‡b nq|
h_vmg‡q †eAvBwb evwo `L‡ji e¨vcviUv Z`viK Kievi R‡b¨ cywjk Av‡m| †mUv ¯^vfvweK| †`kgq GKUv
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cjvZK M„nKZ©v wK evwo D×v‡ii R‡b¨ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q? Z‡e †m-K_v wek¦vm nq bv `y-w`‡bi
g‡a¨ evwoUv Lvwj K‡i w`‡q †h †`k †_‡K DavI n‡q †M‡Q eZ©gv‡b Zvi Ab¨vb¨ Mfxi mgm¨vi K_v fveevi
Av‡Q| m‡›`n _v‡K bv †h, cywjk‡K Lei w`‡q‡Q ZvivB hviv mgq g‡Zv GLv‡b bv G‡m kn‡ii Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
cÖv‡šÍ wbõjfv‡e evwo `L‡ji wdwK‡i wQj| g›`fv‡Mï K_v gvbv hvq wKš‘ mn¨ Kiv hvq bv| b¨vh¨ AwaKvi¯^Z¡
GK K_v, Ab¨v‡qi Ici fvM¨ jvf Ab¨ K_v| wnsmvUv b¨vqm½Z-†Zv g‡b nq-B, KZ©e¨ e‡jI g‡b nq|
Giv iæ‡L ùvovq|
Avgiv `wi`ª †Kivwb gvbyl e‡U wKš‘ mevB f`ª N‡ii †Q‡j| evwo `Lj K‡iwQ e‡U wKš‘ Rvbvjv-ìRv
fvwO bvB, BU-cv_i Lwm‡q †PvivevRv‡iI Pvjvb K‡i w`B bvB|
AvgivI AvBb-Kvbyb eywS| †K bvwjk K‡i‡Q? evwoIqvjv bq| Z‡e bvwjkUvI h_vh_ bq|
Kv‡ì †Kej KvZi ie †Zv‡j! hv‡ev †Kv_vq? kL K‡i wK GLv‡b G‡m D‡VwQ? m`je‡j mve-BÝ‡c±i
wd‡i wM‡q bv-nK bv †e-nK bv-fv‡jv bv-g›` †Mv‡Qi †Nvi-†Nviv‡jv wi‡cvU© †`q hvi gg©v_© D×v‡ii
f‡qB nqZ IciIqvjv Zv dvBj Pvcv †`qv †kÖq g‡b K‡i| A_ev eyS‡Z cv‡i, GB ûRy‡Mi mgq
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Kv‡ì †PvL wU‡c e‡j, mZ¨ K_v ej‡Z †`vl Kx? mve-BÝ‡c±‡ii wØZxq eD Avgvi GK iKg AvZ¥xqv|
e‡jv bv KvD‡K wKš‘|
GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnwb 141
K_vUv Aek¨ Kv‡iviB wek¦vm nq bv| Z‡e AmZ¨wUi †Mvovq †h †Kej GKUv wbg©j Avb‡›ì Dm&&Kvwb,
Zv ey‡S Kv‡ì‡K ÿgv Ki‡Z wØav nq bv|
Drdzjø K‡É †KD cÖ¯Íve K‡i, Kx †n, Pv-wgwóUv n‡q hvK|
ivZvivwZ miMig n‡q I‡V cÖKvÐ evwoUv| Av¯Ívbv GKwU †c‡q‡Q Ges †m Av¯ÍvbvwU †KD nvZ †_‡K †K‡o
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bZzb Rxeb-mÂvi K‡i‡Q †hb| G‡ì A‡b‡KB KjKvZvq eøKg¨vb †jb-G Lvjvwm cwÆ‡Z, êVKLvbvq
`dZwi‡ì cvovq, ˆmq` mv‡jn †jb-G ZvgvK eëmvqx‡ì m‡½ ev Kgiæ Lvbmvgv †jb-G AK_¨ `yMÜ ©
†bvsivi g‡a¨ w`b KvwU‡q‡Qb| Zzjbvq G evwoi eo eo Kvgiv, bxjKzwV `vjv‡bi d¨vkv‡b g¯Í g¯Í Rvbvjv,
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Giv jvU‡ejv‡Ui g‡Zv GKLvbv Ni `Lj K‡i bvB mZ¨, Zey GZ Av‡jv-evZvm KL‡bv Zviv Dc‡fvM K‡i
bvB| Zv‡ì Rxe‡b meyR Z…Y MRv‡e agbx‡Z mej m‡ZR i³ Avm‡e, nvRvi-`ynvRviIqvjv‡ì g‡Zv gy‡L
ab-¯^v‡¯’ï †RŠjym Avm‡e, †`nI g¨v‡jwiqv-KvjvR¦i-ÿq e¨vwagy³& n‡e| †ivMvcU&K & v BDbym B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zvi
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Wv÷web| †m Mwj‡ZB boe‡o ai‡bi GKUv Kv‡Vi †`vZjv evwo‡Z ivbœvN‡ii cv‡k mu¨vr‡mu‡Z GKwU Kvgivq
K”Q‡`kxq Pvgov eëmvqx‡ì m‡½ Pvi eQi †m evm K‡i‡Q| cvovwU Pvgovi DrKU M‡Ü me©ÿY Ggb ficyi
n‡q _vK‡Zv †h iv¯Ívi †Wª‡bi cPv `yMÜ
© bv‡K †cuŠQ‡Zv bv, N‡ii †Kv‡Y Buìy -†eovj g‡i c‡P _vK‡jI Zvi
Lei cvIqv `y®‹i wQj| BDby‡mi R¦iRvwi †j‡MB _vK‡Zv, †_‡K †_‡K †kl iv‡Z Kvwki agK DV‡Zv| Zey
cvovwU Qv‡o wb GK Kvi‡Y| †K Zv‡K e‡jwQj, Pvgovi MÜ bvwK h²vi RxevYy aŸsm K‡i| `yMÜ © Uv ZvB †m
A¤øvbe`‡b mn¨ †Zv Ki‡ZvB, mgq mgq Avwcm †_‡K wd‡i Rvbvjvi cv‡k ùvwo‡q cv‡ki evwoi wbwñ`ª
†`qv‡ji w`‡K ZvwK‡q eyKf‡i wbtk¦vm wb‡Zv| Zv‡Z Aek¨ Zvi ¯^v‡¯’ï †Kv‡bv DbœwZ †`Lv hvq bvB|
Lvbv`vbv bv n‡j evwo miMig nq bv| ZvB GK mßvn a‡i †gvMjvB Kvq`vq Zviv Lvbv`vbv K‡i| ivbœvi
e¨vcv‡i mK‡jiB ¸ß †KivgwZ cÖKvk cvq mnmv| bvwbi nv‡Z †kLv we‡kl wcVv ˆZwii †KŠkjwU †kl
ch©šÍ ALv`¨ e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡jI Zvwid cÖksmvq Zv gyL‡ivPK n‡q I‡V| Mv‡bi AvmiI e‡m †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv mÜ¨vq| nvweeyjøv †Kv‡Ì‡K GKUv †emy‡iv nvigwbqvg wb‡q G‡m Zvi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Ri Mjvi
ewjôZvi Ici fi K‡i wbkx_ ivZ ch©šÍ GKwU Ae³e¨ msMxZmgm¨v m„wó K‡i|
G mg‡q GKw`b DVv‡bi cÖv‡šÍ ivbœvN‡ii †cQ‡b †PŠ‡Kvbv Ava nvZ DuPz B‡Ui ˆZwi GKwU g‡Âi Ici
Zzjmx MvQwU Zv‡ì `„wóMZ nq|
†mw`b †iveevi mKvj| wb‡gi Wvj w`‡q †g‡QvqvK Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †gv`v‡eŸi D‡Vv‡b cvqPvwi KiwQj, nVvr †m
Zvi¯^‡i AvZ©bv` K‡i I‡V| †jvKwU Ggwb‡ZB ûRy‡M gvbyl| mvgvb¨ K_v‡ZB cÖvY-kxZj-Kiv iB-iB
AvIqvR †Zvjvi Af¨vm Zvi| Zey †m AvIqvR D‡cÿv Kiv mnR bq| kxNªB †KD †KD Qz‡U Av‡m DVv‡b|
−Kx e¨vcvi?
−†PvL Ly‡j †`L!
−Kx? Kx †`L‡ev?
mvc‡Lvc †`L‡e Avkv K‡iwQj e‡j cÖ_‡g Zzjmx MvQUv bR‡i c‡o bv Zv‡ì| †`L‡Qv bv? Ggb
†eKvq`v Avmbvaxb Zzjmx MvQUv †`L‡Z cv‡”Qv bv? Dc‡o †dj‡Z n‡e IUv| Avgiv hLb G evwo‡Z
G‡m D‡VwQ ZLb GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wn›`yqvwbi wPý Avi mn¨ Kiv n‡e bv|
GKUz nZvk n‡q Zviv Zzjmx MvQwUi w`‡K ZvKvq| MvQwU †Kgb †hb g‡i Av‡Q| Mvp meyR i‡Oi cvZvq
L‡qwi is a‡i‡Q| wb‡P AvMvQvI MwR‡q‡Q| nqZ eûw`b Zv‡Z cvwb c‡owb|
−Kx †`L‡Qv? †gv`v‡eŸi ûsKvi w`‡q I‡V| ejwQ bv, Dc‡o †dj!
142 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Giv †Kgb ¯Íä n‡q hvq| AvKw¯§K G Avwe®‹v‡i Zviv †hb wKQzUv nZf¤^ n‡q c‡o‡Q| †h evwo GZ k~b¨
g‡b n‡qwQj, Qv‡` hvIqvi wmuwoi †`qv‡j KuvPv nv‡Z †jLv K-Uv bvg _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h evwoUv Ggb
†eIqvwik †V‡KwQj, †m evwoi †Pnviv †hb nVvr e`‡j †M‡Q| AvPgKv aiv c‡o wM‡q ï®‹cÖvq g„ZcÖvq
bMY¨ Zzjmx MvQwU nVvr †m evwoi A›`‡ii K_v cÖKvk K‡i‡Q †hb|
G‡ì A‡nZzK ¯ÍäZv jÿ K‡i †gv`v‡eŸi Avevi ûsKvi Qv‡o|
−fve‡Qv Kx AZ? Dc‡o †d‡jv ejwQ!
†KD b‡o bv| wn›`y ixwZbxwZ G‡ì †Zgb fv‡jv K‡i Rvbv †bB| ZeyI †Kv_vI ï‡b‡Q †h, wn›`yevwo‡Z
cÖwZ w`bv‡šÍ M„nKÎ©x Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Z‡j mÜ¨v cÖ`xc R¡vjvq, Mjvq AuvPj w`‡q cÖYvg K‡i| AvR †h Zzjmx
Mv‡Qi Z‡j Nvm MwR‡q D‡V‡Q, †m cwiZ¨³ Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Z‡jI cÖwZ mÜ¨vq †KD cÖ`xc w`‡Zv| AvKv‡k
hLb mÜ¨vZviv ewjô GKvwK‡Z¡ D¾¡j n‡q DV‡Zv, ZLb Nbvqgvb Qvqvi g‡a¨ AvbZ wmu`y‡ii bxie
i³v³ ¯ú‡k© GKUv kvšÍ-kxZj cÖ`xc R¡‡j DV‡Zv cÖwZw`b| N‡i `yw`©‡bi So G‡m‡Q, nqZ Kv‡iv
Rxeb-cÖ`xc wb‡f †M‡Q, Avevi nvwm-Avb‡›ì †dvqvivI Qz‡U‡Q myL-mg‡q, wKš‘ G cÖ`xc †Ìqv Abyôvb
GKw`‡bi RbÏ eÜ _v‡K bvB|
†h-M„nKÎ©x eQ‡ii ci eQi G Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Z‡j cÖ`xc w`‡q‡Q †m AvR †Kv_vq? gwZb GK mg‡q
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Avmvb‡mvj, ê`ëvwU, wjjyqv ev nvIovq †ijI‡q-cwÆ‡Z †m gwnjv †Kv‡bv AvZ¥x‡qi N‡i AvkÖq wb‡q‡Q|
wekvj Bqv‡W©i cv‡k †iv‡` ï‡Kv‡Z-_vKv jvj cv‡oi GKwU gm„Y Kv‡jv kvwo †m †hb †`L‡Z cvq| nqZ †m
kvwowU M„nKÎ©xiB| †Kgb welYœfv‡e †m kvwowU †`v‡j ¯^í nvIqvq| A_ev gwnjvwU †Kv‡bv PjwZ †Uª‡bi
Rvbvjvi cv‡k †hb e‡m| Zvi `„wó evB‡ii w`‡K| †m `„wó †Luv‡R wKQz `~‡i, w`M‡šÍi Icv‡i| nqZ Zvi hvÎv
GL‡bv †kl nq bvB| wKš‘ †hLv‡bB †m _vKzK Ges Zvi hvÎv GL‡bv †kl n‡q‡Q wK nq bvB, AvKv‡k hLb
w`bv‡šÍi Qvqv Nwb‡q I‡V ZLb cÖwZw`b G ZzjmxZjvi K_v g‡b nq e‡j Zvi †PvL nqZ QjQj K‡i I‡V|
MZKvj †_‡K BDby‡mi mw`©-mw`© fve| †m e‡j,
−_vK bv IUv| Avgiv †Zv Zv cy‡Rv Ki‡Z hvw”Q bv| eiÂ N‡i Zzjmx MvQ _vKv fv‡jv| mw`©-K‡d Zvi
cvZvi im eoB DcKvix|
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GwM‡q Av‡m bv| I‡ì g‡a¨ Gbv‡qZ GKUz †gŠjwf ai‡bi gvbyl| gy‡L `vwo, cuvP Iqv³ bvgvRI Av‡Q,
mKv‡j wbqwgZfv‡e †Kvivb-†ZjvIqvZ K‡i| †m ch©šÍ Pzc| cÖwZ mÜ¨vq M„nKÎ©xi mRj †Pv‡Li `„k¨wU
Zvi g‡bI Rv‡M wK?
AÿZ †`‡n Zzjmx MvQwU weivR Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Z‡e G‡ì nvZ †_‡K †invB †c‡jI Giv †h Zvi m¤^‡Ü ci gyn~‡Z©B Am‡PZbZvq wbgw¾Z nq Zv bq|
eiÂ †Kgb GKUv `ye©jZvi fve, KZ©‡eï m¤§y‡L wcQ-cv n‡j †hgb GKUv A¯^”Q›`Zv Av‡m †Zgb GKUv
A¯^”Q›`Zv Zv‡ì g‡b †R‡M _v‡K| ZviB d‡j †mw`b mvÜ¨ AvÇvq ZK© I‡V| Zviv evKweZÐvi †¯ªv‡Z
g‡bi †m `ye©jZv A¯^”Q›`Zv fvwm‡q w`‡Z Pvq †hb| AvR Ab¨vb¨ w`‡bi g‡Zv ivóª‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK
Av‡jvPbvi e`‡j mv¤úª`vwqKZvB Zv‡ì cÖavb welqe¯‘ n‡q I‡V|
ÑIivB †Zv mewKQzi g~‡j, †gv`v‡eŸi e‡j| Dj½ evje&&-Gi Av‡jvq Zvi mh‡Zœ †g‡QvqvK Kiv ùvZ
SKSK K‡i| Zv‡ì bxPZv nxbZv †Muvovwgi R‡b¨B †Zv †`kUv fvM n‡jv|
K_vUv bZzb bq| Zey AvR †m Dw³‡Z bZzb GKUv SuvS| Zvi mg_©‡b Gevi wn›`y‡ì AwePvi-AZ¨vPv‡ii
A‡kl `„óvšÍ †ck Kiv nq| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ G‡ì i³ Mig n‡q I‡V, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm msKxY© n‡q Av‡m|
`‡ji g‡a¨ evgcš’x e‡j ¯^xK…Z gKmy` cÖwZev` K‡i| e‡j, eo evovevwo n‡”Q bv Kx? †gv`v‡eŸ‡ii
SKS‡K ùvZ wSwjK w`‡q I‡V|
evovevwo gv‡b?
evgcwš’ gKmy` AvR GKv| ZvB nqZ Zvi wek¦v‡mi KuvUv b‡o| msk‡q `y‡j `y‡j KuvUvwU Wvb w`‡K †n‡j
†_‡g hvq|
K‡qKw`b c‡i ivbœvN‡ii cvk w`‡q hvevi mgq Zzjmx MvQUv †gv`v‡eŸ‡ii bR‡i c‡o| †m GKUz wew¯§Z
bv n‡q cv‡i bv| Zvi Z‡j †h AvMvQv R‡b¥wQj †m AvMvQv A`„k¨ n‡q †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq| †h Mvp meyR
cvZv¸wj cvwbi Afv‡e ïwK‡q L‡qwi is a‡iwQj, †m cvZv¸wj †Kgb m‡ZR n‡q D‡V‡Q| m‡›`n _v‡K
bv †h Zzjmx MvQwUi hZœ wb‡”Q †KD| †LvjvLywjfv‡e bv n‡jI jywK‡q jywK‡q Zvi †Mvovq †KD cvwb
w`‡”Q| †gv`v‡eŸ‡ii nv‡Z ZLb GKwU KwÂ| †mwU muv K‡i KPzKvUvi Kvq`vq †m Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Ici w`‡q
Pvwj‡q †`q| wKš‘ Ici w`‡qB| Zzjmx MvQwU AÿZ †`‡nB _v‡K|
Aek¨ Zzjmx Mv‡Qi K_v †KD D‡jøL K‡i bv| BDby‡mi mw`©-mw`© fveUv ciw`b †K‡U wM‡qwQj| Zzjmx
cvZvi i‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bvB Zvi|
Zviv †f‡ewQj g¨vKwjIW w÷ªU Lvbmvgv †jb eøKg¨v‡bi Rxeb mwZ¨B †cQ‡b †d‡j G‡m cÖPiz Av‡jv-nvIqvi
g‡a¨ bZzb Rxeb ïiæ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡ì fzjUv fvO‡Z †`wi nq bv| Z‡e ïay ZZLvwbB †`wi nq hZLvwb
ìKvi, †m wek¦vm `„p cÖgvwYZ nevi R‡b¨| d‡j AvPw¤^Z AvNvZUv cÖ_‡g wb`viæYB g‡b nq|
†mw`b Zviv Avwcm †_‡K mivmwi evwo wd‡i mKv‡ji cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK wLPzwo ivbœvi Av‡qvRb ïiæ
K‡i‡Q, Ggb mgq evB‡i wmuwo‡Z fvwi RyZvi gPgP AvIqvR †kvbv hvq| evB‡i GKevi DuwK w`‡q
†gv`v‡eŸi wÿcÖc‡` †fZ‡i Av‡m|
cywjk G‡m‡Q Avevi| †m wdmwdm K‡i e‡j|
cywjk? Avevi †Kb cywjk? BDbym fv‡e, nqZ iv¯Ív †_‡K Qu¨vPov †Pvi cvwj‡q G‡m evwo‡Z Xz‡K‡Q Ges
ZviB mÜv‡b cywj‡ki AvMgb n‡q‡Q| K_vUv g‡b n‡ZB wb‡Ri Kv‡QB Zv Li‡Mv‡ki M‡íi g‡Zv †V‡K|
wkKvwii mvg‡b Avi cvjvevi c_ bv †c‡q nVvr †PvL ey‡R e‡m c‡o Li‡Mvk fv‡e, †KD Zv‡K Avi
†`L‡Z cv‡”Q bv| Avm‡j ZvivB wK †Pvi bq? me †R‡bI ZvivB wK mZ¨ K_vUv ¯^xKvi bv K‡i G evwo‡Z
GKwU Awek¦vm¨ g‡bvig Rxeb m„wó K‡i‡Q wb‡R‡ì Rb¨?
cywjk `‡ji †bZv mv‡ewK Avg‡ji gvbyl| n¨vU eM‡j †P‡c ZLb †m `vM-cov Kcvj †_‡K Nvg gyQ‡Q| †Kgb
GKUv wbixn fve| Zvi cðv‡Z e›`yKavix Kb‡÷ej `ywU‡KI g¯Í †Muvd _vKv m‡Ë¡I wbixn g‡b nq| Zv‡ì `„wó
Ic‡ii w`‡K| Zviv †hb KwoKvV †Mv‡b| Ic‡ii wSwjwgwji †Lv‡c GK‡Rvov KeyZi evmv †eu‡a‡Q| nqZ Zviv
KeyZi `ywU‡KB †`‡L †P‡q| nv‡Z e›`yK _vK‡j wbixn gvby‡liI `„wó c‡o cï-cÿxi w`‡K|
mweb‡q gwZb cÖkœ K‡i, Kv‡K ìKvi?
−Avcbv‡ì mevB‡K| cywjk‡ì †bZv GKUz LbL‡b Mjvq SU K‡i DËi †`q| Avcbviv †eAvBwbfv‡e
G evwoUv Kâv K‡i‡Qb|
K_vUv bv †g‡b Dcvq bvB| Iiv cÖwZev` bv K‡i mij †Pv‡L mvgvb¨ †KŠZ~nj RvwM‡q cywjk‡ì †bZvi
w`‡K †P‡q _v‡K|
−PweŸk NÈvi g‡a¨ evwo Qvo‡Z n‡e| miKv‡ii ûKzg|
Giv bxi‡e gyL PvIqv-PvIwq K‡i| Ae‡k‡l †gv`v‡eŸi Mjv mvd K‡i cÖkœ K‡i, †Kb, evwoIqvjv bvwjk
K‡i‡Q bvwK?
144 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Av¨vKD›Um Avwc‡mi †gvUv eìæwÏb Mjv evwo‡q Kb‡÷ej `ywUi †cQ‡b GKevi ZvwK‡q †`‡L
evwoIqvjvi mÜv‡b| †mLv‡b †KD †bB| Z‡e iv¯Ívq wKQz †jvK R‡ov n‡q‡Q| A‡bï Acgvb †`Lvi
†bkv eo †bkv|
−†Kv_vq evwoIqvjv? bv †n‡mB Mjvq nvwm †Zv‡j cywjk `‡ji †bZv|
G‡ì GKRbI †n‡m I‡V| GKUv Avkvi mÂvi nq †hb|
−Z‡e?
−Mfb©‡g›U evwoUv wiKzBwRkb K‡i‡Q|
Gevi nvwm Rv‡M bv| e¯‘Z A‡bKÿY †hb Kv‡iv gy‡L †Kv‡bv K_v m‡i bv| Zvici gKmy` Mjv evovq|
Avgiv wK Mfb©‡g‡›Ui †jvK bB?
Gevi Kb‡÷ej `ywUi `„wóI KeyZi KwoKvV †Q‡o gKmy‡ì cÖwZ wbwÿß nq|
Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z mvgvb¨ we¯§‡qi fve| gvby‡li wbe©yw×Zvq GL‡bv Zviv PgwKZ nq|
Zvici cÖKvÐ †m evwo‡Z Ach©vß Av‡jv-evZvm _vK‡jI GKUv Mfxi Qvqv †b‡g Av‡m| cÖ_‡g Aek¨
Zv‡ì gv_vq Lyb P‡o| bvbviKg we‡`ªvnx †NvlYv †kvbv hvq| Zviv hv‡e bv †Kv_vI, N‡ii LyuwU a‡i c‡o
_vK‡e; hv‡e †Zv jvk n‡q hv‡e| Z‡e gv_v kxZj n‡Z †`wi nq bv| ZLb Mfxi Qvqv †b‡g Av‡m me©Î|
†Kv_vq hv‡e Zviv?
ciw`b †gv`v‡eŸi hLb G‡m e‡j Zv‡ì †gqv` PweŸk NÈv †_‡K mvZw`b n‡q‡Q ZLb Zviv GKUv Mfxi
¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm Qvo‡jI †m-Nb QvqvUv wbweo n‡qB _v‡K| Gevi Kv‡ì cywjk mve BÝ‡c±‡ii wØZxq ¯¿xi
m‡½ Zvi AvZ¥xqZvi K_v e‡j bv| Zey bv ejv K_vUv mevB †g‡b †bq|
Zvici `kg w`‡b Zviv m`je‡j evwo Z¨vM K‡i P‡j hvq| †hgwb S‡oi g‡Zv G‡mwQj, †Zgwb S‡oi
g‡ZvB DavI n‡q hvq| k~b¨ evwo‡Z Zv‡ì mvgwqK emev‡mi wPý¯îƒc GLv‡b-†mLv‡b wQwU‡q _v‡K
Le‡i KvM‡Ri †Quov cvZv, Kvco †Svjvevi GKUv cy‡iv‡bv `wo, wewo-wmMv‡i‡Ui UzK‡iv, GKUv †Quov
Ry‡Zvi †Mvovwj|
DVv‡bi †k‡l Zzjmx MvQUv Avevi ïwK‡q D‡V‡Q| Zvi cvZvq L‡qwi is| †mw`b cywjk Avmvi ci †_‡K
†KD Zvi †Mvovq cvwb †`qwb| †mw`b †_‡K M„nKÎ©xi QjQj †Pv‡Li K_vI Avi KviI g‡b c‡owb|
†Kb c‡owb †m K_v Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Rvbevi K_v bq, gvby‡liB Rvbevi K_v|
kãv_© I UxKv
Kswµ‡Ui cyj − Pzb-evwj-wm‡g›U I Pybvcv_‡ii wgkÖ‡Y ˆZwi cvKv †mZz|
K¨vbfvm − gReyZ †gvUv Kvco we‡kl|
†WK †Pqvi − N‡ii evB‡i eënv‡ii Rb¨ KvV ev avZzi KvVv‡gvi Ici K¨vbfvm w`‡q
ˆZwi ms‡KvPb‡hvM¨ Avmb|
¸o¸wo − Avj‡evjv| diwm| bjhy³ nuyKv|
gwì − gËZv RvMvq ev m„wó K‡i Ggb|
†`kf‡½i ûRy‡M − 1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi Av‡eMekZ|
†Wiv − A¯’vqx evm¯’vb| Av¯Ívbv|
civnZ − e¨vnZ| evavMÖ¯Í| civwRZ|
wdwKi − dw›`| gZje| D‡Ïk¨ wmw×i Dcvq|
bv-nK − b¨vqm½Z bq Ggb|

bv-†enK − Ab¨vq bq Ggb|
†Nvi-†Nviv‡jv − LyeB RwUj| AZ¨šÍ cu¨vPv‡jv|
jvU‡ejvU − Mfb©i ev Abyiƒc m¤£všÍ e¨w³eM©|
K”Q‡`kxq − ¸Riv‡Ui DË‡i Aew¯’Z mgy`ªZxieZx© ¯’vb|
BqvW© − †÷kbmsjMœ PZ¡i|
mv¤úª`vwqKZv − m¤úª`vqMZ †fèyw×m¤úbœ gvbwmKZv I wµqvKjvc|
evgcwš’ − mvgëv`x| cÖMwZev`x| wecøex ivR‰bwZK Av`‡k© wek¦vmx|
wiKzBwRkb − †Kv‡bv wKQz †P‡q wjwLZ digvk| Zje Kiv| Requisition|
KwoKvV − Qv‡ì Zjvq †Ìqv AvovAvwo j¤^v KvV|
f`ªZvi evjvB − mvaviY †mŠRb¨‡eva|
c„ôcÖ`k©b − cvjv‡bv|
w`‡b `ycy‡i WvKvwZ − cÖKvk¨ cÖZviYv I wg_¨vPvi| WvKvwZi g‡Zv `ytmvnwmK KvR|
Zz‡jvay‡bv nIqv − aybv Zz‡jvi g‡Zv wQbœ-wew”Qbœ nIqv|
Kjv †`Lv‡bv − AvjsKvwiK A‡_© duvwK †Ìqv|
g‡Mi gyjøyK − AvjsKvwiK A‡_© AivRK †`k ev ivR¨|
Drm I cwiPwZ
ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi KvwnwbÓ MíwU 1965 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ Zuvi Ô`yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨
MíÕ bvgK MíMÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| M‡íi mxwgZ cwim‡i Rxe‡bi Mfxi †Kv‡bv Zvrch©‡K Bw½Zgq I
e¨Äbvmg„× K‡i cÖKvk Kivi †ÿ‡Î ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i gywÝqvbv i‡q‡Q| ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi
KvwnwbÓ‡ZI G ¸YwU jÿ Kiv hvq|
1947 wLªóv‡ã †`kwefv‡Mi AeëwnZ c‡iB XvKvi GKwU cwiZ¨³ evwo `Lj K‡i KjKvZv †_‡K AvMZ
K‡qKRb DØv¯‘ Kg©Pvix| KjKvZvi wNwÄ GjvKvq †Kv‡bviK‡g gv_v ¸u‡R `ywe©ln Rxebhvcb Ki‡jI
wbivwkÖZ DØv¯‘ Rxe‡bi †h D‡ØM Avi DrKÉv GZw`b Zv‡ì MÖvm K‡iwQj KjKvZvi Zzjbvq A‡bK
A‡bK †Lvjv‡gjv evwo †c‡q Zviv †Kej †h nuvd †Q‡o euvPj Zv bq, eis evwowU‡K Zv‡ì Kv‡Q g‡b
n‡jv †e‡nk&&Z| AwP‡iB evwoi DVv‡b AvMvQvi g‡a¨ Zviv Avwe®‹vi Kij GKwU Zyjmx MvQ| mevB cÖ_‡g
MvQUv‡K Dc‡o †djvi Rb¨ nBPB Ki‡jI m‡½ m‡½ wKQzUv wØavI Rv‡M Ges †kl ch©šÍ †eu‡P hvq Zzjmx
MvQUv| †`Lv †Mj mK‡ji ARv‡šÍ †KD GKRb MvQUvi cwiPh©v Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Zvici GKw`b
miKvwi wb‡`©‡k †eAvBwb `Lj †_‡K Zv‡ì D‡”Q` Kiv n‡jv| k~b¨ evwoUv‡Z iBj †Kej Qov‡bv
cwiZ¨³ AveR©bv Avi †mB Zzjmx MvQUv| h‡Zœi Afv‡e Zzjmx MvQUv AwP‡iB Avevi ï®‹cÖvq n‡q DVj|
†h ivR‰bwZK N~Y©ve‡Z©i wkKvi n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ gvby‡li kvšÍ Rxeb Zzjmx MvQUvI †h ZviB wkKvi Amnvq
MvQUv Zv Rvb‡e Kx K‡i|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi KvwnwbÓ M‡í Mí‡cÖwgK †K?
K. gKmy` L. Kv‡ì
M. BDbym N. †gv`v‡eŸi
146 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. ÔA‡bï Acgvb †`Lvi †bkv eo †bkvÕ ej‡Z MíKvi hv †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zv n‡jv-
i. cikÖxKvZiZv
ii. ûRy‡M †g‡Z IVv
iii. wnsmvcivqYZv
kirP‡›`ªi Òg‡nkÓ M‡í †`Lv hvq− MÖx‡®§i cÖPÐ `ve`v‡n Pviw`K †d‡U †PŠwPi n‡q †M‡j gvby‡li
cvbxq R‡ji Zxeª msKU †`Lv †`q| ZLb MÖvgevmxi GKgvÎ Aej¤^b nq Rwg`vi wkePi‡Yi cyKzi|
wKš‘ `wi`ª K…lK Mdz‡ii †g‡q Avwgbv gymjgv‡bi †g‡q e‡j †m cyKziNv‡U bvg‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvov
Mdz‡ii cyÎZyj¨ luvo g‡nk Nvm Lvq e‡j k¥kv‡bi av‡ii †MvPviY f~wgUzKzI Rwg`vi wewµ K‡i †`b|
3. DÏxc‡Ki wkePiY ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi KvwnwbÓ M‡í Kvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i?
K. †gv`v‡eŸ‡ii L. BDby‡mi
M. gKmy‡ì N. gwZ‡bi
4. DÏxc‡K ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi KvwnwbÓ M‡íi †h w`K¸‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. AmnvqZ¡
ii. ag©wbi‡cÿZv
iii. RvwZ‡f`
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Rv‡Zi bv‡g e¾vwZ me RvZ RvwjqvZ †LjQ Ryqv
Quy‡jB †Zvi RvZ hv‡e? RvZ †Q‡ji nv‡Zi bq‡Zv †gvqv|
nuy‡Kvi Rj Avi fv‡Zi nuvwo-fvewj G‡ZB RvwZi Rvb,
ZvB‡Zv †eKze, Kiwj †Zviv GK RvwZ‡i GKk Lvb|
GLb †`wLm fviZ †Rvov c‡P AvwQm evwm gov,
gvbyl bvB AvR, Av‡Q ïay RvZ †kqv‡ji û°vûqv|
K. BDbym KjKvZvi †Kv_vq _vKZ?
L. ÒgKmy‡ì wek¦v‡mi KuvUvwU `y‡j `y‡j †_‡g hvqÓ− †Kb, e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. KweZvs‡ki ÔRvZ †kqv‡ji û°vûqvÕ, ÒGKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi KvwnwbÓ M‡í †hfv‡e cÖwZaŸwbZ n‡q‡Q
Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. †mB cÖwZaŸwb eÜ Ki‡Z gyL¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i gvbyl? gšÍe¨wU wePvi Ki|
gvbyl
gybxi †PŠayix
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg iƒcKvi gybxi †PŠayix 1925 wLªóv‡ãi 27†k b‡f¤î wcZvi Kg©¯j’
gvwbKMÄ kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i e‡iY¨ wkÿvwe`, AmvaviY e³v, m„Rbkxj bvU¨Kvi,
Zxÿèax mgv‡jvPK I mdj Abyev`K| mvwnZ¨ I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i M‡elYv I Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbvq wZwb †i‡L †M‡Qb
Abb¨ cvwÐZ¨ I DrK‡l©i Qvc| gybxi †PŠayix evsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK bvUK I bvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r| Zuvi bvUK
gbb I wbixÿvq mg„×| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U †jLv AmvaviY bvUK ÔKeiÕ wZwb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb
†RjLvbvq e‡m| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK bvUK n‡”Q : Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ, ÔwPwVÕ, Ô`ÐKviY¨Õ, Ôcjvkx e¨vivK I
Ab¨vb¨Õ| Zuvi Abyev` bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ô†KD wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bvÕ, Ôi~cvi †KŠUvÕ, ÔgyLiv igYx ekxKiYÕ|
Zuvi cÖKvwkZ cÖeÜ I mgv‡jvPbvg~jK MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ôgxi-gvbmÕ, ÔZzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbvÕ, Ôevsjv
M`ïxwZÕ BZ¨vw`|
gyw³hy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q 1971 mv‡ji 14B wW‡m¤î gvÎ 46 eQi eq‡m ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax NvZK-`vjvj‡ì
nv‡Z wZwb AcüZ I c‡i wbnZ nb|
evev wkï
PwiÎ Av¤§v †jvKUv
dwi` Ges GKRb|
Ry‡jLv
eo †kvevi Ni| Wvbw`‡K GKUv LvU GKUz †KvbvKzwb K‡i ivLv| gkvwi IVv‡bv| ev‡g gvSvwi iK‡gi
†Uwej, Zv‡Z †kW †`qv j¨v¤ú, cv‡k †Uwj‡dvb| `y-GKUv AwZwi³ emevi RvqMv| GKw`‡K
†MvmjLvbvi ìRv, Ab¨ cv‡k Miv`nxb Kv‡Pi eo Rvbvjv|
c`©v IVvi m‡½ m‡½ †kvbv hvq `~‡i, eû K‡Éi wgwjZ aŸwb e‡›` gvZig| Ges GKUz Kv‡Q cÖPÐ Avjøvû
AvKei ie! GB `yB wPrKv‡ii m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L gv‡S gv‡S †`Lv †`‡e, eÜ Rvbvjvi Kv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q
`~‡i jKj‡K Av¸‡bi wkLv, bxj AvKvk‡K iw³gvf K‡i Kuvc‡Q|
N‡ii g‡a¨ PviRb †jvK I GKRb Amy¯’ wkï| Lv‡Ui Ici elx©qmx Av¤§vRvb Ava‡kvqv Ae¯’vq wkï‡K
Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í evZvm Ki‡Qb| AveQv Av‡jv‡Z Av¤§vRv‡bi K¬všÍ DwØMœ gyL GK A™¢yZ welv`-fiv Mv¤¢x‡h©
¯Íä| wkïi Ab¨ cv‡k cvwbi Møvm nv‡Z wb‡q wK‡kvix Ry‡jLv| gv_vi Iobvi GK Ask Sz‡j gvwU‡Z c‡o
†M‡Q, Nv‡g Kcv‡ji ¸u‡ov Pzj Mv‡j Mjvq †j‡Þ Av‡Q| Amnbxq AvZ‡¼ KvV n‡q ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| †Pv‡L
fqvZ© A_©nxb Pvnwb| †Uwe‡ji mvg‡b Lv‡Ui w`K †cQb wd‡i, †Kvg‡ii †cQ‡b `ynvZ gyV K‡i ùvwo‡q
Av‡Qb AveŸvRvb| wbðj bxie| GK `„wó‡Z ZvwK‡q Av‡Qb †Uwe‡ji j¨v‡¤úi mn¯ª Av‡jvKiwk¥i
†K›`ª¯’‡j| †hb †fZ‡ii †Kv‡bv AkvwšÍ weÿzä wns¯ª AšÍØ©›Ø‡K wb‡®úwlZ K‡i Z‡e wZwb my¯’iƒc aviY
Ki‡eb| †Uwej j¨v‡¤úi msKxY© Av‡jv-cwimxgvi g‡a¨ duvcv‡bv mv`v ùvwo Avi Kcv‡ji Mfxi †iLv
R¦jR¦j Ki‡Q| wØZxq †Q‡j dwi` wbkvPi †Kv‡bv cïi g‡Zv mšÍc©‡Y mvg‡b cvqPvwi Ki‡Q| _g‡K
ùvov‡”Q| †Pv‡L gy‡L cÖwZwnsmvi QvqvevwR|
`~‡i aŸwb DVj e‡›` gvZig, wZbevi| nvRvi K‡Éi AvKvk Kuvcv‡bv ûsKvi| ZviciB, Zxeª AÜKvi
AvKvk wQbœwfbœ K‡i cvëv AvnŸvb, Avjøvû AvKei! wKQzÿY me ¯Íä|
148 mvwnZ¨ cvV
AveŸv| Avjøvû AvKei! Avjøvû AvKei!

Ry‡jLv| AveŸvRvb! AveŸvRvb!
AveŸv| Kx! fq †c‡qwQm, bv! fxiæ †Kv_vKvi! Bgv‡bi WvK ï‡b Auvr‡K D‡VwQm? Pzc| Kuvw`m bv|
k³ n‡q ùvwo‡q †kvb Avevi| Avjøvû AvKei! Avjøvû AvKei| ej, fq jv‡M GL‡bv!
Ry‡jLv| bv|
AveŸv| †f‡ewQwj Avwg cvMj n‡q †MwQ, bv? †Kb? Rxe‡b A‡bK †jvK‡K gi‡Z †`‡LwQ, †Pv‡Li
mvg‡b| k¦vm eÜ n‡q, †PvL D‡ë w`‡q, wRe evi K‡i, MjMj K‡i i³ ewg K‡i KZ my¯’
gvbyl‡K gi‡Z †`‡LwQ| KB †Kv‡bvw`b †Zv Db¥v` n‡q hvBwb|
Av¤§v| (dwi`‡K) nvmcvZv‡j Av‡iKevi †dvb K‡i †`Lwe?
dwi`| jvf †bB| Iiv †gv‡k©` fvB‡qi eY©bv Uz‡K †i‡L‡Q| †Kv‡bv msev` †c‡j Avgv‡ì †dvb K‡i
Rvbv‡e e‡j‡Q|
Ry‡jLv| †gv‡k©` fvB Avgvi Rb¨ eB wKb‡Z †ewi‡qwQj| †gv‡k©` fvB‡K Avwg †Kb †h‡Z ejjvg|
AveŸv| Pzc, Pzc bvjv‡qK †g‡q! Av`‡ii †`gvK Kwim bv AZ| ZzB, ZzB †K? †gv‡k©`‡K evB‡i cvVvevi
bv cvVvevi ZzB †K? whwb cvVvevi wZwbB cvwV‡q‡Qb| gvjvD‡bi Qzwii †LuvPvq giY, Ii
ZKw`‡i †jLv wQj Ggwb gIZ! AvR n‡e Rvb‡jB †hb ZzB me ivL‡Z cviwZ!
dwi`| AveŸv!
AveŸv| Kx, †ZvgviI fq n‡”Q, Avwg Db¥v` n‡q †MwQ! Avwg fz‡j †MwQ evc n‡q †g‡qi m‡½ Kx K‡i
K_v ej‡Z nq|
dwi`| nvmcvZvj †_‡K Iiv GLbI †Kv‡bv Lei †`q wb, Avcwb wg‡QwgwQ Ime K_v †Kb fve‡Qb?
AveŸv| nvmcvZvj! Iiv †Zvgvi fvB‡K Qzwi †g‡i †Kv‡j Zz‡j nvmcvZv‡j †cŠu‡Q w`‡q †M‡Q, bv? I‡Mv
ï‡bQ, †Zvgvi †Q‡ji K_v? Avwg Rvwb †gv‡k©`‡K GZÿ‡Y Iiv Kx K‡i‡Q| Avwg Rvwb|
dwi`| AveŸvRvb, Avcwb Avi K_v ej‡eb bv| Pzc K‡i ï‡q co–b|
AveŸv| Pzc K‡i ï‡q _vKe? †Kb? Iiv Avgvi †Q‡j‡K †K‡U, Avwg cwi®‹vi †`L‡Z cvw”Q, kixi †_‡K
Mjv †K‡U gv_vUv Avjv`v K‡i †d‡j‡Q| †gv‡k©‡ì Kv‡jv †KuvKov Pzj PvK-euvav i‡³i `jvi
m‡½ †j‡Þ Ii Mvp giv †PvL †X‡K †i‡L‡Q|
Ry‡jLv| fvBqv, AveŸv‡K Pzc Ki‡Z ej|
AveŸv| †K, †K Avgv‡K Pzc Kiv‡e? †Zviv g‡i †MwQm| †Zviv Pzc K‡i _vK| †Zviv Ii fvB bq, †evb
bq| †Zviv Ii †KD bm| ZvB †Zviv Pzc K‡i AvwQm| Avwg Ii evcÑ
Av¤§v| Ry‡jLv!
Ry‡jLv| Av¤§v|
AveŸv| Avwg †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡Z cvw”Q, Iiv Ii KvUv gyÐy‡K Kuvmvi _vjvq mvwR‡q †dwi K‡i
†eov‡”Q, Iiv mevB ZvB †`‡L evnev w`‡”QÑdzwZ©i LvwZ‡i gy‡Vv gy‡Vv UvKv-cqmv Qwo‡q w`‡”Q
Avgvi †Q‡ji big mv`v MjvKvUv jv‡kiÑ
Av¤§v| †Lv `v Av!
AveŸv| †K, †K †Lv`v‡K WvKj?
dwi`| Av¤§v, Av¤§v, K_v ejQ bv †Kb? †LvKvi w`‡K AvOzj w`‡q Kx †`Lv”Q?
Ry‡jLv| fvBqv, †LvKv †hb †Kgb n‡q †M‡Q| bo‡Q bv| gy‡Li wkiv¸‡jv Kx iKg bxj n‡q dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
gvbyl 149
AveŸv| †`wL, †`wL| Avgvq †`L‡Z `vI| Rywj Agb Sz‡u K c‡o iBwj †Kb! cvwb, GKUz cvwb wb‡q Avq|
(Rywj Møvm †_‡K Pvg‡P cvwb Xv‡j)
dwi`, Zzwg GKevi nvmcvZv‡j, Wv³vi †h-†Kv‡bv Wv³vi‡K GKevi Lei `vI| hZ UvKv jv‡M
†`‡ev, †m †hb †`wi bv K‡i †mvRv GLv‡b P‡j Av‡m|
dwi`| Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv dj n‡e bv AveŸv| AviI `yevi †dvb K‡iwQ, GB `v½vi †fZi Rxeb wecYœ K‡i
†Kv‡bv Wv³vi Avm‡Z ivwR bq|
AveŸv| †KD Avm‡e bv? †KD bq? mevi Rxe‡bi g~j¨ Av‡Q, ïay Avgvi †Q‡jUvi †bB?
Ry‡jLv| AveŸv, †LvKv cvwb Lv‡”Q bv| †Vuv‡Ui `ycvk w`‡q me Mwo‡q c‡o hv‡”Q|
dwi`| AveŸv Avwg hvB|
AveŸv| †Kv_vq?
dwi`| Wv³vi †W‡K wb‡q Avwm|
AveŸv| bv bv| ZzB †h‡Z cviwe bv| ZzB Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b _vKwe| †Kv_&_& vI hvwe bv| Avwg Ôey‡SwQÕ
Iiv Avgvi me wKQz wQwb‡q wb‡Z Pvq| Avgvi cuvR‡ii nvo GKUv GKUv K‡i Ly‡j wb‡q Avgv‡K
hš¿Yvq Db¥v` K‡i †g‡i †dj‡Z Pvq| Avwg †`‡ev bv| Avwg †Zvgv‡ì KvD‡K nvive bv| ey‡bv
wPZvi gZ Iiv wbtk‡ã IZ †c‡Z wQj| Avgvi †gv‡k©`, Amnvq, wb‡`©vl, kw³nxbÑ
(wU‡bi ìRvq Nv c‡o)
†K, †K, ìRvq †K av°v w`‡”Q? Zvn‡j †gv‡k©`‡K Iiv †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i wb! †gv‡k©` wd‡i
G‡m‡Q, Avgvi †gv‡k©` †eu‡P Av‡Q, †m Avgvq WvK‡Q| †Zvgiv †KD I‡K, †gv‡k©`, †gv‡k©`Ñ
(ìRvq AviI †Rv‡i AvNvZ)
dwi`| Avcwb AZ D‡ËwRZ n‡eb bv| w¯’i n‡q emyb| Avwg ìRv Ly‡j †`LwQ †K G‡m‡Q| Ry‡jLv
ZzB AveŸvi Kv‡Q G‡m †evm| Avwg GÿzwY †`‡L AvmwQ|
(cÖ¯’vb)
AveŸv| Rvwbm Rywj, †Lv`vi ingZ Av‡Q Avgvi Ici| GLwb †`Lwe †gv‡k©` Qz‡U Ic‡i Avm‡e| Ii
nvwmi k‡ã G Ni KjKj K‡i DV‡e| †LvKvi AmyL fv‡jv n‡q hv‡e, mg¯Í c„w_ex kvšÍ my›ì
n‡q Pviw`K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i ivL‡e|
(dwi‡ì cÖ‡ek)
IwK, ZzB GKjv †Kb? †gv‡k©`, †gv‡k©` †Kv_vq?
dwi`| †gv‡k©` fvB bq, cvoviB GKwU †jvK G‡mwQj Lei †`qvi Rb¨| Avgv‡ì GjvKvq GKUv wn›`y
¸Ðv bvwK Xz‡K‡Q, mveav‡b _vK‡Z ejj| GKUz Av‡M ewki DwK‡ji Qv‡` †K I‡K †`‡L‡Q|
AÜKv‡i Qv` Uc‡K †Kv_vq cvjvj †KD wVK Vvni Ki‡Z cvij bv|
AveŸv| ewki DwK‡ji evwoi Qv‡`?
dwi`| nu¨v| Avwg evB‡i hvw”Q| `jej wb‡q mevB LyuR‡Z evi n‡e| AvwgI hvw”Q|
AveŸv| ZzB hvwe?
dwi`| Pzc K‡i e‡m _vKe? Avwg hvw”Q| (Wªqv‡i nvZ †`q) wc¯ÍjUv iBj| nv‡Zi Kv‡Q ivL‡eb|
Avwg GB †QvivUv m‡½ wb‡q †Mjvg|
Ry‡jLv| fvBqv, Zzwg †hI bv|
AveŸv| †Qviv? †Qviv †Kb? †Qviv w`‡q ZzB Kx Kiwe?
150 mvwnZ¨ cvV
dwi`| Avgvi fvB‡qi KvUv gv_v hviv †dwi K‡i †eov‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì weiæ‡× †Qviv Zzj‡Z Avcwb
Avgvq wb‡la K‡ib AveŸvRvb? `y‡ai KwP wkï‡K hviv nZ¨v Ki‡Z nvwZqvi Zz‡j a‡i‡Q, †m
mgv‡Ri m‡½ jovB Ki‡Z †Qviv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q e‡j Avcwb wkD‡i DV‡jb? Avcbvi m¤£všÍ
e‡bw` iæwP‡K K`geywQ| Avwg hvB, †`vqv Ki‡eb|
(cÖ¯’vb)
(AveŸvRvb wbðj| Ry‡jLv AveŸvRvb‡K AuvK‡o a‡i _v‡K|
Av¤§v †LvKv‡K evZvm Ki‡Qb| nVvr hš¿YvKvZi wkïi KÉiæ× AvZ©bv`|)
Ry‡jLv| Av¤§v, Av¤§v, †LvKv Agb QUdU Ki‡Q †Kb? †LvKvi Kx n‡q‡Q Av¤§vRvb?
AveŸv| Avwg A‡bK ¸bvn K‡iwQ †Lv`v, Avgvq kvw¯Í `vI, kvw¯Í `vI| hZ Lywk hš¿Yv Avgvq `vI Avwg
†Kv‡bv bvwjk Rvbv‡ev bv| †gv‡k©` hw` †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv †`vl K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K kvw¯Í `vI,
Avwg gv_v †c‡Z †b‡ev, GKUz cÖwZev` Rvbv‡ev bv| wKš‘ H KwP wkï wb®úvc, wb®‹j¼, gv‡qi †Kvj
†_‡K GLbI c„w_ex‡Z bv‡e wb, I †Zv †Kv‡bv Aciva K‡i wb, Zzwg †Kvb Bbmv‡d I‡K k¦vm eÜ
K‡i gvi‡Z PvI! I‡K gyw³ `vI, kvwšÍ `vI, †invB `vIÑeuvPvI, euvPvI, I‡K Zzwg euvPvI †Lv`v!
(`ynv‡Z gyL ¸u‡R †Uwe‡j Dcyo n‡q c‡o _v‡K| Av¤§vRvb wbðj| Ry‡jLv dzuwc‡q Kuv‡`| nVvr
†cQ‡bi Kv‡Pi Rvbvjvi Ici, evB‡i †_‡K †Kv‡bv fvwi wRwb‡mi K‡qKUv AvNvZ c‡o|
GKUv KvP SbSb k‡ã †f‡O coj|)
AveŸv| †K? (nvZ w`‡q wc¯Íj †P‡c a‡ib)
(fvOv Kv‡Pi †fZi w`‡q nvZ Mwj‡q wÿcÖn‡¯Í wQUwKwb Ly‡j, Rvbvjv Uc‡K N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i
GK hyeK| †kW †`qv †Uwej j¨v‡¤úi ¯^ív‡jv‡K †`Lv †Mj †jvKUvi nv‡Z GKUv Kv‡jv
Pvgovi e¨vM, Mv‡q †Xvjv cvÄvwe, ci‡b a~wZ|)
AveŸv| (Kuvcv nv‡Z wc¯Íj Zz‡j) †K, †K Zzwg?
†jvKUv| AvwgÑgvbyl?
AveŸv| gvbyl?
†jvKUv| gvbyl, wn›`y!
AveŸv| ewki DwK‡ji evwoi Qv‡` Iiv, Zvn‡j †Zvgv‡KB †`‡LwQj?
†jvKUv| nqZ| nVvr `v½v ïiæ n‡q hv‡e fvwewb| eÜzi evwo‡Z wM‡qwQjvg, cÖ‡qvR‡b| wM‡q Avi
†eiæ‡Z cvwiwb|
AveŸv| GLb †eiæ‡j †Kvb mvn‡m?
†jvKUv| Avcwb Avgvq wek¦vm Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| †ewi‡qwQ eva¨ n‡q| eÜzi mvn‡m Kz‡jv‡jv bv, Avgvq
RvqMv †`q| eÜz‡K †Q‡o ZvB Qv` Uc‡K †ewi‡q cojvg, wbivc` RvqMvi †Luv‡R|
AveŸv| eÜzi evwoi †P‡q GUv †ewk wbivc` G Avk¦vm †Zvgvq †K w`‡q‡Q!
†jvKUv| Avwg AvkÖq `vwe KiwQ bv, cÖv_©bv KiwQ| Ab¨ Dcvq †bB|
AveŸv| evB‡i ùvwo‡q AviI wKQzÿY Kvb †c‡Z ïb‡j, G fzj Zzwg Ki‡Z bv|
Ry‡jLv| AveŸv, AveŸv, †Zvgvi nvZ Kuvc‡Q| ¸wj Qz‡U †h‡Z cv‡i!
AveŸv| (GKUz GKUz K‡i G¸‡Z _v‡K) hLb Zzwg nqZ Rvbvjv †f‡O cÖvY euvPv‡Z Avgvi N‡i Xz‡K‡Qv, wVK ZLbB
nqZ †Zvgvi †Kv‡bv cig AvZ¥xq Avgvi eo Av`‡ii †Q‡j †gv‡k©`‡K Qzwii gv_vq †Mu‡_ bvPv‡”Q, wejvmx
†eovj †hgb Amnvq Buìy ‡K b‡Li AuvP‡o GKUz GKUz K‡i Kz‡i Kz‡i gv‡i| Avi Avgvi †LvKvÑ
(†LvKv I gv‡qi AvZ©bv`| †e`bvhy³, fqvZ©|)
gvbyl 151
†jvKUv| IwK? Dwb IÑiKg K‡i weQvbvi Ici jywU‡q co‡jb †Kb?
Ry‡jLv| AveŸv, AveŸv, †LvKv Rvwb †Kgb Ki‡Q?
†jvKUv| †LvKvi Kx n‡q‡Q? AmyL?
AveŸv| nu¨v, AmyL| giY-AmyL! MZ Ava NÈv †_‡K QUdU KiwQj, GLb nqZ kvwšÍ jvf Kij|
†jvKUv| Kx Ki‡Qb Avcwb? †`wL, RvqMv Qvo–b, wc¯ÍjUv mwi‡q GKUz c_ w`b| Avwg †`LwQ|
AveŸv| Zzwg, Zzwg? Zzwg Kx †`L‡e? In&& ey‡SwQ, †Zvgv‡ì GLbI Auvk †g‡Uwb| Avgvi †LvKv‡K eywS
wbR nv‡Z wb‡q †h‡Z Iiv †Zvgv‡K cvwV‡q‡Q|
†jvKUv| Avcwb AcÖK…wZ¯’| m‡i ùvovb|
(mK‡ji ¯Íw¤¢Z `„wói mvg‡b w`‡q bxi‡e GwM‡q wM‡q †jvKUv †LvKvi cv‡k e‡m| nv‡Zi Kv‡jv
e¨vMUv Ly‡j Wv³vwi miÄvg evi K‡i cixÿv Ki‡Z _v‡K|)
f‡qi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB, gv| Lye mgqgZ G‡m c‡owQ| KÉbvwji DØ„Ë gvsmwcÐ nVvr dz‡j
wM‡q gv‡S gv‡S k¦vm eÜ K‡i w`‡Z PvB‡Q| Avwg GKUv D‡ËRK Ilya w`w”Q| Avi GKUv
Bb‡RKkb †è| me Gÿzwb fv‡jv n‡q hv‡e| wKQz fve‡eb bv|
AveŸv| Bb‡RKkvb?
(†jvKUv PvgP w`‡q Ilya LvIqv‡e| w¯úwiU w`‡q Zz‡jv wfwR‡q m~P †mu‡K †bq| msjvc Pj‡Z
_v‡K, KLbI Ry‡jLv, KLbI AveŸv, KLbI Av¤§v †jvKUv‡K UzKUvK mvnvh¨ K‡i)|
†jvKUv| GB hš¿¸‡jv †`‡L AšÍZ Avgvq wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avwg GLbI cy‡iv`¯‘i †ckv`vi Wv³vi
nBwb| m‡egvÎ cvm K‡iwQ| eÜzi evwo G‡mwQjvg, †ivMx †`L‡Z| Avkv Kwiwb GK iv‡Zi
g‡a¨B `yÕRb †ivMxi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e| (Bb‡RKkb wVK K‡i †bq) GLb Avi †Kv‡bv fq
†bB gv| †`L‡eb fvBwU Avgvi GLbB LjLj K‡i †n‡m DV‡e|
AveŸv| euvP‡e, bv? †Kv‡bv fq †bB, bv? †Lv`v, Acwimxg †Zvgvi KiæYv, Zzwg G ¸bvn&&Mv‡ii WvK
ï‡bQ! AeyS wkïi Ici wK Avi Zzwg Bbmvd bv K‡i cvi? †Zvgvi †kvKi ¸Rvwi Kwi!
†jvKUv| Avgvq GKUz nvZ †avqvi mvevbÑRj w`‡Z n‡e|
AveŸv| Gm, Avgvi m‡½ Gm| GB w`‡K ev_iæ‡g Pj|
(AveŸv I †jvKUvi cÖ¯v’ b| m‡½ m‡½ evB‡ii ìRvq `ªæZ KivNvZ I dwi‡ì wPrKvi : Ry‡jLv, Ry‡jLv!)
Ry‡jLv| AvmwQ fvBqv|
dwi`| (†bc‡_¨), wkM&wMi, ìRv †Lvj wkM&&wMi|
Ry‡jLv| Av¤§v, fvBqv hw`Ñ
Av¤§v| †Kv‡bv fq †bB| ZzB ìRv Ly‡j †`|
(Ry‡jLv †ewi‡q hvq I GKUy c‡iB D‡ËwRZ dwi`‡K wb‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i)
dwi`| Av¤§v, AveŸvRvb †Kv_vq †M‡jb?
Av¤§v| †MvmjLvbvq| †Kb, Kx n‡q‡Q?
dwi`| †m wn›`yUv‡K bvwK Avgv‡ì evwoi Qv‡ì Lye Kv‡QB †Kv_vI GKevi †`Lv wM‡qwQj| mevB
m‡›`n Ki‡Q, I wbðqB Avgv‡ì evwo‡ZB †Kv_vI jywK‡q Av‡Q|
Av¤§v| e‡j `vI, †bB!
dwi`| Iiv wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvq bv| G‡Kev‡i †ÿ‡c D‡V‡Q| Avgvi nv‡Zi Qzwi I‡ì †`wL‡qwQÑKmg †K‡U
e‡jwQ, Avwg †gv‡k©` fvB‡qi †QvU fvB| Zvi i³ÿi‡Yi Reve w`‡Z Avwg Kmyi Kie bv|
152 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Av¤§v| Avgvi N‡ii wRwbm jÐfÐ K‡i evB‡ii †jvK‡K GLv‡b LvbvZjøvwk Pvjv‡Z Avwg KLbI AbygwZ
†`‡ev bv| e‡j `vI, Avgiv cvnviv w`w”Q, G evwo‡Z †KD †Xv‡Kwb|
dwi`| Iiv wb‡Riv bv †`‡L wKQz‡ZB mš‘ó n‡e bv| f`ª‡jv‡Ki K_v Iiv wek¦vm Ki‡Z ivwR bq| I‡ì
evwo Zjøvwk Ki‡Z bv w`‡j Iiv †Mvjgvj evav‡e| wec` NU‡e| me evB‡i ùvwo‡q A‡cÿv Ki‡Q|
Av¤§v| †ek| I‡ì †W‡K wb‡q Gm| Lyu‡R †`‡L hvK KvD‡K evi Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv!
dwi`| Avcwb Zvn‡j GKevi Ab¨ N‡iÑ
Av¤§v| bv, c`©v Kivi Rb¨ Avwg Ab¨ N‡i †h‡Z cvie bv| GLv‡bB _vKe| gkvwiUv †d‡j `vI| Avwg
†fZ‡i _vKe| Avwg †QvU †LvKvi Kv‡Q _vKe|
dwi`| (†MvmjLvbvi c‡_ cv evwo‡q) Avwg Zvn‡j AveŸv‡K †W‡K wb‡q Avwm|
Av¤§v| bv, bv| Zzwg evB‡i hvI| GKUz c‡i I‡ì †fZ‡i wb‡q Avm‡e| Avgiv ZZÿ‡Y NiUv ¸wQ‡q wbw”Q|
hZ Lywk G‡m †`‡L hvK, wn›`y Ly‡u R cvq wKbv| Ry‡jLv †Zvgvi AveŸv‡K †W‡K †`‡e| Zzwg evB‡i hvI|
(ej‡Z ej‡Z Av¤§v wbiæ‡ØM wP‡Ë gkvwi †dj‡Qb| †MvmjLvbvi ìRv w`‡q, †jvKUvi nvZ a‡i,
D‡ËwRZ fqvZ© AveŸvRv‡bi cÖ‡ek|)|
AveŸv| Avgiv me ï‡bwQ| G Zzwg Kx Ki‡j? †K‡U KzwP-KzwP K‡i †dj‡e| G‡K Avwg GLb †Kv_vq
jywK‡q ivwL! wKš‘, wKš‘ÑG‡K Avwg iÿv KieB| Gu‡K Avwg gi‡Z †`‡e bv| G‡K euvPve|
euvPve nu¨v! GB a‡iv Avgvi wc¯Íj gy‡Vv K‡i a‡iv| †h †Zvgv‡K gvi‡Z PvB‡e Zv‡K gvievi
AwaKvi †ZvgviI Av‡Q| bv j‡o gi‡e †Kb!
Av¤§v| (fv‡jv K‡i Pvicv‡k gkvwi ¸u‡R †`q|) AZ D‡ËwRZ n‡qv bv Zzwg| Avwg hv K‡iwQ, wVKB K‡iwQ|
(nvZ w`‡q †b‡o †Uwej j¨v¤úwUi †kWUv wVK K‡i †bq|) Wv³vi, Zzwg Avgvi m‡½ Gm| GB
gkvwii g‡a¨ Zzwg Avgvi m‡½ _vK‡e| †kW †`qv †Uwej j¨v¤ú GB Av‡jvi Rb¨ evi †_‡K gkvwii
†fZ‡ii wKQzB ¯úó †`Lv hv‡e bv| kwid Lv›`v‡bi c`©vbkxj gwnjv Avwg, gkvwii †fZi †_‡K
GKevi K_v ej‡jB h‡_ó, †KD gkvwi Zz‡j DuwK w`‡q †`Lvi cÖ¯vÍ e Ki‡Z mvnm Ki‡e bv|
†jvKUv| gv!
Av¤§v| †`wi K‡iv bv| I‡ì cv‡qi kã †kvbv hv‡”Q| D‡V Gm wkM&&Mwi! (cÖ_‡g Av¤§vRvb, c‡i †jvKUv,
gkvwii †fZi A`„k¨ n‡q hv‡e| AveŸv I Ry‡jLv evK¨nxb| N‡i cÖ‡ek Kij dwi`| AbymiY
K‡i AviI K‡qKRb †jvK| N‡i Xz‡KB Zviv webv f~wgKvq Gw`K Iw`K Qwo‡q c‡o| G ìRv
w`‡q hvq, I ìRv w`‡q Av‡m| nVvr †Uwj‡dvb †e‡R I‡V| wKš‘ †mB kã GB A™¢zZ cwiw¯’wZi
gvbyl¸‡jv‡K †hb GKUz mPwKZ K‡i Zzj‡Q bv)|
Av¤§v| (gkvwii †fZi †_‡K) †Zvgiv †KD †dvbUv aiQ bv †Kb? †`L †K WvK‡Q? Kx ej‡Q?
†Zvgiv †dvbUv ai, nqZ †KD †gv‡k©‡ì †Kv‡bv Lei Rvbv‡Z PvB‡Q|
AveŸv| aiwQ, Avwg aiwQ! n¨v‡jv, B‡qm nu¨v ejyb| nu¨v, Avwg †gv‡k©‡ì evev|
(Kx †hb ïb‡jb| †PvLgyL nVvr wkwU‡q cv_‡ii g~wZ©i gZ wb_i n‡q †Mj| †dvbUv bvwg‡q †i‡L
†Zgwb ùvwo‡q iB‡jb| ZZÿ‡Y cvovi †jv‡Kiv M„nZjøvk †kl K‡i G‡K G‡K †ewi‡q hv‡”Q|
hvevi mgqÑ)
GKRb| me wVK Av‡Q| †KD †bB| mvjvg mv‡ne|
(mKv‡ji cÖ¯’vb)
Ry‡jLv| −AveŸv! Zzwg Agb K‡i ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Qv †Kb? AveŸv, wKQz ej| Agb K‡i †P‡q †_‡Kv bv, Avgvi
fq Ki‡Q| AveŸvRvb, †dv‡b †K †WwKwQj? Kx ejj?
gvbyl 153
AveŸv| nvmcvZvj †_‡K †dvb K‡iwQj|

dwi`| Rywj, Avgvi Kv‡Q Avq| fq cvm †b, AveŸvRvb‡K Agwb _vK‡Z †`!
(Av¤§vRvb †ewi‡q Av‡mb| gkvwi Zzj‡Z _v‡Kb|)
dwi`| Av¤§v! G †K?
†jvKUv| Avgvq ejQ fvB? Avwg gvbyl (Av¤§v‡K) †QvU †LvKvi Avi †Kv‡bv fq †bB gv| †`Lyb †Lj‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| †LvKv‡K Avwg †`LwQ| Avcwb (AveŸvi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i) Iu‡K †`Lyb|
(Ry‡jLv ZLb dwi‡ì ey‡K gv_v †i‡L WzK‡i Kuv`‡Q| AveŸvRvb †Zgwb ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Qb, †Pv‡L
Db¥v‡ì `„wó! Av¤§vRv‡bi kvšÍ Kv‡jv †PvL AveŸvi gy‡Li Ici b¨¯Í| GKUz GKUz K‡i Zv
cvwb‡Z f‡i D‡V‡Q| †jvKUv †QvU †LvKvi gy‡Li Ici Szu‡K c‡o Ii Kcv‡j nvZ iv‡L| gÂ
Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í AÜKvi n‡Z _v‡K I ax‡i ax‡i c`©v †b‡g Av‡m|)
(h e wb Kv)
kãv_© I UxKv
e‡›` gvZig − gv‡K (†`kgvZv‡K) e›`bv Kwi| ew¼gP›`ª iwPZ †`kvZ¥‡evaK msMxZaŸwb|
Avjøvû AvKei − Avjøvn me©‡kÖô|
elx©qmx − AwZkq e„×v| cyiælevPKi~c elx©qvb|
Bgvb − kvwãK A_© wek¦vm| Avjøvni GKZ¡ I gnvbwe nRiZ gynv¤§` (mv) Avjøvni
†cÖwiZ cyiælÑ GB wek¦vmB g~jZ GKRb gymjgv‡bi Bgvb|
bvjv‡qK − jv‡qK bq Ggb| AcÖvßeq¯‹| Abychy³| ev”Pv|
†`gvK − AnsKvi| Me©|
ZKwì − fvM¨|
ivqU − `v½v| gvivgvwi| riot
Vvni − Abygvb| Av›`vR|
e‡bw` − cÖvPxb I m¤£všÍ|
Bbmvd − mywePvi| b¨vq| b¨vqwePvi|
AcÖK…wZ¯’ − gvbwmKfv‡e fvimvg¨nxb|
¸bvn&&Mvi − cvcx|
jÐfÐ − ZQbQ| G‡jv‡g‡jv| wech©¯Í|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK bvU¨mvwn‡Zï cy‡ivav-e¨w³Z¡ kwn` gybxi †PŠayixi GKvw¼Kv ÒgvbylÓ Amv¤úª`vwqK
†PZbvi GK D¾¦j wkíiƒc| gvby‡li †gŠwjK gvbweK †PZbv `qv-gvqv-ggZv-†cÖg-cÖxwZ-fv‡jvevmv
BZ¨vw` †h RvwZ-ag©-e‡Y©i A‡bK Ic‡i w¯’ZÑ GB †gŠj mZ¨wU‡K bvU¨Kvi GKwU `v½v KewjZ kn‡i
GKwU cwiev‡ii wPÎv¼‡bi gva¨‡g Awfe¨w³ w`‡q‡Qb| mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v KewjZ kn‡i cwiw¯’wZi Pv‡c
I cÖwZwµqvq ag©cÖeY gvby‡li g‡bI Kxfv‡e agx©q Db¥ËZvi m„wó nq Ges mvgwqKfv‡e n‡jI gb
mv¤úª`vwqKZvi welev‡®ú Av”Qbœ n‡q c‡o Zvi D`vniY bvU‡Ki PwiÎÑ AveŸv, dwi` I GjvKvi
†jvKRb| Ab¨w`‡K agx©q Db¥ËZvi g‡aÏ †h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li gb gvbeZv‡eva I ïfeyw× nvivq
bv Zvi D¾¦j `„óvšÍ bvU‡K ewY©Z Av¤§v I ZiæY Wv³v‡ii PwiÎ| bvUKwUi cvV †kl n‡j cvV‡Ki gb c~Y©
nq Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbvq| agx©q AÜ Av‡µvk Qvwc‡q gvby‡li gwngvB eo n‡q D‡V‡Q GKvw¼KvwU‡Z|
154 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÔAvcwb AZ D‡ËwRZ n‡eb bvÕ −Dw³wU Kvi?
K. AveŸvi L. Av¤§vi
M. dwi‡ì N. Ry‡jLvi
2. Ô†Zviv g‡i †MwQm, †Zviv Pzc K‡i _vK| †Zviv Ii fvB bq, †evb bqÕ −AveŸvi GB wejv‡c cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q−
i. Amv¤úª`vwqKZv
ii. cyÎ‡¯œ‡ni Db¥ËZv
iii. mšÍvb evrmj¨
Rvwbm bvwK ag© †m †h eg©mg mnbkxj
Zv‡K wK fvB fvO‡Z cv‡i †QuvqvQuywqi †QvÆ wXj!
3. KweZvs‡k ÔgvbylÕ GKvw¼Kvi †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. Amv¤úª`vwqKZv
ii. a‡g©i D`viZv
iii. D`vi gvbweKZv
4. D³ fv‡ei ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb wkÿv MÖnY Kiv hvq?
K. eY©‰elg¨ bv Kiv L. gbyl¨‡Z¡i g~j¨vqb Kiv
M. Av‡Z©i †mev Kiv N. Amnvq‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Amnvq RvwZ gwi‡Q Wzweqv Rv‡b bv mšÍiY,
KvÐvwi! AvR †`wLe †Zvgvi gvZ…gyw³ cY|
Ôwn›`y bv Iiv gymwjg?Õ IB wRÁv‡m †Kvb Rb?
KvÐvwi! ej Wzwe‡Q gvbyl, mšÍvb †gvi gvi|
K. ÔgvbylÕ GKvw¼Kvq Kvi †Kv‡bv fq †bB?
L. AveŸvi Ò†PvL gyL nVvr wkwU‡q cv_‡ii g~wZ©i g‡Zv wb_i n‡q †MjÓ− †Kb?
M. KweZvs‡ki †kl `yB Pi‡Y ÔgvbylÕ GKvw¼Kvi †h fv‡ei ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ †PZbvB Mo‡Z cv‡i gvbweK g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ myLx-mg„× c„w_exÕ− Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki|
†gŠmyg
kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ kvgmy``& xb Aveyj Kvjvg GKwU wewkó bvg| Zvui Rb¥ 1925 mv‡j ewikvj †Rjvi bjwQwU _vbvi
Kvg‡ècyi MÖv‡g| Zuvi cÖKZ… bvg Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb| cÖ_‡g GB bv‡gB wZwb wjL‡Zb| wKš‘ GB bv‡g evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ AviI GKRb L¨vwZgvb †jLK _vKvq wZwb cieZ©xKv‡j wb‡Ri †jLK-bvg cwieZ©b K‡ib| wZwb
ewikvj I KjKvZvq wkÿv MÖnY K‡ib| cÂv‡ki `k‡K wZwb XvKvq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb| cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki
†k‡l wZwb †ivg wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wWwjU wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU we‡kl AÂ‡ji RxebcÖevn‡K kvgmy``& xb Aveyj Kvjvg Zuvi mvwn‡Z¨ cÖvYešÍiƒ‡c cwi‡ekb
K‡i‡Qb| MÖvgxY gvby‡li fvlvfw½, g‡bvfw½ I iæwP‡K wZwb h_vh_fv‡e mvwnZïƒc w`‡Z m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| GKwU
Rbc`, Zvi Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebaviv I Rxeb`k©‡bi mvimZ¨‡K wZwb iƒcvqY K‡i‡Qb Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨| wbgœe‡M©i
kªgRxex gvby‡li cÖwZ wQj Zvui cÖMvp mnvbyfw~ Z| Zuvi Mí-Dcb¨v‡m mgKvjxb A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
msKU wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| Zvui MíMÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ôkv‡nievbyÕ, Ôc_ Rvbv †bBÕ, ÔA‡bK w`‡bi AvkvÕ, Ô`yB ü`‡qi
ZxiÕ cÖfw„ Z| Zvui weL¨vZ K‡qKwU Dcb¨vm n‡jv : ÔKvke‡bi Kb¨vÕ, ÔKvÂbgvjvÕ, Ômgyèª vmiÕ, ÔKvÂbMÖvgÕ
BZ¨vw`| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
1997 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi wZwb BZvwji †iv‡g †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|
GKUvbv Li‡iŠ‡`ª †ÿZ-gvV †d‡U †PŠwPi n‡q wM‡qwQj| ˆPÎgvm †kl n‡q †Mj, Zey GK‡duvUv Rj †bB|
GL‡bv `wÿYv nvIqv K…òP~ovi Wv‡j Wv‡j g„`y gg©i Zz‡j wSiwSwi‡q eq, DÏvg n‡q †gŠmywg msev` Av‡b
bv| mgq mgq GgbI nq †h bvi‡Kj Mv‡Qi cvZvwU ch©šÍ b‡o bv| cÎSiv MvQ¸wji w`‡K ZvwK‡q g‡b
nq, GZ Zxeª †iŠ‡`ª cy‡o cy‡o nVvr eywS Zv ïK‡bv Wv‡j Av¸b a‡i hv‡e|
cÖK…wZi GB iyÿZv bevMZ ØvwiKvbv_ `Ë †PŠayixi †g‡q Abm~qvi kû‡i cÖvY D`vmxb K‡i †Zv‡j; †m
†cÖiYv cvq e‡U iwe VvKz‡ii Mvb MvBevi, wKš‘ Pvwl‡ì gyL µgvš^‡q Avgwm n‡q Av‡m| Zv‡ì N‡i N‡i
g‡b g‡b bv‡g `yf©vebvi AÜKvi|
ïiæ nq R‡ji R‡b¨ KZ iKg KvbœvKvwU| aygavg K‡i GB †mw`b bxjcy‡Rv K‡i‡Q, Gevi gv‡b wc‡ii
ìMvq wmwbœ, R‡b R‡b gvbZ K‡i, evwo evwo KxZ©b †`q, GgbwK †gŠjwf †W‡K `j †eu‡a ïK‡bv †ÿ‡Z
†b‡g wgjvÌ c‡o| wKš‘ †Kv_vq †`qvi ¸i¸i WvK!
†`‡L †`‡L Abm~qvi †Zv Avi nvwm _v‡g bv| Igwb K‡i eywS Rj bvgv‡e! Zvn‡j Avi †gNgvjøvi ivM
ˆZwi n‡qwQj †Kb?
gv GKiKg Muv‡qwi †g‡q, kû‡i eb‡Z cv‡ibwb, ZvQvov VvKzi-†èZv wb‡q nvmv-nvwm Zuvi fv‡jv jv‡M
bv, Zvov w`‡q e‡j I‡Vb : IB-B I‡ì †gNgjøvi Zv †ek †Zv hv bv, ZzB-B †h‡q bvgv bv Rj!
Abm~qv †VuvU IjUv‡Zv : Avgvi e‡q †M‡Q| Rj bvg‡jB †Zv Kv`v| †nvK Mig, Zey GB-B †ek AvwQ evev!
mwZ¨ †ek Av‡Q, Amyweav †Zv †bB-B, dzwZ©iI KgwZ †bB Abm~qvi| cuvP eQi eq‡m MÖvg Qvovi ci GB
AvVv‡iv eQ‡i MÖv‡g G‡m‡Q †m| w`MšÍ we¯ÍvwiZ LUL‡U †Lvjv gvV|
mKv‡j we‡K‡j fvB †evbmn gv‡V-Nv‡U †b‡g Qz‡UvQzwU K‡i jy‡KvPzwi †L‡j †m †hb GK bZzb Avb‡›`
D”Q¡wmZ n‡q DV‡Z jvMj|
156 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wKš‘ Muv‡qi nvIqv eo A¯^w¯Í †eva K‡i| ey‡oviv Avgj bv †`qvi fvb K‡i, wS eD gvZvwiiv Mv‡j nvZ
jvwM‡q AevK n‡q _v‡K, Avi †Rvqvb‡ì †Kej †PvL UvUvq| Iiv hLb nvjKv Lywk‡Z gv‡V gv‡V
Qz‡UvQzwU K‡i †n‡m †n‡m jy‡UvcywU Lvq, I‡ì wPšÍvwK¬ó g‡b ZLb †Kgb Cl©vi R¡vjv jv‡M| g‡b g‡b
e‡j : meyi, bvgyK bv †`qvB! †`L‡ev ZLb G‡Zv dywZ© †Kv_vq _v‡K!
ey‡ov mLvbv_ GKw`b I‡ì cvk KvwU‡q †h‡Z †h‡Z †kv‡b, `Ë †PŠayixi †g‡q ej‡Q : Avnv AviI
wKQzKvj hw` Ggwb _v‡K! RvgvB evey Avi w`w` G‡j AviI gRv K‡i †eov‡bv hv‡e|
K_vUv ï‡b mLvbv‡_i †Kgb Lvivc jv‡M| ¯úó K_v ejv Zvi ¯^fve, ZvB nVvr Ny‡i ùvwo‡q e‡j : wQt
wQt KI Kx me©bvk¨v KZv!
`Ë †PŠayixi †g‡q åæ †KvPKvq| gyL jvj n‡q I‡V|
Gevi mLvbv_ GKUz nv‡m| `ycv GwM‡q G‡m Avevi e‡j : wQt bv, Agb KZv KB‡Z bvB| Liv _vK‡j
†Zvgv‡Mv fv‡jv eB wK! wKš‘ †gv‡Mv †h me©bvk| Rj bv AB‡j fvÏiBqv dmj †h cvgy bv|
Abm~qv ev‡` Ab¨ mevB Zvi K_v ï‡b †n‡m I‡V| Abm~qv wbPz ¯^‡i f…Z¨‡K ïavq, †K †i †jvKUv! fvwi
Af`ªZv| Mv‡q c‡o K_v ej‡Z Av‡m|
: mLvbv_, Muv‡qi Pvwl‡ì gvZei|
: gvZei Kx?
: gv‡b †gvoj|
: A ZvB †hLv‡b †mLv‡bÑ
: K_v¸wj meB mLvbv‡_i Kv‡b hvq|
Af`ª eBwK−Zvi IB e³‡eï Avov‡j †h Kvbœv Zv I‡ì Kv‡b †cuŠQvqwb| Iiv Rwg`vi, I‡ì myL-`ytL
nvwm-Kvbœvi m‡½ Zv‡ì Avmgvb-Rwgb dvivK| Iiv GK RvZ Zviv Ab¨| Zv‡ì me©bv‡kB †Zv I‡ì
†cŠlgvm| GB †Zv ixwZ|
wKš‘ mLvbv‡_i †Q‡j igvbv_ ev‡ci gy‡L NUbvUv ï‡b P‡U DV‡jv| B‡”Q n‡jv, ZLywb Qz‡U wM‡q `y‡Uv
K_v ïwb‡q w`‡q Av‡m|
wKš‘ wbi¯¿ Kij mLvbv_ : iv‡Mi wKQz bvB †i, Agb Iiv e‡jB|
Abm~qv evwo wd‡i evc‡K NUbvUv Rvbvq : †`‡Lv †Zv Kx Av¯úa©v|
ØvwiKvbv_ ej‡jb : û|
wZwb AviI A‡bK ï‡b‡Qb mLvbv‡_i K_v| GLb bvwK mLvbv‡_iB gvZewi : IiB †bZ…‡Z¡ mK‡jiB eo
evo †e‡o‡Q| cvBK-†cqv`v LvRbv PvB‡Z †M‡j Dj‡U agKw`‡q nuvwK‡q †`q; cvB bv †L‡Z, LvRbv
†`‡ev †Kv‡Ì‡K? Rwg`vi‡K bvwK Iiv MÖv‡nï g‡a¨B †bq bv AvRKvj| †Mj gv‡N Kgy¨wb÷iv bv Kviv
†hb G‡mwQj, Zviv mLvbv‡_i Kv‡b †h gš¿Yv †X‡j †M‡Q, Gme ZviB dj| GB †Zv cÖvq mßvnLv‡bK
n‡jv †`‡k G‡m‡Qb wZwb, A_P GKUv cÖRv‡KI KvPvwi‡Z †PŠKvV gvov‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q bv|
w`bKvj Lvivc, ZvB NuvUv‡Z mvnm K‡ib bv ØvwiKvbv_| bB‡j−
wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ Zuv‡K ivM‡ZB n‡jv|
GZw`b MÖv‡g G‡m‡Qb A_P GKUv cÖRvI †mjvg VzK‡Z G‡jv bv, e¨vcviLvbv Kx? Lei w`‡jI †h †KD
Av‡m bv| †g‡qi we‡q wVK K‡i‡Qb GB ˆR¨‡ô, GLb KZ †jvKRb †RvMvo ìKvi−
†gŠmyg 157
ZvB mLvbv_‡K Lei cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zvi †Q‡j bvwK gvigy‡L n‡q cvBK‡K nuvwK‡q w`‡q‡Q, e‡j‡Q
: AvKv‡ji w`‡b Avgiv bv †L‡q g‡iwQ, Avi †Zvgvi KZ©vgkvB ZLb GLv‡bi Pvj kn‡i wb‡q eëmv
K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì Ae¯’vUv GKevi P‡ÿI †`L‡Z Av‡mbwb| †h Rwg`vi cÖRvcvjK n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgb
†Zvgv‡ì gwbe bq| AvR `vq c‡o‡Q ZvB WvK‡Z G‡mQ, wKš‘ Zuv‡K e‡jv‡M evcy, Rwg`vi hLb
Avgv‡ì Rv‡bwb, AvgivI Zuv‡K wPwb bv|
ï‡b Av¸b n‡q DV‡jb ØvwiKvbv_| †h K‡i †nvK I‡ì kv‡q¯Ív Kievi GKUv `y`©g B”Qv n‡qwQj| Ni
evwo R¡vwj‡q cywo‡q A_ev evwK LvRbvi `v‡q wbjvg K‡i Zvwo‡q w`‡j †K Kx Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zuvi! wKš‘
wb‡la Kij bv‡qe : bv KZ©v, gvgjv Uvgjv ev gvivgvwi K‡i mywe‡a n‡e bv| †cQ‡b ¯^‡`wkIqvjviv
i‡q‡Q, †`L‡Qb bv †Kgb my›ì `j cvwK‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Pzc K‡i fwel¨‡Zi A‡cÿvq _vKvB fv‡jv,
bB‡j e¨vcvi A‡bK `~i Mov‡e|
mviv evsjv‡`‡k cÖRv‡ÿcv‡bv KvÐKviLvbv¸wj ¯§iY K‡i ØvwiKvbv_ †kl ch©šÍ AcgvbUv nRg K‡iB
wb‡jb| gvbyl †Zv bq, Avw`g ee©i Iiv, GKevi †ÿwc‡q w`‡j †K ej‡Z cv‡i Kx K‡i e‡m! Z‡e Rã
mLvbv_‡ì Kiv PvB-B| Z‡e GKUz meyi, †g‡qi we‡qUv †Zv fv‡jvq fv‡jvq n‡q hvK|
¯^‡`wkIqvjviv K_v ï‡b †ivgv‡Ýi MÜ cvq evsjv wdj¥ †`Lv Abm~qv| RbvwšÍ‡K bv‡qe‡K ïavq−
¯^‡`wkIqvjv‡ì K_v †hb Kx ejwQ‡jb KvKvevey, GLv‡bI Av‡Q|
: Av‡Q eB Kx!
: wjWvi †K Zv‡ì?
: Avi wjWv‡ii K_v wR‡M¨m Ki‡Qv, †m †Kv‡bv fÏi‡jvK bq, H mLvbv_ Avi Zvi †Q‡j eªþbv_B
I‡ì wjWvi|
: I! nZvk n‡q c‡o Abm~qv|
Gw`‡K êkv‡Li cÖ_g mßvnUvI Abve„wó‡Z †K‡U hvq| me©Î Lv Lv K‡i ï®‹Zvq|
Ae‡k‡l GKw`b we‡K‡j †Rvi nvIqv w`j nVvr| K‡qKUv w`b Amn¨ ¸‡gvU wQj| Mv‡Qi cvZvwU ch©šÍ
w¯’i| AvKv‡kI wQj bv Zxeª †iŠ`ª XvKv GK †duvUv †gN|
`viæY MÖx‡®§ hLb Pvwiw`K Aw¯’i, †mB mgq nVvr GKw`b nvIqv G‡jv| Avi m‡½ m‡½ `wÿY †_‡K
†`L‡Z †`L‡Z cyÄ cyÄ †gN G‡jv Zvi a~mi cvj Dwo‡q|
Pvwl‡ì eyK Avkvq †Ku‡c I‡V| AvKv‡ki w`‡K †P‡q ÔAvjøvÕ ÔAvjøvÕ K‡i| fMevb eywS ï‡b‡Qb Kvbœv|
µgvMZ `yw`b a‡i †mB nvIqv Zxeª‡e‡M eB‡Z _v‡K| bZzb Av‡gi gyKzj D‡o †Mj w`K n‡Z w`MšÍ‡i|
Avi †mB nvIqvi mv‡_ cvjøv w`j †gN| ¸iæ ¸iæ K‡i Zv‡ì †m Kx WvKvWvwK Avi gv‡S gv‡S weRwj
†R¦‡j diKvwb!
†k‡l bvgj Rj| SiSi K‡i †hb AvKvk †f‡O coj| Rj DVj †ÿ‡Z gv‡V| †g‡Ni Wv‡K Lvjwej
†Q‡o I‡V, G‡jv n‡iK iKg gvQ| †ivR ivwÎ‡ejv †ÿ‡Z †ÿ‡Z gkvj †R¦‡j gvQ aivi ayg c‡o †Mj|
Mfxi iv‡Î AÜKvi gv‡V gkvj †R¡‡j †mB mg¯Í Qvqvg~wZ©‡K hLb Rvbjv Ly‡j †`LZ Abm~qv, ØvwiKvbv_
ag‡K DV‡Zb : Rvbjv eÜ K‡i `vI Aby, VvÛv jvM‡e| G‡Zv G‡Kev‡i mvM‡ii †bvbv nvIqv, jvM‡jB
mw`©‡Z co‡e|
Abm~qv AMZ¨v ï‡q Mvb aiZ wKsev Ly‡j coZ Dcb¨vm|
158 mvwnZ¨ cvV
hvB e‡j _vKzK, ØvwiKvbv_ †f‡ewQ‡jb mLvbv_ †kl ch©šÍ Avm‡eB; wKš‘ †Zgb †Kv‡bv jÿY bv †`‡L
†k‡l wb‡RB GKw`b †e‡iv‡jb|
Awewk¨ GQvov †e‡ivevi Ab¨ GK KviY wQj| g¨vwR‡÷ªU evnv`yi Zuv‡K GK e¨w³MZ wPwV wj‡L Rvb‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb : ïb‡Z †cjvg †Zvgv‡ì GjvKvq Abœvfve ïiæ n‡q‡Q, mwZ¨ wK bv RvbvI †Zv|
Gi DËi N‡i e‡m wj‡L w`‡jB PjZ| wKš‘ Zey MÖvgUv GKUz Ny‡i †`Levi B‡”Q n‡jv ØvwiKvbv‡_i|
Abm~qv m½x n‡jv|
wKš‘ KB? †ÿ‡Z †ÿ‡Z Pvwliv †h Mvb †M‡q nvj Pl‡Q! mK‡jiB gyL nvwmLywk| †hb bZzb K‡i Rxeb
†c‡q‡Q me| me `ywðšÍv D‡o †M‡Q| e¨vcvi Kx, Pv‡ji ì †Zv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ wÎk UvKvq †cŠu‡Q‡Q, G
Ae¯’vq Ggb †Zv nevi K_v bq|
†LuvR wb‡jb, N‡i †LvivwK †i‡L‡Q wK bv| wKš‘ ZvI †Zv bq|
Ny‡i Ny‡i †k‡l G‡jb mLvbv‡_i evwo| mLvbv_ †Kv_vq emv‡e, Kx K‡i mgvì Ki‡e †f‡e AvKzj|
Abm~qv †M‡jv, A›`‡i|
ØvwiKvbv_ wR‡M¨m Ki‡jb : Kx Lei mLvbv_, †Zvgvi †h †`Lv cvIqvB fvi!
: AvBÁv gwiP‡ÿZ jBqv eo e¨¯Í wQjvg, ZvQvov gv_vq †gŠmy‡gi `ywðšÍv, fvejvg hvB ax‡i my‡¯’Ñ
: û! Zv †Kgb KvUv”Q AvRKvj?
: AvBÁv, Avcbvi Avkxe©v‡` fv‡jvB!
K_vUv nvZ KP‡j ej‡j e‡U mLvbv_, wKš‘ ØvwiKvbv_ †hb †Kgb e¨‡½i MÜ cvb| G‡K MZ L›` fv‡jv
nqwb, Zvi Ici Gev‡i Pv‡ji ì wÎk UvKv, mLvbv‡_i †Zv †Zgb Ae¯’v bq †h G Ae¯’v‡ZB fv‡jv
_vK‡e|
Zey bv `‡g Avevi ïavb : ï‡bwQjvg, mK‡jiB bvwK Lye Afve hv‡”Q, wKš‘ KB, dzwZ©‡ZB †Zv AvQ
mevB| †mevi AvKvjUv nVvr G‡jv wK bv, ZvB mvgjv‡Z mwZ¨ †eM †c‡qQ, Gevi Avi †Zgb Ae¯’v n‡e
bv, Kx ej?
cvb`v‡b K‡i cvb wb‡q G‡jv, mLvbv_ ZvB evwo‡q w`‡q e‡j : K¨vg‡b KB, gv_vi Dc‡i Avcbviv|
†Zgb Ae¯’v bv nIqv, euvPv-givi mwe †Zv Avcbv‡Mv nv‡ZB wbf©i|
ØvwiKvbv_ GKUv cvb Zz‡j gy‡L w`‡Z w`‡Z K_vUv Dwo‡q w`‡Z Pvb : Avgv‡ì nv‡Z Avi Kx ÿgZv!
AvRKvj Rwg`vwii Kx Ae¯’v †Zv Rvb bv!
mLvbv‡_i †Q‡j nVvr †n‡m ej‡jb : A‡bK ÿ¨vgZv KZ©v| euvPvB‡Z bv cvi‡jI gvi‡Z †Zv cv‡ib|
ØvwiKvbv‡_i nvZ †_‡K Pz‡bi †euvUv L‡m c‡o|
Abm~qvI GB mgq A›ì †_‡K †PvL-gyL jvj K‡i wd‡i AvmwQj, K_vUv ï‡b †mI åæ †KuvPKvj|
wKQzÿY ZvwK‡q iB‡jb ØvwiKvbv_, Zvici nvmvi †Póv K‡i ej‡jb : †n, †n, Zv †ek e‡jQ| GB eywS
†Zvgvi †Q‡j mLvbv_|
: AvBÁv n, I‡i †eUv †cbœvg Ki|
mLvbv_ Zvov w`‡jI igvbv‡_i w`K †_‡K Zvi †Kv‡bv Drmvn †`Lv hvq bv|
†kl ch©šÍ ØvwiKvbv_B e‡j I‡Vb : _vK _vK, Avi †cbœvg Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †ek †Q‡j|
Abm~qv WvKj : evev!
†gŠmyg 159
nu¨v, GB DVwQ| †Zvgvi †Q‡j‡K Kvj GKevi cvwV‡q wÌ mLvbv_|

mLvbv_ nvZ KP‡j ej‡j : †m Avc‡bB KBqv hvb| Avgvi K_v Avevi †kv‡b wK bv|
K_vUv †Lqvj K‡i Kvb jvj n‡q I‡V ØvwiKvbv‡_i| Zey wd‡i ùvwo‡q mLvbv‡_i †Q‡ji D‡Ï‡k wgwó
K‡i nvmvi †Póv K‡ib : ev‡ci K_v †kvb bv eywS? wQt evev, D×Z n‡Z †bB!
Pyc K‡i bZgyL n‡q iBj, Z‡e Zvi †P‡c gy‡L †h fve dz‡U DVj, Zv‡K weiw³ cÖKvk Qvov Ab¨ wKQz
fvev hvq bv| wKš‘ ØvwiKvbv_ Zv †Lqvj bv Kivi fvb K‡i ZvovZvwo cv evov‡jb| Av”Qv, Avwg Pwj,
Zzwg Kvj G‡mv GKevi| †Zvgvi g‡Zv †Rvqvb †Q‡jB Avgvi ìKvi−
: Avwg hvB‡Z cvigy bv|
K_vi gvSLv‡bB igvbv‡_i ReveUv †hb kcvs K‡i ØvwiKvbv‡_i Mv‡q G‡m coj| †PvL R¡‡j DVj, wKš‘
ci gyn~‡Z©B mvg‡j wb‡jb| Zey nvwmi †Póv K‡i †gvjv‡qg ¯^‡i ïav‡jb : †Kb?
: evwo‡Z KvR Av‡Q|
Avevi †mB Pvey‡Ki g‡Zv Reve| †hgb mswÿß, †Zgwb `„p| †Muvqv‡ii g‡Zv gvwUi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Q|
: Avt nvivgRv`v, Avè K‡i ej! mLvbv_ Zvov w`‡q I‡V| Abm~qvi †PvL ZLb Av¸b, N„Yvq gyL
wdwi‡q nvZ a‡i SuvKzwb w`j ØvwiKvbv‡_i : evev! ej‡Q KvR Av‡Q, Zey Ii g‡Zv †jvK‡K †Zvgvi Kx
Ggb ìKvi coj?
GBevi igvbv_ euvKv †Pv‡L GKUz PvB‡j Zvi w`‡K| Abm~qv †`L‡j Zvi gyL †hgb Z…wß‡Z KwVb †Zgwb
e¨½ fiv|
nvZ a‡i Gevi †hb †m †U‡b wb‡q †h‡Z PvBj ØvwiKvbv_‡K|
wKš‘ Avðh© ØvwiKvbv‡_i mvg‡j †bevi kw³| cÖPÐ cÖZvc c~e©cyiæl‡ì HwZnën i³ Mig n‡q DV‡jI
−I, Zvn‡j _vK, Zvn‡j _vK−ej‡Z ej‡Z Avevi wZwb ej‡jb : Zvn‡j ZzwgB †h‡qv mLvbv_|
: hv‡ev| GKUz big my‡i m¤§wZ Keyj K‡i wcQz wcQz †h‡Z jvMj mLvbv_| gy‡L wQj AR¯ª cu¨vPvj|
Abm~qv ev ØvwiKvbv_ †KD †mw`‡K Kvb w`j bv| A_P Gevi LuvwU K_vB ejwQj mLvbv_| Pviw`‡Ki
Ae¯’v mwZ¨B Lvivc| N‡i †KDB avb Pvj iv‡Lwb, †Kgb K‡i eyS‡e †h GeviI Ggwb evRvi Po‡e|
GLb Kx K‡i †h `ygy‡Vv RyU‡e †m-fvebvq mevB Aw¯’i| evB‡i G Avb›` †Zv bZzb †gŠmyg cvIqvi|
Av”Qv †mevi ïbjvg eg©v kÎæ‡ì nv‡Z hvIqvq Pv‡ji `vg †e‡owQj, wKš‘ Gevi−
nVvr ØvwiKvbv_‡K Ny‡i ùvov‡Z †`‡L K_v †_‡g †Mj mLvbv‡_i|
Av”Qv mLvbv_, GZ J×Z¨ †Zvgiv †Kv_vq †c‡j e‡jv †Zv? fveQ eywS Avwg Gi cÖwZKvi Rvwb‡b?
: †m Kx KZv KZ©v, J×Z¨ KB! I, †Q‡jUvi KZv KB‡Z Av‡Qb eywS? Zv IUv eiveiB GKUz
GBiKg| Zv Ii KZv aB‡ib bv Avcwb KZ©v, Ii nBqv Avwg gvc PvB|
Avevi K_v KvUvKvwUi Dcµg †`‡L Abm~qv Wv‡K : evev! GB Af`ª¸‡jvi m‡½ Zey Zzwg K_v bv e‡j
cvi‡e bv?
mLvbv_ nVvr KwVb n‡q ùvovj|
ØvwiKvbv_ GKUz big n‡q e‡jb : bv, bv, †Zvgvi gvc PvBevi wKQz †bB, mLvbv_| gvc Avwg KieB, hw`
I Kvj Avgvi ILv‡b Av‡m| Zv †Zvgvi I †Q‡j‡K GKUz e‡j wÌ mLvbv_, †m †Zv Rv‡bvB, K_v bv
gvbvi ìæb Ii VvKzi`v‡K Kuv‡ai Pvì w`‡q GK gvm Avgvi evmvq Ry‡Zv gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡qwQj| nqZ I
Zv Rv‡b bv!
160 mvwnZ¨ cvV
euvKv we`ªƒ‡c mLvbv‡_i †PvL eywS-ev gyn~‡Z©i R‡b¨ R¡‡j DVj : Lye Rv‡b KZ©v| †mB Acgvb fzj‡Z bv
cvBivB †Zv Avcbv‡Mv Dci Ii AZ †Nbœv|
Gevi Avi AvZ¥mseiY Ki‡Z bv †c‡i nVvr nbnb K‡i GwM‡q †M‡jb ØvwiKvbv_|
mLvbv_ †PvL Zz‡j ZvKvj AvKv‡ki w`‡K| †g‡N †g‡N †Q‡q †M‡Q PZzw`©K| †eMešÍ nvIqvq `~i-mgy`Mª vb|
AwMœeiY K…òP~ov a~mi AvKv‡ki Mv‡q †hb AviI i³jvj| mLvbv_ Z…ß n‡q †PvL eyRj : Av, AviI Zxeª
†gŠmyg G‡b `vI fMevb †kvlYï®‹ c„w_ex‡Z, Avgv‡ì ˆZwi †ÿ‡Z AviI Rv¸K beRxeb‡ZRv A¼ziz |
ØvwiKvbv_ nb nb K‡i nuvUwQ‡jb|
†cQ‡b Abm~qv| bv‡K Zvi †duvmvwb : †Kb AcgvwbZ n‡Z †M‡j evev?
: †Zv‡KI e‡j‡Q bvwK wKQz?
: e‡jwb! Kgy¨wb÷‡ì †kLv‡bv K_v| e‡j wKbv, Zzwg †Pviv Kvievwi| cÂvk m‡b gvby‡li Rvb
wb‡q wQwbwgwb †L‡jQ?−
: ûu! Av”Qv ùvov gRv †`Lvw”Q!
†`‡ni g‡a¨ Dò i³ †hb UMeM K‡i dzU‡Z _v‡K| GB MÖv‡gi `ÐgyÐ-weavZv‡ìB eskai ØvwiKvbv_ `Ë
†PŠayix hv ûKzg w`‡q‡Qb, webv evKë¨‡q me cÖRv ZvB cvjb K‡i ab¨ n‡q‡Q, GB-B †`‡L G‡m‡Qb GZw`b|
Zvi mvg‡b ùvwo‡q K_v `~‡ii K_v, ZvKv‡ZI fq †cZ| nVvr †mB wbqg fvOvi mvnm Kviv RywM‡q‡Q Zv
eyS‡Z Kó nq bv| ZvB ax‡i ax‡i ØvwiKvbv‡_i g‡bi †µvaUv †ewki fvM Zv‡ìB Ici wM‡q eZ©vq|
: ùvov Lyu‡R evi Kwi wcQ‡b Kviv Av‡Q| Zvici−
: mLvbv_ ej‡j Kx ïb‡j evev? †gŠmyg †c‡qB bv wK GZ dzwZ©, Avi Zvwi R‡b¨ Iiv bvwK mevB
GKUz †emvgvj|
: †gŠmyg! g‡b g‡b µ~i †n‡m I‡Vb ØvwiKvbv_| †gŠmygB e‡U|
wKš‘ Rv`y, hviv †Zvgv‡ì bvwP‡q w`‡q‡Q, Zviv Avevi dvU‡K cP‡Z †Mj e‡j! (†mUzKz eë¯’vI Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j GZKvj RR, g¨vwR‡÷ªU, Gmwci m‡½ Lvbvwcbv Avi LvwZi Kivi g~j¨ Kx!) Zvici ùvovI
bv, †gŠmyg bv nq †c‡qQB, wKš‘ el©v bvgvi m‡½ m‡½B Avm‡e †h AvKvj †Kvb cyuwR w`‡q Zv‡K †VKv‡e!
Avgvi ÷K-Kiv Pv‡ji `vg ZLb PoPo K‡i AviI †e‡o hv‡e| ZLb Kvi `yqv‡i gv_v †Kv‡Uv †`Le bv!
Avwg g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡K AvRB wj‡L †è : †Kv‡bv Afve †bB, wKQz Ki‡Z n‡e bv †Zvgvi|
meyi! G dzwZ© Avi Kw`‡bi, AvgviI †gŠmyg mgvMZ|
†h‡Z †h‡Z Avevi Rxe‡bi Ici †`v`©Ð cÖZv‡ci †mB AvMvgx w`b Kíbv K‡i Lywk n‡q I‡Vb
ØvwiKvbv_| Zvici †hb A‡bK Mjvi †Kgb GKUv AvIqvR ï‡b GKevi wcQb w`‡K ZvKvb| nvIqvq
GKUv `~ivMZ nvwmi †ivj †f‡m Avm‡Q bvwK? [ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
†gŠmyg msev` − `wÿY-cwðg †KvY †_‡K cÖevwnZ Rjxq ev®úc~Y© evqy hv el©v FZzi m~Pbv
NUvq †mUvB †gŠmywg evqy bv‡g cwiwPZ| GLv‡b †gŠmyg msev` ej‡Z
el©vi AvMgb msev‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
†`qv − †gN|
†gNgjøvi ivM − msMx‡Zi GKcÖKvi ivM, hv el©v FZzi m‡½ mswkøó|
gvZvwi − GKwU AvÂwjK kã hv w`‡q bvix‡K †evSv‡bv nq|
†gŠmyg 161
fvÏiBqv dmj − fv`ª gv‡m cv‡K Ggb dmj ev avb|

Zv‡ì me©bv‡kB †Zv
I‡ì †cŠlgvm − GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q : Kv‡iv †cŠlgvm, Kv‡iv me©bvk| A_©vr GKwU NUbv
hLb Kv‡iv Rb¨ Avb›` wb‡q Av‡m A_P Ab¨‡ì Zv wbivb‡›ì KviY
nq| GLv‡b Abve„wó hLb Rwg`vi-Kb¨vi my‡Li KviY ZLb Zv K…lK‡ì
Rb¨ me©bvk¯îƒc|
Av¯úa©v − `c©| `ytmvnm|
¯^‡`wkIqvjv − weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯^‡`‡ki A_©vr fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ wbt¯^v_©fv‡e
RxebcY jovB‡q wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM©|
diKvwb − wVK‡i evi nIqv| †g‡Ni ga¨ †_‡K we`y¨‡Zi †ei nIqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
†bvbv nvIqv − jeYv³ evqy| mgy`ª †_‡K e‡q Avmv evZvm|
L›` − dmj, km¨| dm‡ji †gŠmyg|
Kgy¨wb÷ − KwgDwbRg Z_v mvgëv` ev †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZôvi Rb¨ hviv msMÖvgkxj|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†gŠmygÓ MíwU †jL‡Ki ÔA‡bK w`‡bi AvkvÕ (1952) bvgK MíMÖ‡š’ msKwjZ| 1943-Gi `ywf©ÿ
cieZ©xKv‡ji Kvwnwb wb‡q G Mí iwPZ n‡q‡Q| ZLb †`‡k Rwg`vwi eë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| Rwg`v‡ii
†kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ †h bZzb †PZbv m„wó n‡q‡Q †mUvB M‡íi g~j welq| Avi K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ GB
bZzb Dcjwä RvwM‡q †Zvjvi g~‡j mwµq wQj mgvRiƒcvšÍiKvgx KwgDwb÷ I ¯^vaxbZvKvgx ¯^‡`wkIqvjviv|
Abve„wó †k‡l e„wói AvMg‡b K…lKiv, Avw_©K `y`k
© v m‡Ë¡I fwel¨r dm‡ji K_v †f‡e Avb‡›` gv‡Zvqviv nq|
N‡i Lv`¨ bv _vK‡jI bZzb dm‡ji ¯^‡cœ Zviv we‡fvi| GB Avb›` Rwg`vi mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K
†kvlK Rwg`v‡ii K…lKwe‡ivax Kg©Kv‡Ð ZiæY K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ †h cÖwZev`x g‡bvfve m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv `g‡b
bZzb cwiKíbv Auv‡U Rwg`vi| Pvj gRy` K‡i `vg evwo‡q msKU m„wó K‡i Rwg`vi K…lK‡ì Ici cÖwZ‡kva
wb‡Z Pvq| †kvlK Rwg`v‡ii cÖRvwe‡ivax ¯^v_©civqYZvi wecix‡Z K…lKKz‡ji RvMi‡Yi Bw½‡ZB MíwU
Zvrch©en| bZzb Kv‡ji ev¯ÍeZv I e¨Äbv wb‡q MíwU we‡klZ¡gwÐZ|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ô¯^‡`wkIqvjv‡ì K_v †hb Kx ejwQ‡jb KvKvevey?Õ− Dw³wU Kvi?
K. Abm~qvi L. bv‡q‡ei
M. ØvwiKvbv‡_i N. mLvbv‡_i
2. Ôgv_vq †gŠmy‡gi wPšÍvÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−
i. Pvwl‡ì bZzb ¯^cœ I m¤¢vebv
ii. Afv‡ei Zvobvq welYœ wejvc
iii. el©vq bZzb dmj †evbvi evmbv
162 mvwnZ¨ cvV

nVvr wbixn gvwU‡Z KLb
Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q m‡PZbZvi avb,
MZ AvKv‡ji g„Zy¨‡K gy‡Q
Avevi G‡m‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvY|
3. KweZvs‡ki Ôm‡PZbZvi avbÕ K_vwU Ò†gŠmygÓ M‡íi mv‡_ †hme w`K w`‡q mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv n‡jv-
i. AwaKvi Av`v‡q †mv”Pvi
ii. cÖvK…wZK êwiZvq K…l‡Ki wech©q
iii. †kvl‡Ki weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi
4. D³ mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU wewbg©v‡Y gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K. mgvR cwieZ©bKvix gvby‡li cÖ‡Póv L. MÖx®§ cÖK…wZi cÖPÐ `ve`vn
M. Rwg`v‡ii wbg©g †kvlY-eÂbv N. K…lK †kÖwYi HK¨
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ZzivM MÖæc Ae BÛvw÷ª‡Ri gvwjK AvKei mv‡ne K‡qK nvRvi †KvwU UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ cY¨mvgMÖx †hgb− †fvR¨ †Zj, †cuqvR, †Qvjv, wPwb, †LRyi Gme `ªæZ gRy`
K‡ib| KviY igRvb gvm Avmbœ| Avi igRv‡b Gme wRwb‡mi Pvwn`v K‡qK ¸Y †e‡o hvq| ZvB
AwaK gybvdvi GLbB mgq| d‡j igRvb Avm‡Z bv Avm‡ZB K…wÎg msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y evRv‡i
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi AwMœg~j¨ †`Lv †`q| w`‡knviv n‡q c‡ob †mvenvb wgqvi g‡Zv mvaviY
gvby‡liv| Ava‡cUv †L‡q †Kv‡bvfv‡e Giv igRv‡b †ivRv iv‡Lb, Avi myw`b Avmvi Rb¨ dwiqv`
K‡ib ¯ªóvi Kv‡Q|
K. Muv‡qi Pvwl‡ì gvZei †K?
L. ÒAbm~qvi †Pv‡L ZLb Av¸bÓ− †Kb?
M. AvKei mv‡n‡ei mv‡_ Ò†gŠmygÓ M‡íi ØvwiKvbv‡_i PvwiwÎK mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. mLvbv_‡ì Rxe‡b Ò†gŠmygÓ Av‡m wKš‘ †mvenvb‡ì Rxe‡b myw`b Av‡m bv †Kb? KviY we‡kølY Ki|
wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv
Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
cÖK…Z bvg Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx kidzwÏb| wZwb 1930 mv‡ji c‡njv Rvbyqvwi wmivRMÄ †Rjvi dzjevwo
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv wQ‡jb wkÿvwe` Aa¨ÿ kBL kidzwÏb Ges gvZv nvwjgv kidzwÏb| AZ¨šÍ
†gavex QvÎ Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx kidzwÏb 1953 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K c`v_©weÁv‡b GgGmwm Ges
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wkÿv wel‡q GgG Ges wcGBPwW wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx cÖ_g Rxe‡b wkÿKZv I wkÿv cÖkvm‡b wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| G‡`‡ki RbwcÖq GB weÁvb †jLK weÁv‡bi bZzb D™¢veb, Avwe®‹vi I cÖhyw³i Dbœqb
wel‡q Aweivg wj‡L †M‡Qb Abycg fvlvq| Zuvi MÖ‡š’i msL¨v 28| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
ÔweÁvb I gvbylÕ, ÔG hy‡Mi weÁvbÕ, Ôwecbœ cwi‡ekÕ, ÔweÁvb-wRÁvmvÕ, ÔmvM‡ii inm¨cyixÕ, Ô†gN e„wó
†iv`Õ, ÔG‡mv weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨Õ, ÔAvwe®‹v‡ii †bkvqÕ, Ôin‡mï †kl †bBÕ, ÔRvbv-ARvbvi †`‡kÕ, ÔZvivi
†`‡ki nvZQvwbÕ, ÔAvgv‡ì weÁvb †Kvb c‡_Õ, ÔAvR‡Ki weÁvb I evsjv‡`kÕ, ÔgnvKv‡k Kx NU‡QÕ,
Ôcwi‡e‡ki msKU Nwb‡q Avm‡QÕ BZ¨vw`|
wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, ¯^vaxbZv wèm cyi¯‹vi, BD‡b‡¯‹vi AvšÍR©vwZK Kwj½ cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K,
W. KzìvZ-G-Ly`v ¯^Y©c`K, AMÖYx e¨vsK wkï mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimn eû cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv jvf K‡ib|
wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖKvwkZ ÔweÁvb wek¦‡KvlÕ-Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi
mfvcwZ Ges evsjv GKv‡Wwgi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx kidzwÏb 1998 mv‡ji 30G b‡f¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki c„w_ex †h `ªæZ e`‡j hv‡”Q Zv mn‡R †g‡b †bIqv Av‡Rv A‡b‡Ki c‡ÿB †ek k³|
ZvB †`Lv hvq GB wek kZ‡Ki †k‡lI Ggb †jv‡Ki Afve †bB hviv g‡b K‡i GB c„w_exUv m„wói mg‡q
†hgb wQj AvRI wVK †Zgwb i‡q‡Q; ïay †e‡o‡Q gvbyl−Avi e`‡j‡Q Zv‡ì †cvkvK-AvkvK, K_v ejvi
aib| Z‡e my‡Li welq G iKg †jv‡Ki msL¨v µ‡gB K‡g Avm‡Q| †ewki fvM †jvK AvR g‡b K‡i
Av‡Mi w`‡bi PvB‡Z c„w_ex A‡bK e`‡j wM‡q‡Q− Avi GLbI µ‡gB e`‡j hv‡”Q|
Av‡M Pvicv‡ki †ewki fvM cwieZ©b NUZ Lye ax‡i ax‡iÑÔcÖvK…wZK wbq‡gÕ| wKš‘ AvR Ggwb avivi
cÖvK…wZK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ gvby‡li cÖfve †hvM n‡q‡Q| gvbyl KL‡bv †R‡bï‡b wb‡R‡ì ARv‡šÍB
cÖK…wZi Ici bvbv ai‡bi Ô†Lv`KvwiÕ K‡i P‡j‡Q| Zv‡Z Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k bvbv cwieZ©b NU‡Q †ek
`ªæZ Zv‡j| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B †Pv‡L co‡Q cÖK…wZ‡Z bvbv ai‡bi i`-e`j|
wkí-wecø‡ei ci †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ †mvqv `yB‡kv eQ‡i c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q `ªæZ| mviv c„w_ex
Ry‡o hZ gvbyl evo‡Q ZZ Zviv M‡o Zzj‡Q AmsL¨ kni-e›ì, c_NvU| MvQ †K‡U mvd Ki‡Q
eb-R½j; †Kv_vI fivU Ki‡Q Rjv RvqMv, †Kv_vI b`x‡Z w`‡”Q euva| `y-GK cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨B †Kv_vI
b`x‡Z Pov †R‡M cËb n‡”Q dmwj Rwg, Avevi †Kv_vI De©i Avevw` Rwg n‡q hv‡”Q ay ay giæf~wg| Avi
Gme ïayB †h Pvicv‡ki MvQcvjv, cïcvwLi Ici Qvc †dj‡Q Zv bq, e`‡j w`‡”Q c„w_exi Rjevqy,
gvby‡li RxebhvÎv|
164 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cÖvPxbKv‡j ax‡i ax‡i cwieZ©b NUZ, gvbyl †Ui †cZ A‡bKUv cwieZ©b N‡U hvevi ci| AvR weÁvbxiv
AbeiZ Pvicv‡ki bvbv gvc‡RvL wb‡”Qb| Zvi d‡j Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ ZvcgvÎv, e„wócvZ, nvIqvi
Av`ª©Zv− Gme eQi eQi KZUv evo‡Q ev Kg‡Q| wKQzUv fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hv‡”Q AvMvgx w`‡b Kx NU‡Z
cv‡i †mme m¤¢vebv wb‡q|
MZ K-`kK a‡i weÁvbxiv jÿ Ki‡Qb c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv †hb µ‡g µ‡g evo‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡k
gvc‡RvL QvovB mevB eyS‡Z cvi‡Q Mig †hb †ewk co‡Q, AvenvIqv Av‡Mi †P‡q e`‡j hv‡”Q|
weÁvbxiv ej‡Qb, 1850 †_‡K 1990 mv‡ji g‡a¨ A_©vr MZ cÖvq †òk eQ‡i c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎvi
e„w× n‡jv †gvUvgywU GK wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm| Avi hZ`~i g‡b n‡”Q ZvcgvÎvi GB e„w× AvMvgx w`‡bI
Pj‡Z _vK‡e| Ggwb‡Z ïb‡Z GK wWwMÖ e„w× †Zgb wKQz g‡b nq bv; wKš‘ weÁvbxiv Rv‡bb Ggwb mvgvb¨
cwieZ©b †_‡KB AZx‡Z A‡bK wekvj cwieZ©b †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y AvR c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv †e‡o
DV‡Q Zv‡K ejv n‡”Q wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv|
wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv Kx?
bvbv ai‡bi Dcv`v‡bi Kvi‡Y evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w×‡KB ejv nq wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv| kx‡Zi †`‡k Lye
VvÛvi mg‡q MvQcvjv Rb¥vevi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi Kv‡Pi Ni eënvi Kiv nq; Zv‡K ejv nq wMÖb nvDm ev
Kv‡Pi KzwV−†mB †_‡KB G‡m‡Q GB bvg| Kv‡Pi †`qv‡ji GKUv ¸Y n‡jv Zvi †fZi w`‡q †QvU gv‡ci
Av‡jvi †XD¸‡jv XzK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Zv‡Z N‡ii †fZiUv Mig n‡q D‡V j¤^v gv‡ci †h Ae‡jvwnZ Zvciwk¥
Qov‡Z _v‡K Zv Avi GB KvP †f` K‡i †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi d‡j IB N‡ii †fZiUv Mig _v‡K|
evqygÐ‡ji wKQz wKQz M¨vm †hgb Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, wg‡_b GivI wVK Ggwbfv‡e m~‡h©i Zvc‡K AvU‡K iv‡L
A_©vr evqygÐ‡j hw` G ai‡bi M¨v‡mi cwigvY †e‡o I‡V Zvn‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv †e‡o DV‡Z cv‡i|
weÁvbxiv jÿ K‡i‡Qb, c„w_exi evqygÐ‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨v‡mi cwigvY wKQzw`b a‡i µ‡gB †e‡o
DV‡Q| evZv‡mi cÖavb `y‡Uv M¨vm n‡jv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Avi Aw·‡Rb| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb _v‡K kZKiv cÖvq 78
fvM Avi Aw·‡Rb _v‡K kZKiv cÖvq 21 fvM| AviI _v‡K AviMb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, Rjxq ev®ú
BZ¨vw` bvbv Dcv`vb| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY Lye mvgvb¨B−AvqZb wn‡m‡e cÖwZ `k
nvRvi fv‡Mi gvÎ wZb fv‡Mi g‡Zv|
1750 mvj ch©šÍ evqygÐ‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY wQj †gvUvgywU cÖwZ `k nvRvi fv‡Mi 2.75
fvM; 1959 mv‡j ùvovq 3.16 fvM; 1993 mv‡j wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q 3.57 fvM| c„w_ex‡Z †h nv‡i
Kqjv, †Zj Gme LwbR R¡vjvwbi eënvi evo‡Q Avi eb-R½‡ji cwigvY Kg‡Q Zv‡Z g‡b nq GKzk
kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS GB M¨v‡mi cwigvY ùvov‡e cÖwZ `k nvRv‡i Pvi †_‡K Q-fvM A_©vr AvR‡Ki Zzjbvq
AšÍZ 25 kZvsk †ewk| Gi d‡j c„w_exi AvenvIqvq bvbv ai‡bi ¸iæZi cÖfve co‡e|
Av‡MB e‡jwQ, evZv‡m †h Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨vm Av‡Q †m AwZ mvgvb¨ gvÎvq| Avi GB mvgvb¨ gvÎvq
_vKvUv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ †ek ìKvwiI e‡U| evZv‡mi GB Kve©b WvB-A·vBW MvQcvjvi mv‡jvK
ms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Lye Riæwi| MvQcvjvq mv‡jvK ms‡kølY bv NU‡j Avgv‡ì Lvevi-`vevi wKQzB RyU‡e
bv| ZvQvov evZv‡mi Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Av‡`Š bv _vK‡j c„w_ex gnvk~‡b¨ ZvovZvwo Zvc Qwo‡q w`‡q
AwZgvÎvq VvÛv n‡q coZ| wKš‘ GB mvgvb¨ gvÎv M¨v‡mi cwigv‡Y hw` IVv-bvgv N‡U Z‡e Zv‡ZI
c„w_exi Rjevqy‡Z NU‡Z cv‡i eo iKg IjU-cvjU|
wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv 165
c„w_exi Ici m~‡h©i †h wecyj kw³ G‡m c‡o Zvi †gvUvgywU A‡a©K c„w_exi Mv‡q coevi Av‡MB wVK‡i
hvq evZv‡mi AveiY †_‡K, †gN †_‡K, ei‡di ¯Í~c †_‡K| †h A‡a©KUv c„w_ex ï‡l †bq ZviI †ewki
fvM c„w_ex Avevi Qwo‡q †`q j¤^v gv‡ci Zvciwk¥i AvKv‡i| Gme Zvciwk¥i meUv Zv e‡j c„w_ex †Q‡o
cvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv; A‡bKUv AvU‡K c‡o c„w_exi evqygÐ‡j| GB AvU‡K †èvi e¨vcv‡i Kve©b
WvB-A·vBW M¨v‡mi GKUv eo f~wgKv Av‡Q| Gi †fZi w`‡q m~‡h©i †QvU gv‡ci Av‡jvKZi½ mn‡RB
G‡m co‡Z cv‡i c„w_ex‡Z, wKš‘ Gme Av‡jvKZi½ c„w_exi Ici c‡o †h eo ZvcZi½ m„wó nq Zv GB
M¨v‡mi evav wWwO‡q gnvk~‡b¨ cvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| evqygÐ‡ji AviI †hme Dcv`vb Gfv‡e Zvc
AvU‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rjxq ev®ú, †K¬v‡iv-d¬z‡iv Kve©b (GB M¨vmwU bvbviKg †¯úª‡Z
Ges wngvqK I kxZvZc h‡š¿ eëüZ nq), I‡Rvb, bvBUªvm A·vBW, wg‡_b BZ¨vw`|
wek kZ‡K c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q wZb ¸Y−170 †KvwU †_‡K n‡q‡Q 570 †KvwUi Ic‡i|
wKš‘ GB mg‡q LwbR R¦vjvwbi eënvi †e‡o‡Q cÖvq c‡b‡iv ¸Y| G‡Z evZv‡m Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi
cwigvYI evo‡Q; Zvi d‡j c„w_ex‡Z †ewk †ewk Zvc AvU‡K _vK‡Q−†e‡o DV‡Q c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv|
weÁvbxiv ej‡Qb, GB nv‡i ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z _vK‡j 2030 mv‡ji KvQvKvwQ c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv
evo‡Z cv‡i AvR‡Ki †P‡q 1.5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm| ZviciI GB ZvcgvÎv e„w× m¤¢eZ Pj‡ZB _vK‡e|
GKzk kZ‡Ki †k‡l ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z cv‡i AvR‡Ki †P‡q 5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm|
GB m‡½ MZ wKQzw`b a‡i c„w_exi evqygÐ‡j AviI GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b weÁvbxiv jÿ Ki‡Qb|
evqygÐ‡ji DuPz ¯Í‡i m~h©wKiY covi d‡j wZb-cigvYyhy³ GK ai‡bi Aw·‡Rb AYy ˆZwi nq (mvaviY
Aw·‡Rb AYy‡Z _v‡K `ywU K‡i cigvYy)−G‡K ejv nq I‡Rvb M¨vm| c„w_exi wek †_‡K wÎk
wK‡jvwgUvi DuPz‡ZB GB I‡Rvb M¨vm _v‡K me PvB‡Z †ewk| GB M¨v‡mi GKUv ¸Y n‡jv Giv m~‡h©i Zxeª
AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥‡K ï‡l wb‡Z cv‡i| I‡Rvb ¯Íi Gme iwk¥ ï‡l bv wb‡j c„w_ex‡Z Avgv‡ì Mv Sj‡m
†hZ| GB ¯Íi m~‡h©i AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ Ges c„w_ex †_‡K Qwo‡q cov Zvciwk¥ ï‡l wb‡q wKQzUv †Z‡Z
I‡V|
m¤úªwZ b‡fvhvb †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨ cixÿv K‡i weÁvbxiv †R‡b‡Qb, gvbyl †K¬v‡iv-d¬z‡iv Kve©b cÖf…wZ
K…wÎg ivmvqwbK e¯‘ eënv‡ii d‡j DuPz evqygÐ‡j I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi cwigvY K‡g hv‡”Q| Zv‡Z gvby‡li
Pvgov Sj‡m hvevi ev gvby‡li Pvgovq K¨vbmvi nevi Avk¼v evo‡Q; †mB m‡½ DuPz evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv
Kg‡Q| I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii cwigvY hw` gvÎ GK kZvsk K‡g hvq Zv‡ZB c„w_ex‡Z AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥cv‡Zi
cwigvY †e‡o hvq `y-kZvsk| GB iwk¥i cwigvY 5 kZvsk evo‡j AYyRxe‡ì RxebPµ A‡a©K n‡q hvq;
hw` ev‡o 10 kZvsk Zvn‡j MvQcvjv Avi mv‡jvK ms‡kølY Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv| †m iKg Ae¯’v hw` KL‡bv
N‡U Zvn‡j c„w_exi cÖvwYKz‡ji Rb¨ Ges mviv c„w_exi gvby‡li Rb¨ GK gnvwec` Nwb‡q Avm‡e|
Rjevqyi cwieZ©b Av‡MI N‡U‡Q
c„w_exRy‡o ZvcgvÎvi e„w× †h cÖ_g NU‡Q Zv bq| N‡U‡Q Av‡MI eûevi| c„w_exi Rjevqy e`‡j‡Q evi
evi; ZvB GUv Ggb wKQz Avðh©RbK ev A¯^vfvweK KvÐ bq| AvenvIqvweìv ej‡Qb, MZ GKk †KvwU
eQ‡i c„w_exi Ic‡i †`Lv w`‡q‡Q AšÍZ PviwU †ek eo iKg ei‡di hyM| Ggwb GK GKwU hy‡M nvRvi
nvRvi eQi a‡i c„w_exi wekvj GjvKv XvKv †_‡K‡Q wecyj cwigvY ei‡di ¯Í~‡c| AvR Avgiv AvwQ Gi
g‡a¨ †kl ei‡di hy‡Mi G‡Kev‡i †kl ch©v‡q|
MZ GKk †KvwU eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †ewki fvM mgq c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv †_‡K‡Q †gvUvgywU 22 wWwMÖ
†mjwmqv‡mi KvQvKvwQ| Gme mg‡q c„w_exi †giæ AÂj¸‡jvI †_‡K‡Q eidgy³; A_P AvR c„w_exi
Mo ZvcgvÎv n‡jv cÖvq 15 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm, Avi GLb A¨v›UvK©wUKv Avi wMÖbj¨v‡Û cÖvq `y-gvBj cyiæ
ei‡di Av¯ÍiY weQv‡bv i‡q‡Q|
166 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Ggwb †kl ei‡di hyM †`Lv w`‡qwQj AvR †_‡K cÖvq cuvP †KvwU eQi Av‡M| Zvici †_‡K cÖvq GK jÿ
eQi ci ci Avevi eid M‡j‡Q; wKQzUv Dò Rjevqy †_‡K‡Q MocoZv `k nvRvi eQi a‡i, Zvici
Avevi G‡m‡Q cÖPÐ kxZ| Kv‡RB MZ `k jvL eQ‡i gvby‡li gv_vi Ici w`‡q †M‡Q AšÍZ b-Uv cÖPÐ
kx‡Zi cÖ‡Kvc; Gme mg‡q BD‡ivc Avi DËi Av‡gwiKvi †ewki fvM RvqMv XvKv c‡o‡Q wekvj ei‡di
¯Í~‡c| Z‡e Gme ei‡di hyM G‡m‡Q eû nvRvi eQi a‡i ax‡i ax‡i; eid M‡j‡QI †Zgwb eû nvRvi eQi
a‡i| Zv‡Z MvQcvjv, RxeRš‘ Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ µ‡g µ‡g wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z wk‡L‡Q|
me‡k‡li ei‡di cuvRv Mj‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj Avgv‡ì mg‡qi 14,000 †_‡K 18,000 eQi Av‡M|
c„w_exi †ewki fvM RvqMv †_‡K ei‡di XvKv m‡i hvq †gvUvgywU `k nvRvi eQi Av‡M; AvU nvRvi eQi
Av‡M c„w_ex µ‡g µ‡g Dò n‡q DV‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| Zvi d‡j wgmi, my‡gwiqv, fviZ, Pxb Gme †`‡k
†`Lv †`q gvby‡li mf¨Zvi weKvk|
Z‡e Av‡MKvi Gme AvenvIqvi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ AvR‡Ki ZvcgvÎv e„w×i GKUv †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
Av‡MKvi cwieZ©b¸‡jv N‡U‡Q nvRvi ev jÿ eQi mgq wb‡q ax‡i ax‡i, A_P AvR A‡bKUv gvby‡li
wµqvKjv‡ci d‡j Gme cwieZ©b NU‡Q A‡bK Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨| MZ nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K
†KejB Rq Ki‡Z Avi eënvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q, cÖK…wZi wb‡Ri ¯^v¯’¨ Avi ¯^w¯Íi cª‡qvR‡bi K_v †Zgb
fv‡ewb| AvR cÖK…wZ †hb ZviB cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z D`¨Z n‡q‡Q!
eû jÿ eQi a‡i c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v wQj Kg, ZvB cªK…wZi Ici gvby‡li cÖfveUv †Zgb eo n‡q
I‡Vwb| wKš‘ MZ K‡qK kZ‡K gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q wecyj nv‡i| gvbyl †MvMÖv‡m †kl Ki‡Q e‡bi
MvQcvjv, Rwgi mvi c`v_©, b`xi gvQ, f~M‡f©i LwbR, evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb, c„w_exi cÖvwYm¤ú`| Gi d‡j
cwi‡e‡ki Ici †h ÿwZKi cÖfve co‡Q cÖK…wZ Zvi ÿwZ wKQz‡ZB cywl‡q wb‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j cÖK…wZi
fvimvg¨ AvR †f‡O covi Dcµg n‡q‡Q|
ZvcgvÎv mwZ¨ wK evo‡Q?
evqygÐ‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vBW evo‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv evo‡e GUv bv nq †g‡b †bqv †Mj| wKš‘ mwZ¨
mwZ¨ †h ZvcgvÎv evo‡Q, Avi evo‡jI wVK Kx nv‡i evo‡Q Zv wK weÁvbxiv G‡Kev‡i wbwðZfv‡e
†R‡b‡Qb?
Avm‡j c„w_exe¨vcx Mo ZvcgvÎv e„w×i e¨vcviwU wbwðZfv‡e Ges wbLyuZfv‡e wnmve Kiv Lye GKUv mnR
e¨vcvi bq| AviI KwVb n‡jv G ai‡bi e„w×i mwVK KviYwU‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z GK`j weÁvbx ej‡Qb MZ
`y-k eQ‡i hZ Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb †cvov‡bv n‡q‡Q Avi Zv‡Z †h cwigvY Kve©b WvB-A·vBW wbtmiY N‡U‡Q
Zv‡Z evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv AviI †ewk e„w× cvIqv DwPZ wQj|
Av‡iK `j weÁvbx Aek¨ G in‡mï GKUv mgvavbI w`‡q‡Qb| Zuviv ej‡Qb, Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb †_‡K ïay †Zv
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW wbtmiY NU‡Q bv, †mB m‡½ mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW ev mvj‡dU-GiI wbtmiY N‡U‡Q|
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW †hgb Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K XzK‡Z †`q Avi Zvciwk¥‡K c„w_ex †Q‡o †ewi‡q †h‡Z evav †`q,
mvj‡d‡Ui †ejvq N‡U A‡bKUv Gi D‡ëv e¨vcvi| evZv‡m fvmgvb mvj‡dU KYv m~‡h©i Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K
c„w_exi evqygÐj †f` K‡i XzK‡Z evav †`q; Kv‡RB Zvi cÖfv‡e evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv eis K‡g hvq|
evqygÐ‡j †ewk Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Avi †ewk mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW wbtmiY NU‡j (†hgb GLb NU‡Q) Zvi
d‡j Kx cwigvY ZvcgvÎv e„w× n‡Z cv‡i Zvi Kw¤úDUvi g‡Wj ˆZwi K‡i AZxZ I eZ©gv‡bi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi
m‡½ Zvi Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv hv‡”Q g‡W‡ji m‡½ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi LyeB wgj i‡q‡Q| Avevi AviI wKQz
weÁvbx cÖ_‡g ïay Kve©b WvB-A·vBW wbtmiY n‡”Q a‡i g‡WjwU Pvjv‡jb, Zvici Avevi Pvjv‡jb Kve©b
WvB-A·vBW Avi mvjdvi WvB-A·vB‡Wi wgwjZ wbtmiY a‡i| †`Lv †Mj ïay Kve©b WvB-A·vBW wbtmiY
n‡j †h cwigvY ZvcgvÎv ev‡o Zvi †P‡q `y-ai‡bi wbtmiY wgwjZ n‡j ZvcgvÎv wKQzUv Kg ev‡o|
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Z‡_ï m‡½ GiB wgj †ewk| GgbwK DuPz evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv K‡gI †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB wgwjZ
d‡j cÖwZ `k‡K c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv ev‡o cÖvq 0.20 †mjwmqvm (A_©vr GK kZvãx‡Z `yB wWwMÖ)|
evsjv‡`‡k Kx NU‡Z cv‡i?
f~-c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvIqv Avi DuPz evqygÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv K‡g hvIqv−GB `y-ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Qvc Gi
g‡a¨B c„w_exi Rjevqy‡Z co‡Z kyiæ K‡i‡Q| Z‡e GB Qvc †h c„w_exi me RvqMvq GKBfv‡e co‡Q Zv bq|
mvaviYfv‡e Pvicv‡ki ZvcgvÎv evo‡j Rjxq ev®ú m„wó nq †ewk, Zv‡Z e„wócvZ ev‡o| Z‡e G ai‡bi
cwieZ©b MÖx®§gÐ‡j hZUv NU‡e bvwZkx‡Zvò ev wnggÐ‡j NU‡Z cv‡i Zvi PvB‡Z wZb ¸Y †ewk| Avevi
kxZcÖavb GjvKv¸‡jv †ewk Dò n‡q IVvi d‡j c„w_exi mvaviY evqy cÖev‡n weNœ m„wó n‡e| evqyceÖ vn Kg‡j
e„wócÖeY GjvKvq µgvMZ e„wó n‡ZB _vK‡e, Avevi nqZ LivcÖeY GjvKvq AviI Zxeª Liv †`Lv †`‡e A_©vr
me wKQy wgwj‡q c„w_exi †ewki fvM GjvKvq GKk kZK †_‡K AvenvIqvq weivU iKg wech©q NU‡Z ïiæ
Ki‡e| weÁvbxiv ej‡Qb, Gme cwieZ©‡bi wKQz wKQz bgybv Gi g‡a¨B †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q|
c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv, we‡kl K‡i wnggÐ‡ji ZvcgvÎv †e‡o IVvi AviI GKUv ¸iæZi dj n‡e| †giæ AÂ‡ji
I wngev‡ni eid Mj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e; ZvQvov DòZv evo‡j mvMi R‡ji AvqZbI †ewk n‡e| Avi Zv‡Z
c„w_exRy‡o mvM‡ii D”PZv evo‡e| Gi d‡j mgy`Z ª x‡ii A‡bK wbPz AÂj Zwj‡q hv‡e| ZLb Pv‡li Rwg‡Z
mgy‡`ªi †jvbv cvwb G‡m †XvKvi d‡j †`‡ki weivU GjvKvq Pvlevm bó n‡e| weÁvbxiv wnmve K‡i ej‡Qb,
GKzk kZ‡K c„w_exi DòZv AvR‡Ki Zzjbvq M‡o wZb wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡mi g‡Zv †ewk n‡j mvMi R‡ji
AvqZb †hUzKz evo‡e ïay Zv‡ZB mvM‡ii D”PZv †e‡o DV‡Z cv‡i GK wgUv‡ii g‡Zv| G‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki
g‡Zv eØxc AÂ‡ji †`‡k mgy`Z ª x‡ii wekvj GjvKv Zwj‡q hvevi d‡j M„nnviv n‡e AšÍZ GK †KvwU †jvK,
wgm‡iI NU‡e Ggwb| GKzk kZ‡Ki †k‡l mvMiZ‡ji D”PZv evo‡Z cv‡i wZb wgUvi; Zvn‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk GjvKv Zwj‡q hv‡e Avi DØv¯‘ n‡q co‡e cÖvq A‡a©K †jvK|
ïay †h DòZv, e„wócvZ Avi LivB K…wl‡Z cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡e Zv bq, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW MvQcvjvi e„w×i
Rb¨ GKvšÍ Riæwi| Kv‡RB nvIqvq Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY evo‡j dm‡ji djb evo‡Z cv‡i|
Aek¨ †mB m‡½ AvMvQviI evo-evošÍ n‡e| Zv‡Z gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi NvUwZ n‡q dm‡ji †ÿ‡Z
†ivMevjvB evo‡Z cv‡i; KxUcZ‡½i AvµgY †VKv‡bvI nqZ µ‡gB KwVb n‡q DV‡e|
Z‡e GKUv welq AvR †ek cwi®‹vi †evSv hv‡”Q| Zv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z
wkívqb n‡q‡Q Lye Kg; Zviv Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb eënvi K‡i mvgvb¨, Avi ZvB Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Drcv`bI
K‡i wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| Gme †`‡k †K¬v‡iv-d¬y‡iv Kve©b RvZxq ÿwZKi M¨v‡mi
eënviI mvgvb¨B| Kv‡RB AvR‡K AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b msµvšÍ †h cwi‡ekMZ wec` mviv c„w_exi
mvg‡b wekvj ûgwK m„wó K‡i‡Q Zvi mgvavb i‡q‡Q cÖavbZ wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z| cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨
ÿwZKi bvbviKg M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kwg‡q Avbvi Rb¨ AvR Zv‡ìB mevi Av‡M D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ Zv e‡j evsjv‡`‡k Avgiv nvZ-cv ¸wU‡q Pzc K‡i e‡m _vK‡Z cvwi bv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k AvenweÁvb,
mgy`ªweÁvb, f~weÁvb cÖf…wZ wel‡q PP©v I M‡elYv †Rvi`vi Kiv ìKvi; mviv †`‡k, we‡klZ DcK~j
AÂ‡j DbœZ Z_¨ msMÖn eë¯’v Pvjy Kiv ìKvi; DcK~‡j g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvqb cÖf…wZ wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi
cÖwZ‡laK eë¯’vw` †bevi K_v GLb †_‡KB fve‡Z n‡e| [ms‡ÿwcZ I cwigvwR©Z]
168 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kãv_© I UxKv
†Lv`&Kvwi − gvbe KZ…©K cÖvK…wZK wbqgwe‡ivax Kvh©µg|
wkíwecøe − BD‡iv‡c 1760 †_‡K 1840 Kvjc‡e© KjKviLvbv wfwËK Drcv`‡bi †h
wecyj DËiY N‡U ZvB wkíwecøe bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB cÖwµqvq hš¿ I
cÖhyw³wbf©i Drcv`b ïiæ nq| Drcv`b cÖwµqvq ivmvqwbK Drcv`b,
ev®úxq kw³i eënvi, h‡š¿i eënvi Ges R¦vjvwb kw³ wn‡m‡e Kqjvi
eënvi ¸iæZ¡ cvq|
†mjwmqvm − ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci GKwU †¯‹j| hvi wbgœ w¯’iv¼ 0 wWwMÖ Ges EaŸ© w¯’iv¼
100 wWwMÖ|
Ae‡jvwnZ Zvciwk¥ − jvj Av‡jv n‡Z `xN©Zi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©ï Av‡jvK iwk¥|
Av‡jvK Zi½ − wbw`©ó c‡_ Av‡jvK kw³i Mgb|
Zvc Zi½ − GKcÖKvi Zi½ hv †Kvb gva¨g QvovB wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Dò ¯’vb n‡Z
kxZj ¯’v‡b mÂvwjZ nq|
AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ − eY©vjx‡Z †e¸wb Av‡jvi evB‡i †h A`„k¨ Av‡jv _v‡K Zv‡K AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥
e‡j| G iwk¥ †Pv‡Li c‡ÿ ÿwZKi| AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ RxevYybvkK|
AYyRxe − AYyexÿY h‡š¿i mvnvh¨ Qvov †`Lv hvq bv Ggb Rxe| †hgb, fvBivm,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, A¨vwgev|
A¨v›UvK©wUKv − c„w_exi `wÿYZg gnv‡`k| GB gnv‡`‡kB `wÿY‡giæ Aew¯’Z| Zzlvive„Z
GB gnv‡`k‡K wN‡i i‡q‡Q `wÿY gnvmvMi| GB gnv‡`k me‡P‡q kxZj,
ï®‹| GLv‡b ¯’vqx †Kv‡bv gvbeemwZ †bB| †c½yBb I wmj GLvbKvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvYx|
Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb − cÖ¯Íixf~Z cÖvYx ev Dw™¢` †_‡K cÖvß R¡vjvwb|
MÖx®§gÐj − welye †iLvi Dfq cv‡k¦©i KK©U I gKi µvwšÍi AšÍM©Z MÖx®§cÖavb f~-fvM|
wnggÐj − `yB †giæi mwbœwnZ ÿxYZg m~h©v‡jvK wewkó f~-fvM|
wngevn − ce©ZMvÎ †e‡q wbgœw`‡K ax‡i cÖengvb Zzlvi †mªvZ|
AvenweÁvb − AvenvIqvwelqK weÁvb| Metorology|
mgy`ªweÁvb − f~-weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv| GB ÁvbkvLv mvgyw`ªK Rxe, mvgyw`ªK cwi‡ek,
mgy‡`ªi †¯ªvZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q M‡elYv K‡i| Oceanography
f~-weÁvb − c„w_ex| MÖn m¤úwK©Z weÁvb hv c„w_exi Aven, ¯’jfvM, RjfvM, evqygÐj
BZ¨vw` wel‡q M‡elYv K‡i| GB M‡elYvi m‡½ c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb,
Rxewe`¨v, MwYZ BZ¨vw` Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Earth Science|
g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvqb − DcK~jxq I †Rvqvi cøvweZ AÂ‡j Rb¥ †bIqv e„‡ÿi AiY¨| GB ai‡bi
Ai‡Y¨ cÖvq Avwk cÖRvwZi e„ÿ Rb¥vq| evsjv‡`‡ki my›ìeb G ai‡bi
Ai‡Yï D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv cÖeÜwU Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx kidzwÏ‡bi Ôcwi‡e‡ki msKU Nwb‡q Avm‡QÕ kxl©K MÖš’
†_‡K msKwjZ| wkíwecøe, R¦vjvwbi AwZ eënvi, RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ e„w×, kni-e›ì-iv¯Ív-NvU ˆZwi,
eb-R½j DRvo BZ¨vw` bvbv Kvi‡Y mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j AwZ`ªæZ e`‡j hv‡”Q c„w_exi Rjevqy I gvby‡li
RxebhvÎv| weÁvbxiv jÿ K‡i‡Qb, Gme cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎvi µge„w×| †h
Kvi‡Y c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q, weÁvbx‡ì fvlvq, Zv‡KB ejv n‡”Q wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv|
gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ bvbvwea êÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ‡Z wewfbœ M¨vm I LwbR R¦vjvwbi AwZ eënv‡ii d‡j
AvMvgx 2030 mv‡j c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv 1.5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i Ges kZvãx †k‡l GB
e„w× ùvov‡Z cv‡i 1.5 wWwMÖ †_‡K 5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm| †m-†ÿ‡Î AYyRxe‡ì RxebPµ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o
e¨vnZ n‡e mv‡jvK-ms‡kølY cÖwµqv| Nwb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i c„w_exi gvbyl I cÖvwYKz‡ji Rb¨ gnvwec`|
cÖK…wZi wb‡Ri ¯^v¯’¨ I ¯^w¯Íi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v wPšÍv bv K‡i gvbyl †Kej wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖK…wZ‡K Rq
I eënvi Ki‡Z hvIqvqB cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ AvR ûgwKi gy‡L| Gfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡j c„w_ex‡Z AwZe„wó,
Abve„wó, Liv, Zxeª Liv, giæKiY, DcK‚jxq AÂj Zwj‡q hvIqvmn bvbv cÖwZK‚jZv m„wó n‡e| c„w_exi
mvg‡b cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi †h ûgwK i‡q‡Q †m-e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q G iPbvq|
eûwbe©vPwb Ask
1. GKzk kZ‡Ki †k‡l mvMiZ‡ji D”PZv KZ wgUvi evo‡Z cv‡i?
K. `yB L. wZb
M. cuvP N. Qq
2. cÖK…wZi Ici bvbv ai‡bi Ô†Lv`KvwiÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−
i. cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó Kiv
ii. cÖK…wZi ¯^vfvweKZv bó Kiv
iii. cÖK…wZi mv‡_ êix AvPiY Kiv
170 mvwnZ¨ cvV

evsjv‡`‡ki DËivÂ‡ji K…lK‡ì gv_vq nvZ| KviY µgvMZ Livq gvV-NvU †d‡U †PŠwPi| el©v
†gŠmyg †kl n‡q G‡jI e„wói †Kv‡bv †`Lv †bB| dm‡ji gv‡VI wewPÎ me KxU-cZ‡½i AvµgY|
Avi K…lKiv gv‡V bvg‡jB cÖPÐ †iv‡` Zv‡ì Mv †hb Sj‡m hvevi Dcµg nq|
3. DÏxc‡K m„ó cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ `vqx n‡jv−
i. gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb K‡g hvIqv
ii. evZv‡m Kve©b WvB-A·vBW †e‡o hvIqv
iii. evqygÐ‡j I‡Rvb M¨vm K‡g hvIqv
4. DÏxc‡Ki m„ó cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq Kx?
K. Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi eënvi Kgv‡bv L. AcwiKwíZ wkívqb Kgv‡bv
M. wbwe©Pv‡i e„ÿ wbab bv Kiv N. c„w_exi DòZv Kgv‡bv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†gŠmywg dz‡ji Mvb †gvi K‡É Rv‡M bv‡Kv Avi
Pvwiw`‡K kywb nvnvKvi|
dz‡ji dmj †bB, †bB KviI K‡É Avi Mvb
ÿzavZ© fqvZ© `„wó cÖvYnxb me gyL ¤øvb|
gvwU Ai‡Yï cv‡b Pvq
†mLv‡b ÿwi‡Q †mœn cjø‡ei wbweo Qvqvq|
Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv! Rv‡Mv AvwR,
gg©‡i gg©‡i I‡V evwR
e„‡ÿi e‡ÿi ewýR¡vjv|
K. ÒwMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqvÓ− †Kvb MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q?
L. evqygÐ‡j I‡Rvb M¨vm AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb?
M. KweZvs‡ki e³‡e¨ ÒwMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqvÓ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ w`‡Ki †hŠw³KZv ÒwMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqvÓ cÖe‡Ü weÁvbm¤§Z Z_¨-DcvË w`‡q cÖgvY Kiv n‡q‡Q
− gšÍe¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
Kwcj`vm gygy©i †kl KvR
kIKZ Avjx
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
K_vmvwnwZ¨K kIKZ Avjx cwðge‡½i DËi w`bvRcy‡ii ivqM‡Ä 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 12B †deªæqvwi Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi evevi bvg †Lvi‡k` Avjx mi`vi Ges gv‡qi bvg †gvmv¤§Z mv‡jgv LvZzb| 1952 wLªóv‡ã wZwb
P‡j Av‡mb ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi w`bvRcy‡i| QvÎRxe‡bB ivRbxwZ‡Z hy³ n‡q c‡ob| Afve AbU‡bi
g‡a¨B Pvwj‡q hvb wb‡Ri †jLvcov| 1958 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv wel‡q GgG cvm
K‡ib| mvsevw`KZv, wkÿKZvmn wewfbœ ai‡bi †ckvq wZwb wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb RMbœv_ K‡j‡R
`xN©Kvj wkÿKZvi ci me©‡kl wZwb miKvwi msMxZ gnvwe`¨vj‡qi Aa¨ÿ wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| 2018
wLªóv‡ãi 25G Rvbyqvwi wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Rxeb‡K wbweofv‡e Ae‡jvKb Kiv Ges wewPÎ RxebcÖevn‡K wkíveqe cÖ`vb kIKZ Avjxi mvwnZ¨fvebvi
g~j cÖeYZv| b„ZË¡, BwZnvm I mgvRweÁv‡b Zvui we‡kl AvMÖn i‡q‡Q, hvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zvui iPbvq|
wZwb 1968 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹v‡i Ges 1990 wLªóv‡ã GKz‡k c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| kIKZ Avjxi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ôwc½j AvKvkÕ, ÔcÖ‡`v‡l cÖvK…ZRbÕ, ÔDË‡ii †ÿcÕ, Ô†jwjnvb mvaÕ cÖf…wZ|
evZvm DV‡j GLb UvO‡bi cvwb‡Z Kuvcb jv‡M bv| cvwb GLb A‡bK wb‡P| evwj †K‡U †K‡U fvwi axi
†¯ªv‡Z GLb kx‡Zi UvOb e‡q hvq| cvwbi Zjvq evwj wPKwgK K‡i, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI meyR ¸j¥ †¯ªv‡Zi
†fZ‡i fvwUi w`‡K gv_v †i‡L Gcvk Icvk †d‡i| PZzi `y-GKUv gvQ wZi wZi K‡i DRv‡b Qz‡U †M‡jI
Avevi fvwU‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| wKš‘ Kuv‡c bv cvwbi †¯ªvZ| GgbwK muv‡Kvi Ici w`‡q wPwb K‡ji fvix
AvL-eIqv UªvK¸‡jv hvevi mgqI bv| muv‡Kvi _vg¸‡jv ¸g ¸g kã K‡i I‡V, wKš‘ cvwbi †¯ªvZ †Zgwb
axi, †Zgwb kvšÍ| Avmgvb, Kv›ì Avi w`MšÍRy‡o †h kx‡Zi GKUv kvšÍ fve _vKevi K_v †mB fveUv
UvO‡bi †¯ªv‡Z AvRKvj me mgq aiv _v‡K|
Avi H kvšÍ b`xi av‡i e‡m _vKevi R‡b¨B wKbv †K Rv‡b Kwcj`vm fvwi Aviv‡g †iv‡ì w`‡K wcV †g‡j
w`‡q wS‡gv‡Z cv‡i| Zvi Pviw`‡K bvbv kã wKš‘ †m me Zvi Kv‡b †Xv‡K wK bv †evSv gykwKj| a‡iv, Kx
iKg Muv Muv wPrKvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z wPwb K‡ji UªvK¸‡jv QzU‡Q, dv‡g©i †fZ‡i we‡bv` wgw¯Íwi Lvb-`yB Uªv±i
Uªvqv‡ji Rb¨ Pvjy K‡i †i‡L‡Q−Zvi aK&& aK&& aK&& aK&& kã GKUvbv mKvj `ycyi ivZ a‡i µgvMZ n‡q
P‡j‡Q, b`xi Icv‡i Avevi †Kv_vq GK ivLvj mvivw`b a‡i GKUv ey‡bv myi euvwk‡Z evwR‡q hv‡”Q−G
meB Zvi Kv‡b XzKevi K_v| wKš‘ Kwcj`vm PzcPvc| gv_vUv WvB‡b-euv‡q Aí-¯^í `yj‡Q, Avi †m e‡m
i‡q‡Q †Zv e‡mB i‡q‡Q|
Iw`‡K QvMj Xz‡K hw` me&&wR †ÿZ ZQbQ K‡i, wK we›`v gvwSi eD †mvbvgyLx b‡Mb †nv‡ivi †evb wmjfxi
m‡½ SMov evavq wKsev b`xi Icv‡i †Lvjv Kv›`‡i Li‡Mvk Zvwo‡q wb‡q Av‡m †Kv‡bv wfb Muv‡qi KzKzi
Ges †mR‡b¨ hw` Gcv‡ii ev”Pviv †j †j nB nB K‡iI I‡V−Kwcj`vm bo‡e bv, †nj‡e bv, Kvb cvZ‡e
bv−KvD‡K GKUv K_v wR‡ÁmI Ki‡e bv|
Avm‡j Kwcj`vm ey‡ovi Kv‡Q meB GKUvi m‡½ Av‡iKUv †gjv‡bv e‡j g‡b nq| g‡b nq, GiKgB n‡q
Avm‡Q `ywbqvq| SMov e‡jv, SuvwU e‡jv, Rb¥ e‡jv, giY e‡jv−meB GKUvi m‡½ Av‡iKUv †gjv‡bv|
KZ †`Lj †m Rxe‡b| me wKQzB †kl ch©šÍ GKUv RvqMvq wM‡q wg‡j hvq| ivM ej, †ÿvf ej, Avevi
172 mvwnZ¨ cvV
nvwmLywk g‡bi fve ej, wKsev mvg‡b cÖKvÐ Kv›ì, wK Kv›`‡ii IciKvi Avmgvb, Avevi Zvi wb‡P
UvO‡bi †¯ªvZ−me wKQz, hv †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q, hv †kvbv hv‡”Q−meB GKUvi m‡½ Av‡iKUv †kl ch©šÍ
†gjv‡bv| Avm‡j, Zvi g‡b nq, msmv‡ii A‡bK †fZ‡i kvšÍ axi Ges wbiew”Qbœ GKUv †¯ªvZ Av‡Q|
me wKQzi Ici w`‡q H †¯ªvZ e‡q hvq| †mLv‡b Kuvcb †bB, D‡ËRbv †bB, wPrKvi †bB| me wKQz
†mLv‡b µgvMZ GKUvi m‡½ Av‡iKUv wg‡j hv‡”Q|
wVK GB ai‡bi GKUv Mv-Qvov cwiZ…ß fve AvRKvj Zv‡K cÖvqB †c‡q e‡m| Avi †mR‡b¨B kx‡Zi
†iv‡` wcV w`‡q fvwi Aviv‡g †m wS‡gv‡Z cv‡i| eqm †e‡o †M‡j m¤¢eZ gvby‡li GiKg GKUv Ae¯’v
G‡m hvq|
Z‡e me mgq H fveUv _v‡K bv|
Avi ZLbB cyi‡bv NUbv Qwei ci Qwe mvwR‡q wb‡q Av‡m †Pv‡Li mvg‡b| cykbv ci‡e wK Zzgyj bvP
Ry‡o‡Q †`‡Lv Kwcj`vm| Zvi Mjvq euvav gv›`j Kx iKg k~‡b¨ NyicvK Lv‡”Q, †g‡q‡ì Mjvq †Kgb
kvbv‡bv ¯î| Kwcj`vm †`L‡Z †`L‡Z wb‡Ri †hŠebKv‡j P‡j hvq| G‡Ki ci GK NUbv g‡b co‡Z
_v‡K Zvi| Avi H iKgfv‡e ¯§„wZ Zvi mvg‡b cyi‡bv cmiv Ly‡j em‡j †m fvwi my‡L Hme cyi‡bv NUbvi
g‡a¨ wePiY K‡i †d‡i|
GKevi †mB †h wK n‡jv, gnvR‡bi avb Lvgvi evwo †_‡KB wKlvb‡ì nv‡Z wewj‡q w`wj−g‡b Av‡Q †m
K_v?
Avi gvby‡qj cvw`ª‡K UvO‡bi cvwb‡Z av°v †g‡i †d‡j w`‡qwQwj? g‡b bvB?
PwK‡Z †m †`L‡Z cvq el©vq fiv UvO‡bi cvwb‡Z cvw`ª Zwj‡q †Mj| †Nvjv‡U cvwbi g‡a¨ Kv‡jv
Ry‡Zvmy× Zvi cv `yLvwb Ic‡i Drwÿß n‡Z †`Lv †Mj ¯úó K‡i| GKUz ciB gvby‡qj cvw`ª Avevi †f‡m
D‡VwQj| Avi †m wK Mvj! muvZiv‡Z muvZiv‡Z kvmvw”Qj, †`wLm †Zvi evc‡K eje, †`Le wePvi nq wK
bv|
†mB †Q‡j‡ejvi K_v| nvcb wQj hLb †m| †Zvi wZi Kx iKg wbLyuZ wbkvbvq wM‡q weuaZ, Kwcj`vm
g‡b bvB †m K_v?
nu¨v g‡b Av‡Q| Kwcj`vm gv_v `ywj‡q `ywj‡q wb‡R‡K †kvbvq−me g‡b Av‡Q|
†Kb g‡b _vK‡e bv| mvšÍv‡ji ev”Pv bv †m? †`L †Zv Li‡Mv‡ki †cQ‡b †K QzU‡Q Agb? ïK‡`‡ei e¨vUv
PZzi gvwS bvwK w`‡ev`v‡mi e¨vUv Kwcj`vm? Avi H †`L, Kwcj`v‡mi wkKvwi KzKzi Kx iKg Qz‡U hv‡”Q
wZi-LvIqv wkKv‡ii †cQ‡b| Kwcj`vm g‡bi †fZ‡i ¯úó †`L‡Z cvq Zvi Kv‡jv i‡Oi KzKziUv‡K−
†hUv Zvi wK‡kviKv‡ji m½x wQj me©ÿY| KzKziUv‡K †kl ch©šÍ ev‡N †Lj|
Kwcj`vm G‡KK w`b Avevi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q Mí duv‡`| `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq ey‡ov †_‡K †_‡K gv_v bvov‡”Q
Avi Szu‡K Szu‡K `yj‡Q| †Kvb MíUv Avi¤¢ Ki‡e †m? evn&& M‡íi wK Avi †kl Av‡Q−wb‡R‡KB †kvbvq
ey‡ov| a‡iv, †gjvi †mB NUbvUv−
†gjvi MíUvB nVvr gvSLvb †_‡K ïiæ n‡q hvq| †Kb †h †e‡Q †e‡Q †gjvi MíUvB ïiæ nq−†m GK
Avðh© e¨vcvi| Mí Avi¤¢ Ki‡jB †m †gjvi NUbvq P‡j Av‡m|
Kwcj`vm gygy©i †kl KvR 173
wKsev H avb KvUvi e¨vcviUvB a‡iv bv †Kb| Avwaqvi †RvZ`v‡ii gvSLv‡b c‡o †Mj muvIZvj ew¯ÍUv|
¸cxbv_ ûu nüv K‡i bv, WvB‡b-evu‡q ZvKvq bv| Iw`‡K †K GKRb Av¸‡bi KzÐjxi Ic‡i Av‡iK †evSv
bvov Pvwc‡q w`‡q †Mj| `vD `vD K‡i R¡‡j DVj Av¸b| Avi H Av¸‡bi Av‡jvq ¸cxbv‡_i Kcvj
PKPK Ki‡Z jvMj| wKš‘ †m kv`v Pzj fwZ© gv_vUv SzuwK‡q e‡m Av‡Q †Zv e‡mB Av‡Q|
muvIZvj‡ì ZLb wK gykwKj fv‡ev †`wL| gnvRb emZ Kievi RvqMv †`q, Avev‡ì Rwg †`q, wMiw¯Íi
KvR †`q−†mB gnvR‡bi wec‡ÿ †Kgb K‡i hvq| gnvRb †h me †`q| nüv, me †`q−wKš‘K †c‡Ui
fvZUv wK mviv eQi †`q, Auv? Kn goj, Kn †`, †`q †c‡Ui fvZUv? GB iK‡gi me ev`vbyev`| wKš‘K
hw` wf‡UgvwU †_‡K Zz‡j †`q Zvn‡j? GB iK‡gi me ZK©vZwK©| Iw`‡K ¸cxbv_ wKQzB e‡j bv| goj
n‡j †eva nq H Ae¯’vq wKQz ejv hvq bv|
wKš‘K ZLb fvwi Rvo †n goj| †`n `j`j K‡i Kuvc‡Q| `~‡i `~‡i hviv ùvwo‡qwQj Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K
†K †hb †PuwP‡q e‡j D‡VwQj−nvgiv gvnvR‡bi m‡½ bvB, Avwaqvi wKlv‡bi m‡½ nvgiv|
†K e‡jwQj K_vUv? g‡b †bB GLb| †m wb‡R n‡Z cv‡i, †gvnb wK¯‹z n‡Z cv‡i−wKsev PZzi gvwSI n‡Z
cv‡i| †jvKUv †h †K wVK g‡b †bB| wKš‘ K_vUv wVK g‡b Av‡Q|
Zvici?
Kwcj`vm Avi †LB ai‡Z cv‡i bv| wePvi mfvi †kl `„kÜv ¯§i‡Y Av‡m bv| eis nVvr avb KvUvi `„kÜv
g‡bi †fZ‡i †`L‡Z cvq †m| Kwcj`vm gv‡V †b‡g‡Q, cv‡ki †ÿ‡Z †gvnb wK¯‹zi eD Uwi-mviv Kv›`‡i
Avi GKUv gvbyl †`Lv hvq bv| avb Mv‡Qi †bvqv‡bv cvZvq, wk‡li Mv‡q, ZLbI iv‡Zi wng †duvUvq
†duvUvq R‡g Av‡Q| †iv‡ì Zvc Mv‡q jv‡M wK jv‡M bv Ggwb Kzqvkv|
H iKg Mí ej‡Z ej‡Z †ejv dzwi‡q hvq GK mgq| †iv‡ì Zvc K‡g Av‡m| Svcmv †PvL `ywU †g‡j
†m ZLb Avmgv‡bi a~mi iO †`‡L| GKevi b`xi fvwU †_‡K D‡V Avmv k•LwP‡ji WvKUvI ïb‡Z cvq|
evZv‡m ZLb kx‡Zi Kvgo| Zvi `ynv‡Zi AvOzj †Quov †Kv‡Ui †evZvg `ywU LyuR‡Z _v‡K|
Avi H mgqB Zvi †Pv‡L c‡o hvq| †`‡L KRb †jvK UvO‡bi DuPz cv‡o ùvwo‡q ew¯Íi w`‡K nvZ Zz‡j
Kx †hb †`Lv‡”Q| †jvK¸‡jv‡K †m wPb‡Z †Póv K‡i| ILv‡b GB mg‡q Kviv? Agb cwi®‹vi Rvgv-Kvco
civ−†K †jvKUv? A‡bKÿY a‡i †jvKUvi bov-Povi fw½Uv jÿ K‡i| jÿ Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB g‡b c‡o−
Kw`b Av‡MI †evanq I‡ì GBfv‡eB †`‡L‡Q †m| wVK GBfv‡eB ùvwo‡q ùvwo‡q ew¯Íi w`‡K nvZ Zz‡j
Kx †hb ejvewj KiwQj| †m GK mgq wPb‡Z cv‡i| cwi®‹vi Rvgv-Kvco civ †jvKUv g¨v‡bRvi gnvRb
Qvov Avi Ab¨ †KD n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Ggb mgq ILv‡b ùvwo‡q I‡ì wK KvR? GKevi g‡b nq Rwic
n‡”Q †eva nq| G‡KK mgq H iKg RwgRgvi gvcvgvwc P‡j| Iiv wK RwgRgv gvc‡Z G‡m‡Q? KB G
iKg †Kv‡bv Lei †Zv Zvi Kv‡b Av‡mwb|
GKUz ci Avi †`Lv hvq bv KvD‡K| †`L‡Z bv cvIqvq †KŠZ~njUvI Avi _v‡K bv| Kwcj`vm ZLb
Miæi cv‡ji N‡i †div NywÈi AvIqvR Kvb †c‡Z †kv‡b| dv‡g©i Miæ¸‡jvi Mjvq bZzb NywÈ euvav n‡q‡Q
wbðqB| AvRKvj †evanq Rqnwii †QvU †Q‡jUv dv‡g©i Miæ Pivq| Rqnwii Kx †hb n‡qwQj? Rqnwii
K_v ¯§iY Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i †m| Avi wVK H mgq Kv‡Q G‡m ùvovq mwjgDwÏb| G‡mB Wv‡K, eypv `v`v
evwoZ hv‡ev bvB?
174 mvwnZ¨ cvV
nu¨v hvgy, †m Rqnwii K_v ¯§iY Ki‡Z bv †c‡i mwjgDwÏ‡bi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`q| †Quvov †Kv‡Ì‡K
Avm‡Q †mB K_v wR‡Ám Ki‡Z Ki‡Z D‡V ùvovq|
mwjgDwÏb ZLb Kzwkqvi †ÿ‡Z AvR Kx KvÐUv N‡U‡Q †mB NUbvi eY©bv Avi¤¢ K‡i Ges H Avi‡¤¢i
gy‡LB †m Rvwb‡q †`q−eypv `v`v Zzgvi ew¯ÍUv Avi GB‡V _vK‡e bvB, BeQi GB‡V av‡bi Avev` n‡e|
K_vUv †Kb †h e‡j †Quvov ey‡ov wVK ai‡Z cv‡i bv| wKsev GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h Zvi eY©bv‡ZB †evanq
cÖm½Uv _v‡K bv|
Kwcj`v‡mi nVvr †Lqvj nq †jvK¸‡jv‡K Avi †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| GLywb bv †`Lj! gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ †Kv_vq
D‡e †Mj A‡Zv¸‡jv gvbyl|
bvwK †m †`‡L wb! Zvi †Kewj gwZåg n‡Z _v‡K| Bw`‡K mwjgDwÏ‡bi †mB Lvgvievwoi NUbvUvi eY©bv
ZL‡bv dz‡ivqwb|
Avevi K_vUv bZzb K‡i ej‡Z n‡jv mwjgDwÏb‡K| ejj, Zzgvi emZUv Bevi DVvq w`‡e, GB‡V BeQi
UªvKUi Pwj‡e|
Kwcj`vm GeviI eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi wb‡Ri wnmve †g‡j bv| UªvKUi Rwg‡Z Pj‡e, ZvB P‡j G‡m‡Q
GZKvj| gvby‡li em‡Zi Dci w`‡q UªvKUi Pj‡Z hv‡e †Kb? B †Kgb K_v? †m AÜKv‡iB WvB‡b euv‡q
ZvKvq| e‡j, wVK ïwbwQm ZzB, Kn wVK ïwbwQm?
mwjgDwÏb Gevi mwZ¨B wei³ nq| e‡j, †gvi K_v wek¦vm bv nq Avi Kvnv‡Kv cy‡Q †`L| gyB Bevi
huvD, ZzB eypv gvbyl, †Zvi wKQz dg _v‡K bv|
K_vUv e‡jB nVvr †Quvov P‡j †Mj|
iv¯Ívq ùvwo‡q ùvwo‡q Kwcj`vm gv_v bvovq| Avi wb‡R‡K †kvbvq−bv, K¨v‡b cvjve| Zvi cv Avcbv
†_‡K evwoi c_ a‡i| †Kv_vq cvjv‡e †m| GK mgq Avevi nvwm cvq ey‡ovi, cvjvevi K_vUv Gj
†Kv‡Ì‡K? ZzB eypv gvbyl †n goj−wb‡R‡K ïwb‡q ïwb‡q ZLb †m e‡j, †Zvi wKQz dg _v‡K bv| Avi
H mgq UªvKU‡ii AvIqvRUv Zvi Kv‡b G‡m av°v gv‡i| Kx Kvi‡Y †h nVvr aKaK kã K‡i †R‡M DVj
NygšÍ UªvKUiUv Av›`vR Kiv gykwKj| we‡bv` wgw¯¿ G‡KKw`b GB iKg nVvr UªvKU‡ii GwÄb Pvwj‡q
†`q| UªvKUiUv †m †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡Z cvq †hb| wekvj wekvj `y‡Uv PvKv Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z gv‡Vi ey‡Ki
Ici w`‡q P‡j‡Q, †cQ‡bi aviv‡jv PvKwZ¸‡jv gvwU dvjv dvjv K‡i w`‡”Q, MÜ †eiæ‡”Q KvUv gvwUi
†fZi †_‡K| Hfv‡e UªvKUiUv P‡j Av‡m G‡Kev‡i `x‡bk wK¯‹zi evwoi mxgvbv ch©šÍ| ZviciB †ek
w`we¨ Ny‡i hvq| emZB n‡jv UªvKUi Pjv‡div Kivi †kl mxgvbv| nu¨v, K‡ji wRwbm H ch©šÍ Av‡m|
msmv‡ii mxgvbv ch©šÍB Zvi Avmevi ÿgZv, Zvici Avi cv‡i bv, GZKvj AšÍZ cv‡iwb| Avi GLb
†mB K‡ji wRwbm ûogyo K‡i Xz‡K co‡e `x‡bk wK¯‹zi D‡Vv‡b| N‡ii †`qv‡j †fuvZv bvK XzwK‡q D‡ëv
w`‡Ki †`qvj dzu‡o †eiæ‡e| `„kÜv‡K †m g‡bi †fZi †`L‡Z cvq| Avi ZvB †`‡L †m fqvbK Aw¯’iZv
†eva K‡i| B Kx K_v Auv? UªvKUi P‡j Avm‡e msmv‡ii ey‡Ki Ici?
Kwcj`vm ey‡ovi GLb g‡b co‡Z _v‡K| GB ew¯Í D‡V hvevi e¨vcviUv AvKw¯§K bq
G‡Kev‡iÑZvn‡jI, GB wK †kl ch©šÍ cwiYwZ? ew¯ÍUw¯Í D‡V hv‡e Avi UªvKUi Pj‡Z _vK‡e
Nievwo-wf‡UgvwUi Dci w`‡q| †Kv_vq GKUv †g‡qgvby‡li gv_v Mig K‡i gvZv‡ji w`‡K `v DuwP‡q
†Z‡o hvevi NUbv Avi †Kv_vq evwoNi msmvimy× †jvcvU K‡i †Ìqv| wK‡mi m‡½ wK‡mi Rov‡bv|
wKš‘ fv‡ev †Zv emZUv KZ cyi‡bv? g‡b Av‡Q †Zvi, nüv ev‡n go‡ji e¨vUv, †Zvi wK dg Av‡Q?
nüv nüv dg Av‡Q| wePvi e‡mwQj dv‡g©i Awdm N‡i| †K GKRb mv‡ne gvbyl ï‡avw”Qj| Avi †m DËi
w`w”Qj| K‡e †Kvb cÖvPxbKv‡j G‡mwQj GK`j gvbyl| †mB `‡ji goj wQj wk‡evbv_| wk‡evbv_ Avevi
¸wYb wQj| wKš‘K ¸wYb n‡jB wK me nq, Auv? nq KLbI? nq bv|
H ch©šÍ ejvi ci Avi ej‡Z cv‡iwb−gwn›ì ag‡K D‡VwQj| c‡i Rvwb‡qwQj, ZzB Avi nvgvi m‡½
Avwmm bv evc−†Zvi K_vi Kz‡bv wVK bvB| Kzb K_vZ ZzB Kzb K_v Kwnm eywSm bv|
nüv goj ZzB eypv gvbyl−ZzB wKQz Kwiev cvwim bv| H w`bB †K †hb e‡jwQj K_vUv| Kwcj`vm K_vUv
wb‡R‡K †kvbv‡jv Av‡iKevi−ZzB eypv gvbyl †n goj, †Zvi wKQz Kivi bvB| GKevi bq, Ny‡i Ny‡i K_vUv
†m e‡jB Pjj| Avi †_‡K †_‡K fvwi Mfxi `xN©k¦vm coj KqUv| Avi H `xN©k¦vm Zv‡K eva©‡Kï
AÿgZv ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡Z jvMj|
evwo wdi‡Z wdi‡Z Zvi †`wi n‡q hvq| ZZÿ‡Y VvÐvq cv `yLvwb Amvo n‡q D‡V‡Q| D‡Vv‡bi Av¸‡bi
Kv‡Q e‡m e‡m †m nvZ-cv †mu‡K wKQzÿY| gwn›`‡ii eD webœx _vjvq K‡i fvZ w`‡q hvq| Av¸‡bi Zv‡Z
ZZÿ‡Y Avivg jvM‡Q Kwcj`v‡mi| fv‡Zi cv‡k GK UzK‡iv †cvov gvsm †`L‡Z †c‡q †m Lywk nq|
bvwZ‡ì ï‡avq Kx wkKvi †c‡qwQj Zviv| gwn›`‡ii †Q‡j wkKv‡ii MíUv Avi¤¢ K‡i †evanq−wKš‘ Zvi
M‡íi w`‡K ey‡ov Avi g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
`v`v, eo R½j&Z bvwK evN _v‡K?
bvwZi cÖkœ ï‡b GKUz mRvM n‡Z nq ey‡ov‡K| wVK g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖvYbM‡ii R½‡j wK evN Av‡Q?
wKQzÿY wPšÍv K‡i †m| Zvici gv_v bvovq, bvB †i−ïK`vm, H‡V evNUvM bvB| wKš‘K wQj GK mgq|
bvwZiv Nb n‡q e‡m| Kwcj`vm fvZ LvIqvi K_v fz‡j hvq ZLb| †m Mí Avi¤¢ K‡i|
Mí gv‡b †Zv wb‡Ri K_v| muvIZvj wK‡kvi †Q‡ji †h e¨vcv‡i mePvB‡Z AvKl©Y †mUvB †m axi ¯^‡i
eY©bv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zvi Kv‡jv i‡Oi KzKziUvi K_v Av‡m| Zvi N‡i LyuR‡j wZ‡ii †PvOv `y‡Uv GL‡bv
cvIqv hv‡e−†mB †PvOvq evQv evQv wZi Rgv‡bv _vKZ| GKevi wZi w`‡q GKUv evN †Mu‡_ †d‡jwQj|
fvwM¨m †m ZL‡bv evN Kx wRwbm RvbZ bv| ebweovj †f‡e wbkvbv K‡i wZi †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q Avi Agwb
Kx WvK! fq †c‡q cwogwi K‡i Kx iKg †`Š‡owQj †mB NUbvUv †m e‡j Ges ejevi mgq †`Š‡oi
eY©bvUvB cÖavb n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| ey‡ov gvby‡li ¸b¸b ¸b¸b axi ¯^‡ii GK‡Nu‡qwg‡Z weiw³ jv‡M
ev”Pv‡ì| ïK`vm Aw¯’i n‡q Wv‡K, `v`v evNUvi Kx nBj?
I, nüv, evNUv| Kwcj`vm‡K GKUz †f‡e wb‡Z nq| wZi †L‡q weKU wPrKvi K‡i DVevi ci evNUvi †h
Kx n‡qwQj †Kv‡bvfv‡eB g‡b co‡Z Pvq bv| ZLb MíUv †m evbv‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| Zvi eY©bvq ZLb
†KŠZzK Av‡m| ev‡Ni j¨vR a‡i Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z wb‡q Avmevi e¨vcviUv †m iO Pwo‡q ej‡Z Pvq| wKš‘
evNUv †U‡b wb‡q Avmevi mgq wK iKg Kó nw”Qj †m K_vUvB Ny‡iwd‡i ej‡Z _v‡K †m|
kx‡Zi ivZ, ZZÿ‡Y meviB N‡i wM‡q †kvevi K_v| wKš‘ †KD ï‡Z hv‡”Q bv †mUv †m jÿ¨ K‡i| †`‡L,
BwZg‡a¨ gwn›ì, `xb`vm Ges Zv‡ì m‡½ m‡½ AviI K‡qKRb D‡Vv‡b G‡m ùvwo‡q‡Q| †evSv hv‡”Q
†Kv‡bv kjvcivgk© n‡”Q| wKš‘ welqUv †h Kx, wKQzB Abygvb Kiv hvq bv|
I nüv, evNUvi †hb Kx n‡qwQj? Kwcj`vm wK‡kvi `ywUi gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q Avevi j¨vR a‡i Uvbevi
cÖm‡½ wd‡i Av‡m| H iKg hLb †U‡b AvbwQj ZL‡bv wKš‘ evNUv †eu‡P wQj−nu¨v| Nv LvIqv evN wKš‘
fqsKi wRwbm|
GB ch©šÍ e‡j _vg‡Z nq| Nv LvIqv ev‡Ni fqsKiZv Kxfv‡e †evSv‡e †mR‡b¨ Zv‡K fve‡Z nq| Avi
H mgq gwn›ì‡ì Kv‡Q GKwU †jvK‡K Avm‡Z †`‡L †m M‡íi K_v fz‡j hvq| D‡V wM‡q ùvovq gwn›ì
Avi `xb`v‡mi Kv‡Q|
176 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wb‡Ri †Q‡j gwn›ì wei³ nq−e‡j, ZzB GLyb hv †Zv evev, eypv gvbyl ZzB Bm‡ei Kx eywSm!
Kwcj`vm ey‡ov Gevi mwZ¨B `‡g hvq| wb‡Ri Rb¥ †`qv †Q‡j hw` GB iKg K‡i e‡j, †Zv †m Kx
Ki‡e| Zv‡K wcwQ‡q Avm‡Z nq| n! goj ZzB †Zv eypv gvbyl, ZzB wKQz Kwiev cvwim bv| K_vUv
Ny‡iwd‡i †KD †hb Zvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q evievi K‡i ej‡Z _v‡K| †m wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvwK‡q †`Lv
Qvov Avi wKQzB Kivi †bB Zvi| ùvwo‡q ùvwo‡q †m gvby‡li RUjvUv †`‡L| ZZÿ‡Y RvqMvUv †ek
GKUzLvwb mgv‡ek g‡Zv n‡q D‡V‡Q| †`‡L, `xb`vm nvZ †b‡o †b‡o Kx e‡j P‡j‡Q| Zvici Avevi
gwn›ì Avi¤¢ Kij| Zvi K_v †kl n‡Z bv n‡ZB Iw`K †_‡K Avevi fvqv gvwS Avi¤¢ Kij|
fvwi axi †bvqv‡bv ¯î| kvšÍfv‡e civgk© n‡”Q †hb| ivM †bB| R¡vjv †bB| Kv‡iv `y‡PvL aKaK K‡i
R¡‡j DV‡Q bv, †KD wPrKvi K‡i MvjvMvj w`‡”Q bv| Kwcj`v‡mi fvwi AevK jv‡M †MvUv e¨vcviUv
†`‡L| AevK jv‡M, wKš‘ wKQz e‡j bv †m| eis wb‡R‡K mwi‡q Av‡b| K‡qK cv wcwQ‡q Av‡m †m| wKš‘
H K‡qK cv m‡i Avm‡Z A‡bKUv mgq †j‡M hvq Zvi| Kv‡bi Kv‡Q ZLbI †m ïb‡Q−ZzB eypv gvbyl
†n goj, †Zvi wKQzB Kivi bvB| †hLvb †_‡K D‡V G‡mwQj †mBLv‡b †m wd‡i hvq| ïayB h_v¯’v‡b wd‡i
hvIqv, ïayB †g‡b †bIqv−Zvi †KejB g‡b n‡Z _v‡K|
ev”Pviv †jvKmgvMg †`‡LB m¤¢eZ D‡V G‡m‡Q weQvbv †Q‡o| †g‡q-eDiv GLv‡b †mLv‡b BZ¯ÍZ ùvwo‡q|
ev”Pviv GKÎ n‡j hv nq−ZZÿ‡Y LybmywU, `vcv`vwc Ges nvmvnvwm GBme Avi¤¢ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| cv_‡ii Ici
N‡l N‡l Zx‡i kvb †Ìqv ZL‡bv n‡”Q| gwn›`‡ii †Q‡j WvKj, `v`v Zvici evNUvi Kx nBj?
I, †mB Mí| Kwcj`v‡mi g‡b c‡o GKUz Av‡M wkKv‡ii Mí ej‡Z ej‡Z †m D‡V wM‡qwQj| ZLb
Av¸‡bi Av‡jv wK‡kvi gy‡Li Ici PgKv‡”Q, †K GKRb KwÂ w`‡q Av¸bUv Av‡iKUzLvwb Dm&‡K w`j|
Avi H NUbvi Kvi‡YB wK bv †K Rv‡b, Kwcj`vm MíUv Avevi Avi¤¢ K‡i w`j| nu¨v, evNUvi j¨vR a‡i
Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z AvmwQj †m| fvix IRb nq ev‡Ni| Avi evNUv Iw`‡K ZLbI wKš‘ g‡iwb| bvn&&, evNUv
†evanq g‡iB wM‡qwQj| nVvr Zvi g‡b c‡o|
Kwcj`vm mr n‡q DV‡Z Pvq ev”Pv‡ì Kv‡Q| Mí evbv‡bv ev` †`q| Zvi ¯úó g‡b c‡o ZLb| evNUvi
Mv‡q weKU MÜ wQj, wZiUv wVK ey‡Ki gvSLv‡b wM‡q †Mu‡_wQj, G‡Kev‡i Gw`K †_‡K Iw`K †ewi‡q
wM‡qwQj| i³ ZLbI †eiæw”Qj MjMj K‡i| Avi H mgq, we‡Kj †ejvq, cÖvYbM‡ii R½‡ji av‡i
GKUv †jvK wQj bv Pviw`‡K †Kv_vI| †m wPrKvi K‡i evev‡K WvKwQj, eÜz‡ì WvKwQj| Avi wVK ZLb
nVvr Zvi cv‡ki †Suvc †_‡K wK GKUv Rv‡bvqvi jvd w`‡q †ewi‡qB euv‡q QzU‡Z ïiæ K‡i w`j| H
Rv‡bvqviUv †`‡LB †m−
G ch©šÍ e‡jB †m _v‡g| wb‡Ri `ye©jZv cÖKvk n‡q hv‡e e‡j BZ¯ÍZ K‡i| Avnv †Kgb K‡i ej‡e †h
†kqvj †`‡L †m fqvbK fq †c‡q cvwj‡qwQj|
Zvici, Zvici Kx nBj? ev”Pviv mg¯^‡i wR‡Ám Ki‡j †m nVvr †n‡m I‡V|
Kwcj`vm ZLb wb‡Ri Avjv`v Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avi Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zx‡i kvb †èvi mgq Kx iKg K‡i
cv_‡ii Ici Nl‡Z nq−ZvB †`Lvq| GKR‡bi nvZ †_‡K euvwkUv †U‡b wb‡q dzu w`‡q GKUv eû cyi‡bv
myi evRvq| Kx evRv‡jv Auv, Kx evRv‡jv `v`v? cÖkœ n‡j †m fvOv fvOv Mjvq MvbUv Mvq−
dwKi ey‡j XzjyK ev‡R
fvjyK bv‡P Svg,
nvBqv‡i nvjgvj KB †Mjy †iÑGÑG|
MvbwU ï‡b ev”PvivI MvB‡Z ïiæ K‡i †`q|
ey‡ovi fxgiwZ n‡q‡Q †f‡e †g‡qiv †KD †KD g‡bv‡hvM †`q ev”Pv‡ì RUjvi w`‡K| eoiv †hLv‡b mfv
ewm‡q‡Q †mLvb †_‡KI †K GKRb wPrKvi K‡i †Mvjgvj eÜ Ki‡Z e‡j| wKš‘ ev”Pv‡ì _vgv‡e †K?
gwn›`‡ii †Q‡j aby‡Ki R‡b¨ euv‡ki wQjv ˆZwi‡Z e¨¯Í wQj| Kwcj`vm Zvi nvZ †_‡K †K‡o wb‡jv
abyKUv| ejj, †`L, †Kgb K‡i wQjv civ‡Z nq aby‡K|
ev”Pviv ZLb wN‡i ùvovq ey‡ovi Pviw`‡K| Kwcj`vm nuvUz †f‡O aby‡Ki GK gv_v a‡i Sz‡j c‡o abyKUv
†bvqvq| Zvici euv nv‡Z wQjvi duvmUv aby‡Ki gv_vq †XvKv‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ cÖ_gev‡iB cv‡i bv|
Wvb nvZUv Zvi fxlYfv‡e Kuvc‡Z _v‡K| ev”Pviv ey‡ovi KvÐ †`‡L mg¯^‡i e‡j, cvie bvB `v`v−ZzB
cvie bvB| wKš‘ cv‡i †m| H Kuvcv Kuvcv nv‡ZB †m wQjv cwi‡q †`q ayb‡Ki| Zvici D‡V ùvwo‡q wQjv
†U‡b aby‡Ki GKUv U¼vi †Zv‡j| fvwi my›ì UvbUvb AvIqvR nq Zv‡Z| GiciI ey‡ov _v‡g bv| GKUv
kvbv‡bv wZi †bq nv‡Z Ges wZiUv aby‡Ki wQjvq ewm‡q ZvK K‡i| mvg‡bi w`‡K GKevi, GKevi WvB‡b,
GKevi euv‡q| ey‡ov fq †`wL‡q g¯‹iv K‡i †hb| ev”Pviv Zv‡Z nB nB K‡i I‡V| Avi H iKg nB nB
ï‡bB m¤¢eZ Kwcj`vm wZiUv `y AvOz‡ji duv‡K †P‡c wQjv a‡i Uv‡b| †U‡b aby‡Ki wbkvbv K‡i AÜKv‡ii
w`‡K| gwn›`‡ii †Q‡j e‡j I‡V, `v`v wZiUv Qz‡U hv‡e, `v`v †gvi wZiUv Qz‡U hv‡e| wKš‘ Kwcj`vm bvwZi
wgbwZ ïb‡Z cvq wK bv †evSv hvq bv| †m mwZ¨ mwZ¨ wZiUv †Q‡o †`q| Avi evZvm KvUv kã K‡i wZiUv
AÜKv‡ii w`‡K Qz‡U hvq|
Pviw`‡K gvby‡li emZ| †g‡qiv ey‡oviv KvÐ jÿ K‡i nüv nüv K‡i I‡V| mfvi gvbyl‡ì ga¨ †_‡KI
K‡qKRb GwM‡q Av‡m| wKš‘ ZZÿ‡Y ey‡ov Kwcj`vm Avi GKUv wZi nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q| mevB hLb
wb‡la Ki‡Q ZLb †m wØZxq wZiUvI mvg‡bi AÜKv‡ii w`‡K wbkvbv K‡i Qz‡o w`‡q‡Q| Ges H KvÐ N‡U
hvIqvq e¨vcviUv Avi †Q‡jgvbywl Zvgvmvi ch©v‡q _v‡K bv| `~i †_‡K gwn›ì wPrKvi K‡i I‡V, wewbœ
MvjvMvj Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| wKš‘ ey‡ov ZLb nvm‡Q †Kgb †`‡Lv, †hb †m wK‡kviKv‡j wd‡i wM‡q‡Q| Rxe‡b
cÖ_g wbkvbv †f` Kivi †h Lywk−†mB Lywk †c‡q e‡m‡Q Zv‡K| †m kvb †`qv AviI GKLvbv wZi nv‡Z Zz‡j
wb‡q‡Q ZLb| Iw`‡K †cQb †_‡K `xb`vm wPrKvi K‡i ej‡Q−ai eypvUv‡K, a‡i Kv‡p †j †abyKLvbÑ†mB
wPrKvi ey‡ovi Kv‡b †cŠuQvq bv| †KD †cQ‡b Zv‡K ai‡Z Avm‡Q wKbv †mw`‡K åƒ‡ÿc bv K‡i Kwcj`vm
ey‡ov `ynv‡Z wZi-abyK wb‡q mvg‡bi AÜKv‡ii w`‡K Pj‡Z _v‡K| weg~p gvbylR‡bi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b w`‡qB
†m Abvqv‡m AÜKvi, MvQcvjv, ˆK‡kvi Ges Avw`g Djøv‡mi g‡a¨ P‡j hvq| Avi †mLvb †_‡K †m Zvi
Z…Zxq wZiUv mwVK wbkvbvq Qzoevi R‡b¨ ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| [ms‡ÿwcZ I cwigvwR©Z]
kãv_© I UxKv
gygy© − muvIZvj †MvÎwe‡kl| gygy© k‡ãi A_© bxj Mvwf; hv GB †Mv‡Îi †MvÎ-wPý Z_v
†Uv‡Ug| Kw_Z Av‡Q GKevi GK AiY¨f‚wg‡Z wKQz †jvK KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
cwikÖvšÍ n‡q Mv‡Qi wb‡P wekÖvg wbw”Qj| GKmgq Zv‡ì m`©vi Nywg‡q coj| †mB
e‡b wQj GKwU wns¯ª bxj Mvwf | MvwfwU G‡m cv‡qi Pvcv w`‡q m`©vi‡K †g‡i
†djj| Nyg †_‡K D‡V †jv‡Kiv ZLb MvwfwU‡K nZ¨v Kij| †mB †_‡K g„Z e¨w³i
†Mv‡Îi bvg ev c`we n‡jv gygy©| GB †Mv‡Îi GKvwaK Dc‡MvÎI i‡q‡Q|
178 mvwnZ¨ cvV
UvOb − cvnvwo Rjvaviwe‡kl| G M‡í VvKziMvuI kn‡ii cvk w`‡q e‡q hvIqv UvOb b`x
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Kv›ì − LvZ ev wbPz ¯’vb| mvaviYZ Lv‡ji Askwe‡kl|
cykbv cie − we‡kl cy‡Rvi Av‡qvRb| †cŠl-msµvwšÍ‡Z GB cy‡Rv Dcj‡ÿ Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb
Kiv nq|
nvcb − evjK|
gv›`j − gv`j; GK ai‡bi Zvjev`¨|
cmiv − cY¨m¤¢vi; weµ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ`wk©Z `ªe¨|
fuvU − GK ai‡bi ey‡bv dzjwe‡kl|
bvMi‡`vjv − Ici †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K Nyi‡Z cv‡i Ggb cvj&wKi g‡Zv| G‡Z †QvU †QvU †Lvc
_v‡K| Zv‡Z gvbyl e‡m Avi GB †Lvç‡jv‡K h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wKsev nvZ w`‡q
†U‡b Ici †_‡K wb‡P Nywi‡q Av‡b|
Rvo − kxZ, VvÛv|
Avwaqvi − eM©v`vi| hviv GKwU wbw`©ó k‡Z© A‡bï gvwjKvbvaxb Rwg‡Z nvj Pvl K‡i Ges
Drcvw`Z dm‡ji Ask kZ© †gvZv‡eK gvwjK‡K cÖ`vb K‡i|
†RvZ`vi − weªwUk kvmbvg‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖ_vi m~Î a‡i K…lK‡ì Rwgi gvwjKvbv P‡j
hvq Rwg`vi‡ì nv‡Z| G mgq Rwg`vi I K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ GK ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx
†RvZ`vi †kÖwYi D™¢e N‡U| Giv Rwg`vi‡ì KvQ †_‡K Rwg cËwb ev BRviv
wbZ| GivB Rwgi Pvl Z`viwK Ges LvRbv Av`v‡qi KvR KiZ| d‡j Drcv`‡bi
m¤ú~Y© LiP K…lK enb Ki‡jI dm‡ji A‡a©K P‡j †hZ †RvZ`v‡ii nv‡Z|
wMiw¯Í − M„n¯’ KvR|
goj − †gvoj| †Mvôx cÖavb| †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³|
NywÈ − NÈvwe‡kl| Mevw`cïi Mjvq civ‡bv nq Ggb †QvU NÈv|
Kzwkqvi †ÿZ − AvL †ÿZ|
cy‡Q †`L − wR‡Ám K‡i †`L|
dg _vKv − ¯§iY _vKv| g‡b _vKv|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Av‡jvP¨ MíwU kIKZ Avjxi Ô†jwjnvb mvaÕ (1977) MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kwcj`vm gygy©
GK e„× muvIZvj| f‚wgi AwaKvi wb‡q muvIZvj‡ì i‡q‡Q i‡³ iwÄZ †MŠi‡ev¾¡j HwZn¨| f~wg Zv‡ì
Aw¯Í‡Z¡iB Aci bvg| ZvB wb‡R‡ì emZevwU †_‡K Db¥~wjZ nevi Avk¼v hLb ZxeªZi iƒc aviY K‡i
ZLb eq‡mi fv‡i wSwg‡q cov, Ab¨ mevi Kv‡Q wbZvšÍB AcÖ‡qvRbxq gvbyl Kwcj`vm AwgZ mvn‡m
DÏxwcZ n‡q I‡V| Rxe‡bi †kl KvR wn‡m‡e †kl jovBUv joevi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K †m mg‡qi nv‡Z Zz‡j
†`q| ZiæY‡ì fq wØav‡K Ag~jK cÖgvwYZ K‡i GKvB †m AvZ¥Z¨vMx msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o| gvwUi
KvQvKvwQ _vKv GK cÖex‡Yi GB Awbt‡kl msMÖvgkxjZvi bv›`wbK iƒcvqY N‡U‡Q GB M‡í|
mgMÖ MíRy‡oB †jLK ¯’wei `kvq AvµvšÍ Kwcj`v‡mi AZx‡Zi ¯§„wZK_v, exiZ¡Mv_v− hvi KZKUv
mZ¨ KZKUv Kíbv− Gme cÖm½ wb‡q Av‡mb| Avi †mBm‡½ Kwcj`v‡mi cÖwZ Ab¨‡ì `„wófw½I Zz‡j
a‡ib; hvi g~j myi n‡jv : Ônv goj ZzB eypv gvbyl− ZzB wKQz Kwiev cvwim bv|Õ Giƒc wPšÍvi wecÖZx‡c
Aew¯’Z †Kej wkïiv| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Kwcj`vm Ges Zvi Mí− `y‡qiB we‡kl AvKl©Y I ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
GB Drmvn Kwcj`vm‡K bZzb †PZbvq DØy× K‡i| †m Zvi eqm‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq; A‡bKUv †Ljvi
Q‡jB Roer Kwcj`vm AvKw¯§Kfv‡e MwZcÖvß nq| Zvi nv‡Z D‡V Av‡m wZi-abyK| G‡Ki ci GK
wZi Zvi nvZ †_‡K Qz‡U †h‡Z _v‡K kÎæ‡K jÿ K‡i| Kwcj`vm wb‡R †Kej GKwU PwiÎ _v‡K bv; n‡q
I‡V RvwZmËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi msMÖv‡gi GK Avcmnxb †hv×v| Kwcj`v‡mi AvkÖ‡q †jLK Avgv‡ì
Rvwb‡q hvb jovB‡qi †Kv‡bv eqm †bB| Db¥~wjZcÖvq gvbyl¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQzi c‡ivqv bv K‡iB Zv‡ì
hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡e GB Avkvev‡ì †`¨vZbv RvwM‡q MíKvi iPbvwU mgvß K‡ib| muvIZvwj K_bfw½, kã
†hvRbv Ges h‡_vchy³ †cÖÿvcU m„Rb GB iPbvi wkímvdj¨‡K eû¸Y ewa©Z K‡i‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Òai eypvUv‡K, a‡i Kv‡p †j †abyKLvbÓ−Kvi Dw³?
K. `xb`v‡mi L. gwn›`‡ii
M. mwjgDwÏ‡bi N. we‡bv` wgw¯¿i
2. ÒIw`‡K †Mvcxbv_ wKQzB e‡j bvÓ−Gi KviY n‡jv †Mvcxbv‡_i-
i. ¯^v_©ciZv
ii. KvcyiælZv
iii. ¯^vRvZ¨‡evanxbZv
gvngy`v bv‡gi GK Amnvq weaev eû eQi a‡i miKvwi Lvm Rwg‡Z emevm K‡i Avm‡Qb| f~wgnxbZv
m~‡Î gvngy`v I Ab¨vbïv miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K Lvm Rwg e‡›`ve¯Í wb‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx
grm¨ †Ni gvwj‡Kiv IB Rwg Zv‡ì bv‡g e‡›`ve¯Í wb‡q bZzb grm¨ †Ni evbv‡Z Pvb| Ônq Rwg bq
RxebÕ− GB cÖZ¨q ey‡K wb‡q gvngy`viv Gi weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb|
180 mvwnZ¨ cvV
3. DÏxc‡Ki gvngy`v Kwcj`vm gyg©yi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© nIqvi KviY, Zvi−

i. mvnwmKZv
ii. msMÖvgkxjZv
iii. AwaKvi m‡PZbZv
4. mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwUi P~ovšÍ iƒc ÒKwcj`vm gyg©yi †kl KvRÓ M‡í †Kvb ev‡Kï ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q?
K. meB GKUvi m‡½ Av‡iKUv †kl ch©šÍ †gjv‡bv
L. g¨vby‡qj cvw`ª‡K UvO‡bi R‡j av°v †g‡i †d‡j w`‡qwQj
M. gnvR‡bi avb Lvgvi evwo †_‡KB wKlvb‡ì wewj‡q w`wj
N. ey‡ov `y-nv‡Z wZi-abyK wb‡q mvg‡bi AÜKv‡ii w`‡K Pj‡Z _v‡K
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi ci †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx G‡`kevmxi Ici mvgvwRK,
mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, ag©xq BZ¨vw` bvbv w`K †_‡K †kvlY-eÂbv Pvwj‡q AvmwQj|
1970-Gi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…Z¡vaxb AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk Rq jvf
Ki‡jI evOvwj‡ì nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z Zv‡ì wewfbœ Uvjevnvbv G‡`kevmx‡K msÿzä K‡i
†Zv‡j| ZLb ÔRq evsjvÕ, Ôexi evOvwj A¯¿ ai, evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb KiÕ, Ô†Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv, cÙv
†gNbv hgybvÕ †¯øvMv‡b kni-e›ì-MÖvg Av‡›`vwjZ nq|
K. gyg©y Kx?
L. Kwcj`vm ey‡ovi Kv‡Q meB GKUvi mv‡_ Av‡iKUv †gjv‡bv e‡j g‡b nq−†Kb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki †`kevmxi mv‡_ Kwcj`vm gyg©yi †PZbvMZ mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Kwcj`vm gyg©yi AZxZ I eZ©gvb Zuv‡K DÏxc‡Ki †`kevmxi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ùvo Kwi‡q †`q| −
gšÍe¨wUi h_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|
Rv`yN‡i †Kb hve
Avwbmy¾vgvb
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Avwbmy¾vgvb evsjv‡`‡ki e‡iY¨ eyw×Rxex, M‡elK, cÖvewÜK I gb¯^x Aa¨vcK|| Zuvi Rb¥ 1937 wLªóv‡ãi
18B †deªæqvwi KjKvZvq| wcZv Wv. G.wU.Gg. †gvqv¾g I gvZv ˆmq`v LvZzb| wZwb 1951 mv‡j XvKvi
wcÖqbv_ ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv Ges 1953 mv‡j RMbœv_ K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvm K‡ib | XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K wZwb evsjvq ¯œvZK m¤§vb, ¯œvZ‡KvËi I wcGBPwW wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb D”PZi wkÿv jvf
K‡i‡Qb wkKv‡Mv I jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K| wZwb `xN©Kvj PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q
Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi B‡gwiUvm Aa¨vcK|
Avwbmy¾vgvb D”Pgv‡bi M‡elYv I mvejxj M`¨ iPbvi R‡b¨ L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’
n‡jv : Ôgymwjg gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨Õ, Ôgymwjg evsjvi mvgwqK cÎÕ, Ô¯î~‡ci mÜv‡bÕ, ÔAvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki
wPwVÕ, Ôcy‡iv‡bv evsjv M`¨Õ, ÔevOvwj bvix : mvwn‡Z¨ I mgv‡RÕ, ÔevOvwj ms¯‹„wZ I Ab¨vb¨Õ, ÔBnRvMwZKZv
I Ab¨vb¨Õ, Ôms¯‹…wZ I ms¯‹…wZ mvaKÕ, Ô†Pbv gvby‡li gyLÕ, ÔAvgvi GKvËiÕ, ÔKvj wbiewaÕ, Ôwecyjv c„w_exÕ
BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨ I M‡elYvq K…wZ‡Z¡i R‡b¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`K, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‹vi, KjKvZvi iex›`ªfviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv¤§vwbK wWwjU Ges fviZ miKv‡ii cÙf~lYmn eû cyi¯‹vi
I m¤§vbbvq f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
cvðvZ¨‡`‡k Rv`yNiZË¡−wgDwRIjwR, wgDwRIMÖvwd ev wgDwRqvg ÷vwWR−GKUv ¯^Zš¿ we`¨vqZwbK welq

ev k„•Ljv wn‡m‡e weKwkZ| Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq bvwK c„w_exi cÖ_g Rv`yNi ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq
kZvãx‡Z ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q−wVK wbw`©ó K‡i ej‡Z cviwQ bv, Avwg ZLb Dcw¯’Z wQjvg bvÑwKš‘ GUzKz
wØavnxbfv‡e ejv hvq †h, †m mg‡q Rv`yNiZË¡w¡ e`&‡& ì †KD Zvi av‡i-Kv‡Q wQ‡jb bv| Kx †cÖiYv †_‡K
we‡klÁ bv n‡qI GKRb gvbyl Ggb GKUv KvR K‡iwQ‡jb Ges `k©bv_x©ivB ev †mLv‡b †Kvb cÖZ¨vkv wb‡q
†h‡Zb, Zv AvR fveevi welq| c„w_exi GB cÖ_g Rv`yN‡i wQj wb`k©b-msMÖnkvjv I MÖšv’ Mvi, wQj
Dw™¢`D`¨vb I Db¥y³ wPwoqvLvbv, Z‡e GUv bvwK wQj gyL¨Z `k©b-PP©vi †K›`ª| G †_‡K Avgv‡ì g‡b `ywU
aviYv R‡b¥ : Rv`yNi M‡o D‡VwQj cÖwZôvZvi iæwPgvwdK, Avi Zvi `k©‡Kiv †mLv‡b †h‡Zb wb‡Ri wb‡Ri
AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx we‡kl we‡kl As‡k, nqZ †KD †KD Ny‡i wd‡i me©‡ÿ‡ÎB Dcw¯’Z n‡Zb|
Kvjµ‡g cÖvPxb wRwbmcÎ m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn evowQj Ges m¤úbœ e¨w³ ev cwiev‡ii D`&‡& hv‡M Zv msM„nxZ n‡q
Rv`yNi Movi wfwË iPbv KiwQj| cÖvP¨‡`‡kI Ggb msMÖ‡ni K_v Awew`Z wQj bv, Z‡e BD‡ivcxq
†i‡bmuv‡mi c‡i cvðvZ¨‡`‡k G ai‡bi cÖqvm A‡bK e„w× cvq| G iKg e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiK Rv`yN‡i
KL‡bv KL‡bv RbmvaviY mvgvb¨ cÖ‡ekg~j¨ w`‡q XzK‡Z cviZ e‡U, Z‡e AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zv mK‡ji
R‡b¨ †Lvjv _vKZ bv| ivR-ivRoviv ev mvgšÍ cÖfiz v †hme msMÖnkvjv M‡o Zzj‡Zb, Zv‡Z _vK‡Zv IBme
gnvk‡qi kw³, m¤ú` I †MŠi‡ei †NvlYv| †lvj kZ‡Ki Av‡M †hŠ_ wKsev bvMwiK ms¯’vi D`&‡& hv‡M Rv`yNi
wbg©v‡Yi †Póv nqwb| bewbwg©Z Gme Rv`yNiB Rbmvavi‡Yi R‡b¨ AevwiZ nq MYZ‡š¿i weKv‡ki d‡j
wKsev wecø‡ei mvd‡j¨| divwm wecø‡ei c‡i cÖRvZš¿B m„wó K‡i jy¨f, D‡b¥vwPZ nq †fm©vB cÖvmv‡ì Øvi|
iæk wecø‡ei c‡i †jwbbMÖv‡ì ivRcÖvmv‡` M‡o I‡V nvwg©wZ‡q| UvIqvi Ad jÛ‡bi g‡Zv HwZnvwmK
cÖvmv` Ges Zvi msMÖn †h me©R‡bi PÿzMvÖ n¨ n‡jv, Zv wecø‡ei bv n‡jI µgea©gvb MYZš¿vq‡Yi d‡j|
182 mvwnZ¨ cvV
e¨w³MZ msMÖ‡ni AwaKvixivI GKmg‡q Zv Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Db¥y³ Kivi †cÖiYv †eva K‡ib Ges KL‡bv
KL‡bv Gme e¨w³MZ msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡fvi ivóª MÖnY K‡i Zv mK‡ji †MvPixf~Z Kivi eë¯’v K‡i| m‡Z‡iv
kZ‡K weª‡U‡bi cÖ_g cvewjK wgDwRqg M‡o I‡V A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q−GLvbKvi A¨vk‡gvwjqvb
wgDwRq‡gi m„wó nq wcZvcyÎ `yB Uª¨v‡Wmv›U Ges A¨vk‡gvj−GB wZbR‡bi msMÖn w`‡q| AvVv‡iv kZ‡K
ivóªxq cÖ‡Póvq cÖwZwôZ nq weªwUk wgDwRqg, Z‡e Zvi wfwËI wQj Aci wZbR‡bi msMÖn−m¨vi n¨vbm
†¯øvb, m¨vi ievU© KUb I Avj© Ad A·‡dvW© ievU© nvwj©i| Gme K_v D‡jøL Kivi GKgvÎ KviY GB †h,
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges Zvi cwieZ©b †h Rv`yN‡ii iƒc‡K eo iKg cÖfvevwš^Z K‡i, †m-welqUv
Zz‡j aiv| Rv`yN‡i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi bv †c‡j wKsev bvMwiK‡ì R‡b¨ Rv`yNi M‡o bv DV‡j †mLv‡b hvIqvi
cÖkBœ DVZ bv,−†Kb hve †m wPšÍv †Zv A‡bK `~‡ii welq| GB cÖm‡½ AviI GKUv K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i;
cywu Rev‡ì mg„w× Ges weÁvb I cÖhwy ³i weKv‡ki d‡j Dwbk kZ‡K Rv`yN‡ii msL¨ve„w× N‡U, mv¤ªvRëv`x
kw³¸‡jvI Zv‡ì Dcwb‡e‡k Rv`yNi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Zgwb GKw`‡K wk‡ívbœwZ Ges Ab¨w`‡K
Dcwb‡ekev‡ì Aemv‡bi d‡j wek kZ‡K Rv`yNi-¯’vcbvi KvRwU `ªæZ GwM‡q hvq, m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`k¸‡jvI
AvZ¥cwiPq`v‡bi †cÖiYvq bZzb bZzb Rv`yNi cÖwZôvq cÖeË „ nq|
GB cÖm‡½ Avgv‡ì Avevi wd‡i Avm‡Z n‡e, Zvi Av‡M Avi `ywU K_v ewj| GKv‡j Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi
g‡Zv †gjv‡bv-†gkv‡bv Rv`yN‡ii me‡P‡q eo `„óvšÍ †eva nq weªwUk wgDwRqg| †mLv‡b e„nr cÖZœZvwË¡K
I HwZnvwmK msMÖnkvjvi m‡½ i‡q‡Q wekvj MÖš’vMvi; ¯^Zš¿fv‡e i‡q‡Q Dw™¢`weÁvb I Rxewe`¨vi
Rv`yNi; i‡q‡Q bvbv wel‡q A¯’vqx cÖ`k©bx I e³…Zvi eë¯’v| Avi Gm‡ei R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡q‡Q
cÖvmv‡`vcg AÆvwjKvi| Af¨vMZ‡ì g‡a¨ whwb †hLv‡b †h‡Z Pvb, hv †`L‡Z Pvb I Rvb‡Z Rvb, wZwb
Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e GLbKvi cÖeYZv n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi wb`k©‡bi †_‡K gvbem„ó wb`k©b Avjv`v
K‡i ivLv, Avi we‡kl we‡kl †ÿÎ wb‡q †QvU-eo Rv`yNi M‡o †Zvjv| MZ wÎk eQ‡i weª‡U‡b Rv`yN‡ii
msL¨v wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q, hwÌ weªwUk wgDwRq‡gi mgZzj¨ wØZxq †Kv‡bv Rv`yNi †m †`‡k ˆZwi nqwb|
Rv`yN‡ii êwPÎ¨ AvR LyeB †Pv‡L c‡o−†m êwPÎ¨ GKw`‡K †hgb msMÖ‡ni welqMZ, †Zgwb MVbMZ
Ges Ab¨w`‡K cÖkvmbMZ| AvR wfbœwfbœ wel‡qi Rv`yNi M‡o †Zvjvi †PóvB cÖej : cÖZœZË¡ I BwZnvm,
gvbeweKvk I b„ZË¡, weÁvb I cÖhyw³, ¯’vbxq BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ, mvgwiK BwZnvm, cwienY eë¯’v,
wegvbhvÎv, gnvKvk ågY, cwi‡ek, K…wl, Dw™¢`weÁvb, RxeZË¡, wkíKjv−ZviI Avevi bvbvb
wefvM-DcwefvM| †Kv‡bv e¨w³we‡k‡li Rxeb I mvabv m¤úwK©Z Rv`yNi eû †`‡k eû Kvj a‡i cÖwZwôZ
n‡q Avm‡Q| grm¨vavi I bÿÎkvjvI GLb Rv`yNi e‡j we‡ewPZ| Rv`yNi ej‡Z AvR Avi weªwUk
wgDwRqg, jy¨f ev nvwg©wZ‡qi g‡Zv wekvj cÖvmv` †evSvq bv| Db¥y³ Rv`yNi wRwbmUv GLb LyeB cÖPwjZ|
GgbwK, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MÖš’vMvi fe‡bi GKvs‡k Aew¯’Z n‡jI Rv`yN‡ii MyiæZ¡ n«vm cvq bv| cÖkvm‡bi
w`K w`‡q ¯^Zš¿ †kÖwYi Rv`yN‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q RvZxq Rv`yNi, ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK Rv`yNi, wek¦we`¨vjq
Rv`yNi I GKvšÍ ev e¨w³MZ D`&&‡hv‡M Mov Rv`yNi| Avgv‡ì †`k †_‡K D`vniY wb‡j eje, GLv‡b
†hgb Av‡Q evsjv‡`k RvZxq Rv`yNi, †Zgwb Av‡Q PÆMÖv‡gi RvwZZvwË¡K Rv`yNi, XvKvi bMi Rv`yNi,
gyw³hy× Rv`yNi, e½eÜz Rv`yNi, weÁvb Rv`yNi I mvgwiK Rv`yNi, ivRkvnxi e‡i›`ª wgDwRqvg, PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vjq Rv`yNi, XvKvi ejav Mv‡W©b Ges wewfbœ cÖZœZvwË¡K Lb‡bi GjvKvq mvBU wgDwRqg|
GKRb Kx †`L‡Z Pvb, Zv w¯’i K‡i †Kv_vq hv‡eb, Zv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Z‡e Rv`yN‡ii GKUv mvaviY jÿY n‡”Q, hv PgKcÖ`, hv Abb¨, hv jyßcÖvq, hv we¯§q D‡`ªKKvix−Ggb
me e¯‘ msMÖn Kiv| MocoZv gvbyl Zv †`L‡Z hvq, †`‡L AvcøyZ nq| GB cÖm‡½ Avgvi GKUv AwfÁZvi
Rv`yN‡i †Kb hve 183
K_v ewj| XvKvq Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rv`yN‡ii cÖ_g fe‡bi wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb ZrKvjxb c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i Ave`yj †gvbv‡qg Lvb| A‡bK Avgwš¿Z‡ì g‡a¨ XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbZvšÍ Kwbô
wkÿK AvwgI wQjvg| jÿ Kijvg, wkÿvgš¿x Zuvi fvlY co‡Z wM‡q gyw`ªZ ÔRv`yNiÕ k‡ãi RvqMvq me©Î
ÔwgDwRqgÕ co‡Qb| Pv LvIqvi mg‡q Avgv‡ì wkÿKcÖwZg A_©gš¿x W. Gg. Gb. û`v Avgv‡K WvK‡jb|
Kv‡Q †h‡Z ej‡jb, ÔMfb©iÕ mv‡n‡ei GKUv cÖkœ Av‡Q, DËi `vI| Mfb©i wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, ÔwgDwRqg‡K
Avcbviv Rv`yNi e‡jb †Kb?Õ GKUz nKPwK‡q wM‡q ejjvg, Ôm¨vi, Rv`yNiB wgDwRq‡gi evsjv cÖwZkã|Õ
Mfb©i Gevi ivMZ¯^‡i ej‡jb, ÔwgDwRq‡g †h Avjøvni Kvjvg ivLv Av‡Q, Zv wK Rv`y?Õ Avjøvni Kvjvg
ej‡Z Zuvi g‡b †eva nq wQj, PgrKvi ZzNiv ni‡d †jLv bymiZ kv‡ni Avkivdcyi wkjvwjwc−†lvj
kZ‡K GK gmwR` cÖwZôvi e„ËvšÍ msewjZ cÖ¯ÍiLÐ−†mUv ivLv n‡qwQj mK‡ji †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv
RvqMvq| hv‡nvK, Mfb©‡ii cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Avwg ejjvg, Ôm¨vi, IB A‡_© Rv`y bq, we¯§q RvMvq e‡j Rv`y
−gv †hgb mšÍvb‡K e‡j, I‡i Avgvi Rv`y †i|Õ e¨vL¨vi c‡ii AskUv h_v_© wKbv, †m wel‡q GLb m‡›`n
nq, Z‡e Avgvi evK¨ †kl Kivi Av‡MB Mfb©i ûsKvi w`‡jb, Ôbv, Rv`yNi ejv Pj‡e bv, wgDwRqg ej‡Z
n‡e, evsjvqI Avcbviv wgDwRqgB ej‡eb|Õ ZK© Kiv e„_v− ûKzg wk‡ivavh© K‡i Avwg P¨v‡Ýj‡ii mvg‡b
†_‡K cvwj‡q Gjvg| ht cjv‡q‡Z m RxewZ|
AviI GKUv cÖev` Av‡Q, †Pvi cvjv‡j eyw× ev‡o| AvgviI ZvB n‡jv| Mfb©‡ii mvg‡b †_‡K P‡j Avmvi
ci g‡b n‡jv, Zuv‡K ejjvg bv †Kb, Rv`y kãUv dviwm,ÑZv‡Z nqZ wZwb wKQzUv ¯^w¯Í †c‡Zb| Avcbviv
A‡b‡KB Rv‡bb, Rv`yNi cy‡ivUvB dviwm, Z‡e Rv`yN‡ii NiUv evsjv| D`y©‡Z Rv`yNi‡K e‡j AvReLvbv,
wnw›`‡Z ARv‡qeÑNi| Lvbv dviwm; AvRe, AvwRe, AvRv‡qe Aviwe| Rv`y I AvRe k‡ã †`¨vZbv Av‡Q
`yiKg : GKw`‡K KznK, B›`ªRvj, †fjwK; Ab¨w`‡K PgrKvi, g‡bvni, †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK| ÔAvgvi †Q‡j‡K
†mvRv †c‡q †g‡qUv Rv`y K‡i‡QÕ Avi ÔKx Rv`y evsjv Mv‡b!ÕÑ`y iKg †`¨vZbv cÖKvk K‡i|
eq‡mi †`v‡l GK K_v †_‡K Ab¨ K_vq P‡j hvw”Q| †gvbv‡qg Lvb †h †mw`b ivM K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
Rv`yN‡ii Ab¨ A‡bK wKQz _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h wZwb Avjøvni Kvjv‡gi K_v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb, GLb
g‡b nq, Zvi GKUv Zvrch© wQj| wZwb wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb, ZvB Rv`yN‡i msiwÿZ gymwjg
HwZn¨g~jK wb`k©b Zuv‡K AvKl©Y K‡iwQj Ges evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgvb-wbwe©‡k‡l Rv`yNi‡K †h‡nZz
ÔRv`yNiÕ e‡j, ZvB wZwb †mUv eR©b K‡i ÔwgDwRqgÕ kãwU evsjvq eënvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb gymjgvb‡ì
¯^Zš¿ cÖ‡qvM wn‡m‡e| Rv`yNi‡K hw` wZwb AvZ¥cwiPqjv‡fi †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e †`‡L _v‡Kb, Zvn‡j †gv‡UB
fzj K‡ibwb| Aí eq‡m Avwg hLb cÖ_g XvKv Rv`yN‡i hvB, ZLb AvwgI GKai‡bi AvZ¥cwiP‡qi m~Î
†mLv‡b Lyu‡R cvB−AZUv m‡PZbfv‡e bv n‡jI| evsjv ¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹‡h©i cÖvPxb wb`k©‡bi m‡½ †mB
Avgvi cÖ_g cwiPq N‡U| ¯’vc‡Zï wb`k©b ej‡Z cÖavbZ wQj Kv‡Vi I cv_‡ii ¯Í¤¢, Avi fv¯‹h© wQj
AR¯ª I bvbv DcKi‡Y ˆZwi| e½‡`‡k AZ †h †eŠ× g~wZ© Av‡Q, †m m¤ú‡K© Avgvi †Kv‡bv aviYv wQj bv;
†cŠivwYK-†jŠwKK AZ †h †è‡èx Av‡Q, ZvI RvbZvg bv| gy`ªv Ges A¯¿k¯¿ †`‡L evsjvq gymwjg-kvmb
m¤ú‡K© wKQz aviYv n‡qwQj−Bmv Luvi Kvgv‡bi Mv‡q evsjv †jLv †`‡L gy» n‡qwQjvg| †cvovgvwUi KvRI
wQj KZ wewPÎ I my›ì! Rv`yN‡ii evB‡i ZLb iwÿZ wQj bxj Rvj †Ìqvi g¯Í eo KovB|
bxj-Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm wKQzUv RvbZvg| KovB‡qi wekvjZ¡ wP‡Ë m¤£g RvMvevi g‡Zv, wKš‘ Zvi m‡½
†h A‡bK `xN©k¦vm I AkÖæwe›`y RwoZ, †mUv g‡b co‡Z fzj nqwb| XvKv Rv`yN‡i hv †`‡LwQjvg, Zvi K_v
ej‡Z †M‡j c‡i †`Lv wb`k©‡bi m‡½ Rwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i−wKš‘ e‡½i nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv BwZnvm I
184 mvwnZ¨ cvV
mg„× ms¯‹…wZi †h bgybv †mLv‡b wQj Zv †_‡K Avwg evOvwji AvZ¥cwiPq jvf K‡iwQ| c‡i Zv kw³kvjx
n‡q‡Q KjKvZv Rv`yNi I wf‡±vwiqv †g‡gvwiqvj †`‡L|
cieZx©Kv‡j c„w_exi eû Rv`yN‡i AvZ¥cwiPqÁvc‡bi GB †Póv, wb‡R‡ì mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZn¨‡K a‡i ivLvi hZœKZ …
cÖqvm †`‡LwQ| Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi †MÖ‡Kv-†ivgvb wgDwRq‡g I Kvq‡iv wgDwRq‡g †hgb wgk‡ii cy‡iv‡bv BwZnvm
a‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q, wmqvU‡j I b_© K¨v‡ivjvBbvi c~e© cÖv‡šÍ †`‡LwQ Av‡gwiKvi Avwèvmx‡ì bvbvwea AR©‡bi
wb`k©b Ges BD‡ivcxq emwZ¯’vcbKvix‡ì cÖ_g AvMgbKvjxb ¯§„wZwPý| weªwUk wgDwRqg Ges UvIqvi Ad
jÛ‡b Bsj¨v‡Ûi BwZnv‡mi A‡bKLvwb aiv Av‡Q| Kz‡q‡Zi Rv`yN‡i Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejvq †`Lv weªwUk fviZxq
gy`vª i mhZœ ¯’vb †`‡L PgrK…Z n‡qwQ; ey‡SwQ, Zv‡ì AvZ¥vbymÜvb ïiæ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ `~i BwZnv‡mi cv_y‡i cÖgvY
nv‡Z Av‡mwb| G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB †h, Rv`yN‡ii GKUv cÖavb KvR n‡jv mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZ‡nï msiÿY Ges
RvwZ‡K AvZ¥cwiPq`v‡bi m~Î Rvbv‡bv| Rv`yN‡i Avgv‡ì hvIqvi GUv GKUv KviY| †m AvZ¥cwiPqjvf A‡bK
mg‡q mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK ev ivwóªK cwieZ©‡biI m~Pbv K‡i|
UvIqvi Ad jÛ‡b mK‡j wfo K‡i †Kvwnbyi †`L‡Z| AvwgI Zv †`L‡Z wM‡qwQjvg| ZLb Avgvi
Av‡iKUv K_v g‡b n‡qwQj| Rv`yNi üZ mvs¯‹…wZK DËivwaKv‡ii RvqMv e‡U, Z‡e Zv memg‡q wb‡Ri
wRwbm n‡e, Ggb K_v †bB| A‡bï HwZwn¨K DËivwaKvi niY K‡i G‡bI mv¤ªvRëv`x kw³ wb‡R‡ì
Rv`yNi mvRv‡Z KzwÉZ †eva K‡i bv|
Z‡e GKUv K_v ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e| weªwUk wgDwRq‡g bvbv †`‡ki bvbv wb`k©b msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q| Kx
Dcv‡q msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q, †mK_v AvcvZZ gyjZwe ivLjvg| wKš‘ Gme †`‡L Awfbœ gvbemËvi mÜvb cvIqv
hvq| g‡b nq, GZ †`‡k GZ Kv‡j gvbyl hv wKQz K‡i‡Q, Zvi mewKQzi g‡a¨ Avwg AvwQ|
RvZxq Rv`yNi GKUv RvwZmËvi cwiPq enb K‡i| †h †mLv‡b hvq, †m Zvi wb‡Ri I RvwZi ¯îƒc Dcjwä
Ki‡Z cv‡i, ms¯‹w… Zi mÜvb cvq, AvZ¥weKv‡ki †cÖiYv jvf K‡i| GB †h kZ mn¯ª eQi Av‡Mi me wRwbmÑhv
nqZ GKw`b e¨w³i ev cwiev‡ii KzwÿMZ wQj−Zv‡K †h wb‡Ri e‡j fve‡Z cvwi, Zv wK Kg K_v? Avevi Ab¨
RvwZi Abyiƒc KxwZ©i m‡½ hLb Avwg GKvZ¥Zv Abyfe Kwi, ZLb Avgvi DËiY nq e„nËi gvbemgv‡R|
Rv`yNi Avgv‡ì Ávb `vb K‡i, Avgv‡ì kw³ †RvMvq, Avgv‡ì †PZbv RvMÖZ K‡i, Avgv‡ì
g‡bvRMr‡K mg„× K‡i| Rv`yNi GKUv kw³kvjx mvgvwRK msMVb| mgv‡Ri GK ¯Í‡i mwÂZ Ávb Zv
Qwo‡q †`q Rbmgv‡Ri mvaviY ¯Í‡i| MYZš¿vq‡Yi c_I cÖk¯Í nq Gfv‡e| Rv`yNi ïay ÁvbB Qwo‡q †`q
bv, Aj‡ÿ¨ Qwo‡q †`q fvev`k©| Kv‡RB G K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Rv`yNi †hgb mvgvwRK I ivóªxq
fvebvi m„wó, †Zgwb Zv mvgvwRK I ivóªxq cwieZ©‡biI KviY NUv‡Z cv‡i|
AviI GKUv †mvRv e¨vcvi Av‡Q| Rv`yNi Avgv‡ì Avb›` †`q| gvby‡li AbšÍ D™¢veb-ˆbcy‡Y¨, Zvi
wbijm m„wóÿgZv, Zvi Zwbœô †mŠ›`h©mvabv, Zvi wb‡R‡K evisevi AwZµg Kivi cÖqvm−Gm‡ei m‡½
cwiPq n‡q Avgiv A‡kl DjøwmZ nB|
GZwKQzi c‡iI hw` †KD cªkœ K‡ib, ÔRv`yN‡i †Kb hv‡e?Õ m~² †KŠZzK mÂvi K‡i cÖvewÜK cwi‡k‡l
wj‡L‡Qb †h, Zvn‡j Zvi GKgvÎ DËi †eva nq GB : Ô†K ej‡Q Avcbv‡K †h‡Z?Õ
kãv_© I UxKv
wgDwRqvg ÷vwWR − Rv`yNi ev cÖ`k©bkvjv msµvšÍ we`¨v|
Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv − DËi wgk‡ii cÖavb mgyèª ›ì I mycvÖ Pxb bMi| wLªóc~e© 332 A‡ã
Av‡jKRvÛvi w` †MÖU GB bMi cËb K‡ib| GwU wQj Av‡jKRvÛvi hy‡Mi
wMÖK mf¨Zvi †K›`ª| GLv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvPxb MÖšv’ Mvi (c‡i aŸsmcÖvß) wQj|
Awew`Z − Rvbv †bB Ggb| ARvbv| AÁvZ|
BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuvm − wLªóxq †PŠ‡Ïv †_‡K †lv‡jv kZK a‡i BD‡iv‡c wkí-mvwnZ¨, ÁvbPP©v I
wPšÍv-†PZbvi †ÿ‡Î beRvMi‡Yi gva¨‡g ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M
DËiYB BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuvm|
divwm wecøe − BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g ey‡R©vqv wecøe| 1789 mv‡ji 14B RyjvB divwm RbMY
†mLvbKvi KzL¨vZ evw¯Íj `yM© I KvivMvi `Lj K‡i †bq Ges mg¯Í
ew›`‡K gyw³ †`q| Gi gva¨‡g GB wecø‡ei m~Pbv nq| GB wecø‡e †bZ…Z¡
†`q awbK †kÖwY Avi AZ¨vPvwiZ K…lKiv wQj Zv‡ì mn‡hvMx| wecø‡ei
g~j evYx wQj Ôgyw³, mvg¨, åvZ…Z¡ I m¤úwËi cweÎ AwaKvi|Õ GB
wecø‡ei d‡j mvgšÍev‡ì DrcvUb nq|
iæk wecøe − 1917 mv‡ji 7B b‡f¤î wecøex †bZv †jwb‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivwkqvq me©nvivi
`j ej‡kwfK cvwU© †mLvbKvi RviZš¿‡K nwU‡q ivóªÿgZv `Lj K‡i|
GB wecø‡ei gva¨‡g ivwkqvq mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| mg¯Í m¤úwË I
Drcv`‡bi Dcv‡qi gvwjK nq RbMY Z_v ivóª|
UvIqvi Ad jÛb − jÛ‡bi †Ugm b`xi DËi ZxieZ©x ivRKxq `yM©| Gi g~j As‡k i‡q‡Q
mv`v cv_‡ii M¤^yR| GwU wbwg©Z nq 1078 wLªóv‡ã| GK mgq `yM©wU
ivRKxq feb I ivóªxq KvivMvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b A¯¿kvjv
I Rv`yNi wn‡m‡e eëüZ|
†MvPixf‚Z − AeMZ| cwiÁvZ|
A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq − hy³iv‡Rï cÖvPxbZg wek¦we`¨vjq| GwU cªwZwôZ nq ev‡iv kZ‡Ki cÖ_g
w`‡K| wkíKjv I cÖZœZË¡ msµvšÍ Rv`yNi A¨vk‡gvwjqvb wgDwRqg GB
wek¦we`¨vj‡qiB A½-cªwZôvb|
A¨vkgj − Bs‡iR cyivKxwZ© msMÖvnK| Rb¥ 1617; g„Zy¨ 1692| wZwb imvqb I
cyivKxwZ© wel‡q K‡qKwU eB wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi msMÖn¸wj w`‡qB cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A¨vk‡gvwjqvb wgDwRqg|
A¨vk‡gvwjqvb wgDwRqg − Bs‡iR cyivKxwZ© msMÖvnK A¨vkg‡ji msMÖn wb‡q cÖwZwôZ Rv`yNi| GB
msMÖnkvjvi cÖvPxb feb M‡o I‡V 1679-1683 Kvjc‡e©| eZ©gvb
A¨vk‡gvwjqvb wgDwRqg cÖwZwôZ nq 1897 mv‡j|
weªwUk wgDwRqg − cÖZZœ Ë¡ I cyivKxwZ© msµvšÍ GB Rv`yNi weª‡U‡bi RvZxq Rv`yNi| cÖwZôvKvj
1753| †m mg‡q weªwUk miKvi m¨vi n¨vbm †¯øvb, m¨vi ievU© KUb, Avj© Ae
A·‡dvW© ievU© nvwj©−GB wZbRb msMÖvn‡Ki eB, cvÐywjwc, gy`vª , cyivKxwZ©
BZ¨vwì wekvj e¨w³MZ msMÖn µq K‡i GB Rv`yNi M‡o †Zv‡j|
cÖZœZË¡ − GB we`¨vq cÖvPxb gy`ªv, cyivKxwZ© BZ¨vw` wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i cÖvPxb BwZnvm
Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq| cyivZË¡| archaeology|
b„ZË¡ − gvbe RvwZi DrcwË I µgweKvk m¤úwK©Z weÁvb| b„we`¨v| anthropology|
grm¨vavi − gvQ cvj‡bi Kv‡Pi Avavi| gv‡Qi †PŠev”Pv| RjR cÖvYx ev Dw™¢`
msiÿ‡Yi K…wÎg Rjvavi| aquarium|
jy¨f − Louvre Museum| d«v‡Ýi RvZxq Rv`yNi I AvU© M¨vjvwi| c¨vwi‡m
Aew¯’Z GB Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq 1546 wLªóv‡ã| GB Rv`yN‡ii
wPÎwk‡íi msMÖn we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg mg„× msMÖn wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
nvwg©‡UR − mbœ¨vmxi wbR©b AvkÖg| gV| hermitage|
186 mvwnZ¨ cvV
evsjv‡`k RvZxq Rv`yNi − evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo Rv`yNi| G †`‡ki BwZnvm, cÖZœZË¡, b„ZË¡,
wkíKjv I cÖvK…wZK BwZnv‡mi wb`k©b msMÖn, msiÿY, cÖ`k©b I
M‡elYvi Kv‡R GwU wb‡qvwRZ| 1913 wLªóv‡ã XvKv Rv`yNi wn‡m‡e Gi
hvÎv ïiæ nq| eZ©gv‡b XvKv gnvbM‡ii kvnev‡M Gi Ae¯’vb|
RvwZZvwË¡K Rv`yNi − GB Rv`yNi evsjv‡`‡ki Abb¨ Rv`yNi| PÆMÖvg bM‡ii AvMÖvev‡` Aew¯’Z
GB Rv`yN‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cuwPkwU ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxmn we‡`wk cuvPwU †`‡ki
RvwZZvwË¡K êwk‡óï wb`k©b cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q|
XvKv bMi Rv`yNi − XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb cwiPvwjZ GB Rv`yNi bMi fe‡b Aew¯’Z| GwU
cÖwZwôZ nq 1987 wLªóv‡ã| Gi jÿ¨ XvKv bM‡ii HwZnvwmK wb`k©b msMÖn
I msiÿY| GB Rv`yNi XvKv msµvšÍ †ekwKQz eB cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
gyw³hy× Rv`yNi − evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× welqK cÖ_g Rv`yNi| gyw³hy‡×i wb`k©b I ¯§viK
msiÿY I cÖ`k©‡bi R‡b¨ GB Rv`yNi †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ|
gy³hy‡×i †MŠiegq BwZnvm mevi mvg‡b Zz‡j aivi Kv‡RB Rv`yNi
Abb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L Avm‡Q|
e½eÜz Rv`yNi − GB Rv`yNi XvKvi avbgwÛ AvevwmK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi ¯§„wZweRwoZ evmfeb‡K 1997 mv‡j Rv`yN‡i
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| GB Rv`yN‡i e½eÜzi Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi A‡bK
`yj©f Qwe, Zuvi Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡qi wKQz ¯§„wZwPý Ges Zuvi eëüZ
wewfbœ mvgMÖx cÖ`k©‡bi R‡b¨ ivLv n‡q‡Q|
weÁvb Rv`yNi − XvKvq Aew¯’Z GB Rv`yN‡ii cÖvwZôvwbK bvg RvZxq weÁvb I cÖhyw³
Rv`yNi| 1965 mv‡j GwU cÖwZwôZ nq| G‡Z †fŠZweÁvb, wkícÖhyw³,
Z_¨cÖhyw³, gRvi weÁvb, BZ¨vw` M¨vjvwi QvovI mv‡qÝ cvK©, AvKvk
ch©‡eÿY †K›`ª, weÁvb MÖš’vMvi BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q| GB Rv`yNi ZiæY
weÁvbx‡ì D™¢vebvg~jK Kv‡R cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡q _v‡K|
mvgwiK Rv`yNi − 1987 mv‡j wgicyi †mbvwbev‡mi cÖ‡ekØv‡i GB Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq|
c‡i kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’j weRq miwY‡Z GwU ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| cÖvPxb hy‡Mi
mgiv¯¿, U¨vsK, µzRvimn bvbv ai‡bi AvaywbK hy×v¯¿, AvVv‡iv kZK
†_‡K G ch©šÍ eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvgvb, gyw³hy‡×i BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ
¯§viK BZ¨vw` †`Lvi my‡hvM G Rv`yN‡i i‡q‡Q|
e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi − cÖvwZôvwbK bvg e‡i›`ª M‡elYv Rv`yNi| 1910 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ I
ivRkvnx‡Z Aew¯’Z| G Rv`yNi evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Rv`yNi|
GLv‡b fv¯‹h©, †Lvw`Z wjwc, cvÐywjwc I cÖvPxb gy`ªvi g~jëvb msMÖn
i‡q‡Q| evsjvi cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi BwZnvm, wkíKjv I cÖZœZË¡ BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© M‡elYvq G¸wj AvKi-Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨|
ejav Mv‡W©b − XvKv gnvbM‡ii Iqvix‡Z Gi Ae¯’vb| GwU GKvav‡i Dw™¢` D`¨vb I
Rv`yNi| fvIqv‡ji Rwg`vi b‡i›`ª bvivqY †PŠayix 1909 mv‡j GwU
cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB Rv`yN‡ii A‡bK wb`k©b evsjv‡`k RvZxq Rv`yN‡i
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejav Mv‡W©‡b †`wk-we‡`wk A‡bK cÖRvwZi
MvQcvjvi AvKl©Yxq msMÖn i‡q‡Q|
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq Rv`yNi − PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BwZnvm wefvM KZ…©K n¯ÍvšÍwiZ †QvU msMÖn wb‡q
1973 mv‡j GB Rv`yN‡ii hvÎv ïiæ| GB Rv`yN‡i i‡q‡Q Uvwm©qvwi
hy‡Mi gv‡Qi Rxevk¥, evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖZœ‡ÿ‡Îi DrLbbK…Z wkíe¯‘,
cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi gy`ªv, wkjvwjwc, fv¯‹h©, A¯¿k¯¿, †jvKwkí BZ¨vw`
wb`k©b I gyw³hy‡×i wKQz `wjjcÎ| G Qvov GKv‡WwgK cÖ`k©bx,
†mwgbvi I cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î G Rv`yNi mwµq f‚wgKv †i‡L hv‡”Q|
wØRvwZ ZË¡ − fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU ivóª MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ fviZ‡K ag©xq cÖvav‡bï
wfwË‡Z `ywU ¯^vaxb iv‡óª wef³ Kivi ivR‰bwZK gZev`| wek kZ‡Ki
Pwjø‡ki `k‡K G aviYvi D˜MvZv Z`vbxšÍb gymwjg jxM †bZv gyn¤§`
Avjx wRbœvn|
¯’vcZ¨ − feb cÖvmv` BZ¨vw` ¯’vc‡bi KvR ev G msµvšÍ Kjv‡KŠkj ev weÁvb|
architecture|
fv¯‹h© − avZz ev cv_i BZ¨vw` †Lv`vB‡qi wkí| g~wZ©wbg©vY Kjv| sculpture|
KjKvZv Rv`yNi − GwU BwÛqvb wgDwRqg ev fviZxq Rv`yNi bv‡gI mgwaK cwiwPZ|
KjKvZvi cvK© w÷ª‡U Aew¯’Z GB Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq 1814 mv‡j|
GwUB fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cªvPxb Rv`yNi|
wf‡±vwiqv †g‡gvwiqvj − cÖvwZôvwbK bvg wf‡±vwiqv †g‡gvwiqvj nj| ivwb wf‡±vwiqvi bvgvw¼Z
¯§„wZ‡mŠa| KjKvZv gq`v‡bi `wÿY †Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z myig¨ †k¦Zcv_‡i
wbwg©Z GB ¯§„wZ‡mŠa Ac~e© ¯’vcZ¨‰kjxi wb`k©b|
†MÖ‡Kv †ivgvb wgDwRqg − wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq Aew¯’Z GB Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq 1892
wLªóv‡ã| G‡Z wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki cyivwb`k©bmn cÖvPxb wMÖK-†ivgvb
mf¨Zvi A‡bK wb`k©b msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
Kvq‡iv wgDwRqg − wgk‡ii Kvq‡iv‡Z Aew¯’Z GB Rv`yNi wgkixq Rv`yNi bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
GwU 1835 wLªóv‡ã cÖwZwôZ nq| G‡Z cªvq GK jÿ wek nvRvi cÖ`k©b
mvgMÖx i‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GB iPbvwU PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq Rv`yN‡ii iRZRqšÍx Dcj‡ÿ¨ kvgmyj †nvmvB‡bi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ
¯§viK cyw¯ÍKv ÔHwZn¨vqbÕ (2003) †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
Rv`yNi n‡”Q Ggb GK me©Rbxb cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b gvbe mf¨Zv I ms¯‹„wZi êwPÎ¨c~Y© I HwZnvwmK wb`k©b
msMÖn K‡i ivLv nq msiÿY, cÖ`k©b I M‡elYvi R‡b¨| A_©vr Rv`yNi †Kej eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q
wb`k©b¸wj cÖ`k©b K‡i bv, fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i R‡bÏ †m¸wj msiÿY K‡i iv‡L| msM„nxZ wb`k©b¸wj‡K
Rv`yN‡i h_vh_fv‡e cwiwPwZg~jK weeiYmn Ggb AvKl©Yxqfv‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv nq †hb Zv †_‡K `k©Kiv
A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z cv‡ib, cvkvcvwk Avb›Ì cvb| G QvovI Rv`yN‡i Av‡qvRb Kiv nq e³…Zv, †mwgbvi,
Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©b BZ¨vwì| cwi`k©K‡ì g‡a¨ Rvbvi †KŠZ~nj evwo‡q †ZvjvB Gi D‡Ïk¨| Gfv‡e Rv`yNi
BwZnvm I HwZn¨, weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z Ávb I Z‡_ï m‡½ RbMY‡K AvK…ó I m¤ú„³ Kivq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GB ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v Ges gvbe RvwZi AvZ¥cwiPq Zz‡j aivq bvbv ai‡bi
Rv`yN‡ii f~wgKvi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q GB cÖe‡Ü| cÖeÜwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q AvKl©Yxq X‡O I g‡bvMÖvnx
fvlvq|
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K. KjKvZvq L. jÛ‡b
M. c¨vwi‡m N. XvKvq
2. weªwUk wgDwRqg, cÖZœZvwË¡K I HwZnvwmK msMÖnkvjv Ges MÖš’vMv‡ii Rb¨ cÖvmv‡`vcg AÆvwjKvi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj−
i. wewPÎ msMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y
ii. msiÿ‡Yi myweav‡_©
iii. msMÖ‡ni wecyjZvi Kvi‡Y
Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
wdwjc wkÿv-md‡i ejav Mv‡W©‡b wM‡q bvbv ai‡bi Dw™¢‡ì m‡½ cwiwPZ nq| ARvbv AmsL¨ Dw™¢`
Ges AvnwiZ bZzb Ávb Zv‡K †KŠZ~njx K‡i †Zv‡j|
3. wdwj‡ci †KŠZ~njx nIqv Ges ÔRv`yN‡i †Kb hveÕ iPbvq gvby‡li Av‡eMvcøyZ nIqvi KviY, Rv`yNi−
K. Avb›``vqK I êwPÎc~Y© L. êwPÎc~Y© I fxwZKi
M. Awfbe I †ivgvÂKi N. Avb›``vqK I inm¨c~Y©
4. D³ w`K wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`k¸‡jvI AvZ¥cwiPq`v‡bi †cÖiYvq bZzb bZzb Rv`yNi cÖwZôvq cÖe„Ë nq
L. MocoZv gvbyl Zv †`L‡Z hvq, †`‡L AvcøyZ nq
M. Rv`yNi Avgv‡ì Ávb `vb K‡i, Avgv‡ì kw³ †hvMvq
N. Rv`yNi GKUv kw³kvjx mvgvwRK msMVb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
d«v‡Ýi †jvK‡ì †`kvZ¥Ávb Agwb K‡iB nq e‡j Zv‡ì †`kvZ¥‡eva Avcbv AvcwbB Rb¥vq| ˆkke
†_‡KB Zviv c_ Pj‡Z †P‡b Zv‡ì RvZxq c~e©-cyiæl‡ì, hv‡ì wb‡q Zv‡ì BwZnvm †jLv n‡q‡Q|
Avi †`‡ki cÖwZ †Rjvi cÖwZ ce©‡Zi bvg−hv‡ì †Kv‡j Zv‡ì ALÐ RvwZ jvwjZ n‡q‡Q| ¯^‡`k‡K
†P‡b e‡jB Zviv wek¦‡KI wPb‡Z cv‡i|
K. c„w_exi cÖ_g Rv`yNi ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj †Kv_vq?
L. Rv`yNi Kxfv‡e M‡o I‡V?
M. Aby‡”Q‡ì m‡½ ÔRv`yN‡i †Kb hveÕ iPbvwUi †h mv`„k¨ jÿ Kiv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. mv`„k¨MZ w`KwU ÔRv`yN‡i †Kb hveÕ cÖe‡Üi welqe¯‘i m‡½ KZUzKz m¤úwK©Z? hvPvB Ki|
†iBb‡KvU
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GK Abb¨mvaviY cÖwZfvi bvg| 1943 mv‡ji 12B †deªæqvwi
wZwb MvBevÜvi †MvwUqv MÖv‡g gvgvevwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZ…wbevm e¸ov kn‡ii DcK‡É Aew¯’Z
bviæwj MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg we.Gg. Bwjqvm Ges gvZvi bvg gwiqg Bwjqvm| Zvui wcZ…`Ë bvg
AvLZviæ¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm| cÖ_‡g e¸ovq I c‡i XvKvq Zuvi wkÿvRxeb AwZevwnZ nq| wZwb XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ¯œvZK I ¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb miKvwi K‡j‡Ri evsjv
wel‡qi Aa¨vcK|
evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Z¨ AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm GKRb AMÖMY¨ e¨w³Z¡| wZwb †jLvi msL¨v e„w×i Ici
KL‡bv †Rvi †`bwb| eis ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb †jLvi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Ici| Rxeb I RMr‡K wZwb ch©‡eÿY
K‡i‡Qb Mfxi AšÍ`©„wó mn‡hv‡M| †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, `vwi`ª¨, †kvlY,
eÂbv cÖf„wZ welq‡K K‡i‡Qb mvwn‡Zï AšÍf©y³| gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
GB mewKQzi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡ZB| gvby‡li cig m~² gb¯ÍvwË¡K cÖvšÍmg~n D‡b¥vP‡bI Zvui i‡q‡Q Mfxi `ÿZv|
Zvui cuvPwU †QvUMí MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ Av‡Q gvÎ 28wU Mí| GQvov i‡q‡Q 2wU Dcb¨vm I 1wU cÖeÜmsKjb|
Zvui MíMÖ‡š’i bvg : ÔAb¨ N‡i Ab¨ ¯îÕ, Ô†LvqvwiÕ, Ô`yafv‡Z DrcvZÕ, Ô†`vR‡Li IgÕ, ÔRvj ¯^cœ ¯^‡cœi
RvjÕ| Dcb¨vm `ywU n‡jv : ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvBÕ I Ô†LvqvebvgvÕ|
1997 mv‡ji 4Vv Rvbyqvwi K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
†fviivZ †_‡K e„wó| Avnv! e„wói SgSg †evj| GB e„wói †gqv` Avjøv w`‡j cy‡iv wZb w`b| KviY
kwb‡Z mvZ g½‡j wZb, Avi me w`b w`b| GUv †Rbv‡ij †÷U‡g›U| †¯úwmwdK K¬¨vwmwd‡KkbI Av‡Q|
†hgb, g½‡j †fviiv‡Z nBj ïiæ, wZb w`b †g‡Ni ¸iæ¸iæ| Zvici, ey‡ai mKv‡j bvgj Rj, weKv‡j
†gN Kq Gevi Pj| e„n¯úwZ ïµ wKQz ev` bvB| wKš‘ GLb fz‡j †M‡Q| †hUzKz g‡b Av‡Q, cyiæ
†eW-Kfv‡ii wb‡P ¸wUmywU †g‡i ï‡q Avi-GKckjv Nywg‡q †bIqvi R‡b¨ ZvB h‡_ó| AšÍZ wZb w`b
dzUdvU eÜ| ev`jvq e›`yK-eviæ` wK GKUz wRwi‡q †b‡e bv? GB KUv w`b wbwð‡šÍ Avivg K‡iv|
Zv Avi n‡jv KB? g¨vb †cÖv‡cv‡Rm−| Ggb PgrKvi ev`jvi mKv‡j ìRvq cÖej Kov bvov †kl
†ng‡šÍi kxZ kxZ c`©v wQu‡o dvjvdvjv K‡i †djj| me †f‡¯Í w`j| wgwjUvwi! wgwjUvwi AvR Zvi N‡i|
Avjøv †Mv| Avjøvû¤§v AvšÍv myenvbKv Bwbœ Kzš‘ wgbvR †Rvqv‡jwgb|− co‡Z co‡Z †m ìRvi w`‡K
G‡Mvq| GB K‡qK gv‡m KZ myivB †m gyL¯’ K‡i‡Q| iv¯Ívq †eiæ‡j cuvP Kv‡jgv me mgq †iwW iv‡L
†Vuv‡Ui Ici| †Kvbw`K †_‡K KLb wgwjUvwi a‡i| −Zey GKUv bv GKUv fzj n‡qB hvq| †`vqv g‡b
n‡jv wVKB wKš‘ UzwcUv gv_vq w`‡Z fz‡j †Mj|
`y‡Uv wQUwKwb, GKUv wLj Ges Kv‡Vi Wvkv Ly‡j ìRvi KcvU duvK Ki‡ZB evZvm Avi e„wói Svc&&Uvi
m‡½ N‡i †Xv‡K wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji wcIb| Avjnvg`ywjjøvn! wgwjUvwi bq| wcIb‡K Rwo‡q a‡i Pzgy †L‡Z
B”Qv Ki‡Q| wKš‘ †jvKUvi wPbwP‡b Mjv M¤¢xi ¯^‡i nuv‡K, Òm¨vi †b mvjvg w`qv|Ó e‡jB fvOv‡Pviv
Mv‡ji †LuvPv‡LuvPv `vwo‡Z †jvKUv wb‡Ri ev‡Kï †Kvgj kuvmUzKz ï‡l †bq Ges ûKzg Qv‡o, ÒZje
wKqv| Avwf hv‡b †nvMv|Ó
190 mvwnZ¨ cvV
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mvnveKv †KvwV‡g †M‡ibW †dKv| †MU †Zvo wMqv|Ó
fqven KvÐ| B‡jKwUªK Uª¨vÝdg©vi †Zv K‡j‡Ri mvg‡bi †Ìqvj †Nu‡l| †Ìqv‡ji ci evMvb, †Uwbm
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wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji †KvqvU©vi| Gi m‡½ wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ú| K‡j‡Ri wRgb¨vwkqv‡g GLb wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ú|
wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji evwoi †M‡U †evgv †djv gv‡b wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ú A¨vUvK Kiv| mvg‡bi †Ìqv‡j †evgv †g‡i
GZUv c_ µm K‡i †Mj Kx K‡i? †m Rvb‡Z Pvq, ÒK¨vq‡m?Ó
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gv‡b? †m-B ev ej‡e Kx K‡i? wcIb wK Zv‡K wgmwµqv›U‡ì †jvK fv‡e bvwK?ÑZvi gv_vUv
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GB cuvP mvZ wgwbU jv‡MMv|Ó
Ô†bwn|Õ bvkZvi Avgš¿Y wdwi‡q w`‡q BmnvK e‡j, ÒAvãym mvËvi wgiavKv Ni hv‡b †nvMv| Avc Avwf
AvB‡q| GK K‡b©j mvnve cuIQ wMqv| me cidmi‡Kv G‡Ëjv w`qv| dIib AvB‡q|Ó
K‡b©‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ wgwjUvwii nv‡Z K‡jRUv Ges Zv‡KI b¨¯Í K‡i BmnvK †ewi‡q hvq, iv¯Ívq NoNo
Ki‡Z _vKv †ewe U¨vKwmi MR©b Zz‡j †m iIqvbv n‡jv wRIMÖvwdi cÖ‡dm‡ii evwoi w`‡K| BmnvK wb‡RB
GLb wgwjUvwii K‡b©j ej‡jI P‡j| Z‡e †fvi‡ejv K‡j‡Ri †fZ‡i K‡b©j †Lv` P‡j Avmvq †m nqZ
†W‡gv‡UW n‡q‡Q †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡b©‡j| AviI wb‡PI bvgv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ K¨v‡Þ‡bi Gw`‡K Zv‡K †Vjv
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ejv †Q‡o‡Q| †KvbKv‡j `v`v bv ci`v`vi fvqivi gvgy bv †K †hb w`wjøIqvjv †Kvb mv‡n‡ei Lvm Lvbmvgv
wQj, †mB myev‡` w`bivZ GLb D`y© e‡j|
Ò†h‡ZB n‡e? Amg‡qi e„wó‡Z wf‡R †Zvgvi nuvcvwbi UvbUv AveviÑ|Ó †eŠ‡qi Gme †mvqv‡Mi K_v
ïb‡j wK Zvi Pj‡e? †eŠ wK wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji ag‡Ki fvM †b‡e? Gi Ici K‡j‡R K‡b©j G‡m‡Q| Kcv‡j
AvR Kx Av‡Q AvjøvB Rv‡b! dvqvwis †¯‹vqv‡W hw` ùvo Kwi‡qB †`q †Zv K‡b©j mv‡n‡ei nv‡Z cv‡q a‡i
wVK Kcv‡j ¸wj Kivi ûKzg Rvwi Kiv‡bv hvq bv? wcÖbwmc¨vj wK Zvi R‡b¨ K‡b©‡ji Kv‡Q GB Z`weiUzKz
Ki‡e bv? cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¨ wcÖbwmc¨vj w`bivZ †`vqv-ìæ` co‡Q| mgq bvB Amgq bvB Avjøvi ìev‡i
KvbœvKvwU K‡i Ges mgq K‡i KwjM‡ì MvjvMvwjI K‡i| GwcÖj gv‡mi gvSvgvwS wcÖbwmc¨vj wgwjUvwii
e‡ov KZ©v‡ì Kv‡Q mweb‡q wb‡e`b K‡iwQj, cvwK¯Ívb hw` euvPv‡Z nq †Zv me ¯‹zjK‡jR †_‡K kwn`
wgbvi nUvI| G¸‡jv n‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡bi kix‡ii KuvUv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvK mvd kixiUv‡K bx‡ivM Ki‡Z n‡j
Gme KuvUv Icov‡Z n‡e| Zv wgwjUvwi W±i AvdvR Avng‡ì civgk© ï‡b‡Q, MÖv‡g-M‡Ä †hLv‡bB †M‡Q,
cÖ_‡gB Kvgvb ZvK Ki‡Q kwn` wgbv‡ii w`‡K| †`‡k GKUv K‡j‡R kwn` wgbvi Avi AÿZ bvB| Zv
wcÖbwmc¨vj Zv‡ì GZ e‡ov GKUv civgk© w`j, Avi mvgvb¨ GK †jKPvivi‡K ¸wj Kivi mgq kix‡ii
AvjZzdvjZz RvqMv ev` w`‡q KcvjUv Uv‡M©U Kivi Aby‡ivaUv Zvi gvb‡e bv? Avevi wcÖbwmc¨vj‡K †m
GZ mvwf©m w`‡”Q, Zvi Kwj‡Mi, ZIev, mve-AwW©‡b‡Ui R‡b¨ GZUzKy Ki‡e bv?
†iBb‡KvU 191
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nIqvi Av‡M wgicyi weª‡Ri w`K †_‡K ¸wji AvIqvR AvmwQj| KLb Kx nq|Ó
Gme K_v GLb ejvi ìKviUv Kx?Ñ†iwWI †Uwjwfk‡b ni`g ej‡Q, wmPz‡qkb bg©¨vj| cwiw¯’wZ
¯^vfvweK| `ykgb‡K m¤ú~Y© Ke&&Rv Kiv †M‡Q| wgmwµ‡q›Uiv me LZg| †cÖwm‡W›U †`‡k MYZš¿ wdwi‡q
w`‡Z e×cwiKi| wKQzw`b ev‡` ev‡` Zvi fvlY †kvbv hvq, AvIqvi AvjwU‡gU GBg wi‡gBbm `¨ †mg,
`¨vU BR Uz n¨vÛIfvi cvIqvi Uz w` B‡jK‡UW wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡UwUf&m Ae `¨ wccj| meB †Zv bg©¨vj n‡q
Avm‡Q| evOvwj, AvB wgb, B÷ cvwK¯Ívwb Mfb©i, gš¿xiv B÷ cvwK¯Ívwb| meB †Zv ¯^vfvweK| GLb †eŠ
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Zvi gMevRv‡ii `yB Kvgivi d¬¨vU †_‡KB †Zv wg›Uz P‡j †Mj Ryb gv‡m, Ry‡bi 23 Zvwi‡L| RyjvB‡qi
cqjv Zvwi‡L †m evwo wkdU Kij| ejv hvq bv, ILv‡b hw` †KD wKQz AuvP K‡i _v‡K| I P‡j hvevi
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†`LwQ bv|Ó e¨m, GB ï‡bB †m evwo e`jvevi R‡b¨ †j‡M †Mj n‡b¨ n‡q| wgwjUvwi jvMvi ci †_‡K GB
wb‡q Pvievi evwo cvj&Uv‡bv n‡jv| GLv‡b Avmvi ci wb‡Pi Zjvi f`ª‡jvK GKw`b ejwQj, ÒAvgvi
fvBUv‡K Avi XvKvq ivLjvg bv| †h †Mvjgvj, evwo cvwV‡q w`jvg|Ó ï‡b eyKUv Zvi wXcwXc KiwQj,
Gevi hw` Zvi kvjvi cÖm½ †Zv‡j? wbivcËvi R‡b¨B †m GLv‡b G‡m‡Q| K‡jR †_‡K `~‡i, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb
†_‡K `~‡i| kni †_‡KI `~‡iB ejv hvq| †f‡ewQj bZzb GjvKv, cyew`‡K Rvbjv a‡i ùvov‡j †Pv‡L c‡o
wej Avi avb‡ÿZ| Zv Kx wec`! Gw`‡K bvwK †bŠKv K‡i P‡j Av‡m †÷bMvbIqvjv †QvKivi `j|
Gw`KKvi gvbyl †Pv‡L Lvwj †bŠKv †`‡L, †bŠKv fiv A¯¿| Gi Ici †eŠ hw` wg›Uzi K_v †Zv‡j †Zv A¯¿
Xz‡K c‡o Zvi N‡ii gwa¨Lv‡b| wg›Uz †h †Kv_vq †M‡Q Zv †m-I Rv‡b Zvi †eŠ-I Rv‡b| wKwmbRvi mv‡ne
e‡j‡Q, Gme n‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡bi BbUvb©vj A¨v‡dqvi| Ñgvbyl †g‡i mvd K‡i †`q, evwoNi, MÖvg, evRvinvU
R¡vwj‡q w`‡”Q,ÑKv‡iv †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_v bvB| Gme n‡jv BbUvb©vj A¨v‡dqvi| Ñbv, bv, G ai‡bi fvebv
av‡i Kv‡Q †Nul‡Z †ÌqvI wVK bq| wb‡Pi d¬¨v‡U _v‡K I‡qjwWs IqvK©k‡ci gvwjK, Zvi k¦ïi wbðqB
m`©vi †Mv‡Qi ivRvKvi| mßv‡n `yBw`b-wZbw`b †g‡qi evwo‡Z †iwd«Rv‡iUi, †Uc †iKW©vi, `vwg `vwg
†mvdv‡mU, d¨vb, LvU-cvjs me Pvjvb cvVvq|
Ò†`wL †Zv, wdU K‡i wKbv|Ó Avmgv GwM‡q G‡m Zvi Mv‡q †iBb‡KvU Pwo‡q w`‡Z w`‡Z e‡j, Òwg›Uz †Zv
Avgvi A‡bK j¤^v| †Zvgvi Mv‡q n‡e †Zv?Ó Ñ†`‡Lv, †di wg›Uzi ˆ`‡N©ï Zzjbv K‡i Zvi m‡½| GB
fvB‡K wb‡q GiKg evovevwo KivUv wK Avmgvi wVK n‡”Q?
Òfv‡jvB n‡jv| †Zvgvi †Mvovwj ch©šÍ XvKv c‡o‡Q| cv‡qI e„wó jvM‡e bv|Ó GLv‡bB Avmgvi †kl bq|
†iBb‡Kv‡Ui m‡½Kvi Uzwc G‡b Pwo‡q †`q Zvi gv_vq|
ÒAveŸy †Qv‡Uvgvgv n‡q‡Q| AveŸy †Qv‡Uvgvgv n‡q‡Q|Ó AvovB eQ‡ii †g‡qi m`¨-Nyg-fvOv Mjvq fvOv
fvOv eywj ï‡b †m Pg‡K I‡V, wg›Uz wK Xz‡K co‡jv A¯¿k¯¿ nv‡Z? Gi gv‡b wc‡Q wc‡Q XzK‡Q wgwjUvwi|
Zvi gv‡bÑ| bv, ìRvi wQUwKwb I wLj me eÜ|
Zv‡K wK wg›Uzi g‡Zv †`Lv‡”Q? wgwjUvwi Avevi fzj K‡i em‡e bv †Zv? Gi g‡a¨ Zvi cuvP eQ‡ii †Q‡jUv
M¤¢xi †Pv‡L Zv‡K ch©‡eÿY K‡i ivq †`q, ÒAveŸy‡K †Qv‡Uvgvgvi g‡Zv †`Lv‡”Q| AveŸy Zv n‡j
gyw³evwnbx| ZvB bv?Ó
192 mvwnZ¨ cvV
G †Zv fvebvi K_v| †Wªwms †Uwe‡ji mvg‡b ùvwo‡q wb‡Ri bZzbiƒ‡c †m f¨vevP¨vKv Lvq| bvÑ! LvgvLv
fq cv‡”Q| e„wói w`‡b †iBb‡KvU Mv‡q †ÌqvUv Aciva n‡e †Kb? wgwjUvwii wK Avi we‡ePbv‡eva bvB?
wcÖbwmc¨vj W. AvdvR Avng` wVKB e‡j, Ò†kv‡bb, wgwjUvwi hv‡ì a‡i, wg‡QwgwQ a‡i bv| mvefvwm©f
A¨vKwUwfwU‡Ri m‡½ Zviv mvgnvD Ai Av`vi Bb&&fjf&&W|Ó Zv †m †Zv evcy Gme †_‡K kZnvZ `~‡i|
kvjv Zvi eW©vi µm Kij, wd‡i G‡m †`‡ki †fZ‡i `gv`g wgwjUvwi gv‡i| Zv‡Z Avi `yjvfvB‡qi
†`vlUv †Kv_vq? GB †h wgwjUvwi cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b GB XvKv kn‡ii evRvi †cvovq, ew¯Í‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q
UcvUc gvbyl gv‡i, †g‡q‡ì a‡i wb‡q hvq,Ñ†m KL‡bv Gme wb‡q Uuz kãwU K‡i‡Q? K‡j‡Ri †Ìqvj
†Nu‡l wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji †KvqvUv©‡ii cv‡k wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ú, K¬vmUøvm me eÜ| †Q‡jiv †KD Av‡m bv|
gv÷vi‡ì nvwRiv w`‡Z nq, ZvI eû wUPvi Mv XvKv w`‡q‡Q K‡e †_‡K| †m †Zv †ivR UvBg&wj hvq| ÷vd
iæ‡g KwjMiv wdmwdm K‡i, †Kv_vq †Kvb weªR D‡o †Mj, †Kv_vq mvZ wgwjUvwii jvk c‡o‡Q †Q‡j‡ì
¸wj‡Z, GB K‡j‡Ri †Kvb †Kvb †Q‡j d«‡›U †M‡Q, ÑKB, †m †Zv Gme Avjv‡ci g‡a¨ KL‡bv _v‡K bv|
Gme K_v ïiæ n‡jB Avj‡Mv‡Q D‡V †m P‡j hvq wcÖbwmc¨v‡ji Kvgivq| W. AvdvR Avng‡ì L¨vmL¨vm
Mjvq wn›`y¯Ívb I wgmwµ‡q›U‡ì Avï I Aek¨¤¢vex cZb m¤^‡Ü wbwðZ fwel¨ØvYx †kv‡b| IB N‡i
AvRKvj mn‡R †KD †Nu‡l bv| D`y©i cÖ‡dmi AvKei mvwR`‡K wcÖbwmc¨vj AvRKvj †ZvqvR K‡i|
wg›Uzi †d‡j-hvIqv bvwK †i‡L-hvIqv †iBb‡Kv‡U †XvKvi ci †_‡K Zvi cv wkiwki Ki‡Q, Avi GK gyn~Z©
ùvwo‡q _vKv hv‡”Q bv| wcÖbwmc¨vj Zv‡K †W‡K cvwV‡q‡Q †mB KLb!
iv¯Ívq GKUv wiKkv bvB| Zv wiKkvi c‡ivqvI †m GLb Ki‡Q bv| †iBb‡Kv‡Ui †fZ‡i nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z
evm÷¨vÛ †h‡Z Zvi †Kv‡bv Amywe‡a n‡e bv| †iBb‡Kv‡Ui Ici e„wó co‡Q Aweivg| Kx gRv, Zvi Mv‡q
jv‡M bv GKwU †duvUv| Uzwci eviv›`v †e‡q cvwb Mwo‡q co‡j K‡qK †duvUv †m †P‡U †`‡L| wVK cvb‡m
¯^v` bq, Uzwci †ZR wK cvwb‡ZI jvMj bvwK? Zv‡K wK wgwjUvwii g‡Zv †`Lv‡”Q? cvÄve AvwU©jvwi, bv
evjyP †iwR‡g›U, bv Kg¨v‡Ûv †dvm©, bvwK c¨viv wgwjUvwi, bv wgwjUvwi cywjk,ÑI‡ì †Zv G‡KK ¸wói
G‡KK bvg, G‡KK myiZ| Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡U Zv‡K wK bZzb †Kv‡bv evwnbxi †jvK e‡j g‡b n‡”Q? †nvK|
†m †ek nbnb K‡i nuv‡U| †kl-†ng‡šÍi e„wó‡Z †ek kxZ-kxZ fve| wKš‘ †iBb‡Kv‡Ui †fZ‡i Kx my›ì
Ig| wg›UzUv GB †iBb‡KvU †i‡L wM‡q Kx fv‡jvB †h K‡i‡Q|
evm÷¨v‡Û †cŠu‡Q ev‡mi Rb¨ Zv‡K ZvKv‡Z nq DË‡iB| wgwjUvwi jwii j¨vRUvI †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| Avevi
Zvi ev‡miI †Zv bvgMÜ †bB| evm÷¨v‡Û RbcÖvYx ej‡Z †m G‡Kev‡i GKjv| iv¯Ívi cv‡k
cvb-wewo-wm‡MÖ‡Ui †QvU †`vKvbUvi Suvc GKUzLvwb Zz‡j †`vKvb`viI ZvwK‡q i‡q‡Q DË‡iB, Iw`‡K wK
†Kv‡bv †Mvjgvj n‡jv bvwK? †`vKvb`vi †Q‡jUv GKUz evPvj UvB‡ci| evm÷¨v‡Û Zv‡K †`L‡jB †QuvovUv
weoweo K‡i, Kvj †kv‡bb bvB? wgicy‡ii wej w`qv `yB †bŠKv †evSvB KBiv AvBwQj| GKUv wRc DovBqv
w`‡Q, Kgc‡ÿ cuvPUv Lvb‡mbv LZg| wewewm KB‡Q, iscyi-w`bvRcy‡ii nv‡di †ewk RvqMv ¯^vaxb| Gi
g‡a¨B wQcwQ‡c e„wó‡Z jvj‡P Avfv Zz‡j G‡m coj jvj i‡Oi †÷U evm|
ev‡m hvÎx Kg| bv, bv, KÛv±iiv memgq †hgbÑLvwj-Mvwo e‡j PüvPvq, †miKg bq| mwZ¨ mwZ¨
A‡a©‡Ki †ewk wmU Lvwj| †m ev‡m DV‡j Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui cvwb co‡Z jvMj ev‡mi wf‡R gvwU‡Z| G
R‡b¨ Zvi GKUz Lvivc K_v, AšÍZ wUUKvwi †kvbvi K_v| wKš‘ Zv‡K †KD wKQz e‡j bv|
†Vuv‡U Zvi GKUz nvwm weQv‡bv _v‡K| GB bxie wKš‘ ¯úó nvwmi KviY wK GB †h, Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui
cvwb‡Z ev‡m mqjve n‡q †M‡jI †KD Uzu kãwU Ki‡Q bv? Zvi †cvkvK wK mevB‡K Nve‡o w`j bvwK?
†iBb‡KvU 193
Lvwj iv¯Ív †c‡q evm P‡j Lye †Rv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi AvmbwU †m wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Uj‡Z Uj‡Z GKevi
GB wmU †`‡L, cQ›` nq bv e‡j †di IB wm‡Ui w`‡K hvq| Ggb mgq †cQ‡bi w`K †_‡K `yRb hvÎx
D‡V c‡o Zvovnzov K‡i, Òiv‡Lv iv‡LÓÕ ej‡Z ej‡Z SzuwK wb‡q Zviv †b‡g c‡o PjšÍ evm †_‡K| †m
Zv‡ì w`‡K ZvKvq Ges eyS‡Z cv‡i, Giv cvjvj wVK Zv‡K †`‡LB| †jvK `y‡Uv wbðqB wµwgbvj|
GKUv †Pvi, Av‡iKUv c‡KUgvi| wKsev `y‡UvB †Pvi A_ev `y‡UvB c‡KUgvi| bvgevi gyn~‡Z© `y‡Uvi g‡a¨
m`©vi UvB‡ciUv Zvi w`‡K †cQb wd‡i ZvKvj| †mB †PvL fiv fq, †Kej fq|
RyrmB wmU †e‡Q wb‡q †m acvm K‡i em‡ZB †dv‡g dm K‡i AvIqvR nq Ges ZvB‡Z Nvo wdwi‡q ZvKvq
mvg‡bi wm‡U emv wZbRb hvÎx| ûu! G‡ìI †m wVK †Pvi A_ev c‡KUgvi e‡j wVK kbv³ K‡i †d‡j|
WvKvZI n‡Z cv‡i| wKsev wgwjUvwi †Kv‡bv ew¯Í‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q P‡j G‡j Giv †Qv‡U †mLv‡b jyUcvU
Ki‡Z| A_ev wgwjUvwi †Kv_vI jyUcvU Ki‡j Giv wM‡q Dw”Qó Kzovq| wZb‡UB c‡ii ÷‡c‡R bvgvi
R‡b¨ A‡bK Av‡MB aidi K‡i D‡V ùvovq Ges evm _vgvi m‡½-m‡½ †b‡g c‡o SUcU cvq| wZb‡U
wµwgbv‡ji GKUvI Zvi w`‡K Avi wd‡iI ZvKvq bv| Zvi gv‡b Zv‡K †ek fq †c‡q‡Q e‡jB Zvi m‡½
†PvLv‡PvwL Gov‡Z G‡ì GZ KmiZ|
hvK, wg›Uzi †iBb‡Kv‡U Zvi KvR n‡”Q| †Pvi Qu¨v‡Pvi c‡KUgvi me †K‡U co‡Q| fv‡jv gvby‡liv _vK|
†m †ek mrm‡½ P‡j hv‡e G‡Kev‡i K‡jR ch©šÍ|
Avmv` †MU evm÷‡c‡R wSiwS‡i e„wó‡Z ùvwo‡q A‡cÿv KiwQj †ek K‡qKRb gvbyl| QvZv nv‡Z †KD
†KD wbR-wbR QvZvi wb‡P Ges QvZv Qvov A‡b‡KB A‡bï QvZvi wb‡P gv_vi AšÍZ LvwbKUv †c‡Z w`‡q
e„wói QuvU †_‡K AvZ¥iÿv Ki‡Z kixi¸‡jv‡K AvuKveuvKv KiwQj| evm _vgv‡j †m †`Lj, G‡K G‡K
bqRb c¨v‡mÄvi ev‡m DVj| †m †ek LuywU‡q LuywU‡q mevB‡K †`‡L| †Zv Zvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q bqR‡bi
wZbRb ÔAv‡i iv‡Lv iv‡LvÕ Ges GKRb Ô†iv‡Lv-†iv‡LvÕ ej‡Z ej‡Z †b‡g coj aodo K‡i| †k‡li
Rb †eva nq Ggwb AwW©bvwi †Pvi, wQuP‡K †Pvi nIqvi m¤¢vebvB †ewk| Avi cÖ_g wZb‡U †Kv_vI my›ìx
†g‡q gvbyl †`L‡j wgwjUvwi‡K Lei †`q wKsev wgwjUvwii KvQ †_‡K e›`yK wb‡q ÔcvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev`Õ,
ÔcvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev`Õ †¯øvMvb w`‡q gnjøvq-gnjøvq †Nv‡i Avi my›ìx †g‡q‡ì a‡i G‡b †cuŠ‡Q †`q
wgwjUvwi K¨v‡¤ú| G¸‡jv n‡jv ivRvKvi| †di bZzb K‡i Acivaxgy³ ev‡m †h‡Z GLb fv‡jv jvM‡Q|
Rvbvjvi evB‡i e„wói Avuk Do‡Q; VvÛv nvIqvq MvQcvjv, †jvKRb, †`vKvbcvU I evwoN‡ii Ici
UªvÝcv‡i›U AveiY †`‡L Zvi G·Uªv fv‡jv jv‡M| mg¯Í fv‡jv-jvMvUv wPo Lvq, evm nVvr K‡i †eªK
Kl‡jv| ZLb Zv‡K ZvKv‡Z nq euv‡q, †PvL c‡o wbg©xqgvY gmwR‡ì Qv‡ì w`‡K| ìRv †_‡K VvÛv
nvIqv G‡m jv‡M Zvi gy‡L Ges bv‡Ki †fZi w`‡q †mB nvIqv Xz‡K c‡o ey‡K, †mLv‡b av°v jv‡M;
µvK-WvD‡bi ivZ †K‡U †fvi n‡j wgwjUvwii ¸wj‡Z GB gmwR‡ì Qv` †_‡K c‡o wM‡qwQj gyqvw¾b
mv‡ne| VvÐv nIqvi av°v †iBb‡Kv‡Ui Zv‡c GZUvB Mig n‡q I‡V †h, g‡b nq wfZ‡i eywS Av¸b a‡i
†Mj| gmwR‡ì D‡ëvw`‡Ki evwo‡Z wZbZjvq _vKZ ZLb Zviv| ivZfi U¨v‡¼i û¼vi Avi †gwkbMvb
Avi †÷bMv‡bi †ND‡ND Avi gvby‡li KvZivwb‡Z Zv‡ì KviI Nyg nqwb †m iv‡Z| †Q‡j‡g‡q wb‡q
†Q‡j‡g‡qi gv‡qi m‡½ †m ï‡qwQj Lv‡Ui wb‡P| †fvi‡ejv wgwjUvwi gvbyl gvivq GKUz weiwZ w`‡j
†Q‡j‡g‡qiv Nywg‡q c‡o Ges eÜ Rvbvjvi c`©v GKUz Zz‡j †m iv¯Ív †`L‡Z _v‡K| iv¯Ívi Ic‡i gmwR‡ì
Qv‡` gyqvw¾b mv‡ne ùvwo‡qwQj AvRvb w`‡Z| mvaviYZ Rygvi bvgvRUv †m wbqwgZ c‡o| Z‡e †mB
†fv‡i Zvi AvRvb ïb‡Z B”Qv KiwQj Lye| gyqvw¾‡bi AvRvb †ÌqvUv m¤ú~Y© †`L‡e e‡j †m Rvbvjvi
194 mvwnZ¨ cvV
avi †_‡K m‡i bv| mviv GjvKvq B‡jK&wUªwmwU bó, gmwR‡ì gvB‡µv‡dvb A‡K‡Rv| gyqvw¾b mv‡ne
MgM‡g Mjvq hZUv cv‡i †Rvi w`‡q e‡j DVj ÔAvjøvû AvKeviÕ| wØZxqevi Avjøvni gnË †NvlYv Kivi
my‡hvM Zvi Avi †g‡jwb, Gi Av‡MB m¤ú~Y© AbïKg aŸwb K‡i †jvKUv c‡o hvq iv¯Ívi Ici| †mw`b
mKv‡j e„wó wQj bv| AvR e„wói mKv‡j wgwjUvwi wK IB `„‡kï cybN©U‡bi cuvqZviv Ki‡Q? GLb †Zv
†Kv‡bv bvgv‡Ri Iqv³ †bB, Z‡e AvRvb †Ìqv‡e wK K‡i? Giv †eva nq †h †Kv‡bv mgq‡KB bvgv‡Ri
Iqv³ †NvlYv K‡i bZzb ûKzg Rvwi K‡i‡Q|
wgwjUvwi GLb hveZxq Mvwo _vgv‡”Q| Mvwoi c¨v‡mÄvi‡ì bvwg‡q ùvo Kwi‡q †`q iv¯Ívi av‡i| Av‡iK
`j wgwjUvwi †÷bMvb ZvK Kwi‡q †i‡L‡Q GB gvby‡li mvwii Ici| Ab¨ GKwU `j †di IB me †jv‡Ki
RvgvKvco I kix‡ii †Mvcb RvqMv¸‡jv Zjøvwm K‡i| wgwjUvwi hv‡ì cQ›` Ki‡Q Zv‡ì †V‡j w`‡”Q
†cQ‡b ùvov‡bv GKUv jwii w`‡K| Zv‡ì evmwU‡Z G‡m DVj j¤^v I Lye dm©v GK wgwjUvwi|
GLb ev‡mi wfZi †Kv‡bv AvIqvR bvB| hvÎx‡ì ey‡Ki wUcwUc kã GB bxieZvi my‡hv‡M ev‡o Ges
GUvB Zvi gv_vq ev‡R `ªvg-`ªvg K‡i| eviv›`vIqvjv Uzwci wb‡P k‡ãi Nlvq Nlvq Av¸b R¡‡j Ges Zvi
nj&Kv †e‡ivq Zvi †PvL w`‡q| Z‡e GKUz b‡o em‡j gv_vi I ey‡Ki aŸwb wbqš¿‡Y Av‡m Ges Gme‡K
c‡ivqv bv K‡i †m mivmwi ZvKvj wgwjUvwii gy‡Li w`‡K| wgwjUvwii †PvL QuyPv‡jv n‡q Av‡m Ges QuyPv‡jv
†Pv‡Li gwY KuvUvi g‡Zv weu‡a hvq Zvi gy‡L| †mI Zvi †Pv‡Li †fuvZv wKš‘ Mig PvDwbUv‡K w¯’i K‡i
Avj‡Mv‡Q wewQ‡q †`q wgwjUvwii Lvov bv‡K, QuyPv‡jv †Pv‡L, †Muv‡di wb‡P I bvK, †Muvd I †Pv‡Li
Avkcv‡ki I wb‡Pi jvj‡P Pvgovq| G‡Z KvR n‡jv| wgwjUvwii †PvLv †PvL m‡i hvq Zvi gyL †_‡K,
†b‡g c‡o Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui Ici| g‡b nq †iBb‡Kv‡Ui cvwbi †duvUv¸‡jv †jvKUv ¸‡Y ¸‡Y †`L‡Q|
†fZ‡ii Zv‡c GBme cvwbi †duvUv †`‡L wgwjUvwii GZ _ †g‡i hvevi Kx n‡jv? †jvKUv wK G¸‡jv‡Z
i‡³i wPý †`‡L? †iBb‡Kv‡Ui e„wói †duvUv †MvYv¸bwZ †m‡i wgwjUvwi nVvr e‡j, ÔAv‡M ev‡ovÕ| evm
nVvr ÷vU© w`‡q K‡qK cv jvwd‡q Av‡M ev‡o Ges hvÎx‡ì ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦v‡mi av°vq AwZwi³ †e‡M Qz‡U
cvi n‡q hvq XvKv K‡j‡Ri †MU| wbD gv‡K©‡Ui mvg‡b G‡m co‡j †m D‡V ùvovq Ges ûKzg K‡i,
Ôiv‡Lb bvg‡evÕ| evm GKUz †¯øv n‡j Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui Rgv‡bv cvwb Mwo‡q co‡Z w`‡q Acivaxgy³ evm
†_‡K bvg‡Z bvg‡Z mnhvÎx‡ì w`‡K ZvwK‡q †m †VuvU euvKvq, G‡Z Zvi mvg‡bi mvwii ùvZI †ewi‡q
c‡o| hviv †`‡L‡Q Zviv Zvi †mB fw½wU‡K wVK nvwm e‡j kbv³ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj e‡j Zvi aviYv nq|
wcÖbwmcv‡ji Kvgivq wcÖbwmcv‡ji wmsnvmb gvK©v †Pqv‡i e‡m i‡q‡Q Ruv`‡ij UvB‡ci GK wgwjUvwi
cvÛv| Zvi fvwiw° gyL †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq, cvÛvwU K‡b©j wKsev †gRi †Rbv‡ij, A_ev †gRi ev
weª‡MwWqvi| Zv‡K †`‡L wcÖbwmcv‡ji Kv‡jv gyL †e¸wb nq, W. AvdvR Avng` GgGmwm, wcGBPwW, B
wc Gm B Gm nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z m¨vi e‡j, Ôwn BR cÖ‡dmi û`v|Õ
wKš‘ W. AvdvR Avng` GgGmwm, wcGBPwW wb‡Ri fzj ms‡kvab bv K‡i cv‡i bv, Ômwi wn BR bU G
cÖ‡dmi| G †jKPvivi Bb †Kwgw÷ª|
ÒkvU Avc|Ó
Gevi wcÖbwmcvj _v‡g|
Zv‡K Ges Ave`ym mvËvi g„av‡K wb‡q wgwjUvwi wR‡c †Zvjvi Av‡M Ruv`‡ij K‡b©j bv weª‡MwWqvi
wcÖbwmcvj‡K Kov Mjvq e‡j, †mbvevwnbx‡K wb‡q gRv K‡i kv‡qwi Kiv Lye e‡ov Aciva| Gevi Zv‡K
†Q‡o †Ìqv n‡jv, Z‡e Kov Iqv‡P ivLv n‡e| D`©yi cÖ‡dmi AvKei mvwR‡ì †`vnvB †c‡o wcÖwÝcv‡ji
myweav nq bv| byiæj DwØMœ nq, mvwR` mv‡ne hw` cvwj‡q bv _v‡K †Zv Zvi Kcv‡j †h Kx Av‡Q Zv Rv‡b
GK Avjøv Avi Rv‡b GB wgwjUvwi|
†iBb‡KvU 195
Zv‡ì `yR‡bi †PvL †eu‡a †Ìqv n‡qwQj, wRc PjwQj Gu‡K‡eu‡K| g¯Í DuPz GKUv N‡i Zv‡ì G‡b †djv
n‡jv| †PvL Ly‡j w`‡j †m Ave`ym mvËvi g„av‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| RvqMvUvI G‡Kev‡i A‡Pbv| GKUv
†WK-†Pqv‡i †m †h KZÿY e‡m _vKj Zvi †Kv‡bv wnmve †bB| Zvi mvg‡b GKUv †Pqv‡i G‡m emj GK
wgwjUvwi| Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z bvbvb cÖkœ K‡i, †m Reve †`q| †jvKUv P‡j †M‡j Zv‡K Ab¨ N‡i wb‡q †di
Ab¨ GKUv †jvK G‡m Zv‡K cÖkœ K‡i Ges †m Reve †`q| cÖkœ¸‡jv cÖvq GKBiKg Ges Zvi DË‡iiI
†ni‡di nq bv| †hgb, wKQzw`b Av‡M Zv‡ì K‡j‡R K‡qKUv †jvnvi Avjgvwi †Kbv n‡q‡Q| I¸‡jv e‡q
wb‡q G‡mwQj Kviv?
†m Reve †`q, wVK| Awd‡mi R‡b¨ wZb‡U, †evUvwb wnw÷ª wRIMÖvwd wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui R‡b¨ `y‡Uv K‡i Ges
Bs‡iwRi R‡b¨ GKUv, me©‡gvU `kwU Avjgvwi K‡j‡R wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q|
GZ K_v ejvi ìKvi bvB Zvi| IB Avjgvwi¸‡jv wb‡q Avmv nq K‡qKUv †VjvMvwo K‡i|
†VjvMvwoIqvjv‡ì †Zv †m fv‡jv K‡iB †P‡b|
byiæj û`v Reve †`q, Zv‡ì †m wPb‡e †Kv‡Ì‡K? Zviv n‡jv Kzwj, †m GKRb †jKPvivi|
Zvn‡j †m Zv‡ì m‡½ GZ K_v ejwQj †Kb?
wcÖbwmcv‡ji Av‡`‡k †m Avjgvwi¸‡jvi w÷‡ji cv‡Zi NbZ¡, †ìv‡Ri msL¨v I AvKvi, ZvjvPvwei gvb,
i‡Oi gvb cÖf…wZ cixÿv K‡i †`LwQj, Zvi `vwqZ¡ wQjÑ|
wgwjUvwi kvšÍ Mjvq Z_¨ mieivn Kivi fw½‡Z e‡j, wgmwµ‡q›Uiv K‡j‡R Xz‡KwQj Kzwji †e‡k| GUv
Zvi †P‡q Avi fv‡jv Rv‡b †K? Zviv AvR aiv c‡o byiæj û`vi bvg e‡j‡Q| Zv‡ì m‡½ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM
wbqwgZ, †m M¨v‡Oi GKRb mwµq m`m¨|
ÒAvgvi bvg? mwZ¨ e‡j‡Q? Avgvi bvg e‡j‡Q?Ó byiæj û`vi nVvr wPrKv‡i wgwjUvwi wei³ nq bv, eis
Drmvn cvq| DrmvwnZ wgwjUvwi †di e‡j, Kzwjiv wQj QÙ‡ekx wgmwµ‡q›U| Zviv K‡j‡Ri wUPvi‡ì
g‡a¨ byiæj û`vi bvgB e‡j‡Q|
byiæj û`v AevK n‡q ZvwK‡q _v‡K| Zviv wK Zv‡K †P‡b? †Kwgw÷ª wWcvU©‡g‡›U Avjgvwi mvwR‡q ivLvi
mgq GK Kzwj ùvwo‡qwQj Zvi Mv †Nu‡l! ZLb †Zv †NviZi el©vKvj, XvKvq Gevi e„wóI n‡q‡Q Lye|
ivZw`b GB e„wó wb‡q †m wK †hb e‡jwQj, Zv‡Z KzwjUv weoweo K‡i I‡V, Ôel©vKv‡jB †Zv RyrÕ| K_vUv
`yevi e‡jwQj| Gi gv‡b Kx? ÷vdiæ‡g †K GKRb GKw`b bv `yw`b wdmwdm KiwQj, evsjvi el©v †Zv
kvjviv Rv‡b bv| ivwkqvq wQj †Rbv‡ij DBbUvi, Avgv‡ì †Rbv‡ij gbmyb| ÑIB QÙ‡ekx †Q‡jUv wK
GB K_vB eywS‡qwQj? Zvi Ici Zv‡ì GZ Av¯’v? ÑDrmv‡n byiæj û`v Gw`K-Iw`K ZvKvq| Zvi
†gŠbZv wgwjUvwi‡K Av‡iKUz wbwðZ K‡i|
wKQzÿY ci, KZÿY ci †m eyS‡Z cv‡i bv, wgwjUvwi Zv‡K †di GKB cÖkœ K‡i Reve bv †c‡q cÖej
†e‡M `y‡Uv Nywl jvMvq Zvi gy‡L| cÖ_g Nywl‡Z †m KvZ nq, wØZxq Nywl‡Z c‡o hvq †g‡S‡Z| †g‡S †_‡K
Zz‡j Zv‡K wgwjUvwi †di wR‡Ám K‡i, I‡ì Av¯Ívbv †Kv_vq †m Lei Zvi †Zv fv‡jvfv‡eB Rvbv Av‡Q|
†m Reve †`q, Ônu¨vÕ!
IB wVKvbvUv e‡j w`‡jB †Zv Zv‡K mm¤§v‡b †Q‡o †Ìqv n‡e GB wbðqZv w`‡q Zv‡K cvDiæwU I `ya
LvIqv‡bv nq| Zv‡K fve‡Z mgq w`‡q wgwjUvwi P‡j hvq| wKQzÿY ci, KZÿY †m Rv‡b bv, wgwjUvwi
wd‡i G‡m †di e‡j, wgmwµ‡q›U‡ì wVKvbv †Zv Zvi Rvbv Av‡Q| †m †di Reve †`q, nu¨vÕ| wKš‘ c‡ii
196 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cÖ‡kœi Reve bv †c‡q wgwjUvwi Zv‡K wb‡q hvq Ab¨ GKwU N‡i| Zvi †eu‡ULv‡Uv kixiUv‡K Szwj‡q †Ìqv
n‡jv Qv‡`-jvMv‡bv GKUv AvsUvi m‡½| Zvi cvQvq Pvey‡Ki evwo c‡o mcvr mcvr K‡i| Z‡e evwo¸‡jv
weiwZnxb co‡Z _vKvq wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ †m¸‡jv byiæj û`vi Kv‡Q g‡b nq †mªd DrcvZ e‡j| g‡b n‡”Q
†hb e„wó co‡Q wg›Uzi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui Ici| †iBb‡KvUUv Giv Ly‡j †d‡j‡Q, †Kv_vq ivLj †K Rv‡b| wKš‘
Zvi Ig Zvi kix‡i GL‡bv †j‡MB i‡q‡Q| e„wói g‡Zv Pvey‡Ki evwo c‡o Zvi †iBb‡Kv‡Ui g‡Zv Pvgovq
Avi †m Aweivg e‡jB P‡j, wgmwµ‡q›U‡ì wVKvbv Zvi Rvbv Av‡Q| ïay Zvi kvjvi bq, Zvi wVKvbv
Rvbvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv evnv`ywi bvB, †m QÙ‡ekx Kzwj‡ì Av¯ÍvbvI †P‡b| ZvivI Zv‡K †P‡b Ges Zvi Ici
Zv‡ì Av¯’vI Kg bq| Zv‡ì m‡½ Zvi AuvZv‡Zi Awf‡hvM I Zv‡ì m‡½ Zvi AuvZvZ ivLvi D‡ËRbvq
byiæj û`vi SzjšÍ kixi GZUvB Kuv‡c †h Pvey‡Ki evwoi w`‡K Zvi Avi g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv n‡q I‡V bv|
kãv_© I UxKv
†Rbv‡ij †÷U‡g›U − mvaviY wee„wZ|
†¯úwmwdK K¬vwmwd‡Kkb − mywbw`©ó †kªwYKiY|
ÔZje wKqv| Avwf hvbv †nvMvÕ − ÔZje K‡i‡Qb| GLbB †h‡Z n‡e|Õ
ÔwgmwKwiqvb †jvM B‡jKwUwi
†Uivbmdvg©vi †Zvo w`qv|
AIi Iqvcm hv‡b Kv UvBg
wcwibwmcvj mvnveKv †KvwV‡g
†M‡ibW †dKv| †MU †Zvo
wMqv|Õ − Ôwgmwµ‡q›Uiv B‡jKwUªK UªvÝdigvi Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avevi wd‡i
hvIqvi mgq wcÖbwmcvj mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z †MÖ‡bW Qz‡o‡Q| †MU
†f‡O †M‡Q|Õ
ÔK¨vq‡m?Õ − ÔKxfv‡e?Õ
ÔDI Avc wn Kn mKZvÕ − Ô†mwU AvcwbB ej‡Z cv‡ib|Õ
wgmwµqv›U − `y®‹…ZKvix| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívb miKvi I Zvi
†mbvevwnbx GB kãwU evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³‡hv×v‡ì †nq cÖwZcbœ
Kivi Rb¨ eënvi K‡i‡Q|
ÔAvãym mvËvi wgiavKv Ni
hv‡b †nvMv| Avc Avwf AvB‡q|
GK K‡b©j mvnve cuIQ wMqv|
me cidmi‡Kv G‡Ëjv w`qv|
dIib AvB‡q|Õ − ÔAve`ym mvËvi g„avi evmvq †h‡Z n‡e| Avcwb GLbB Avmyb|
GK K‡b©j mv‡ne Gi g‡a¨B P‡j G‡m‡Qb| me cÖ‡dmi‡K
†W‡K‡Qb| ZvovZvwo Avmyb|Õ
†iBb‡KvU 197
I‡qjwWs IqvK©kc − SvjvB KviLvbv|

mvefvwm©f A¨vKwUwfwUR − ivóªwe‡ivax Kg©KvÐ| gyw³‡hv×v‡ì ZrciZv‡K cvwK¯Ívb miKvi
I Zv‡ì mg_©Kiv 1971 mv‡j Gfv‡e AwfwnZ KiZ|
µvK-WvD‡bi ivZ − 1971 mv‡ji 25G gvP© wèvMZ iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx XvKvq
†h fqven aŸsmhÁ I MYnZ¨v cwiPvjbv K‡i †mB iv‡Zi K_v
ejv n‡q‡Q|
ivwkqvq wQj †Rbv‡ij DB›Uvi
Avgv‡ì †Rbv‡ij gbmyb − wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq cÖPÐ kx‡Zi Ke‡j c‡o wnUjv‡ii evwnbx
iæk evwnbxi nv‡Z ch©y`¯Í n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖej el©vq
†Zgwb wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z c‡owQj nvbv`vi cvwK¯Ívwb
evwnbx| GLv‡b †mB welqwUiB Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ô†iBb‡KvUÕ MíwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1995 mv‡j| c‡i GwU †jL‡Ki me©‡kl MíMÖš’ ÔRvj ¯^cœ ¯^‡cœi RvjÕ
(1997) MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ nq| G M‡íi cvV MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm iPbvmgMÖ 1 †_‡K|
gyw³hy‡×i mgqKvi XvKvi cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q MíwU iwPZ| gyw³hy‡×i ZLb †kl ch©vq| XvKvq ZLb gyw³‡hv×v‡ì
†Mwijv AvµgY ïiæ n‡q‡Q| ZviB GKwU NUbv G M‡íi welq; †hLv‡b XvKv K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b †Mwijv
Avµg‡Yi d‡j ê`y¨wZK UªvÝdg©vi aŸsm K‡i †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx
K‡j‡Ri wkÿK‡ì Zje K‡i Ges Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K byiæj û`v I Ave`ym mvËvi g„av‡K †MÖßvi K‡i wbh©vZb
Pvwj‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡ì mÜvb cvIqvi †Póv K‡i| byiæj û`vi Revwb‡Z M‡íi AwaKvsk NUbv wee„Z n‡q‡Q|
wee„Z n‡q‡Q cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi ee©i wbcxob I nZ¨vh‡Ái g‡a¨ XvKv kn‡ii AvZ¼MÖ¯Í Rxe‡bi wPÎ| †Mwijv
Avµg‡Yi NUbv N‡U †h iv‡Z, Zvi ciw`b mKv‡j wQj e„wó| Zje †c‡q †mB e„wói g‡a¨ byiæj û`v‡K K‡j‡R
†h‡Z †h †iBb‡KvUwU ci‡Z nq †mwU wQj Zvi k¨vjK gyw³‡hv×v g›Uzi| M‡í GB †iBb‡Kv‡Ui cÖZxKx Zvrch©
AmvaviY| gyw³‡hv×v k¨vj‡Ki †iBb‡KvU Mv‡q w`‡q mvaviY fxZz cÖKw… Zi byiæj û`vi g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ nq †h
DòZv, mvnm I †`k‡cÖg− ZviB e¨Äbvgq cÖKvk N‡U‡Q G M‡í|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Kvi Revwb‡Z Ò†iBb‡KvUÓ M‡íi AwaKvsk NUbv wee„Z n‡q‡Q?
K. Ave`ym mvËvi g„av L. W. AvdvR Avng`
M. AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm N. byiæj û`v
2. byiæj û`v‡K cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi Zje Kivi KviY−
K. KgvÛv‡ii wb‡`©‡k L. wcÖwÝcv‡ji Awf‡hv‡M
M. gyw³‡hv×v‡ì mn‡hvMx †f‡e N. Zv‡K gyw³‡hv×v m‡›`‡n
gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj 1952 wLªóv‡ãi 23G wW‡m¤î wcZvi Kg©¯’j wm‡j‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZv kwn`
dqRyi ingvb Avn‡g`, Rbbx Av‡qkv AvLZvi LvZzb| Zvui ˆcZ…K wbevm †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjvq| Zvui gva¨wgK
wkÿv mgvß nq e¸ovq| XvKv K‡jR †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK cixÿv cv‡mi ci wZwb ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁv‡b
¯œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K| wZwb BDwbfvwm©wU Ae IqvwksUb †_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMª
jvf K‡ib| `xN© cÖevmRxeb †k‡l †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i wZwb wm‡j‡Ui kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcK c‡` wbhy³ nb|
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj evsjv fvlvq iwPZ mv‡qÝ wdKkb ev êÁvwbK KíKvwnwbi GK”QÎ m¤ªvU| ÔK‡cvUªwbK
myL `ytLÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g G-avivi mvwn‡Z¨ Zvui cÖ_g Avwef©ve| wZwb GKB m‡½ e¯‘wbô weÁvbx I ¯^cœPvix
†ivgvw›UK| Zvui mvwn‡ZÏ weÁv‡bi e¯‘wbôv I gvbexq Kíbvi mw¤§jb N‡U‡Q| gvZ…f‚wg, gvbyl I awiÎxi cÖwZ
ˆbwZK `vqe×Zv Zvui mvwnwZ¨K gvb‡mi cÖavb êwkó¨| evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbgyLx ZiæY-cÖR‡b¥i wZwb Av`k©|
wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm Ges †QvUMí iPbv‡ZI wZwb `ÿZvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm Ô`xcy bv¤^vi UzÕ,
ÔAvgvi eÜz iv‡k`Õ Ges ÔAvwg ZcyÕ Zuvi Ab¨Zg †kªô iPbv| ÔgnvKv‡k gnvÎvmÕ, ÔUzKzbwRjÕ, Ôwbtm½
MÖnPvixÕ, ÔGKRb AwZgvbexÕ, Ô†dvweqv‡bi hvÎxÕmn A‡bK cvVKwcÖq mv‡qÝ wdKkb ev êÁvwbK KíKvwnwbi
wZwb ¯ªóv| 2004 wLªóv‡ã weÁvb †jLK wn‡m‡e wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
†mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq MÖnwU LyuwU‡q LuywU‡q †`‡L Zviv †ek mšÍyó n‡jv| cÖ_g cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔGLv‡b cÖv‡Yi
weKvk n‡q‡Q|Õ
Ônu¨v|Õ
Ô†ek cwiYZ cÖvY| A‡bK wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi cÖRvwZ| G‡Kev‡i ÿz`ª GK‡Kvlx †_‡K kyiæ K‡i jÿ-†KvwU
†Kv‡li cÖvYx|Õ
wØZxq cÖvYxwU AviI GKUz LyuwU‡q †`‡L ejj, Ôbv| Avm‡j GwU RwUj cÖvY bq| Lye mnR Ges mvaviY|Õ
Ô†Kb? mvaviY †Kb ejQ? ZvwK‡q †`L KZ wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvY| ïiæ n‡q‡Q fvBivm †_‡K, cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
fvBivm‡K Avjv`vfv‡e cªvYnxb ejv hvq| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi ms¯ú‡k© G‡jB Zvi gv‡S Rxe‡bi jÿY
†`Lv hvq| Zvici i‡q‡Q GK‡Kvlx cÖvY, ciRxex e¨vK‡Uwiqv| Zvici Av‡Q MvQcvjv, GK RvqMvq w¯’i|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY w`‡q wb‡Ri Lvevi wb‡RB ˆZwi K‡i wb‡”Q| c×wZUv †ek PgrKvi| MvQcvjv QvovI Av‡Q
KxUcZ½| ZvwK‡q †`L KZ iKg KxUcZ½| cvwb‡ZI bvbv ai‡bi cÖvYx Av‡Q, Zv‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi c×wZ
wfbœ| WvOv‡ZI bvbv ai‡bi cÖvYx, wKQz wKQz kxZj i‡³i wKQz wKQz Dò i‡³i| Dò i‡³i ¯Íb¨cvqx
cÖvYx‡ì GKwUi wfZ‡i Avevi AZ¨šÍ wb¤œ‡kÖwYi eyw×i weKvk n‡q‡Q| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿Y
Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q|Õ
ÔwKš‘ me Avm‡j evwn¨K| GB wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi gv‡S Avm‡j †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †bB|Õ
cÖ_g cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔAvwg eyS‡Z cviwQ bv Zzwg †Kb GB cv_©K¨‡K evwn¨K ejQ|Õ
ÔZzwg Av‡iKUz LyuwU‡q †`L| GB wfbœ cÖRvwZ Kx w`‡q ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †`L|Õ
200 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cÖ_g cªvYxwU GKUz LyuwU‡q †`‡L we¯§qm~PK kã K‡i ejj, ÔZzwg wVKB e‡jQ| GB cÖvYx¸‡jv me GKBfv‡e
ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| me cÖvYxi Rb¨ g~j MVbwU n‡”Q wWGbG w`‡q, me cÖvYxi wWGbG GKB iKg, me¸‡jv GKB
†em †cqvi w`‡q ˆZwi| me‡P‡q mnR Ges me‡P‡q RwUj cÖvYxwUi GKB iKg MVb| cÖvYxwUi weKv‡ki
bxjbKkv GB wWGbG w`‡q ˆZwi K‡i ivLv Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi bxjbKkv mnR, †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi bxjbKkv
RwUj−GUzKzB n‡”Q cv_©K¨|Õ
Ônu¨v|Õ wØZxq cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔAvgiv wek¦eªþv‡Ði me MÖn-bÿÎ Ny‡i me©‡kÖô cÖvYx¸‡jv‡K msMÖn K‡i wb‡q
hvw”Q−KvRwU mnR bq| GB MÖn †_‡KI me©‡kÖô cÖvYxwU Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e−†h‡nZz me¸‡jv cÖvYxi MVb
GKB iKg, KvRwU AviI KwVb n‡q †Mj|Õ
Ômgq bó bv K‡i KvR ïiæ K‡i †Ìqv hvK|Õ
Ônu¨vÕ|
ÔGB fvBivm wKsev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †ewk †QvU, Gi MVb GZ mnR Gi gv‡S †Kv‡bv êwPÎ¨ †bB|Õ
Ônu¨v, wVKB e‡jQ| Avevi GB nvwZ ev bxj wZwg wb‡qI KvR †bB, G‡ì AvKvi †ewk eo| msiÿY Kiv
KwVb n‡e|Õ
ÔMvQcvjv †bIqviI cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Giv GK RvqMvq w¯’i _v‡K| †hLv‡b MwZkxj cÖvYx Av‡Q †mLv‡b w¯’i
cÖvY †bIqvi †Kv‡bv A_© nq bv|Õ
ÔGB cÖvYxwU m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi Kx aviYv? GUv‡K e‡j mvc|Õ
ÔmvcwU †ek †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK, wKš‘ GUv mixm„c| mixm„‡ci †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbqwš¿Z bq, VvÛvi gv‡S Giv
†Kgb †hb ¯’wei n‡q c‡o| cÖvwYRM‡Z mixm„c GKUz wcwQ‡q cov cÖvYx|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ| Zv n‡j mixm„c wb‡q KvR †bB|Õ
cÖ_g cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔAvgvi GB cÖvYxwU Lye cQ›` n‡q‡Q| GUv‡K e‡j cvwL| Kx PgrKvi! AvKv‡k Do‡Z
cv‡i!Õ
wØZxq cÖvYxwU ejj, Ônu¨v, AvgviI GwU cQ›` n‡q‡Q| Avgiv GB cÖvYxwU‡K wb‡Z cvwi| Z‡e−Õ
ÔZ‡e Kx?Õ
ÔG‡ì eyw×gËv m¤ú‡K© Avwg Lye wbwðZ bB| Avgv‡ì wK Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖvYx †bIqv DwPZ bq hviv
eyw×gËvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, hviv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi mf¨Zv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q?Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ| Zv n‡j Avgv‡ì ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡ì GKevi †`Lv DwPZ|Õ
ÔGB †`L GKUv ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx| Kx my›ì njy‡ì gv‡S Kv‡jv †WvivKvUv! Gi bvg evN|Õ
Ônu¨v cÖvYxwU PgrKvi| wKš‘ GwU GKv GKv _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i| GKUv mvgvwRK cÖvYx wb‡Z cvwi bv?Õ
ÔKzKzi‡K wb‡j †Kgb nq? Giv GKmv‡_ _v‡K| `j †eu‡a Ny‡i †eovq|Õ
cÖ_g cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔGB cÖvYxwU‡K gvbyl †cvl gvwb‡q †i‡L‡Q, cÖvYxUv wb‡R‡ì ¯^KxqZv nvwi‡q †dj‡Q|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ, M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx¸‡jvi gv‡S ¯^KxqZv †jvc †c‡q hv‡”Q| GKUv LuvwU cÖvYx †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
nwiY wb‡j †Kgb nq?Õ
ÔZ…Y‡fvRx cÖvYx| Zvi A_© Rvb?Õ
gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi 201
ÔKx?Õ
ÔG‡ì `xN© mgq †L‡Z nq| †ewki fvM mgq GUv Nvm jZvcvZv †L‡q KvUvq|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ| Avgiv †`LwQ †Kv‡bv cÖvYxB cQ›` Ki‡Z cviwQ bv|Õ
ÔAvgvi GKUv wRwbm g‡b n‡”Q|Õ
ÔKx?Õ
ÔGB MÖnwU‡Z †h cÖvYxwU me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i‡Q †mB cÖvYxwU wb‡j †Kgb nq?Õ
Ô†Kvb cÖvYxi K_v ejQ?Õ
Ôgvbyl|Õ
Ôgvbyl?Õ
Ônu¨v| †`L G‡ì GKUv mvgvwRK eë¯’v Av‡Q| mgvRe× n‡q _v‡K| G‡ì †KD kÖwgK, †KD ˆmwbK,
†KD eyw×Rxex|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ|Õ
ÔGB †`L Giv kniÑe›ì-bMi ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| KZ wekvj wekvj bMi ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|Õ
Ôïay ZvB bv, †`L Giv Pvlvev` Ki‡Q| cïcvjb Ki‡Q|Õ
ÔhLb †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq ZLb Giv `je×fv‡e †mUv mgvavb Kivi †Póv K‡i|Õ
Ôwb‡R‡ì mf¨Zv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ G‡ì KZ AvZ¥Z¨vM i‡q‡Q †`‡LQ?Õ
ÔwKš‘ Avgvi GKUv wRwbm g‡b n‡”Q−Õ
ÔKx?Õ
ÔZzwg wK mwZ¨B wek¦vm Ki gvbyl GB MÖ‡ni †kÖô cÖvYx?Õ
ÔZzwg †Kb GUv wR‡Ám KiQ?Õ
ÔGB c„w_exi w`‡K ZvKvI| †`‡LQ evZv‡m KZ `~wlZ c`v_©? KZ †ZRw¯Œq c`v_©? evZv‡mi I‡Rvb ¯Íi
†Kgb K‡i †kl n‡q hv‡”Q †`‡LQ? MvQ †K‡U KZ we¯ÍxY© GjvKv aŸsm K‡i‡Q †`‡LQ?Õ
ÔGi meB wK gvbyl K‡i‡Q?Õ
Ônu¨v|Õ
ÔKx Avðh©! Avwg †f‡ewQjvg Giv eyw×gvb cÖvYx|Õ
ÔGiv G‡K A‡bï Ici wbDwK¬qvi †evgv †dj‡Q| hy× K‡i GKRb Av‡iKRb‡K aŸsm K‡i †dj‡Q|
cÖK…wZ‡K Giv `~wlZ K‡i †d‡j‡Q|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ|Õ
cÖvYx `ywU wKQzÿY †ek g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q gvbyl‡K jÿ Kij, Zvici cÖ_g cÖvYxwU ejj, Ôbv gvbyl‡K †bIqv
wVK n‡e bv| Giv gvÎ `yB wgwjqb eQi Av‡M Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Gi gv‡SB ïay †h wb‡R‡ì wecbœ K‡i‡Q
ZvB bq, cy‡iv MÖnwU‡K aŸsm K‡i †djvi Ae¯’v K‡i †d‡j‡Q|Õ
wØZxq cÖvYxwU ejj, gnvRvMwZK KvDwÝj Avgv‡ì wKD‡iU‡ii `vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì Lye wPšÍv-fvebv
K‡i cÖvYx¸‡jv †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| GB my›ì MÖn †_‡K G iKg †¯^”Qv aŸsmKvix cÖvYx Avgiv wb‡Z cvwi bv|
wKQz‡ZB wb‡Z cvwi bv|Õ
202 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cÖvYx `ywU wKQzÿY Pzc K‡i _v‡K Ges nVvr K‡i cÖ_g cÖvYxwU Avb‡›ì aŸwb w`‡q I‡V| wØZxq cÖvYxwU
AevK n‡q ejj, ÔKx n‡q‡Q?Õ
ÔAvwg GKwU cÖvYx Luy‡R †c‡qwQ| GivI mvgvwRK cÖvYx| GivI `j †eu‡a _v‡K| G‡ì gv‡S kÖwgK Av‡Q
ˆmwbK Av‡Q| esk we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ PgrKvi GKUv c×wZ Av‡Q| †`L wb‡R‡ì _vKvi Rb¨ Kx PgrKvi
wekvj evm¯’vb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q!Õ
wØZxq cÖvYxwU ejj, ÔwVKB e‡jQ| †`L GivI gvby‡li g‡Zv Pvlvev` Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl †hiKg wb‡R‡ì
myweavi Rb¨ cïcvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i G‡ìI wVK †miKg eë¯’v i‡q‡Q|Õ
ÔKx myk„•Lj cÖvYx †`‡LQ?Õ
Ôïay myk„•Lj bq, Giv Am¤¢e cwikÖgx, Mv‡q cÖPÐ †Rvi, wb‡Ri kixi †_‡K `k¸Y †ewk wRwbm Abvqv‡m
wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|Õ
Ônu¨v| †Kv‡bv SMovweev` †bB| †K †Kvb KvR Ki‡e Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i †i‡L‡Q| †Kv‡bv iKg Awf‡hvM
†bB, †h hvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|Õ
ÔAZ¨šÍ mywe‡ePK| Av‡M †_‡K Lvevi Rwg‡q ivL‡Q| Avi wec‡` KL‡bv w`‡knviv nq bv| Ab¨‡K
euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ AKvZ‡i cÖvY w`‡q hv‡”Q|Õ
Ôgvby‡li eqm gvÎ `yB wgwjqb eQi, †mB Zzjbvq Giv †mB WvB‡bvm‡ii hyM †_‡K †eu‡P Av‡Q|Õ
ÔcÖK…wZi GZUzKz ÿwZ K‡iwb| Avwg wbwðZ gvbyl wb‡R‡ì aŸsm K‡i †djvi ciI Giv †eu‡P _vK‡e|
c„w_ex GK mgq GivB wbqš¿Y Ki‡e|Õ
ÔwVKB e‡jQ| Zv n‡j Avgiv GB cÖvYxUvB wb‡q hvB?Õ
Ônu¨v| c„w_exi GB PgrKvi cÖvYxUv †bIqvB me‡P‡q mywe‡ePbvi KvR n‡e|Õ
`yRb gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi †mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq MÖnwU †_‡K K‡qKwU wcucov Zz‡j wb‡q M¨vjvw·i Ab¨
MÖn-bÿ‡Î iIbv †`q, `xN©w`b †_‡K wek¦eªþvÐ Ny‡i Ny‡i Zviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖvYx msMÖn Ki‡Q|
kãv_© I UxKv
gnvRvMwZK − gnvRMr m¤^Üxq|
wKD‡iUi − Rv`yNi iÿK| Rv`yN‡ii ZË¡veavqK Z_v cwiPvjK|
†ZRw¯Œq c`v_© − hv †_‡K Ggb iwk¥i wewKiY N‡U hv A¯^”Q c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q †`Lv hvq|
I‡Rvb ¯Íi − evqygÐ‡ji Dcwifv‡M I‡Rvb M¨v‡m c~Y© ¯Íi we‡kl, hv Avgv‡ì m~‡h©i AwZ‡e¸wb
iwk¥ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
wbDwK¬qvi †evgv − cvigvYweK †evgv|
WvB‡bvmi − eZ©gv‡b jyß cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Kv‡ji e„n`vKvi cÖvYx|
M¨vjvw· − Qvqvc_|
gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUi 203
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔRjRÕ MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z ÒgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÓ MíwU gyn¤§` Rvdi BKev‡ji Ômv‡qÝ wdKkb mgMÖÕ
Z…Zxq LÐ (2002) †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| ÔgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÕ êÁvwbK KíKvwnwb n‡jI G‡Z
†`kKv‡ji cÖfvecyó gvbeKj¨vYKgx© †jL‡Ki Rxeb`„wói cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| AbšÍ gnvRMr †_‡K AvMZ
gnvRvMwZK KvDwÝ‡ji `yRb wKD‡iU‡ii wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi bgybv msMÖ‡n †mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq MÖn
c„w_ex‡Z AvMg‡bi Z_¨ w`‡q MíwUi m~Pbv| c„w_exi †kÖô cÖvYxi bgybv msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q `yRb
wKD‡iU‡ii msjvc wewbg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q MíwU bvU¨¸Y jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖRvwZi hvPvB-evQvB Kv‡j c„w_exi
bvbv cÖvYxi ¸Yv¸Y wKD‡iUi‡ì msjv‡c D‡V Av‡m| ÔgvbylÕ bvgK cÖRvwZ we‡ePbvi †ÿ‡Î wKD‡iUi
`yBR‡bi e¯‘wbô Av‡jvPbv g~jZ KíKvwnwbi †jL‡KiI g‡bi K_v| `yBRb wKD‡iUi c„w_exi w`‡K
ZvwK‡q eyS‡Z cv‡i gby‡li Kvi‡YB n«vm N‡U hv‡”Q I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii| gvbylB wbwe©Pv‡i MvQ †K‡U aŸsm K‡i
P‡j‡Q cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨| ci¯úi hy‡× wjß n‡q gvbylB wbDwK¬qvi †evgv †dj‡Q G‡K A‡bï Ici| GB
cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI Zviv c„w_exi eyw×gvb e‡j Kw_Z| ÔgvbylÕ cÖRvwZi wbey©w×Zvq Zviv kw¼Z nq| Ae‡k‡l
Zviv cwikÖgx myk„•Lj mvgvwRK cÖvYx wcucov‡KB kbv³ K‡i c„w_exi †kÖô cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e| WvB‡bvm‡ii
hyM †_‡K GL‡bv †eu‡P _vKv mywe‡ePK I c‡ivcKvix wcucov‡K Zviv c„w_exi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖvYx we‡ePbvq
msMÖn K‡i wb‡q hvq| KíKvwnwbi i‡mi m‡½ mgvR, cwi‡ek I c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb †jL‡Ki Zxeª †køl
I cwinv‡mi wgkÖY MíwU‡K wewkó K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÓ M‡í gvby‡li eqm KZ eQi e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. GK wgwjqb L. `yB wgwjqb
M. wZb wgwjqb N. Pvi wgwjqb
2. †mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq MÖ‡ni cÖvY mnR Ges mvaviY †Kb?
K. wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ †bB L. mKj cÖRvwZ †`L‡Z GKB iKg
M. mKj cÖRvwZi MVb GKB N. cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi ¸Yv¸Y wfbœ wfbœ
Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI
Kvj‰ekvLxi cÖPÐ SvcUvq jÐ-fÐ gvjÂ MÖvg| Ni-evwo, MvQ-cvjv, †f‡O c‡o RxebhvÎv wech©¯Í| wKš‘
AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx MÖvgevmx †f‡O bv c‡o mevB wg‡j ci¯ú‡ii Ni-evwo †givgZ Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| Aí mg‡qi
g‡a¨B Zviv wech©q KvwU‡q Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i G‡jb|
3. Aby‡”Q‡` ÒgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÓ M‡íi †h w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv-
i. GKZv
ii. k„•Ljv
iii. mngwg©Zv
204 mvwnZ¨ cvV
4. D³ w`‡Ki wecixZ cÖeYZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨?

K. Giv G‡K A‡bï Ici wbDwK¬qvi †evgv †dj‡Q
L. G‡ì gv‡S kÖwgK Av‡Q, ˆmwbK Av‡Q
M. †h hvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q
N. Ab¨‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ AKvZ‡i cÖvY w`‡q hv‡”Q
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
GKw`b mKv‡j KvR‡ji evwoi cv‡k GKwU evbi we`y¨r¯ú„ó n‡q gviv hvq| wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B IB
RvqMv Ab¨ evb‡iiv wN‡i a‡i †hb we`y¨‡Zi LuywU †f‡O †dj‡e Iiv| IB w`bB K‡j‡R hvevi c‡_
KvRj †`Lj, K‡qKwU †Q‡j GKwU †g‡q‡K DZ¨³ Ki‡Q| Av‡k-cv‡k A‡bK gvbyl _vK‡jI †KD
cÖwZev` Ki‡Qb bv| KvRj m‡½i eÜz‡ì wb‡q cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z GwM‡q †Mj|
K. ÒgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÓ†Kvb RvZxq iPbv?
L. gnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiØ‡qi wcucov msMÖ‡ni KviY Kx?
M. wKD‡iUi‡ì wePv‡ii Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb cÖvYxwU †kÖô− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. BwZevPK Kg©B †kÖô‡Z¡i cwiPvqKDÏxcK I ÔgnvRvMwZK wKD‡iUiÕ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K gšÍe¨wU wePvi
Ki|
gûqv
wØR KvbvB
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe| wØR KvbvB c~e© gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji Awaevmx| `j MVb K‡i wZwb ZrKvjxb †jvKbvUïxwZ‡Z
bvU‡Ki Awfbq Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| wØR KvbvB GK AmeY© ZiæYxi cÖwZ cÖYqvm³ n‡q Mfxi `ytL †fvM K‡ib
e‡j †kvbv hvq| `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi Abygvb Abyhvqx, wZwb m‡Z‡iv kZ‡Ki Kwe| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© †h cÖev`
cÖPwjZ Zv‡Z Rvbv hvq, wZwb eY©wef³ mgv‡R D”PeY© Z_v eªvþY‡kÖwYi AšÍf©y³ n‡jI wb¤œeY© A_©vr
k~`ª‡kÖwYi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ‡jb| ÔgûqvÕ cvjv iPbvq Zuvi †h D`vi‰bwZK `„wófw½i cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zvi
g~‡j Zuvi e¨w³ Rxe‡bi ms¯‹vigy³ gvbweK †eva mwµq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
Mv‡iv cvnvo †cwi‡q wngvbx ce©Z Qvwo‡q Ômß mgyÏyiÕ cv‡i evN-fvjy‡Ki emwZ i‡q‡Q Ggb wbR©b e‡b
evm K‡i WvKvZ m`©vi ûgiv evB`¨v| Zvi †QvU fvB gvBb&Kv| GB †e‡ì `j ågY Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Gj
aby b`xi cv‡i KvÂbcyi MÖv‡g| †mLv‡b GK e„× eªvþ‡Yi−
Qq gv‡mi wkïKb¨v cigv my›ìx|
ivwÎ wbwkKv‡j ûgiv Zv‡i Kij Pzwi||
GK `yB wZb Kwi ïj eQi hvq|
†Ljv KQiZ Zv‡i hZ‡b wkLvq||
evB`¨v evB`¨v K‡i †jv‡K evB`¨v †Kgb Rbv|
Av›`vBi N‡i _yB‡j Kb¨v R¡‡j KvÂv †mvbv||
nvwÆqv bv hvB‡Z KBb¨vi cv‡q c‡i Pzj|
gy‡L‡Z dzÆv D‡V KbK Pv¤úvi dzj||
AvMj WvMj AvwL‡i Avm&gv‡bi Zviv|
wZ‡jK gvÎ †`L‡j KBb¨v bv hvq cvïiv||
gywbi gb U‡j hvIqvi g‡Zv my›ìx n‡q I‡V †m| bvg Zvi gûqv my›ìx| A‡bK w`b c‡ii K_v| †e‡ì
`j Dcw¯’Z n‡jv evgbKv›`v MÖv‡g| Zv‡ì m‡½ i‡q‡Q †Ljv †`Lv‡bvi bvbv DcKiY−
†ZvZv jBj gqbv jBj AviI jBj wUqv|
†mvbvgyLx `Bqj jBj wcwÄivq fwiqv||
†Nvov jBj Mvav jBj KZ KBe Avi|
m‡½‡Z Kwiqv jBj ivI PÐv‡ji nvo||
wkKvwi KzKzi jBj wkqvj †nRv a‡i|
g‡bi my‡L‡Z P‡j ê‡`k bM‡i||
GB MÖv‡g evm K‡i b`¨vi Puv`−c~wY©gvi Puv‡ì g‡Zv Zvi iƒc| gv‡qi AbygwZ wb‡q †m ÔevBi evwoÕi
gn‡j evB`¨vi †Ljvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| †e‡` Kb¨vi iƒ‡ci K_v Av‡MB ï‡bwQj b`¨vi Puv`− ¯^P‡ÿ Zv
†`‡L Ges †Ljv Kmi‡Z gy» n‡q gûqv‡K †m nvRvi UvKvi kvjmn bvbv eK&wkm cÖ`vb K‡i| Zv‡ì
DjyqvKv›`vq evm‡hvM¨ I Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwg cÖ`vb K‡i|
206 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†e‡ì `‡ji w`b KvUwQj my‡LB| ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ gy» b`¨vi Puv` I gûqvi GK mÜ¨v‡ejv R‡ji Nv‡U
†`Lv nq Ges e¨vKzj ü`‡qi K_v RvbvRvwb nq|
ÔRj fi my›ìx KBb¨v R‡j w`Q gb|
KvBj †h KBwQjvg K_v Av‡Q wb ¯§iY||Õ
Ôïb ïb wfb‡`wk Kzgvi ewj †Zvgvi VuvB|
KvBj ev wK KBQjv K_v Avgvi g‡b bvB||
Zzwg Z wfb‡`wk cyiæl Avwg wfbœ bvix|
†Zvgvi m‡½ KB‡Z K_v Avwg j¾vq gwi||Õ
Ô†Kev †Zvgvi gvZv KBb¨v †Kev †Zvgvi wcZv|
GB †`‡k Avwmevi Av‡M c~‡e© wQwj †Kv_v||Õ
Ôbvwn Avgvi gvZvwcZv Mf© myì fvB|
my‡Zi †nIjv ABqv fvBm¨v †eovB||Õ
w`b hvq| wèm iRbx Avbgbv gûqvi g‡bi Lei Rvb‡Z cv‡i cvj¼mB− civgk© †`q fy‡j hvevi| gûqv e‡j
:
P›`ªm~h© mvÿx mB mvÿx nBI Zzwg|
b`¨vi VvKzi nBj Avgvi cÖv‡Yi †mvqvgx||
evB`¨vi m‡½ Avwg †h mB h_vq Z_vq hvB|
Avgvi gb evba¨v iv‡L Ggb ¯’vb Avi bvB||
eÜz‡i jBqv Avwg ABevg †`kvšÍwi|
wek LvBqv gievg wK¤^v Mjvq w`qvg `wo||
Gw`‡K wPi‡K‡j ågY-wcqvmx †e‡ì `‡ji GB M„nx Rxeb evB`¨v m`©vi ûgivi fv‡jv jv‡M bv| gvBbKvi
mv‡_ †m wfb‡`‡k P‡j hvIqvi civgk© K‡i| mgq †_‡g _v‡K bv| dvÐyb hvq hvq| wbNy©g b‡ì Puv`
gaïv‡Z euvwk Zz‡j †bq nv‡Z| †m euvwki AvnŸv‡b Qz‡U Av‡m cÖvYcÖwZgv gûqv| gûqv RvbvqÑ
ïb ïb b`¨vi VvKzi ewj †h †Zvgv‡i|
GB bv †Mivg Qvo¨v hvBevg AvwR wbkvKv‡j||
†Zvgvi m‡½ Avgvi m‡½‡i eÜz GBbv †kl †`Lv|
†Kgb Ki¨v _vKevg Avwg nBqv A‡`Lv||
Avi bv ïbevg †i eÜz †Zvgvi ¸‡Yi euvwk|
Avi bv RvwMqv eÜz cyqvBevg wbwk||
g‡b hw` jq‡i eÜz iv‡L¨v Avgvi K_v|
†`Lv Ki‡Z hvBI eÜz LvI‡i Avgvi gv_v||
hvBevi Kv‡j GKwU K_v ej¨v hvB †Zvgv‡i|
DËi †`‡k hvBI Zzwg K‡qK w`b c‡i||
†mBw`bB AÜKvi iv‡Z †e‡ì `j DËi †`‡k cvwj‡q hvq− mKvj †ejv GjvKvi mevB †`‡L evwoNi meB
Av‡Q wKš‘ †e‡ì `j †bB| Lei †cŠu‡Q hvq b‡ì Puv‡ì Kv‡Q| Avnvi wb`ªv Z¨vM K‡i †m cvMj n‡q I‡V
gûqvi mÜv‡b| Mfxi †e`bv m‡Ë¡I GKw`b NygšÍ gv‡qi cv‡q cÖYvg K‡i †ewi‡q c‡o b‡ì Puv`| Nyi‡Z _v‡K
gv‡mi ci gvm †h c‡_ †M‡Q †e‡ì `j| mevB‡K wRÁvmv K‡i Zvi gûqv‡K †`‡L‡Q wK-bv|
gûqv 207
Gw`‡K cy‡Îi A`k©‡b Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z gv cÖvq AÜ n‡q †Mj|

AMÖnvqY gv‡mi Aí kx‡Z KsmvB b`xi cv‡o b‡ì Puv` gûqv‡K †cj| Avnvi wb`ªvnxb gûqv ZLb
cvMjcÖvq| msmv‡i gb †bB, kix‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡bv hvq bv| †mB gûqv b‡ì Puv‡ì AvMg‡b−
AvwR †K‡b AK¯§v‡Z nBj Ggb aviv|
Qq gvBm¨v giv †hb DV¨v nBj Lviv||
†`j fwiqv Kb¨v Kwij iÜb|
RvwZ w`qv b`xqvi VvKzi Kwij †fvÄb||
ûgiv evB`¨vI bZzb AwZw_‡K Zvi `‡j eiY K‡i wbj− wKš‘ Avmj D‡Ïk¨ wfbœ| Mfxi iv‡Z welgvLv‡bv
Qzwi gûqvi nv‡Z w`‡q ejj−
ÔAvgvi gv_v LvI‡i Kb¨v Avgvi gv_v LvI
`ylg‡b gvwiqv Qzwi mvI‡i fvmvI|Õ
gûqvi mg¯Í c„w_ex AÜKvi n‡q Av‡m| NygšÍ wcÖqZ‡gi Kv‡Q G‡m mKj e„ËvšÍ Rvwb‡q wbR ey‡K Qzwi
emv‡Z Pvq| Ggb mgq †R‡M I‡V b‡ì Puv`| mKj NUbv ï‡b e‡j−
Ô†Zvgvi jvwMqv Kb¨v wdwi †`k we‡`‡k|
†Zvgv‡i Qvwoqv Kb¨v Avi bv hvBevg †`‡k||
Kx KBevg evc gv‡q †Kg‡b hvBevg N‡i|
RvwZ bvk Kijvg Kb¨v †Zvgv‡i cvBevi Z‡i||
†Zvgvq hw` bv cvB Kb¨v Avi bv hvBevg evwo|
GB nv‡Z gvi †jv Kb¨v Avgvi Mjvq Qzwi||Õ
ÔcBov _vKzK evc gvI cBov _vKzK Ni|
†Zvgv‡i jBqv eÜz hvBevg †`kvšÍi||
`yB AvuwL †h w`‡M hvq hvBevg †mBLv‡b|
Avgvi m‡½ Pj eÜz hvBevg Mwnb e‡b||Õ
P›`ª m~h© mvÿx †i‡L, ev‡ci evwoi ZvwR †Nvovq P‡o ARvbvi D‡Ï‡k †ewi‡q c‡o `yRb| c‡_ cve©Z¨
Li‡mªvZv b`x| ZvwR †Nvov we`vq w`‡q `yRb ZLb cvivcv‡ii wPšÍvq Aw¯’i| Ggb mgq wfb‡`wk GK
mvayi †bŠKv †c‡q Zviv Zv‡Z D‡V c‡o| gûqvi iƒc-†hŠe‡b gy» mvay †KŠk‡j b‡ì Puv`‡K ÔDRvb cv‡KÕ
†d‡j †`q| gûqv‡K cvIqvi B”Qvq Zv‡K †m ivwb K‡i ivLvi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q| bvbv cÖwZkÖæwZi ci−
G‡ZK ïwbqv gûqv Kx Kvg Kwij|
mvayi jvwMqv Kb¨v cvb evbvBj||
cvnvwoqv Zÿ‡Ki wel wk‡i evÜv wQj|
Pzb-L‡q‡i Kb¨v wel wgkvBj||
nvwmqv †Lwjqv Kb¨v mvay‡i cvb w`j gy‡L|
i‡mi bvMBiv cvb Lvq my‡L||
ÔKx cvb w`Q‡jv Kb¨v ¸‡Yi AšÍ bvB|
evû‡Z ïBqv †Zvgvi Avwg my‡L wb`ªv hvB||Õ
Ôcvb LvBqv gvwSgvjøv we‡l c‡i Xwj|
†bŠKvi Dc‡i Kb¨v nv‡m LjLwj||Õ
208 mvwnZ¨ cvV
A‰PZb¨ mvaymn †bŠKv Wywe‡q w`‡q b`xcv‡ii e‡b wcÖq‡K LyuR‡Z _v‡K gûqv| GK fvOv gw›`‡i gyg~ly©
b‡ì Puv`‡K Lyu‡R cvq †m| GLv‡bI GK e„× RUvavix mbœ¨vmxi Ke‡j c‡o gûqv| mbœ¨vmxi nvZ †_‡K
euvPvi Rb¨ †kl ch©šÍ GK iv‡Î Amy¯’ b`¨vi Puv`‡K Kuv‡a wb‡q eb Z¨vM K‡i| Ab¨ e‡b w`‡b w`‡b my¯’
n‡q I‡V b‡ì Puv`| my‡LB Kv‡U mgq GB eb`¤úwZi| wKš‘ GKw`b nVvr eskx aŸwb ï‡b Pg‡K I‡V
gûqv− †PvL †_‡K Movq cvwb| b‡ì Puv` fv‡e− Zvi cÖvYcÖwZgv nVvr Ggb weim-e`b I PÂj †Kb?
ûgiv evB`¨v †QvUKv‡j Zv‡K Pzwi K‡i G‡b‡Q, GUzKzi evB‡i Zvi Rb¥cwiPq AvRI †h †kvbv n‡jv bv|
gûqv Rvbvq− Kvj‡K hw` †m †eu‡P _v‡K Zvn‡j †mK_v ej‡e| ej‡Z ej‡ZB X‡j c‡o †m| b‡ì Puv`
fv‡e gûqv‡K nqZ mv‡c †K‡U‡Q| †mg‡ZB †m cwiPh©v Ki‡Z Pvq| ZLb−
Kvw›`qv gûqv Kq, GB †kl w`b|
mv‡c bvwn LvB‡Q †gv‡i †M‡Q my‡Li w`b||
`~i e‡b evRj euvwk ïb¨vQ †h Kv‡b|
Avwm‡Q ev`¨vi `j ewa‡Z civ‡Y||
AvgviI cvjs mB euvwk evRvBj|
mvgvj Kwi‡Z civb Bmvivq Kwnj||
AvBR wbwk _vK‡i eÜz Avgvi ey‡K ïBqv|
Avi bv †`wLe gyL cifv‡Z DwVqv||Õ
Nyg fvO‡ZB †`‡L mvg‡b ûgiv evB`¨v ùvov‡bv| ûgiv gûqv‡K wb‡`©k †`q `ykgb b‡ì Puv`‡K †g‡i
myRb‡K we‡q Ki‡Z| m`©vi gûqvi nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q weljÿvi Qzwi| g„Zz¨ Avmbœ †R‡b gûqv e‡j−
ïb ïb cÖvYcwZ ewj †h †Zvgv‡i|
R‡b¥i gZb we`vq †Ì GB gûqv‡i||
ïb ïb gvI evc ewj †n †Zvgvq|
Kvi ey‡Ki ab †Zvgiv AvBbvwQjv nvq||
Rwb¥qv bv †`Ljvg Kfy evc Avi gvq|
Kg©‡`v‡l GZ w`‡b cÖvY †gvi hvq||
ej‡Z ej‡Z gûqv wb‡Ri ey‡KB Qzwi we× K‡i| ûgivi Av‡`‡k †e‡ì `j wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i b‡ì Puv`‡K|
Aby‡kvPbv Rv‡M ûgiv evB`¨vi| fv‡jvevmvi Agwjb ¯§„wZ RvwM‡q †i‡L `yR‡bB kvwqZ nq GK Ke‡i|
Zv‡ì Ke‡i UzcUzc S‡i c‡o cvj¼ mB‡qi g‡Zv bvbv R‡bi †Pv‡Li Rj|
[M‡`¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
Mv‡iv cvnvo − fvi‡Zi †gNvjq iv‡Rï Mv‡iv Lvwmqv ce©Zgvjvi Askwe‡kl| Gi wKQz Ask
fvi‡Zi Avmvg ivR¨ Ges wKQy Ask evsjv‡`‡ki †kicyi †Rjvi bvwjZvevwo
Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
wngvbx ce©Z − (wngvbx = eidcyÄ) ei‡di cvnvo| fvi‡Zi DËi mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z me©`v
Zzlviv”Qbœ ce©Z‡kªwY|
ïj − †lvj|
KQiZ − †KŠkj| `ÿZv| wbcyYZv|
AvMj WvMj − AvMi-WvMi|
cvïiv − cvkiv| we¯§„Z nIqv|
gûqv 209
`Bqj − †`v‡qj|
ivI PÐv‡ji nvo − ivR-PÐv‡ji nvo| PÐvj‡ì g‡a¨ †kªô e¨w³i nvo| †e‡ìv Zv‡ì evwR
Kievi mgq GB nvo eënvi K‡i _v‡K|
†nRv − kRviæ| kRviæ > †mRv > †nRv|
evBi evwo − evwoi evB‡ii Ask| ewne©vwU|
evB`¨vi †Ljv − †e‡` `‡ji bvbviƒc †Ljv ev kvixwiK KmiZ|
myì − m‡nvì|
my‡Zi †nIjv − †mªv‡Zi †kIjv| GLv‡b AvcbRbnxb| wbtm½|
cvj¼mB − gûqvi mLx| hvi bvg cvj¼ ev cvjvs|
wek − wel| Mij|
M„nx Rxeb − msmvix ev Mvn©¯’¨ Rxeb|
evB`¨v − †e‡`| hvhvei| mvcy‡o RvwZwe‡kl|
†`j − w`j| ü`q|
RvwZ w`qv − RvwZ bó K‡i| b‡ì Puv` eªvþY n‡q gûqvi iuvav fvZ LvIqvq †m RvwZåó
n‡q‡Q|
†fvÄb − †fvRb| fÿY|
mvI‡i − mvM‡i|
weljÿv − welwgwkÖZ|
ZvwR †Nvov − DrK…ó ¯^v¯’ëvb Ak¦| Aviwe †Nvov|
DRvb cv‡K − DRv‡b Aew¯’Z RjN~wY©|
DRvb − †¯ªv‡Zi Drm w`K|
Zÿ‡Ki wel − wMiwMwU RvZxq GKcÖKvi welai mixm„‡ci wel|
i‡mi bvMBiv − imc~Y© bvMwiqv| iwmK bvMi|
cifv‡Z − cÖfv‡Z| †fvi‡ejv|
myRb − †e‡`-`‡ji hyeK m`m¨ myRb| ûgiv evB`¨vi Avkv−myRbB n‡e `‡ji fwel¨r
m`©vi| `‡ji ¯^v‡_©B †m gûqv‡K myR‡bi mv‡_ we‡q w`‡Z Pvq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
wØR KvbvB cÖYxZ ÒgûqvÓ cvjvwU ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï MxwZKv (Ballad) avivq GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
m¤ú`| `x‡bkP›`ª †mb ivqevnv`yi msKwjZ Ges 1923 mv‡j KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cÖKvwkZ
Ôˆggbwmsn-MxwZKvÕi cÖ_g LÐ †_‡K G cvjvwU M‡`¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| cvjvwU‡Z gûqvi `yR©q
†cÖgkw³ I ewjô AvZ¥cÖZ¨q Kxfv‡e gvbem„ó `y‡h©v‡M aŸsm n‡q †Mj ZviB gg©š‘` Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
MxwZKvwUi Kvwnwb M‡o D‡V‡Q eY© I †kÖwY‰elg¨gy³ GKwU gvbweK cÖYq‡K †K›`ª K‡i| GKw`‡K Qq gvm
eqmx Pzwi nIqv Kb¨v Awb›`¨KvwšÍ gûqv Ab¨w`‡K Rwg`vicyÎ b‡ì Puv`| Zv‡ì A`g¨ †cÖg mKj
evavwecwË AwZµg K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z †P‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †e‡` m`©vi ûgiv mvgvwRK, êlwqK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K
Kvi‡Y G †cÖ‡gi cÖej cÖwZcÿ n‡q ùvovq| d‡j bvbv cÖwZK~jZv wWwO‡qI wgjbwcqvmx `ywU gvbe ü`q
†kl ch©šÍ Kvw•ÿZ j‡ÿ¨ †cŠuQy‡Z e¨_© nq| g„Zz¨B nq Zv‡ì Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ|
cvjvwU‡Z Kvwnwb eY©bvq msnZ iPbvixwZi NvUwZ I bvbv AwZk‡qvw³ i‡q‡Q| gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji
Dcfvlvq iwPZ I bvUKxq ¸Ym¤úbœ G cvjvwU‡Z eY©bvixwZi cÖvavb¨ i‡q‡Q| G AÂ‡ji ZrKvjxb
mgvR-ev¯ÍeZv mg„× cvjvwU `yR©q †cÖ‡gi Ac~e© wb`k©b|
210 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒgûqvÓ Kvwnwb‡Z ewY©Z aby b`xi cv‡o †Kvb MÖvg?
K. DjyqvKv›`v L. evgbKv›`v
M. KvÂbcyi N. evwjqvKv›`v
2. AÜKvi iv‡Z †e‡ì `‡ji DËi †`‡k cvwj‡q hvIqvi KviY Kx?
K. Av‡Mi RvqMv fv‡jv bv jvMv L. wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b emevm fv‡jv bv jvMv
M. bZzb RvqMv Avwe®‹vi N. ågYwejvmx g‡bvfve
iæ¯Íg Rv‡bb evev-gv wKQz‡ZB Av‡jqv‡K †g‡b †b‡eb bv| Av‡jqvi esk‡MŠie iæ¯Í‡gi mgKÿ bq| Av‡jqv‡K
Qvov iæ¯Íg wKQz fve‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZvB wZwb GK iv‡Z Av‡jqv‡K wb‡q ARvbvi c‡_ cvwo Rgvb|
3. Aby‡”Q‡` ÒgûqvÓ Kvwnwbi †h w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. fvevjyZv
ii. fv‡jvevmv
iii. wbf©xKZv
4. 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DwjøwLZ w`KwU wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. NygšÍ gv‡qi cv‡q cÖYvg K‡i †ewi‡q c‡o b‡ì Puv`
L. †Zvgv‡KB hw` bv cvB Z‡e Avi †Kb †eu‡P _vKv
M. gûqv cÖwZÁv K‡i eÜz‡K wb‡q †`kvšÍix nIqvi
N. gûqv b‡ì Puv`‡K bv †g‡i wb‡Ri ey‡K we× K‡i Qzwi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
mvM‡ii mv‡_ `ywji m¤úK© Zvi evev †g‡b †bbwb| ZvB `ywj‡K Ab¨Î we‡q †`b Zviv| A‡bKw`b ci
`ywji k¦ïievwo‡Z †dwiIqvjvi †e‡k nvwRi nb mvMi| AvjvcPvwiZvi GK ch©v‡q `ywj Zv‡K wPb‡Z
cv‡ib| AveviI †R‡M I‡V Zv‡ì cyi‡bv Av‡eM| my‡hvM ey‡S GK iv‡Z mvM‡ii nvZ a‡i `ywj
cvwj‡q hvb| Zvi †Luv‡R Pviw`‡K †jvK cvVv‡bv nq Ges Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb Lyu‡R cvq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv
Ae¯’v‡ZB `ywj-mvMi G‡K Aci‡K nviv‡Z ivwR bb| ZvB Zviv AvZ¥vûwZ †`b|
K. †e‡ì `j GKw`b AÜKvi iv‡Z †Kv_vq cvwj‡q hvq?
L. b‡ì Puv‡ì nv‡Z gûqv‡K Zz‡j w`‡Z ûgiv †e‡` m¤§Z bb †Kb?
M. `ywji mv‡_ gûqv Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ wbiƒcY Ki|
N. mvMi-`ywji †cÖ‡gi kvk¦Z iƒcB †hb ÒgûqvÓ iPbvi g~j DcRxe¨− gšÍe¨wUi h_v_©¨ we‡kølY Ki|
†bK‡jm
g~j : Mx `¨ †gvcvmuv
Abyev` : c~‡Y©›`y `w¯Í`vi
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Mx `¨ †gvcvmuv 1850 wLªóv‡ãi 5B AvM÷ d«v‡Ýi bg©vwÛ kn‡i Rb¥MªnY K‡ib| Zuvi cy‡iv bvg
Henri-Renri-Albert-Guy de Maupassant| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ¸¯Ívf `¨ †gvcvmuv I gv‡qi bvg jiv wj
cqwUwfb (Laure Le Poittevin)| 1867 wLªóv‡ã †gvcvmuv GKwU wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| †mLv‡b
weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK ¸¯Ívf d¬‡eqvi-Gi m‡½ Zuvi cwiPq N‡U| cvwievwiK eÜy ¸¯Ívf d¬‡eqvi †gvcvmuvi
mvwnZ¨-Rxe‡b Awffve‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb| GB gnvb †jL‡Ki wb‡`©kbv I mn‡hvwMZvq wZwb
mvsevw`KZv I mvwn‡Zï RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| d¬‡eqv‡ii evmvq †gvcvmuvi cwiPq N‡U Gwgj †Rvjv I Bfvb
ZzM©‡bfmn A‡bK wek¦weL¨vZ †jL‡Ki m‡½| Kve¨PP©v w`‡q Zuvi mvwnZ¨-Rxeb ïiæ n‡jI g~jZ MíKvi
wn‡m‡e wZwb wek¦e¨vcx L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| agx©q, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I Av`k©MZ †Kv‡bv wek¦v‡m we›`ygvÎ
cÖfvweZ bv n‡q wZwb Zuvi mvwnZ¨-PP©vi RMr ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi e¯Íywbôv I wbi‡cÿZvi Zzjbv wek¦mvwn‡Zï
BwZnv‡m Lye †ewk jÿ Kiv hvq bv| AmvaviY mshg I we¯§qKi Rxeb‡eva Zuvi iPbv‡K Zvrch©c~Y© K‡i
Zz‡j‡Q|
Mx `¨ †gvcvmuv 1893 wLªóv‡ãi 6B RyjvB g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Abyev`K-cwiwPwZ
c~‡Y©›`y `w¯Í`vi PÆMÖv‡gi cwUqv Dc‡Rjvi ajNvU MÖv‡g 1909 wLªóv‡ãi 20G Ryb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
wQ‡jb GKvav‡i †jLK I ivRbxwZwe`| Zuvi wcZv P›`ªKzgvi `w¯Í`vi I gvZv Kzgyw`bx `w¯Í`vi| wZwb
gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ PÆMÖvg hye we‡`ªv‡n Ask †bIqvq KviveiY K‡ib| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b
wZwb wQ‡jb AvBbRxex; mgvRfveyK †jLK wn‡m‡eI L¨vwZ wQj Zuvi| cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q :
ÔKweqvj i‡gk kxjÕ, Ô¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g PÆMÖvgÕ, ÔexiKb¨v cÖxwZjZvÕ| GQvovI Zuvi Abyev` MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q Ô†kL‡fi MíÕ I Ô†gvcvmuvi MíÕ| wZwb 1971 wLªóv‡ãi 9B †g gyw³hy‡× Ask wb‡Z fvi‡Z hvIqvi
c‡_ g„ZyëiY K‡ib|
†m wQj PgrKvi GK my›ìx ZiæYx| wbqwZi fz‡jB †hb GK †Kivwbi cwiev‡i Zvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| Zvi
wQj bv †Kv‡bv Avb›`, †Kv‡bv Avkv| cwiwPZ nevi, cÖksmv cvIqvi, †cÖgjvf Kivi Ges †Kv‡bv abx
A_ev wewkó †jv‡Ki m‡½ weevwnZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq Zvi wQj bv| ZvB wkÿv cwil` Avwc‡mi mvgvb¨
GK †Kivwbi m‡½ weevn †m ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡qwQj|
wb‡R‡K mw¾Z Kivi AÿgZvi Rb¨ †m mvaviYfv‡eB _vKZ| wKš‘ Zvi †kÖwYi Ab¨Zg wn‡m‡e †m wQj
AmyLx| Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv RvwZeY© †bB| KviY R‡b¥i c‡i cwievi †_‡KB Zviv kÖx, †mŠ›`h© I gvayh© m¤ú‡K©
mRvM n‡q I‡V| mnRvZ PvZzh©, cÖK…wZMZ myiæwP Avi eyw×i bgbxqZvB n‡jv Zv‡ì AvwfRvZ¨, hvi
d‡j A‡bK mvaviY cwiev‡ii †g‡q‡KI wewkó gwnjvi mgKÿ K‡i †Zv‡j|
me©`v Zvi g‡b `ytL| Zvi aviYv, hZ me myiæwPc~Y© I wejvwmZvi e¯‘ Av‡Q, †m¸wji Rb¨B Zvi Rb¥
n‡q‡Q| Zvi evmK‡ÿi `vwi`ª¨, nZkÖx †Ìqvj, RxY© †Pqvi Ges weeY© wRwbmc‡Îi Rb¨ †m e¨w_Z
n‡Zv| Zvi g‡Zv Ae¯’vi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †g‡q Gme wRwbm hwÌ jÿ KiZ bv, †m G‡Z `ytwLZ I µz×
n‡Zv| †h Le©Kvq †eªUb GB mvaviY NiwU ˆZwi K‡iwQj Zv‡K †`L‡jB Zvi g‡b †e`bvfiv `ytL Avi
212 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†ec‡ivqv me ¯^cœ †R‡M DVZ| †m fveZ Zvi _vK‡e cÖvP¨-wPÎ-†kvwfZ, D”P †eªvÄ-Gi Av‡jvKgwÐZ
cvk¦©Kÿ| Avi _vK‡e `yRb †ek †gvUv‡mvUv M„n-f…Z¨| Zviv Lv‡Uv cvqRvgv c‡i †hB eo Avivg‡K`viv
`ywU Mig Kivi hš¿ †_‡K wewÿß fvwi nvIqvq wb`ªvjy n‡q D‡V‡Q, Zv‡Z ï‡q Nywg‡q _vK‡e| †m Kvgbv
K‡i GKwU êVKLvbv, cyiv‡bv †ikwg c`©v †mLv‡b Szj‡e| _vK‡e Zv‡Z wewfbœ PgrKvi Avmeve, hvi
Ici †kvfv cv‡e Ag~j¨ me cÖvPxb †KŠZ~nj-DÏxcK mvgMÖx| †hme cwiwPZ I AvKvw•ÿZ cyiæl me
†g‡q‡ì Kvg¨, †mme AšÍi½ eÜz‡ì m‡½ weKvj cuvPUvq Mí¸Re Kievi Rb¨ †QvU myiwfZ GKwU Kÿ
†mLv‡b _vK‡e|
wZbw`b a‡i eëüZ GKLvbv †UwejK¬_ XvKv †Mvj GKwU †Uwe‡j Zvi ¯^vgxi wecixZ w`‡K †m hLb
mvÜ¨‡fv‡R e‡m Ges Lywki Av‡g‡R Zvi ¯^vgx eo myiæqvi cvÎwUi XvKbv Zzj‡Z Zzj‡Z e‡j : ÔI! wK
fv‡jv gvbyl! Gi †P‡q fv‡jv wKQz Avwg PvB bv−Õ ZLb Zvi g‡b co‡e Avo¤îc~Y© mvÜ¨‡fv‡Ri K_v,
D¾¡j †iŠc¨cvÎvw`, gvqvgq ebf~wgi g‡a¨ cÖvPxb wewkó e¨w³ I weij cvwLi wPÎ‡kvwfZ KviæKvh©c~Y©
c`©v w`‡q XvKv †Ìqvj-Gi Kvgbv| †m fv‡e, Aciƒc cv‡Î cwi‡ewkZ n‡e Ac~e© Lv`¨ Avi †Mvjvwc
is-Gi †ivwnZ gv‡Qi UzKiv A_ev gyiwMi cvLbv †L‡Z †L‡Z gy‡L wmsn-gvbexi nvwm wb‡q Kvb †c‡Z
ïb‡e Pzwc-Pzwc-ejv cÖYqjxjvi Kvwnwb|
Zvi Kv‡Q d«K ev R‡ovqv Mnbv †bB−†bB ej‡Z wKQz †bB| A_P H me e¯‘B Zvi wcÖq| Zvi aviYv
Hm‡ei Rb¨B Zvi m„wó| myLx Kivi, Kvg¨ nIqvi, PvjvK I cÖYqhvwPKv nevi KZB bv Zvi B”Qv|
Zvi ÔKb‡f›UÕ-Gi mncvwVbx GK abx evÜex wQj| Zvi m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z Zvi fv‡jv jvMZ bv| KviY
†`Lv K‡i wd‡i G‡m Zvi Lye Kó jvMZ| weiw³, `ytL, nZvkv I ˆbiv‡k¨ mg¯Í w`b a‡i †m Kuv`Z|
GK mÜ¨vq nv‡Z GKwU eo Lvg wb‡q †ek DjøwmZ n‡q Zvi ¯^vgx N‡i wdij|
†m ejj, ÔGB †h, †Zvgvi Rb¨ GK wRwbm G‡bwQ|Õ
†g‡qwU ZvovZvwo LvgwU wQu‡o Zvi wfZi †_‡K GKLvbv Qvcv‡bv KvW© †ei Kij| Zv‡Z wb‡Pi K_v¸wj
gyw`ªZ wQj :
ÔRbwkÿv gš¿x I gv`vg RR© †igcb&by AvMvgx 18B Rvbyqvwi mÜ¨vq Zuvnv‡ì wbR evmM„‡n gwmu‡q I
gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji Dcw¯’wZ Kvgbv K‡ib|Õ
Zvi ¯^vgx †hgb Avkv K‡iwQj †Zgbfv‡e Lywk nIqvi cwie‡Z© †g‡qwU we‡Ø‡li fve wb‡q
Avgš¿Y-wjwcLvbv †Uwe‡ji Dci wb‡ÿc K‡i, weo weo K‡i e‡j :
ÔILvbv wb‡q Zzwg Avgvq Kx Ki‡Z ej?Õ
ÔwKš‘ j²xwU, Avwg †f‡ewQjvg, G‡Z Zzwg Lywk n‡e| Zzwg evB‡i KLbI hvI bv, ZvB GB GK my‡hvM,
PgrKvi GK my‡hvM!
GUv †RvMvo Ki‡Z Avgv‡K A‡bK Kó Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| mevB GKLvbv Pvq, wKš‘ Lye †e‡Q †e‡Q †Ìqv
n‡”Q| Kg©Pvix‡ì †ewk †Ìqv nqwb| †mLv‡b Zzwg †MvUv miKvwi gnj‡K †`L‡Z cv‡e|Õ
weiw³i `„wó‡Z Zvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q †g‡qwU Aaxifv‡e e‡j DVj :
ÔH NUbvi g‡Zv GKwU e¨vcvi Kx c‡i Avwg hve e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?Õ
†m H m¤ú‡K© wKQz fv‡ewb| ZvB †m weeªZfv‡e e‡j :
Ô†Kb Avgiv w_‡qUv‡i hvevi mgq Zzwg †hB †cvkvKUv ci †mUv ci‡e| IUv Avgvi Kv‡Q Lye my›ì jv‡M−Õ
Zvi ¯¿x‡K dzuwc‡q dzuwc‡q Kuv`‡Z †`‡L †m AvZ‡¼ wbe©vK I nZeyw× n‡q †Mj| Zvi †Pv‡Li cvk †_‡K
eo eo `y‡duvUv AkÖæ Zvi Mv‡ji Dci Mwo‡q coj| †m _ZgZfv‡e ejj :
ÔKx n‡jv? Kx n‡jv †Zvgvi?Õ
†bK‡jm 213
cÖej †Póvq †g‡qwU wb‡Ri weiw³ `gb K‡i, Zvi wm³ MÐ gy‡Q †d‡j kvšÍ K‡É Reve †`q :
ÔwKQzB bv| ïay Avgvi †Kv‡bv †cvkvK †bB e‡j Avwg H e¨vcv‡i †h‡Z cvie bv| †Zvgvi †h †Kvb
mnKgx©i ¯¿xi †cvkvK Avgvi †P‡q hw` fv‡jv _v‡K, KvW©Lvbv wb‡q Zv‡K `vI|Õ
†m g‡b g‡b `ytL cvq| Zvici †m Reve †`q :
ÔgvwZj`v, †ek †Zv Pj Avjvc Kwi Avgiv| Ggb †Kv‡bv †cvkvK, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcj‡ÿI hv w`‡q KvR
Pj‡e A_P †ek mv`vwmav, Zvi `vg KZ Avi n‡e?Õ
K‡qK †m‡KÛ †g‡qwU wPšÍv K‡i †`‡L Ggb GKwU msL¨vi welq w¯’i Kij hv †P‡q em‡j wnmvwe
†Kivwbi KvQ †_‡K m‡½ m‡½ GK AvZw¼Z cÖZ¨vL¨vb †hb bv Av‡m|
†klch©šÍ BZ¯ÍZ K‡i †g‡qwU ejj :
ÔAvwg wVK ej‡Z cviwQ bv, Z‡e Avgvi g‡b nq Pvik d«uv n‡j Zv †Kbv hv‡e|Õ
ï‡b Zvi gyL ¤øvb n‡q †Mj| KviY, Zvi †hme eÜz MZ iweev‡i bvbwZqv‡ii mgf~wg‡Z fiZcvwL wkKv‡i
wM‡qwQj, AvMvgx MÖx‡®§ Zv‡ì m‡½ †hvM †Ìqvi B”Qvq GKwU e›`yK wKbevi Rb¨ wVK ZZUv A_©B †m
mÂq K‡iwQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I Reve w`j :
Ô†ek Z| Avwg †Zvgvq PvikZ d«uv †è| wKš‘ †ek my›ì GKwU †cvkvK wK‡b wbI|Õ
ÔejÕ-bv‡Pi w`b hZB GwM‡q Avm‡Z _v‡K ZZB gv`vg †jvB‡mj‡K wePwjZ I DwØMœ g‡b nq| Aek¨
Zvi †cvkvK cÖvq ˆZwi n‡q G‡m‡Q| GKw`b mÜ¨vq Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K ejj :
Ô†Zvgvi n‡q‡Q Kx? MZ `yB-wZb w`b a‡i †Zvgvi KvRKg© †Kgb †hb A™¢yZ †VK‡Q|Õ
ï‡b †g‡qwU Reve †`q, ÔAvgvi †Kv‡bv gwYgy³v, GKwU `vwg cv_i wKQzB †bB hv w`‡q Avwg wb‡R‡K mvRv‡Z
cvwi| Avgvq †`L‡j †Kgb Mwie Mwie g‡b n‡e| ZvB GB Abyôv‡b Avgvi bv hvIqvB fv‡jv n‡e|Õ
¯^vgx ejj, ÔwKQz mZ¨Kvi dzj w`‡q Zzwg mvR‡Z cvi| GB FZz‡Z Zv‡Z †ek myiæwPc~Y© †`Lvq| `k d«uv
w`‡j Zzwg `ywU wK wZbwU AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi †Mvjvcdzj cv‡e|Õ
†g‡qwU H K_vq Avk¦¯Í n‡jv bv| †m Rev‡e ejj, Ôbv, abx †g‡q‡ì gvSLv‡b †cvkv‡K-cwi”Q‡` H
iKg †L‡jv †`Lv‡bvi g‡Zv Avi †ewk wKQz AcgvbRbK †bB|Õ
ZLb Zvi ¯^vgx †PuwP‡q DVj : ÔAv”Qv, Kx †evKv †`LZ Avgiv! hvI, †Zvgvi evÜex gv`vi †dvimwUqv‡ii
m‡½ †`Lv K‡i Zv‡K ej Zvi R‡ovqv Mnbv †hb †Zvgvq avi †`q| GUzKz Av`vq Kivi †Zv Zvi m‡½
†Zvgvi cwiPq h‡_ó|Õ
†m Avb›àŸwb K‡i DVj| Zvici †m ejj :
ÔmwZ¨B †Zv! GUv Avwg fvwewb|Õ
ciw`b †m Zvi evÜexi evwo‡Z wM‡q Zvi `yt‡Li Kvwnwb Zv‡K ejj| gv`vg †dvimwUqvi Zvi Kv‡Pi
ìRv jvMv‡bv †MvcbK‡ÿ wM‡q eo GKwU R‡ovqv Mnbvi ev· †ei K‡i G‡b Zv Ly‡j ejj :
ÔfvB, hv B”Qv GLvb †_‡K bvI|Õ
†m cÖ_‡g †`Lj K‡qKwU K¼b, Zvici GKwU gy³vi gvjv I gwYgy³v-LwPZ PgrKvi KviæKvh©-fiv GKwU
†mvbvi wfwbkuvi ÔµzkÕ| Avqbvi mvg‡b wM‡q †m R‡ovqv Mnbv¸wj c‡i c‡i †`‡L Avi BZ¯ÍZ K‡i,
wKš‘ I¸wj †bIqvi wm×všÍI Ki‡Z †Q‡o †h‡ZI cv‡i bv| Zvici †m wRÁvmv K‡i :
ÔAvi wKQz †Zvgvi †bB?Õ
Ô†Kb? Av‡Q, †Zvgvi hv cQ›` Zzwg Zv †e‡Q bvI|Õ
214 mvwnZ¨ cvV
nVvr †m Kv‡jv m¨vwU‡bi GKwU ev‡· †`Lj Aciƒc GKLvbv nxivi nvi| A`g¨ Kvgbvq Zvi eyK `yi `yi
K‡i| †mUv Zz‡j wb‡Z wM‡q Zvi nvZ Kuv‡c| †m Zvi †cvkv‡Ki Dci w`‡q †mUv Mjvq Zz‡j †bq Ges
†m¸‡jv †`‡L Avb‡›` wenŸj n‡q hvq| Zvici D‡ØMfiv, BZ¯ÍZfv‡e †m wRÁvmv Kij :
ÔZzwg HLvbv Avgvq avi †`‡e? ïay GUv?Õ
Ô†Kb †è bv? wbðqB †è|Õ
†m m‡e‡M Zvi evÜexi Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i, cig Av‡e‡M Zv‡K ey‡K †P‡c a‡i| Zvici Zvi m¤ú` wb‡q
†m P‡j Av‡m|
ÔejÕ bv‡Pi w`b G‡m †Mj| gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji RqRqKvi| †m wQj me‡P‡q my›ìx, myiæwPgqx, my`k©bv,
nvm¨gqx I Avb›`c~Y©| me cyiæl Zv‡K jÿ KiwQj, Zvi bvg wRÁvmv K‡i Zvi m‡½ Avjv‡ci AvMÖn
cÖKvk KiwQj| gwš¿mfvi me m`‡mï Zvi m‡½ ÔIqvjURÕ b„Z¨ Ki‡Z B”Qv nw”Qj| ¯^qs wkÿvgš¿x Zvi
w`‡K `„wó w`w”Q‡jb|
Avb‡›` gË n‡q Av‡eM I Drmvn wb‡q †m b„Z¨ KiwQj| Zvi iƒ‡ci weRqM‡e©, mvd‡jï †MŠi‡e †m Avi
wKQzB fv‡e bv| GK Avb‡›ì †g‡Ni Ici w`‡q †hb †f‡m AvmwQj GB me AvûwZ I gy»Zv Avi RvMÖZ
me Kvgbv| †h †Kv‡bv †g‡qi AšÍ‡i GB cwic~Y© weRq KZ gayi!
†fvi PviUvi w`‡K †m evwo wd‡i †Mj| Ab¨ †mB wZbRb f`ª‡jv‡Ki ¯¿x Lye †ewk dzwZ©‡Z gË wQj, Zv‡ì
m‡½ Zvi ¯^vgx †QvU GKwU wekÖvgK‡ÿ gaïvwÎ ch©šÍ AvaNy‡g e‡mwQj|
evwo wdievi c‡_ Mv‡q Rovevi Rb¨ Zviv †h AvU‡cŠ‡i mvaviY Pvì wb‡q G‡mwQj †m Zvi Kuv‡ai Ici
†mwU Qwo‡q †`q| ÔejÕ bv‡Pi †cvkv‡K Aciƒc †mŠ›`‡h©i m‡½ HwUi `vwi`ª¨ mycwiùzU n‡q DVwQj|
†g‡qwU Zv Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB Ab¨ †hme abx †g‡q `vwg ckwg Pvì w`‡q Mv †X‡KwQj Zv‡ì †Pv‡L
bv coevi Rb¨ †m ZvovZvwo GwM‡q †h‡Z jvMj|
†jvB‡mj Zv‡K †U‡b a‡i ejj : Ô_v‡gv, †Zvgvi VvÐv †j‡M hv‡e ILv‡b| Avwg GKLvbv Mvwo †W‡K Avwb|Õ
wKš‘ †g‡qwU †Kv‡bv K_vq Kvb bv w`‡q ZvovZvwo wmuwo †e‡q bvg‡Z _v‡K| iv¯Ívq hLb Zviv †cŠu‡Q †Mj,
†mLv‡b †Kv‡bv Mvwo cvIqv †Mj bv| Zviv Mvwoi †LuvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z `~‡i †Kv‡bv GKLvbv‡K †`‡L Zvi
Mv‡ovqvb‡K WvK‡Z _v‡K|
nZvk n‡q Kuvc‡Z Kuvc‡Z Zviv wmb b`xi w`‡K nuvU‡Z _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ †h cyivZb GKLvbv Zviv cvq,
Zvn‡jv †mB wbkvPi `yB-hvÎxi Mvwo hv c¨vwi‡Z mÜ¨vi ci †jv‡Ki †Pv‡L c‡o, Zvi GKLvbv, †hBw`‡b
GB¸wj wb‡Ri `y`©kv †`Lv‡Z j¾v cvq|
H Lvwb Zv‡ì gvU©vi w÷ª‡U N‡ii ìRv ch©šÍ wb‡q †Mj| Zviv K¬všÍfv‡e Zv‡ì K‡ÿ †Mj| †g‡qwUi me
KvR †kl| wKš‘ ¯^vgxi e¨vcv‡i, Zvi g‡b coj †h `kUvq Zv‡K Avwc‡m wM‡q †cŠuQv‡Z n‡e|
wb‡R‡K †MŠiegwÐZ iƒ‡c †kl GKevi †`Lvi Rb¨ †m Avqbvi mvg‡b wM‡q Zvi Mjvi PvìLvbv †Lv‡j|
nVvr †m AvZ©bv` K‡i DVj| Zvi nviLvbv Mjvq Rov‡bv †bB|
Zvi ¯^vgxi †cvkvK ZLb A‡a©K gvÎ †Lvjv n‡q‡Q| †m wRÁvmv Kij : ÔKx n‡q‡Q?Õ
D‡ËwRZfv‡e †g‡qwU Zvi w`‡K wd‡i ejj :
ÔAvgvi−Avgvi Kv‡Q−gv`vg †dviw÷qv‡ii nviLvbv †bB|Õ
AvZw¼Zfv‡e †m D‡V ùvovj : ÔKx ej‡j! Zv Kx K‡i n‡e? GUv m¤¢e bq|Õ
†cvkv‡Ki I ewne©v‡mi fuv‡Ri g‡a¨, c‡K‡U, me RvqMvq Zviv †LuvR K‡i| wKš‘ Zv cvIqv †Mj bv|
¯^vgx wRÁvmv Kij : ÔH evwo †_‡K P‡j Avmevi mgq Zv †h †Zvgvi Mjvq wQj, †Zvgvi wVK g‡b Av‡Q?Õ
†bK‡jm 215
Ônu¨v, Avgiv hLb wekÖvgKÿ w`‡q †ewi‡q AvmwQjvg, ZLbI Zv wQj Avgvi †Lqvj Av‡Q|Õ
ÔwKš‘ Zzwg hw` IUv iv¯Ívq nviv‡Z, IUv coevi kã Avgv‡ì †kvbv DwPZ wQj| Mvwoi g‡a¨B wbðqB
c‡o‡Q g‡b nq|Õ
Ônu¨v, m¤¢eZ ZvB| Zzwg Mvwoi b¤îwU Uz‡K wb‡qwQ‡j?Õ
Ôbv| Avi Zzwg wK Zv jÿ K‡iwQ‡j?Õ
Ôbv|Õ
nZvkfv‡e Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ †jvB‡mj Avevi †cvkvK c‡i wbj|
†m ejj, ÔAvwg hvw”Q| †`wL hZUv iv¯Ív Avgiv †nu‡UwQjvg, †mLv‡b Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq wKbv|Õ
Zvici †m †Mj| †g‡qwU Zvi mvÜ¨ MvDb c‡iB i‡q †Mj| weQvbvq ï‡Z hvevi kw³ Zvi †bB| †Kv‡bv
D”Pvkv ev fvebv QvovB †m GKLvbv †Pqv‡i Mv Gwj‡q c‡o iBj|
mKvj mvZUvi w`‡K Zvi ¯^vgx wd‡i Gj| wKQzB †m Lyu‡R cvqwb|
†m cywj‡mi Kv‡Q I Mvwoi Avwc‡m wM‡qwQj Ges cyi¯‹vi †NvlYv K‡i GKUv weÁvcbI w`‡q G‡m‡Q| †m
h_vmva¨ K‡i G‡m‡Q e‡j Zv‡ì g‡b wKQzUv Avkv n‡jv|
H fqvbK wech©‡q †g‡qwU mvivw`b GK weåvšÍ Ae¯’vq KvUvj| mÜ¨v‡ejv hLb †jvB‡mj wd‡i Gj ZLb
Zvi gy‡L hš¿Yvi gwjb Qvc, wKQzB †m Lyu‡R cvqwb|
†m ejj, Ô†Zvgvi evÜex‡K wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e †h nviLvbvi AvsUv Zzwg †f‡O †d‡jQ, ZvB Zv Zzwg †givgZ
Ki‡Z w`‡qQ| Zv‡Z Avgiv †f‡e †`Levi mgq cve|Õ
Zvi wb‡`©kgZ †g‡qwU wj‡L w`j|
GK mßvn †kl nIqvq Zviv me Avkv Z¨vM Kij| eq‡m cuvP eQ‡ii eo †jvB‡mj †NvlYv Kij :
ÔH R‡ovqv Mnbv †diZ †èvi eë¯’v Avgv‡ì Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ
ciw`b †hB ev‡· IUv wQj, Zvi wfZ‡i †hB ¯^Y©Kv‡ii bvg wQj, Zvi Kv‡Q Zviv †mUv wb‡q †Mj| †m Zvi
LvZvcÎ †Nu‡U ejj :
Ôgv`vg, H nviLvbv Avwg wewµ Kwiwb, Avwg ïay ev·Uv w`‡qwQjvg|Õ
Zvici Zviv †mB nviwUi gZ nvi †LuvR Kivi Rb¨, Zv‡ì ¯§„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i GK ¯^Y©Kvi †_‡K Ab¨
¯^Y©Kv‡ii Kv‡Q †h‡Z _v‡K| `yÕR‡biB kixi weiw³ I D‡Ø‡M Lvivc n‡q †M‡Q|
c¨v‡jm i‡q‡j Zviv Ggb GK nxivi KÉnvi †`Lj †mUv wVK Zv‡ì nviv‡bv nv‡ii g‡Zv| Zvi `vg Pwjøk
nvRvi d«uv| QwÎk nvRvi d«uv‡Z Zviv Zv †c‡Z cv‡i|
wZb w`b †hb IUv wewµ bv K‡i †m Rb¨ Zviv ¯^Y©Kvi‡K we‡klfv‡e Aby‡iva Kij| Zviv AviI eë¯’v
Kij †h, hw` †deªæqvwi gvm †kl nIqvi Av‡M H nviwU Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, Zviv GUv †diZ w`‡j †PŠwÎk
nvRvi d«uv †diZ wb‡Z cvi‡e|
†jvB‡m‡ji Kv‡Q Zvi evevi g„Zzï c‡i cÖvß AvVv‡iv nvRvi d«uv wQj| evwKUv †m avi Kij|
gv`vg †jvB‡mj hLb R‡ovqv Mnbv gv`vg †dviw÷qvi‡K †diZ w`‡Z †Mj ZLb †k‡lv³ †g‡qwU
wbRx©eK‡É ejj :
ÔIUv AviI Av‡M †Zvgvq †diZ †Ìqv DwPZ wQj; KviY, Zv AvgviI ìKvi n‡Z cviZ|Õ
Zvi evÜex †mB fq K‡iwQj, †Zgbfv‡e †m Mnbvi ev·wU Lyjj bv| hw` e`‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †m †Ui
†cZ, †m Kx g‡b KiZ? †m Kx ejZ? †m wK Zv‡K AcnviK fveZ?
216 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Gevi gv`vg †jvB‡mj `vwi‡`ªï Rxe‡bi fqvenZv eyS‡Z cv‡i| †m Zvi wb‡Ri KvR m¤ú~Y© mvn‡mi
m‡½B K‡i hvq| H `ytLRbK †`bv †kva Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †m Zv †`‡e| `vmx‡K Zviv we`vq K‡i w`j| Zviv
Zv‡ì evmv cwieZ©b Kij| wbPz Qv‡ì K‡qKwU Kvgiv Zviv fvov Kij|
NiKbœvi KwVb me KvR I ivbœvN‡ii weiw³Ki KvRKg© †m wk‡L wbj| Zvi †Mvjvwc bL w`‡q †m evmb
†avq, ˆZjv³ cvÎ I †Svj iuvavi KovB gv‡R| gqjv Kvco-†Pvco, †kwgR, evmb †gvQvi MvgQv †m
cwi®‹vi K‡i `wo‡Z ïKv‡Z †`q| †ivR mKv‡j †m AveR©bv wb‡q iv¯Ívq †d‡j| wmuwoi cÖ‡Z¨K av‡c k¦vm
†bevi Rb¨ †_‡g †_‡g †m Rj †Zv‡j| mvaviY cwiev‡ii †g‡qi g‡Zv †cvkvK c‡i †m nv‡Z Szwo wb‡q
gyw`, KmvB I d‡ji †`vKv‡b hvq Ges Zvi `yt‡Li cqmvi GKwUi Rb¨ ch©šÍ ì KlvKwl K‡i|
cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡mB mgq †P‡q wKQz `wjj e`j Ki‡Z nq, KvD‡K wKQz †kva w`‡Z nq|
Zvi ¯^vgxI mÜ¨v‡ejv KvR K‡i| †m K‡qKRb eëmvqxi wnmv‡ei LvZv wVK K‡i| iv‡Î GK cvZv cuvP
ÔmvIÕ wn‡m‡e †m cÖvqB †jLv bKj K‡i|
GiKg Rxeb `k eQi a‡i Pjj|
`k eQ‡ii †k‡l Zviv me wKQz gnvR‡bi my`mn cÖvc¨ wb‡q me ÿwZc~iY K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov wKQz
Zv‡ì mÂqI n‡jv|
gv`vg †jvB‡mj‡K †`L‡j GLb eq¯‹v e‡j g‡b nq| †m GLb Mwie M„n¯’N‡ii k³, Kg©V I AgvwR©Z
†g‡qi g‡Zv n‡q †M‡Q| Zvi Pzj Aweb¨¯Í, NvNiv GKcv‡k †gvPov‡bv, nvZ¸‡jv jvj| †m PovMjvq K_v
e‡j Ges eo eo Kjwm‡Z Rj G‡b †g‡S †avq| wKš‘ KLbI, Zvi ¯^vgx hLb Avwc‡m _v‡K, Rvbvjvi
av‡i e‡m weMZ w`‡bi †mB mvÜ¨ Abyôvb I †mB ÔejÕ bv‡P Zv‡K GZ my›ì †`Lvw”Qj I Ggb AwZwi³
cÖksmv †c‡qwQj, Zvi K_v †m fv‡e|
hw` †m Mjvi †mB nviLvbv bv nvivZ Zvn‡j †Kgb n‡Zv? †K Rv‡b †K ej‡Z cv‡i? Kx Abb¨mvaviY GB
Rxeb Avi Zvi g‡a¨ KZ êwPÎ¨! mvgvb¨ GKwU e¯‘‡Z Kx K‡i GKRb aŸsm n‡q †h‡Z Avevi euvP‡ZI cv‡i!
GK iweev‡i mviv mßv‡ni bvbv `ywðšÍv gb †_‡K `~i Kivi Rb¨ †m hLb Pvgcm&&-Gwjwmm-G Ny‡i
†eovw”Qj, nVvr GKwU wkï wb‡q ågYiZv GKRb †g‡q Zvi †Pv‡L coj| †m n‡jv gv`vg †dviw÷qvi|
†m GLbI hyeZx, my›ìx I AvKl©Yxqv| †`‡L gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji gb Lvivc n‡q †Mj| †m wK H †g‡qwUi
m‡½ K_v ej‡e? nu¨v, Aek¨B ej‡e| Zv‡K hLb me †kva Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb me wKQz Ly‡j †m ej‡e| †Kb
ej‡e bv?
†m †g‡qwUi Kv‡Q GwM‡q wM‡q ejj : ÔmycÖfvZ, †Rwb|Õ
Zvi eÜz Zv‡K wPb‡Z cvij bv| GK mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡K Ggb AšÍi½fv‡e m‡¤^vab Kivq †m AevK
n‡jv| †m weeªZfv‡e ejj :
ÔwKš‘ gv`vgÑAvcbv‡K †Zv wPbjvg bvÑ†evanq Avcbvi fzj n‡q‡QÑÕ
Ôbv, Avwg gvwZj`v †jvB‡mj|Õ
Zvi evÜex we¯§‡q †PuwP‡q D‡V ejj : Ônvq, Avgvi †ePvix gvwZj`v! Ggbfv‡e Kx K‡i Zzwg e`‡j †M‡j−Õ
Ônu¨v, †Zvgvi m‡½ †`Lv nevi ci †_‡K Avgvi `yw`©b hv‡”Q−†ek wKQz `yt‡Li w`b †M‡Q−Avi †mUv n‡q‡Q
ïay †Zvgvi Rb¨−Õ
ÔAvgvi Rb¨? Zv Kx K‡i n‡jv?Õ
Ô†mB †h Kwgkbv‡ii ÔejÕ bv‡Pi w`b Zzwg Avgv‡K †Zvgvi nxivi nvi ci‡Z w`‡qwQ‡j, g‡b c‡o?Õ
Ônu¨v, †ek g‡b Av‡Q|Õ
†bK‡jm 217
ÔK_v n‡”Q, †mLvbv Avwg nvwi‡q †d‡jwQjvg|Õ

ÔKx ejQ Zzwg? Kx K‡i Zv Avgvq Zzwg †diZ w`‡qwQ‡j?Õ
ÔwVK †mLvbvi g‡Zv GKwU †Zvgv‡K Avwg †diZ w`‡qwQjvg| Zvi `vg w`‡Z `k eQi †j‡M‡Q| Zzwg
eyS‡ZB cvi, Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †jvK hv‡ì wKQzB wQj bv, Zv‡ì c‡ÿ Zv mnR wQj bv| wKš‘ Zv †kl
n‡q‡Q Ges †mRb¨ Avwg GLb fv‡jvfv‡eB wbwðšÍ n‡qwQ|Õ
gv`vg †dviw÷qvi Zv‡K K_vi gvSc‡_ _vwg‡q ejj :
ÔZzwg ejQ †h, AvgviUv wdwi‡q †èvi Rb¨ Zzwg GKLvbv nxivi nvi wK‡bwQ‡j?Õ
Ônu¨v| Zv Zzwg †Lqvj Kiwb? H `ywU GK iKg wQj|Õ
e‡j †m M‡e©i fv‡e I mij Avb‡›` GKUz nvmj| †`‡L gv`vg †dviw÷qvi-Gi g‡b Lye jvMj| †m Zvi
`ywU nvZ wb‡Ri nv‡Zi g‡a¨ wb‡q ejj :
Ônvq, Avgvi †ePvix gvwZj`v! AvgviwU wQj bKj| Zvi `vg cuvPkZ d«uvi †ewk n‡e bv|Õ
kãv_© I UxKv
Kb‡f›U − wLªóvb bvix wgkbvwi‡ì Øviv cwiPvwjZ ¯‹zj| wgkbvwi‡ì Avevm|
gvwmu‡q − †mŠRb¨ cÖ`k©b I mg¥vb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ d«v‡Ý cyiæl‡ì gwmu‡q m‡¤¦vab Kiv nq|
gv`vg − †mŠRb¨ cÖ`k©b I mg¥vb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ d«v‡Ý gwnjv‡ì gv`vg m‡¤¦vab Kiv nq|
d«uv − divwm gy`ªvi bvg| 2002 mvj ch©šÍ GB gy`ªv cÖPwjZ wQj| eZ©gv‡b BD‡ivcxq
BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ nIqvq d«vÝ BD‡iv eënvi K‡i|
ÔejÕ bvP − we‡bv`bg~jK mvgvwRK b„Z¨vbyôvb| BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvmn c„w_exi eû †`‡k GB
b„Z¨ cÖPwjZ|
µyk − wLªóvb agx©q cÖZxK|
m¨vwUb − gm„Y I PKP‡K †ikwg e¯¿| Satin
c¨vix − c¨vwi‡mi divwm bvg|
c¨v‡jm i‡qj − ivRKxq cÖvmv`|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
wek¦weL¨vZ MíKvi Mx `¨ †gvcvmuvi †kÖô Mí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ô†bK‡jmÕ Ab¨Zg| divwm fvlvq MíwUi bvg
ÔLa ParureÕ| 1884 mv‡ji 17B †deªæqvwi divwm cwÎKv ÔLa GauloisÕ-G MíwU cÖKvwkZ nq Ges †m
eQiB Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z nq| GKB mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ô†bK‡jmÕ kxl©K MíMª‡š’i g‡a¨ MíwU ¯’vb cvq|
AcÖZ¨vwkZ wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq mgvwßi Rb¨ MíwU wecyj RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. GK mÜ¨vq gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji ¯^vgx guwm‡q Kx nv‡Z N‡i wdi‡jb?
K. my›ì Mqbvi ev· L. GKwU eo Lvg
M. D¾¦j †iŠc¨ cvÎ N. KviæKvh©c~Y© c`©v
218 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji me©`v `ytL, KviY, †m−

K. †bK‡jm nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q L. Kvw•ÿZ Rxeb cvqwb
M. ivbœvN‡i KvR K‡i N. `vwg †cvkvK ci‡Z cv‡ibv
Zš^xi mvR‡Mv‡Ri kL| wKš‘ cÖmvabx µ‡qi mvg_©¨ Zvi evev-gv‡qi †bB| abxi †Q‡ji m‡½ Zvi
we‡q nq| ¯^vgx cÖvqB Mwi‡ei †g‡q e‡j wa°vi w`‡q Zš^x‡K kvixwiK wbh©vZb KiZ| Zš^x GK ch©v‡q
evev-gv‡qi Kv‡Q wd‡i Av‡m| †m Dcjwä K‡i, weË-êfeB gvby‡li cÖK…Z cwiPq bq|
3. DÏxc‡K Ò†bK‡jmÓ M‡íi †hme fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. gvbwmK `„pZv
ii. cikªxKvZiZv
iii. AvZ¥-m‡PZbZv
4. D³ fv‡ei êcix‡Zï cÖwZdjb †h ev‡K¨−
K. hZ me myiæwPc~Y© I wejvwmZvi e¯‘ Av‡Q, †m¸wji Rb¨B Zvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q
L. gyiwMi cvLbv †L‡Z †L‡Z gy‡L wmsn-gvbexi nvwm wb‡q Kvb †c‡Z ïb‡e Pzwc Pzwc ejv cÖYqjxjvi
Kvwnwb †ivR mKv‡j †m AveR©bv wb‡q iv¯Ívq †d‡j
M. gv`vg †jvB‡mj‡K †`L‡j GLb eq¯‹v e‡j g‡b nq
N. mvgvb¨ GKwU e¯‘‡Z Kx K‡i GKRb aŸsm n‡q †h‡Z Avevi euvP‡ZI cv‡i
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†gavex iæwebvi evev Lye mvgvb¨ †eZ‡b PvKwi K‡ib| Zvi mncvVxiv mK‡jB Ae¯’vcb cwiev‡ii|
mncvVx‡ì †cvkvK, RxebvPi‡Yi m‡½ iæwebvi wKQz‡ZB Lvc Lvq bv| Zey Zv wb‡q †m †gv‡UB
nxb¤§b¨Zvq †fv‡M bv| Zvi abx mncvVxivI iæwebvi evwn¨K PvKwP‡Kï †P‡q Zvi †gav‡KB †ewk
¸iæZ¡ †`q| wb‡Ri K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡g iæwebv cixÿvq Lye fv‡jv dj K‡i| AvR wZwb GKRb eo
Kg©KZ©v|
K. e›`yK wKb‡Z gwmu‡q KZ d«uv mÂq K‡iwQj?
L. gv`vg †jvB‡mj Avgš¿Y-cÎ †Uwe‡ji Dci wb‡ÿc K‡ib †Kb?
M. iæwebvi m‡½ gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU eY©bv Ki|
N. cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Rxeb cwiYwZ‡Z `yR‡bi Rxeb wfbœ avivq cÖevwnZ| −Dw³wU we‡kølY
Ki|
KweZv
Kvj‡KZzi †fvRb
gyKz›ìvg PµeZ©x
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© (AvbygvwbK 1540-1600 wLªóvã) ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Zï g½jKve¨ avivi Ab¨Zg
cÖavb Kwe| Zuvi wcZv ü`q wgkª Ges gvZv ˆèKx| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i ea©gvb
†Rjvi `vgyb¨v MÖv‡g| m¤¢eZ 1575 wLªóv‡ã gyKz›ìvg ˆcZ…K wbevm Z¨vM K‡i †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi Avoiv MÖv‡g
Avkªq †bb Ges †mLvbKvi Rwg`vicy‡Îi M„nwkÿK wbhy³ nb| c‡i Rwg`vi iNybv_ iv‡qi mfvKweiƒ‡c
ZuviB †cÖiYvq ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ G KweK‡g©i Rb¨ Rwg`vi Zuv‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ
Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib| gyKz›ìv‡gi ch©‡eÿYkw³ wQj AmvaviY| g½jKv‡eï cÖ_vMZ mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡KI
wZwb G‡Z ev¯Íe RxebwPÎ Dc¯’vc‡b Amvgvb¨ `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Kv‡e¨ mvaviY evOvwj Rxeb,
mgKvjxb mgvR I cvwicvwk¦©KZv, gvbe PwiÎ wPÎY, cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki e¯‘wbô eY©bv Amvgvb¨ iƒc jvf
K‡i‡Q| MYRxe‡bi KiæY wPÎ wek¦¯ÍZvi mv‡_ A¼‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K `ytLev`x Kwe wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
n‡jI Zuvi Kve¨ gvbeRxebi‡m c~Y©| ¯^fveMZ KweZ¡kw³i cÖmv‡` wZwb Zuvi Kv‡e¨ bvU¨¸Y I Dcb¨v‡mi
eY©bv-ˆbcy‡Yï mgš^q NUvb| Zuv‡K evsjv mvwn‡Zï Jcb¨vwmK‡ì AMÖ`~Z ejv n‡q _v‡K|
`~i ˆn‡Z dzjøiv ex‡ii cvj¨ mvov|

m¤£‡g ewm‡Z w`j nwi‡Yi Qov||
†euvPv bvwi‡K‡j‡Z cywiqv w`j Rj|
Kwij dzjøiv Z‡e †fvR‡bi ¯’j||
PiY cvLvwj exi Rj w`j gy‡L|
†fvRb Kwi‡Z ê‡m g‡bi †KŠZz‡K||
m¤£‡g dzjøiv cv‡Z gvwUqv cv_iv|
e¨Ä‡bi Z‡i w`jv b~Zb Lvciv||
†gvPwoqv †Mvud `yUv evwÜ‡jb Nv‡o|
GK k¦v‡m mvZ nuvwo Avgvwb DRv‡o||
Pvwi nvwo gnvexi Lvq Ly` RvD|
Qq nvwÛ gymyix-myc wgk¨v Zw_ jvD||
Szwo `yB wZb Lvq Avjy Ij †cvov|
KPzi mwnZ Lvq KiÄv Avgov||
A¤^j LvBqv exi ewbZv‡i cy‡Q|
iÜb Ki¨vQ fv‡jv Avi wKQz Av‡Q||
Gb¨vwQ nwiYx w`qv `wa GK nuvwo|
Zvnv w`qv Abœ exi Lvq wZb nuvwo||
222 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kqb KzrwmZ ex‡ii †fvRb weUKvj|

MÖvm¸wj †Zv‡j †hb †Z AvwUqv Zvj||
†fvRb Kwiqv mv½ ˆKj AvPgb|
nixZKx Lvq¨v ˆKj gy‡Li †kvab||
wbkvKvj nBj exi Kwijv kq‡b|
wb‡ew`j cïMY ivRvi Pi‡Y||
Afqvi Pi‡Y gRyK wbR wPZ|
kÖxKweK¼Y Mvb gayi msMxZ||
kãv_© I UxKv
nwi‡Yi Qov Ñ nwi‡Yi Qvj|
†euvPv bvwi‡Kj Ñ bvwi‡K‡ji gvjvi Ic‡ii Ask †K‡U ˆZwi cvÎ|
cvLvwj Ñ cÖÿvjb K‡i| ay‡q|
Lvciv Ñ Lc©i| gvwUi ˆZwi GKcÖKvi cvÎ|
Avgvwb Ñ cvwbhy³ fvZ|
nvwÛ Ñ nuvwo| cvwb ev Ab¨vb¨ Zij c`v_© ivLvi cvÎ|
KiÄv Ñ UK dj we‡kl| Kig&Pv|
ewYZv Ñ ea~| fvh©v|
AvPgb Ñ †fvRb †k‡l nvZ gyL cÖÿvjb| †aŠZKiY|
Afqv Ñ `yM©v| PÐx| Afq`vbKvwiYx †èx|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒKvj‡KZzi †fvRbÓ AskwU gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© iwPZ ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kve¨ (gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi
cvkv m¤úvw`Z ÔKvj‡KZz DcvL¨vbÕ) n‡Z msM„nxZ| B›`ªcyÎ bxjv¤î wk‡ei Awfkv‡c e¨vaiƒ‡c
gZ©¨‡jv‡K ag©‡KZzi M„‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Zvi bvg nq Kvj‡KZz| Amxg kw³kvjx Kvj‡KZz mvivw`‡bi
wkKvi Kg©‡k‡l N‡i wdi‡j ¯¿x dzjøiv Zvi †h †fvR‡bi eë¯’v K‡i ZviB PgKcÖ` weeiY Dc¯’vwcZ
n‡q‡Q G iPbvwU‡Z| êwPÎ¨gq I wecyj Lvev‡ii weei‡Yi cvkvcvwk ZrKvjxb mgv‡R evOvwj M„‡ni
Lvevi cwi‡ekb ixwZ G Kve¨vs‡k jÿYxq| eY©bvq AwZiÄb ev AvwZkh¨ _vK‡jI Lvevi MÖnY I Gi
c~e©vci eY©bvi fw½wU AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq| ga¨hy‡M evOvwji Mvn©¯’¨ Rxe‡bi ev¯ÍeZv gyKz›ìvg PµeZx©i
KweZ¡kw³ I eY©bv ˆbcy‡Y¨ Amvgvb¨Zv jvf K‡i‡Q|
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. dzjøiv Kvj‡KZz‡K Rj w`‡qwQ‡jb wK‡m?
K. Lvciv‡Z L. nvwÛ‡Z
M. bvi‡K‡j N. †euvPv bvi‡K‡j
2. Ô†fvRb weUKvjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

K. Lvev‡ii cÖwZ AbyivM L. Lvev‡ii cÖwZ weivM
M. A‡kvfbfv‡e Lv`¨ MÖnY N. wewPÎ Lv‡`¨ AvMÖn
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
nvwg` mvivw`b BUfvUvq cÖPzi cwikªg K‡ib| `ycy‡i wZwb evmvq †L‡Z Av‡mb| Zvi g‡a¨ _v‡K Zxeª
ÿzav| Avi Lvevi w`‡Z bv w`‡ZB wZwb †MvMÖv‡m me wMj‡Z _v‡Kb| ¯¿x nvwjgv Zvi G RvZxq AvPiY
AcQ›` K‡ib|
3. DÏxc‡Ki nvwg‡ì m‡½ ÒKvj‡KZzi †fvRbÓ KweZvq Kvi AvPi‡Yi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q?
K. KweK¼‡Yi L. Kvj‡KZzi
M. dzjøivi N. ivRvi
4. D³ AvPi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q−
K. †fvRb iwmKZv
L. exiZ¡
M. DrKU ¯^fve
N. me©MÖvmx †jvf
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
cvbœvi ivbœv LyeB PgrKvi| Zvi ivbœv Lvevi my¯^v`y nq e‡j cwiev‡ii mevB Z„wß mnKv‡i †L‡q _v‡K|
cvbœvi ¯^vgx wkwki Lvevi †L‡q Z…wßi †XuKzi †Zv‡jb| wkwk‡ii Lvev‡ii Pvwn`vi †hb †Kv‡bv †kl
†bB| wZwb †L‡Z GZB cQ›` K‡ib| cvbœv bvbv iK‡gi ivbœvi gva¨‡g ¯^vgx‡K mš‘ó ivLvi †Póv
K‡ib| Z‡e Zvi ¯^vgxi Lvevi evmbv †hb †kl n‡ZB Pvq bv| †Kv‡bv Lvev‡iB Zvi AiæwP †bB|
K. e¨Ä‡bi Rb¨ dzjøiv Kx w`‡qwQ‡jb?
L. ÔewbZv‡i cy‡QÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki cvbœv †hb ÒKvj‡KZzi †fvRbÓ KweZvi dzjøivÕ GLv‡b †h w`K †_‡K mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. wkwki ÒKvj‡KZzi †fvRbÓ KweZvi Kvj‡KZzi †fvRbwjáv‡K aviY K‡ibwb− g~j¨vqb Ki|
FZz eY©b
AvjvIj
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
AvjvIj m‡Z‡iv kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô Kwe| AvbygvwbK 1607 wLªóv‡ã d‡Znvev` ciMbvi (eZ©gvb dwi`cyi
†Rjv) Rvjvjcy‡i wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ZiæY eq‡m Rjc‡_ PÆMÖvg hvIqvi mg‡q Zuvi wcZv I wZwb cZ©ywMR
Rj`my¨‡ì Ke‡j c‡ob| GB Avµg‡Y Zuvi wcZv wbnZ nb| wZwb fvM¨µ‡g †eu‡P AvivKv‡b Dcw¯’Z nb|
†mLv‡b cÖ_‡g AvivKvb iv‡Ri †mbv`‡j KvR cvb wZwb; µ‡g ivRìev‡ii cÖavb AgvZ¨ gvMb VvKz‡ii
K…cv`„wó jvf K‡ib Ges ivRmfvm`fz³ nb| ZuviB c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ges Kve¨cÖwZfv I we`¨veyw×i ¸‡Y
AvjvIj ÔcÙveZxÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| ivRmfvi wkwÿZ I c`¯’ e¨w³‡ì mvnP‡h© †_‡K wZwb Kve¨PP©v
K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iPbvq bvMwiK †PZbv I iæwPi Qvc my¯úó| ms¯‹…Z, Aviwe, dviwmmn wewfbœ fvlvq ey¨rcbœ
AvjvIj Amvgvb¨ cvwÐ‡Zï AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wkíKzkjx GB Kwei Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q− Kve¨ :
ÔmqdzjgyjK ew`D¾vgvjÕ, Ônß cqKiÕ, ÔwmKv›ìbvgvÕ; bxwZKweZv : Ô†Zvn&dvÕ; m½xZwelqK Kve¨ :
ÔivMZvjbvgvÕ|
AvjvIj 1680 wLªóv‡ã g„ZyëiY K‡ib|
cÖ_‡g emšÍ FZz bexb cjøe|

`yB cÿ Av‡M cv‡Q g‡a¨ mygvae||
gjqv mgxi ˆnjv Kv‡gi c`vwZ|
gyKzwjZ ˆKj Z‡e e„ÿ eb¯úwZ||
KzmywgZ wKsïK mNb eb jvj|
cyw®úZ myi½ gwjø je½ ¸jvj||
åg‡ii S¼vi †KvwKj Kjie|
ïwb‡Z hyeK g‡b Rv‡M Abyfe||
bvbv cy®ú gvjv M‡j eo niwlZ|
wewPÎ emb A‡½ P›`b PwP©Z||
wb`vN mgG AwZ cÖPÐ Zcb|
†iŠ`ª Îv‡m i‡n Qvqv Pi‡Y miY||
P›`b P¤úK gvj¨ gjqv ceb|
mZZ `¤úwZ m‡½ e¨vwcZ g`b||
cveb mgq Nb Nb MiwRZ|

wbf©‡q ewi‡l Rj †PŠw`‡K c~wiZ||
†Nvi k‡ã ˆKjv‡m gjøvi ivM MvG|
FZz eY©b 225
`v`yix wkLxwb ie AwZ gb fvG||

KxUKzj ie cywb S¼v‡i S¼v‡i|
ïwb‡Z hyeK wPË niwlZ W‡i||
AvBj kvi` FZz wbg©j AvKv‡k|
†`vjvG Pvgi †Kk Kzmyg weKv‡k||
bexb LÄb †`wL eown †KŠZzK|
DcwRZ hvwgbx `¤úwZ g‡b myL||
cÖ‡e‡k †ngšÍ FZz kxZ AwZ hvq|
cy®ú Zzj¨ Zv¤^yj AwaK myL nq||
kx‡Zi Ziv‡m iwe Zzwi‡Z jyKvG|
AwZ `xN© myL wbwk cj‡K †cvnvG||
cy®ú kh¨v †f` fzwj wewPÎ emb|
D‡i D‡i GK ˆn‡j kxZ wbeviY||
Kvdzi K¯‘ix Pzqv hveK †mŠif|
`¤úwZi wP‡ËZ †PZb Abyfe||
kãv_© I UxKv
mygvae Ñ DËg emšÍKvj; myeb emšÍKvj|
gjqv mgxi Ñ `wLbv wmœ» evZvm|
Kv‡gi Ñ Kvg‡è-Gi| †cÖ‡gi †èZvi|
c`vwZ Ñ c`Pvix ˆmwbK| msev` evnK|
ˆKj Ñ Kwij|
eb¯úwZ Ñ †h e„‡ÿ dzj a‡i bv ïay dj nq| Ak¦Ì, eU BZ¨vw` e„ÿ|
wKsïK Ñ cjvk dzj ev e„ÿ|
myi½ Ñ my›ì iO| †kvfb eY©|
gwjø Ñ †ewjdzj| †ejdzj|
je½ Ñ GKcÖKvi dzj| gmjv|
¸jvj Ñ Avwei| dvM|
S¼vi Ñ exYvh‡š¿i kã| ¸Äb|
wb`vN Ñ MÖx®§Kvj| DËvc|
miY Ñ kiY A‡_© eëüZ| AvkÖq|
ewi‡l Ñ ewl©Z n‡”Q| ARmª avivq e„wócvZ|
c~wiZ Ñ c~Y©| fiv| ficyi|
226 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ˆKjvm Ñ wk‡ei evm¯’vb| wngvjq ce©‡Zi GKwU Ask|

gjøvi Ñ gvjnvi; msMx‡Zi GKwU ivM; ivwÎi wØZxq cÖn‡i MvIqv nq|
`v`yix Ñ gvw` e¨vO| †fKx|
wkwLbx Ñ gq~ix|
AwZ gb fvG Ñ g‡b A‡bK fve Rv‡M|
cywb Ñ cybivq|
Pvgi Ñ cvLv we‡kl| PgixÑ Miæi cy”Q w`‡q ˆZwi cvLv|
LÄb Ñ GK RvZxq PÂj cvwL|
DcwRZ Ñ Dcw¯’Z nq| Drcbœ|
Zv¤^yj Ñ cvb| GKcÖKvi cvZv hv mycvwi Pzb BZ¨vw` mn‡hv‡M LvIqv nq|
Ziv‡m Ñ f‡q| Îv‡m|
Zzwi‡Z Ñ `ªæZ| kxNÖ| ZvovZvwo|
Kvdzi Ñ Kc~©i| ïå MÜ`ªe¨ we‡kl|
K¯‘ix Ñ g„Mbvwf|
Pzqv Ñ MÜ`ªe¨| GKcÖKvi myMwÜ Nb wbh©vm|
hveK Ñ AvjZv|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
AvjvI‡ji ÒFZz eY©bÓ KweZvwU Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔcÙveZxÕi FZz eY©b LÐ †_‡K ms‡ÿwcZ AvKv‡i
msKwjZ| cÖK…wZi wewPÎ iƒc Awfe¨³ nq AvenvIqv I loFZzi cÖfv‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©
hy‡M hy‡M gvbyl n‡q‡Q gy»| gy» n‡q‡Qb ms‡e`bkxj KweMYI| FZz eY©bv ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡eï GK ¯^vfvweK
ixwZ|
Kwe AvjvIj GB FZz eY©bvq cÖK…wZi iƒc‰ewP‡Îï mv‡_ gvbe g‡bi m¤úK© I cÖfve Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
em‡šÍi bexb cÎcy®ú, gjq mgxi, ågi-¸Äb I †KvwK‡ji KzûZvb; MÖx‡®§i cÖPÐ Zc‡bi †iŠ`ª Îvm I
Qvqvi ¸iæZ¡; el©vi †gN MR©b, Aweij e„wóR‡j mœvZ cÖK…wZ, GKUvbv `v`yix wkLxwb ie; ki‡Zi wbg©j
AvKvk, dz‡ji Pvgi †`vjv, LÄbvi bvP; kir we`v‡q †ng‡šÍ cy®úZzj¨ Zv¤^y‡ji myL Ges kx‡Zi Îv‡m Z¡wiZ
m~h© Wy‡e hvIqv, iRbx‡Z myLx `¤úwZi wPËmyL BZ¨vw` PgrKvifv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q KweZvwU‡Z| loFZzi
eY©bvi †fZi w`‡q Kwe evsjvi cÖK…wZi iƒc-gvayix Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| loFZzi êwPÎ¨ evsjvi wbmM©-iƒc‡K
†h mg„× K‡i‡Q Zv G Kve¨vsk †_‡K ¯úófv‡e †evSv hvq|
FZz eY©b 227
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒFZz eY©bÓ KweZvq cÖ_‡g †Kvb FZzi eY©bv Av‡Q?
K. MÖx®§ L. el©v
M. kir N. emšÍ
2. Ôwb`vN mgGÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. cÖPÐ MigKvj L. AvenvIqv VvÐv
M. cxo‡bi mgq N. el©vi AvMgb
Av‡m emšÍ dzje‡b
Rv‡M ebf~wg my›ìx|
3. KweZvs‡k ÒFZz eY©bÓ KweZvi emšÍ FZzi †Kvb w`KwU D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q?
K. my›ì †kvfv L. cy®úgvj¨
M. gjøvi ivM N. gjq mgxi
4. D³ w`KwU wb‡Pi †Kvb cO&w³‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q−
K. P›`b P¤úK gvj¨ gjqv ceb
L. KzmywgZ wKsmyK mNb eb jvj
M. cveb mgq Nb Nb MiwRZ
N. bexb LÄb †`wL eown †KŠZzK
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
AvR †R¨vrmœv iv‡Z mevB †M‡Q e‡b
em‡šÍi GB gvZvj mgxi‡Y|
K. gjøvi Kx?
L. Ò†iŠ`ª Îv‡m i‡n Qvqv Pi‡Y miYÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ ÒFZz eY©bÓ KweZvi emšÍ FZzi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔDÏxcKwU ÒFZz eY©bÓ KweZvi mgMÖ fve aviY K‡iwbÕ− g~j¨vqb Ki|
¯^‡`k
Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß 1812 wLªóv‡ãi 6B gvP© fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i DËi PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi KuvPovcvovq Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg nwibvivqY `vk¸ß| Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi KweZvq ga¨hyM Ges AvaywbK hyM − Df‡qiB
jÿY †`Lv hvq| ZvB wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ hyMmwÜÿ‡Yi Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wewPÎ AjsKv‡ii eënvi
Ges e¨½-†KŠZzK Zuvi KweZvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨| Zuvi cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK RxebB Zuv‡K we`ªƒccÖeY
K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wZwb fviZxq fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv-m¤úv`K
wQ‡jb| g„Zzï ci wewkó e¨w³‡ì m¤úv`bvq Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨: ivgP›`ª ¸ß msM„nxZ ÔKweZvi msKjbÕ, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z ÔKve¨msMÖnÕ Ges
KvjxcÖmbœ we`¨viZœ m¤úvw`Z ÔmsMÖnÕ|
wZwb 1859 wLªóv‡ãi 23G Rvbyqvwi g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Rvb bv wK Rxe Zzwg, Rbbx Rb¥f~wg,

†m †Zvgvq ü`‡q †i‡L‡Q|
_vwKqv gv‡qi †Kv‡j, mšÍv‡b Rbbx †fv‡j,
†K †Kv_vq Ggb †`‡L‡Q||
f~wg‡Z Kwi‡q evm, Ny‡g‡Z cyivI Avk,
RvwM‡j bv wèv wefveix|
KZKvj nwiqvQ, GB aiv awiqvQ,
Rbbx RVi cwinwi||
hvi e‡j ewj‡ZQ, hvi e‡j Pwj‡ZQ,
hvi e‡j Pvwj‡ZQ †`n|
hvi e‡j Zzwg ejx, Zvi e‡j Avwg ewj,
fw³fv‡e Ki Zv‡i †¯œn||
wgQv gwY gy³v †ng, ¯^‡`‡ki wcÖq †cÖg,
Zvi †P‡q iZœ bvB Avi|
myavK‡i KZ myav, `~i K‡i Z…òv ÿzav,
¯^‡`‡ki ïf mgvPvi||
åvZ…fve fvwe g‡b, †`L †`kevmxM‡Y,
†cÖgc~Y© bqb †gwjqv|
KZ iƒc †¯œn Kwi, †`‡ki KzKzi awi,
we‡`‡ki VvKzi †dwjqv||
¯^‡`k 229
¯^‡`‡ki †cÖg hZ, †mB gvÎ AeMZ,

we‡`‡k‡Z Awaevm hvi|
fve-Zzwj a¨v‡b a‡i, wPÎc‡U wPÎ K‡i,
¯^‡`‡ki mKj e¨vcvi||
¯^‡`‡ki kv¯¿g‡Z, Pj mZ¨ ag©c‡_,
my‡L Ki Ávb Av‡jvPb|
e„w× Ki gvZ…fvlv, cyivI Zvnvi Avkv,
†`‡k Ki we`¨v weZiY||
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
Rxe Ñ cÖvYx| G KweZvq fviZevmx‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cyivI Ñ c~Y© Ki|
wefveix Ñ ivwÎ|
nwiqvQ Ñ niY KwiqvQ| ÔGLv‡b hvcb K‡iQÕ A‡_© eëüZ|
RVi Ñ †cU| Dì|
cwinwi Ñ cwinvi K‡i|
ewj‡ZQ Ñ ej jvf KiQ|
Pvwj‡ZQ Ñ Pvjv”Q|
ejx Ñ ejevb|
†ng Ñ ¯^Y©
myavKi Ñ Puv`|
myav Ñ †R¨vrmœv| Ag„Z|
Awaevm Ñ evm¯’vb|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi Ò¯^‡`kÓ KweZvwU ms‡ÿwcZ AvKv‡i msKwjZ n‡q‡Q ÔKweZv msMÖnÕ MÖš’ †_‡K| GwU
GKwU ¯^‡`k‡cÖ‡gi KweZv| Kwe ¯^‡`k‡K gvZ…iƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i mšÍvbZzj¨ †`kevmx‡K Zvi cÖwZ hZœkxj
nIqvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| gvZ…f~wgi kw³‡Z ejxqvb ¯^‡`kevmx‡K wZwb fw³fve wb‡q ¯^‡`‡ki
Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Kwei ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva G KweZvq GgbB cÖLi †h, wZwb
we‡`‡ki g~jëvb-wKQy Z¨vM K‡iI ¯^‡`‡ki Zz”Q-wKQz‡K AuvK‡o ai‡Z e‡j‡Qb| Kwei Kv‡Q, ¯^‡`‡ki
ïf ev Kj¨vY gwY gy³vi †P‡q `vwg| wbR †`‡ki cÖwZ ggZ¡ I †cÖg †m-B h_v_©fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i
†h we‡`‡k _v‡K| †`kevmxi c‡ÿ mZ¨ ag©c‡_ P‡j gvZ…fvlv PP©v, Ávb A‡š^lY I we`¨v weZi‡Yi
gva¨‡gB ¯^‡`kgvZvi Avkv c~Y© Kiv m¤¢e|
230 mvwnZ¨ cvV
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †ng k‡ãi A_©−
K. myavKi L. iZœ
M. gy³v N. ¯^Y©
2. Ò_vwKqv gv‡qi †Kv‡j mšÍv‡b Rbbx †fv‡jÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. gvZ…f~wgi cÖwZ AeÁv L. gvZ…f~wgi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv
M. Rb¥f~wgi cÖwZ AbyivM N. Rb¥f~wgi cÖwZ FY ¯^xKvi
e½ Avgvi Rbbx Avgvi
avÎx Avgvi Avgvi †`k
†Kb †Mv gv †Zvi ï®‹ bqb
†Kb †Mv gv †Zvi iæÿ †Kk
... ... ...
wK‡mi `ytL wK‡mi ˆ`b¨
wK‡mi j¾v wK‡mi †K¬k
mß‡KvwU wgwjZ K‡É
Wv‡K hLb Avgvi †`k
3. KweZvs‡ki m‡½ Ò¯^‡`kÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU mv`„k¨c~Y©?
K. `ytL‡eva L. nxb¤§b¨Zv
M. †`k‡cªg N. wRÁvmv
4. D³ w`KwU wb‡Pi †Kvb cO&w³i m‡½ AwaKZi mv`„k¨c~Y©?
K. ¯^‡`‡ki mKj e¨vcvi
L.fw³fv‡e Ki Zv‡i †mœn
M. ¯^‡`‡ki ïf mgvPvi
N. ¯^‡`‡ki wcÖq †cÖg
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gv‡qi †`qv †gvUv Kvco
gv_vq Zz‡j †b †i fvB|
`xb `ytwLbx gv †h Avgvi
Zvi †ewk Avi mva¨ bvB|
K. Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß m¤úvw`Z weL¨vZ cwÎKvwUi bvg Kx?
L. ÒZvi †P‡q iZœ bvB AviÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. KweZvskwU †h w`K †_‡K Ò¯^‡`kÓ KweZvi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔKweZvskwU Ò¯^‡`kÓ KweZvi mgMÖ w`K D‡b¥vPb K‡iwbÕ− g~j¨vqb Ki|
wefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi AMÖ`~Z gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 1824 wLªóv‡ãi 25G Rvbyqvwi h‡kvi †Rjvi mvMiùvwo
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ivRbvivqY `Ë, gvZv Rvýex †èx| gv‡qi ZË¡veav‡b MÖv‡gB Zuvi
cÖv_wgK wkÿv m¤úbœ nq| gaym~`b 1833 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvi wn›`y K‡j‡R mßg †kÖwY‡Z fwZ© nb| †mLv‡b
QvÎve¯’v‡ZB Zuvi mvwnZ¨-cÖwZfvi ùziY N‡U| 1843 wLªóv‡ã wLªóag© MÖnY K‡i wZwb wcZ…cÖ`Ë bv‡gi ïiæ‡Z
ÔgvB‡KjÕ kã †hvM K‡ib| ag©všÍwiZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K wn›`y K‡jR cwiZ¨vM K‡i wkecy‡ii wekc&m
K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡Z nq| †mLv‡bB wZwb wMÖK, jvwZb I wneªæ fvlv wkÿvi my‡hvM cvb| gaym~`b eû fvlvq `ÿ
wQ‡jb | Bs‡iwR I ms¯‹„Zmn divwm, Rvg©vb Ges BZvjxq fvlv‡ZI wZwb `ÿZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
wn›`y K‡j‡R QvÎve¯’vq Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©vi gva¨g wQj Bs‡iwR fvlv| wKš‘ we‡`wk fvlvi †gvn †_‡K gy³ n‡q
wZwb gvZ…fvlvi Kv‡Q wd‡i Av‡mb| gaym~`b-c~e© nvRvi eQ‡ii evsjv KweZvi Q›` wQj cqvi| GKwU Pi‡Yi
†k‡l Avi GKwU Pi‡Yi wgj wQj IB Q‡›ì Abo cÖ_v| gaym~`b evsjv KweZvi G cÖ_v‡K †f‡O w`‡jb|
Zuvi cÖewZ©Z Q›`‡K ejv nq ÔAwgÎvÿi Q›`Õ| Z‡e GwU evsjv Aÿie„Ë Q‡›ìB beiƒcvqY| evsjvq
PZz`©kc`x KweZv ev m‡b‡UiI cÖeZ©K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| evsjv bvU‡Ki D™¢ehy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kÖô
bvU¨Kvi wZwb| AvaywbK bvUK Ôkwg©ôvÕ, ÔcÙveZxÕ I ÔK…òKzgvixÕ Ges cÖnmb ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv?Õ I
Ôeyo mvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuvÕ Zuvi Ab¨Zg †kÖô m„wó| Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : ÔwZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨Õ,
Ô†gNbvèa-Kve¨Õ, ÔeªRv½bv Kve¨Õ, Ôexiv½bv Kve¨Õ, ÔPZzÏ©kc`x KweZvewjÕ |
1873 wLªóv‡ãi 29G Ryb KjKvZvq gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
ÒGZÿ‡YÓÑ Awi›`g Kwnjv welv‡`-

ÒRvwbby †Kg‡b Avwm j²Y cwkj
iÿtcy‡i! nvq, ZvZ, DwPZ wK Ze
G KvR, wbKlv mZx †Zvgvi Rbbx,
m‡nvì iÿt‡kÖô? k~wjk¤¢ywbf
Kz¤¢KY©? åvZ…cyÎ evmeweRqx!
wbRM„nc_, ZvZ, †`LvI Z¯‹‡i?
PÐv‡j emvI Avwb ivRvi Avj‡q?
wKš‘ bvwn MwÄ †Zvgv, Myiæ Rb Zywg
wcZ…Zzj¨| Qvo Øvi, hve A¯¿vMv‡i,
cvVvBe ivgvby‡R kgb-fe‡b,
j¼vi Kj¼ AvwR fwÄe Avn‡e|Ó
232 mvwnZ¨ cvV
DËwijv wefxlY, Òe„_v G mvabv,

axgvb&! ivNe`vm Avwg; Kx cÖKv‡i
Zuvnvi wecÿ KvR Kwie, iwÿ‡Z
Aby‡iva?Ó DËwijv KvZ‡i ivewY;Ñ
Ò†n wcZ…e¨, Ze ev‡K¨ Bw”Q gwiev‡i!
ivN‡ei `vm Zzwg? †Kg‡b I gy‡L
Avwb‡j G K_v, ZvZ, Kn Zv `v‡m‡i!
¯’vwcjv weay‡i wewa ¯’vYyi jjv‡U;
cwo wK f~Z‡j kkx hvb MovMwo
a~jvq? †n i‡ÿviw_, fzwj‡j †Kg‡b
†K Zzwg? Rbg Ze †Kvb gnvKz‡j?
†K ev †m Aag ivg? ¯^”Q m‡ive‡i
K‡i †Kwj ivRnsm c¼R-Kvb‡b;
hvq wK †m Kfz, cÖfz, cw¼j mwj‡j,
ˆkevj`‡ji avg? g„‡M›`ª †Kkix,
K‡e, †n exi‡Kkix, m¤¢v‡l k„Mv‡j
wgÎfv‡e? AÁ `vm, weÁZg Zzwg,
Awew`Z b‡n wKQz †Zvgvi Pi‡Y|
ÿz`ªgwZ bi, k~i, j²Y; bwn‡j
A¯¿nxb †hv‡a wK †m m‡¤^v‡a msMÖv‡g?
Kn, gnvi_x, G wK gnvi_xcÖ_v?
bvwn wkï j¼vcy‡i, ïwb bv nvwm‡e
G K_v! Qvon c_; Avwme wdwiqv
GLwb! †`wLe AvwR, †Kvb&& †èe‡j,
wegy‡L mg‡i †gv‡i †mŠwgwÎ KzgwZ!
†è-ˆ`Z¨-bi-i‡Y, ¯^P‡ÿ †`‡LQ,
iÿt‡kÖô, civµg `v‡mi! Kx †`wL
Wwi‡e G `vm †nb `ye©j gvb‡e?
wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i cÖMj&‡f cwkj
`¤¢x; AvÁv Ki `v‡m, kvw¯Í biva‡g|
Ze Rb¥cy‡i, ZvZ, c`vc©Y K‡i
wefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv` 233
ebevmx! †n weavZt, b›`b-Kvb‡b

å‡g `yivPvi ˆ`Z¨? cÖdzjø Kg‡j
KxUevm? Kn ZvZ, mwne †Kg‡b
†nb Acgvb Avwg,Ñ åvZ…-cyÎ Ze?
ZzwgI, †n i‡ÿvgwY, mwnQ †Kg‡b?Ó
gnvgš¿-e‡j h_v b¤ªwkit dYx,
gwjbe`b jv‡R, DËwijv i_x
iveY-AbyR, jwÿ iveY-AvZ¥‡R;
Òbwn †`vlx Avwg, erm; e„_v fr©m †gv‡i
Zzwg! wbR Kg©-†`v‡l, nvq, gRvBjv
G KbK-j¼v ivRv, gwRjv Avcwb!
weiZ mZZ cv‡c †èKzj; G‡e
cvcc~Y© j¼vcyix; cÖj‡q †hgwZ
emyav, Wywe‡Q j¼v G Kvjmwj‡j!
ivN‡ei c`vkÖ‡q iÿv‡_© AvkÖqx
†ZuB Avwg| ci‡`v‡l †K Pv‡n gwR‡Z?Ó
iæwljv evmeÎvm| M¤¢x‡i †hgwZ
wbkx‡_ A¤^‡i g‡›`ª Rxg~‡Z›`ª †Kvwc,
Kwnjv ex‡i›`ª ejx,−Òag©c_Mvgx,
†n ivÿmivRvbyR, weL¨vZ RM‡Z
Zzwg; − †Kvb&& ag© g‡Z, Kn `v‡m, ïwb,
ÁvwZZ¡, åvZ…Z¡, RvwZ,−G mK‡j w`jv
RjvÄwj? kv‡¯¿ e‡j, ¸Yevb& hw`
ciRb, ¸Ynxb ¯^Rb, Z_vwc
wbM©yY ¯^Rb †kÖqt, cit cit m`v!
G wkÿv, †n i‡ÿvei, †Kv_vq wkwL‡j?
wKš‘ e„_v MwÄ †Zvgv! †nb mnev‡m,
†n wcZ…e¨, ee©iZv †Kb bv wkwL‡e?
MwZ hvi bxP mn, bxP †m `yg©wZ|Ó
[wbe©vwPZ Ask]
234 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kãv_© I UxKv
wefxlY − ive‡Yi Kwbô m‡nvì| ivg-ive‡Yi hy‡× ¯^cÿ Z¨vMKvix| iv‡gi f³|
ÔGZÿ‡YÕ−Awi›`g Kwnjv − iæ×Øvi wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i j²‡Yi AbycÖ‡e‡ki Ab¨Zg KviY †h
c_cÖ`k©K wefxlY, Zv Abyaveb K‡i wew¯§Z I wecbœ †gNbv‡ì
cÖwZwµqv|
Awi›`g − Awi ev kÎæ‡K `gb K‡i †h| GLv‡b †gNbv`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cwkj − cÖ‡ek Kij|
iÿtcy‡i − ivÿm‡ì cyix‡Z ev bM‡i| GLv‡b wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i|
iÿt‡kÖô − ivÿmKz‡ji †kÖô, iveY|
ZvZ − wcZv| GLv‡b wcZ…e¨ ev PvPv A‡_©|
wbKlv − ive‡Yi gv|
k~jxk¤¢ywbf − k~jcvwY gnv‡`‡ei g‡Zv|
Kz¤¢KY© − ive‡Yi ga¨g m‡nvì|
evmeweRqx − †èZv‡ì ivRv B›`ª ev evme‡K Rq K‡i‡Q †h| GLv‡b †gNbv`|
GKB Kvi‡Y †gNbv‡ì Aci bvg B›`ªwRr|
Z¯‹i − †Pvi|
MwÄ − wZi¯‹vi Kwi|
ivgvbyR − ivg+AbyR = ivgvbyR| GLv‡b iv‡gi AbyR j²Y‡K †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
kgb-fe‡b − hgvj‡q|
fwÄe Avn‡e − hy×Øviv webó Kie|
Avn‡e − hy‡×|
axgvb& − axm¤úbœ| Ávbx|
ivNe − iNyes‡ki †kÖô mšÍvb| GLv‡b ivgP›`ª‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
ivNe`vm − ivgP‡›`ªi AvÁven|
ivewY − ive‡Yi cyÎ| GLv‡b †gNbv`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
¯’vwcjv weay‡i wewa
¯’vYyi jjv‡U − weavZv Puv`‡K wbðj AvKv‡k ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
weay − Puv`|
¯’vYy − wbðj|
i‡ÿvi_x − iÿKz‡ji exi|

i_x − i_PvjK| i_Pvjbvi gva¨‡g hy× K‡i †h|
ˆkevj`‡ji avg − cyKzi| e× Rjvkq|
ˆkevj − †kIjv|
g„‡M›`ª †Kkix − †Kkihy³ cïivR wmsn|
g„‡M›`ª − cïivR wmsn|
†Kkix − †Kkihy³ cÖvYx| wmsn|
gnvi_x − gnvexi| †kÖô exi|
gnvi_xcÖ_v − †kÖô exi‡ì AvPiY-cÖ_v|
†mŠwgwÎ − j²Y| mywgÎvi Mf©RvZ mšÍvb e‡j j²‡Yi Aci bvg †mŠwgwÎ|
wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMvi − j¼vcyix‡Z †gNbv‡ì hÁ¯’vb| GLv‡b hÁ K‡i †gNbv` hy‡× †hZ|
Ô†gNbvèa-Kv‡e¨Õ hy×hvÎvi cÖv°v‡j wbi¯¿ †gNbv` wbKzw¤¢jv
hÁvMv‡i Bó‡èZv êk¦vbi ev AwMœ‡`‡ei c~RviZ Ae¯’vq j²‡Yi
nv‡Z Ab¨vq hy‡× wbnZ nq|
cÖMj‡f − wbfx©K wP‡Ë|
`¤¢x − `¤¢ K‡i †h| `vw¤¢K|
b›`b Kvbb − ¯^‡M©i D`¨vb|
gnvgš¿-e‡j h_v
b¤ªwkit dYx − gš¿c~Z mvc †hgb gv_v bZ K‡i|
jwÿ − jÿ K‡i|
fr©m − fr©mbv ev wZi¯‹vi KiQ|
gRvBjv − wec`MÖ¯Í Ki‡j|
emyav − c„w_ex|
†ZuB − Z¾b¨ | †m‡nZz|
iæwljv − ivMvwš^Z n‡jv|
evmeÎvm − evm‡ei f‡qi KviY †h †gNbv`|
g›`ª − kã| aŸwb|
Rxg~‡Z›`ª − †g‡Ni WvK ev AvIqvR|
ejx − ejevb| exi|
RjvÄwj − m¤ú~Y© cwiZ¨vM|
236 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kv‡¯¿ e‡j, ...ci

cit m`v! − kv¯¿g‡Z ¸Ynxb n‡jI wbM©yY ¯^RbB †kÖq, †Kbbv ¸Yevb n‡jI ci
me©`v ciB †_‡K hvq|
bxP − nxb| wbK…ó| BZi|
`yg©wZ − Amr ev g›` eyw×|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó Kve¨vskUzKz gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ô†gNbvèa-Kv‡e¨Õ-i Ôe‡avÕ (ea) bvgK
lô mM© †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| me©‡gvU bqwU m‡M© web¨¯Í Ô†gNbvèa-Kv‡e¨Õi lô m‡M© j²‡Yi nv‡Z
Ab¨vq hy‡× g„Zz¨ N‡U Amgmvnmx exi †gNbv‡ì| ivgP›`ª KZ…©K ØxcivR¨ ¯^Y©j¼v AvµvšÍ n‡j ivRv
iveY kÎæi Dch©ycwi ˆè-†KŠk‡ji Kv‡Q Amnvq n‡q c‡ob| åvZv Kz¤¢KY© I cyÎ exievûi g„Zyï ci
†gNbv`‡K wcZv iveY cieZx© wè‡m Aby‡ôq gnvhy‡×i †mbvcwZ wn‡m‡e eiY K‡i †bb| hy×Rq wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨ †gNbv` hy×hvÎvi c~‡e©B wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i Bó‡èZv AwMœ‡`‡ei c~Rv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z gbw¯’i
K‡i| gvqv †èxi AvbyK‚‡j¨ Ges ive‡Yi AbyR wefxl‡Yi mnvqZvq, j²Y kZ kZ cÖnixi †PvL duvwK
w`‡q wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i cÖ‡e‡k mg_© nq| KcU j²Y wbi¯¿ †gNbv‡ì Kv‡Q hy× cÖv_©bv Ki‡j †gNbv`
we¯§q cÖKvk K‡i| kZ kZ cÖnixi †PvL duvwK w`‡q wbKzw¤¢jv hÁvMv‡i j²‡Yi AbycÖ‡ek †h gvqve‡j
m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q, eyS‡Z wej¤^ N‡U bv Zvi| B‡Zvg‡a¨ j²Y Z‡jvqvi †Kvlgy³ Ki‡j †gNbv` hy×mvR
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mgq cÖv_©bv K‡i j²‡Yi Kv‡Q| wKš‘ j²Y Zv‡K mgq bv w`‡q AvµgY K‡i| G mgqB
AK¯§vr hÁvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekØv‡ii w`‡K †PvL c‡o †gNbv‡ì; †`L‡Z cvq exi‡hv×v wcZ…e¨ wefxlY‡K|
gyn~‡Z© mewKQz ¯úó n‡q hvq Zvi Kv‡Q| LyjøZvZ wefxlY‡K cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i †`k‡cÖwgK wbi¯¿ †gNbv` †h
cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i, †mB bvUKxq fvl¨B Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó As‡k msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G As‡k
gvZ…f‚wgi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv Ges wek¦vmNvZKZv I †`k‡`ªvwnZvi weiæ‡× cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q N„Yv| ÁvwZZ¡,
åvZ…Z¡ I RvwZmËvi msnwZi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v †hgb GLv‡b e¨³ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Gi weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ
lohš¿‡K AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q bxPZv I ee©iZv e‡j|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi beRvMi‡Yi Ab¨Zg †kÖô mšÍvb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë evj¥xwK-ivgvqY‡K beg~j¨
`vb K‡i‡Qb G Kv‡e¨| gvbe‡Kw›`ªKZvB †i‡bmuvm ev beRvMi‡Yi mviK_v| IB beRvMi‡Yi
†cÖiYv‡ZB ivgvq‡Yi ivg-j²Y gaym~`‡bi †jLbx‡Z nxbiƒ‡c Ges ivÿmivR iveY I Zvi cyÎ †gNbv`
hveZxq gvbexq ¸‡Yi aviKiƒ‡c Dc¯’vwcZ| †èZv‡ì AvbyK‚j¨cÖvß ivg-j²Y bq, cyiv‡Yi ivÿmivR
iveY I Zvi cyÎ †gNbv‡ì cÖwZB gaym~`‡bi ggZv I kÖ×v|
Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó Kve¨vskwU 14 gvÎvi Awgj cÖengvb hwZ¯^vaxb Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖ_g
cO&w³i m‡½ wØZxq cO&w³i PiYv‡šÍi wgjnxbZvi Kvi‡Y G Q›` ÔAwgÎvÿi Q›`Õ bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ|
G Kve¨vs‡ki cÖwZwU cO&w³ 14 gvÎvq Ges 8 + 6 gvÎvi `ywU c‡e© web¨¯Í| jÿ Kivi welq †h, GLv‡b
`yB cO&w³i PiYvwšÍK wgjB †Kej cwinvi Kiv nqwb, hwZcvZ ev weivgwP‡ýi ¯^vaxb eënviI n‡q‡Q
welq ev e³‡eï A‡_©i Abyl‡½| G Kvi‡Y fvecÖKv‡ki cÖengvbZvI Kve¨vskwUi Q‡›ì we‡kl jÿY
wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨|
enywbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. kgb-feb Kx?
K. †èvjq L. hgvjq
M. hÁvMvi N. evmevjq
2. Ônvq ZvZ DwPZ wK Ze G KvRÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. Kz¤¢K‡Y©i mnvqZv L. j²‡Yi cÖ‡ek
M. wefxl‡Yi mnvqZv N. ivgP‡›`ªi AvÁv
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
gyw³‡hv×v KgvÛvi gwZDj GKwU mdj Acv‡ik‡bi ci Zvivcyi MÖv‡g wekªvg wbw”Q‡jb| cvk©¦eZ©x
MÖv‡gi ivRvKvi Bw`ªm Z_¨wU cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K Rvwb‡q w`j| nvbv`vi evwnbx G‡m
KgvÛvi gwZDj‡K †g‡i †d‡j| gwZDj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai my‡hvM ch©šÍ †c‡jb bv|
3. DÏxc‡Ki Bw`ªm PwiÎwU Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó KweZvi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q?
K. Kz¤¢K‡Y©i L. wefxl‡Yi
M. j²‡Yi N. iv‡gi
4. D³ Pwi‡Îi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© PiY¸‡jv n‡jv−
i. wbR M„nc_, ZvZ †`LvI Z¯‹‡i?
ii. ivNe `vm Avwg; Kx cÖKv‡i/Zuvnvi wecÿ KvR Kwie|
iii. MwZ hvi bxP mn, bxP †m `yg©wZ|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
kc_ wb‡qI cjvwki cÖvšÍ‡i cÖavb †mbvcwZ wgi Rvdi hy‡× Ask †bbwb| ivq`yj©f, DwgPuv`,
RMr‡kV hy‡× Amn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| †gvnbjvj I wgig`©vb wek¦vmNvZK nbwb| beve
wmivRD‡ÏŠjv civwRZ n‡q‡Qb| wgiRvd‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvq evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯ÍwgZ
n‡q‡Q|
K. Kv‡K ivewY ejv n‡q‡Q?
L. ÔcÖdzjø Kg‡j KxUevmÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxcKwU Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó KweZvi m‡½ †h w`K †_‡K mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU Òwefxl‡Yi cÖwZ †gNbv`Ó KweZvi AvswkK iƒcvqY gvÎ− g~j¨vqb Ki|
myL
Kvq‡Kvev`
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
1857 mv‡j XvKvi beveMÄ _vbvi AvMjv-c~e©cvov MÖv‡g Kwe Kvq‡Kvev‡ì Rb¥| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg gyn¤§`
Kv‡Rg Avj Kzivqkx| ÔKvq‡Kvev`Õ Kwei mvwnwZ¨K bvg| cÖ_‡g XvKvi †m›U †MÖMwi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡jI wcZvi
AKvjg„Zz¨‡Z wZwb cov‡kvbv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| c‡i gvìvmvq fwZ© n‡q G›UªvÝ ch©šÍ cov‡kvbv K‡ib
Ges AvMjv MÖv‡giB †cv÷gv÷vi c‡` PvKwi MÖnY K‡ib|
evsjv Kveävivq Kvq‡Kvev` MxwZKwe wn‡m‡eB L¨vZ| gvÎ ev‡iv eQi eq‡m wZwb ÔweinwejvcÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib| cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy× I gvivVv kw³i cZ‡bi Kvwnwb wb‡q Zuvi iwPZ Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ gnvKv‡eï Rb¨
wZwb me©vwaK cwiwPZ| Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨ n‡jv : ÔKzmygKvbbÕ, Ôwkegw›ìÕ, ÔAvwgq avivÕ, Ôgnig kixdÕ
I Ôk¥kvb-f¯§Õ| Kwe Kvq‡Kvev` 1925 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ mvwnZ¨ msN KZ…©K ÔKve¨f~lY, we`¨vf~lY I
mvwnZïZœÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb|
1951 mv‡ji 21G RyjvB wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
ÒmyL myLÓ e‡j Zzwg, †Kb Ki nv-ûZvk,

myL Z cv‡e bv †Kv_v, e„_v †m my‡Li Avk!
cw_K giæf~ gv‡S LyuwRqv †eovq Rj,
Rj Z wg‡j bv †m_v, gixwPKv K‡i Qj!
†ZgwZ G wek¦ gv‡S, myL Z cv‡e bv Zzwg,
gixwPKv cÖvq myL, − G wek¦ †h giæf~wg!
ab iZœ my‰Lk¦h© wKQz‡ZB myL bvB,
myL ci-DcKv‡i, Zvwi gv‡S †LuvR fvB!
ÔAvwgZ¡Õ‡K ewj w`qv ¯^v_© Z¨vM Ki hw`,
c‡ii wn‡Zi Rb¨ fve hw` wbiewa!
wbR myL fz‡j wM‡q fvwe‡j c‡ii K_v,
gyQv‡j c‡ii AkÖæ− NyPv‡j c‡ii e¨_v!
Avcbv‡K wejvBqv `xb`ytLx‡ì gv‡S,
we`~wi‡j ci `ytL mKv‡j weKv‡j muv‡S!
Z‡eB cvB‡e myL AvZ¥vi wfZ‡i Zzwg,
hv iæwc‡e− ZvB cv‡e, msmvi †h Kg©f~wg!
myL 239
kãv_© I UxKv
giyf~ − giyf~wg|
Rj †Zv wg‡j
bv... K‡i Qj − Rj, Dw™¢` I Rxek~b¨ evjyKvgq we¯ÍxY© ¯’vb n‡”Q giyf~wg| †mB
giyf~wgi gv‡S cvbxq Rj Lyu‡R cvIqv fvi| KL‡bv KL‡bv DËß we¯ÍxY©
evjyivwk‡K mgy`ª e‡j åg nq| GB åvwšÍB n‡jv gixwPKv, Qjbv ev
†gvn| A_©vr ab-iZœ A_©-m¤ú` cÖK…Z my‡Li wbqvgK bq| myL LyuR‡Z
wM‡q Gme DcKi‡Yi †cQ‡b †QvUv − gixwPKvi †cQ‡b †QvUvi
g‡ZvB|
G wek¦ †h giyf~wg − A_©-weË, ab-m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix gvbyl cÖK…Z myLx bq| cÖK…Z myL n‡jv
AvZ¥-myL| ab-m¤ú` evn¨-myL| evn¨-my‡Li AwaKvix gvby‡li ü`‡q
giyf~wg|
ÔAvwgZ¡Õ‡K ewj w`qv − AnwgKv wemR©b w`‡q|
we`~wi‡j ci `ytL ...
weKv‡j muv‡S − mKvj-`ycyi-mÜ¨vq A_©vr mviv Rxeb mevi `ytL †NvPv‡j|
Z‡e cvB‡e myL AvZ¥vi
wfZ‡i − mevi `ytL-Kó hš¿Yv `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡j ev Kivi cÖ‡Póvq †h AvwZ¥K
cÖkvwšÍ jvf Kiv hvq Kwe †mK_vB GLv‡b e‡j‡Qb|
hv iywc‡e − ZvB cv‡e − hv ecb Ki‡e Zvi dj cv‡e, A_©vr fv‡jv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ fv‡jv dj
cvIqv hvq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Kvq‡Kvev` iPbvewji AšÍM©Z ÔAwgq-avivÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K ÒmyLÓ KweZvwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1923
mv‡j ÔAwgq-avivÕ cÖ_g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
giæf~wg‡Z cvbxq Rj †LuvRvi g‡ZvB gvbyl my‡Li A‡š^l‡Y gk¸j| ab-m¤ú`, weË-êfe BZ¨vKvi
m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix n‡q gvbyl myLx n‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ Kwe e‡j‡Qb, wekvj m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix n‡qI cÖK…Z
myLx nIqv hvq bv| cÖK…Z myLx n‡Z n‡j mevB‡K Zvi †fZiKvi ÔAvwgZ¡Õ‡K wemR©b w`‡q wbin¼vix n‡Z
n‡e| wemR©b w`‡Z n‡e Avcb ¯^v_©ci myLv‡š^lv| wb‡Ri mKj Kg© wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e ciwn‡Z|
`xb`ytLxi e¨_v `~i Kivi g‡a¨B LuyR‡Z n‡e AvZ¥myL| Ac‡ii DcKv‡ii Rb¨ wb‡R‡K DrmM© Ki‡Z
n‡e| Ac‡ii `ytL-`y`©kv we`~wiZ Ki‡Z cvivi g‡a¨B cÖK…Z A‡_© gvby‡li AvwZ¥K myL I kvwšÍ wbwnZ
e‡j Kwe g‡b K‡ib|
240 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ
1. †K Qj K‡i?
K. msmvi L. Kg©f~wg
M. giæf~wg N. gixwPKv
2. ÔAvwgZ¡Õ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© L. mvgwóK m¤úªxwZ
M. ciwnZ eªZ N. cvwievwiK ¯^v_©
wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
mK‡ji gyL nvwm fiv †`‡L
cvi bv gywQ‡Z bqb avi?
ciwnZ eª‡Z cvi bv ivwL‡Z
Pvwcqv Avcb welv` fvi?
3. KweZvs‡ki cÖ_g `yB Pi‡Yi fv‡ei m‡½ ÒmyLÓ KweZvi mv`„k¨ n‡jv−
K. K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q myL L. wb‡Ri myLB cÖK…Z myL
M. Ac‡ii my‡L myLx nIqv N. c‡ii Rb¨ AvZ¥`v‡bB myL
4. Dch©y³ cO&w³gvjv I ÒmyLÓ KweZv Dfq †ÿ‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q−
i. c‡ii Kj¨v‡Y wb‡Ri ¯^v_© Z¨vM
ii. A‡bï my‡L wb‡Ri `ytL fz‡j hvIqv
iii. cikÖxKvZiZv cwinvi Kiv
K. i,ii L. i, iii
M. ii, iii N. i,ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
c‡ii Kvi‡Y ¯^v_© w`qv ewj, G Rxeb-gb mKwj `vI,
Zvi †P‡q myL †Kv_vI wK Av‡Q? Avcbvi K_v fzwjqv hvI|
c‡ii Kvi‡Y gi‡YI myL, myL myL K‡i †Ku‡`vbv Avi,
hZB Kuvw`‡e, hZB fvwe‡e, ZZB evwo‡e ü`qfvi|
K. Kwe Kvq‡Kvev‡ì cÖKZ… bvg Kx?
L. Ôe„_v my‡Li AvkÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. KweZvs‡ki Rxeb`k©b ÒmyLÓ KweZvi mv‡_ †h w`K †_‡K mvhyR¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒmyLÓ KweZvq Kwe Kvq‡Kvev` D³ Rxeb`k©b wewfbœ Avw½‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb−gšÍe¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
gvbe-e›`bv
AÿqKzgvi eovj
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
AÿqKzgvi eovj 1860 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvi †PvivevMvb GjvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg KvjxPiY
eovj| KjKvZvi †nqvi ¯‹z‡j wZwb cov‡kvbv ïiæ K‡ib| wKš‘ †mLv‡b Aa¨qb †kl bv-K‡iB Kg©Rxe‡b
P‡j hvb| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb e¨vsK I BwÝI‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb‡Z PvKwi K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK
wkÿv †kl Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI wb‡Ri †Póvq wZwb cÖf~Z Ávb AR©b K‡ib| 1289 e½v‡ã Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvi
AMÖnvqY msL¨vq Zuvi cÖ_g KweZv ÒiRbxi g„Zy¨Ó cÖKvwkZ nq| AÿqKzgv‡ii Kv‡e¨ Av‡e‡Mi AvwZk‡hï
†P‡q fveMZ msnwZ I eyw×`xß KíbvB cÖavb| Zuvi Kv‡e¨ Bs‡iR Kwe eªvDwbs-Gi we‡kl cÖfve Av‡Q| Zuvi
cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔcÖ`xcÕ| Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : ÔKbKvÄwjÕ, ÔfzjÕ, Ôk•LÕ, ÔGlvÕ| GQvovI Zuvi
wKQz Abyev` KweZv I Mvb i‡q‡Q|
AÿqKzgvi eovj 1919 wLªóv‡ãi 19G Ryb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
1
†mB Avw`-hy‡M h‡e Amnvq bi
†bÎ †gwj f‡e,
Pvwnqv AvKvk cv‡b Ñ Kv‡i †W‡KwQj,
†`‡e bv gvb‡e?
KvZi AvnŸvb †mB †g‡N †g‡N DwV,
jywU MÖ‡n MÖ‡n,
wdwiqv wK Av‡m bvB, bv †c‡q DËi,
aivq AvMÖ‡n?
†mB ÿzä AÜKv‡i, giær MR©‡b,
Kvi A‡š^lY?
†m b‡n e›`bv-MxwZ, fqvZ©-ÿzavZ©
LyuwR‡Q ¯^Rb!
2
Avi³ cÖfvZ m~h© Dw`j hLb
†fw`qv wZwg‡i,
awiÎx Ai‡Y¨ fiv, K`©‡g wcw”Qj
mwj‡j wkwk‡i!
kvLvq SvcwU cvLv Miæo wPrKv‡i
Kv‡Ð mc©Kzj,
242 mvwnZ¨ cvV
m¤§y‡L k¦vc`-msN e`b e¨v`vwb

AvQv‡o jv½yj;
`swk‡Q `skK Mv‡Î, c‡` mixm„c,
k~‡b¨ †k¨b D‡o;Ñ
†K Zvnv‡i D×vwij? †è bv gvbe Ñ
cÖ¯Í‡i j¸‡o?
3
kxY© Aembœ †`n, MwZkw³nxb,
ÿzavq Aw¯’i;
†K w`j Zzwjqv gy‡L ¯^v`y cK¡dj,
cÎcy‡U bxi?
†K w`j gyQv‡q AkÖæ? †K eyjvj Ki
me©v‡½ Av`‡i?
†K be cjø‡e w`j iwPqv kqb
Avcb MnŸ‡i?
w`j K‡i cy®ú¸”Q, wk‡i cy®újZv,
AwZw_ mrKvi!
wbkx‡_ wewPÎ my‡i wewPÎ fvlvq
¯^cbm¤¢vi!!
4
ˆkk‡e Kvnvi mv‡_ R‡j ¯’‡j åwg
wkKvi-mÜvb?
†K wkLvj aby‡e©`, ewnÎ Pvjbv,
Pg© cwiavb?
Aa©`» g„Mgvsm Kvi mv‡_ ewm,
Kwiby fÿY?
Kv‡ô Kv‡ô AwMœ R¡vwj Kvi n¯Í awi
Kz`©b bZ©b?
†K wkLvj wkjv¯Í~‡c, Ak¦‡Ìi g~‡j
Kwi‡Z cÖYvg?
†K wkLvj FZz‡f`, P›`ª-m~h© †g‡N
†è-†èx bvg?
gvbe-e›`bv 243
5
ˆK‡kv‡i Kvnvi m‡b g„wËKv Kl©‡Y
nBby evwni?
ga¨v‡ý †K w`j cv‡Î kvwj Abœ Xvwj,
`wa-`y»-ÿxi?
mvqv‡ý KzwUi Øv‡i Kvi KÉ mv‡_
wbwe` D”Pvwi?
Kvi Avkxe©v` j‡q AwMœ mvÿx Kwi
nBby msmvix?
†K w`j Jlwa †iv‡M ÿ‡Z cÖ‡jcb Ñ
†¯œ‡n Abyiv‡M?
Kvi Q‡›` Ñ †mvg M‡Ü Ñ B›`ª AwMœ evqy
w`j hÁ fv‡M?
6
†hŠe‡b mvnv‡h¨ Kvi bMi cËb,
cÖvmv` wbg©vY?
Kvi FK&& mvg hRyt PiK mykÖæZ,
mswnZv cyivY?
†K MwVj `yM©, †mZz, cwiLv, cÖYvjx,
c_, NvU, gvV?
†K AvR c„w_exivR Ñ R‡j ¯’‡j †e¨v‡g
Kvi ivR¨cvU?
cÂf~Z ekxf~Z cÖK…wZ DbœxZ
Kvi Áv‡b e‡j?
fzwÄ‡Z Kvnvi ivR¨ Ñ Rwb¥‡jb nwi
g_yiv †Kvk‡j?
7
cÖexY mgvR c‡`, AvwR †cÖŠp Avwg
Rywo `yB Ki,
bwg, †n weeZ©-eyw×! we`y¨r-†gvnb,
eRªgywóai!
Pi‡Y SwUKvMwZÑ QzwUQ DavI
244 mvwnZ¨ cvV
`wj bxnvwiKv|
DÏxß †ZRm‡bÎ Ñ †nwiQ wbf©‡q
mßm~h© wkLv|
MÖ‡n MÖ‡n AveZ©b Ñ Mfxi wbbv`
ïwbQ kÖe‡Y?
†`v‡j gnvKvj Ñ †Kv‡j AYy cigvYy
eywSQ ¯úk©‡b?
8
bwg, †n mv_©K Kvg! ¯îƒc †Zvgvi
wbZ¨ Awfbe!
gi †`‡n bn gi, Agi AwaK
ˆ¯’h© âh© Ze?
j‡q mjv½yj †`n, ¯’~jeyw× Zzwg
Rwb¥‡j RM‡Z!
ïwl‡j mvMi †k‡l, imvB‡j giæ
Dov‡j ce©‡Z!
Mwo‡j Avcb g~wZ© Ñ †èZvjvÃb
Kv‡ji c„ôvq!
MwoQ fvwOQ Z‡K©, `k©‡b, weÁvb
Avcb ¯ªóvq|
9
bwg †Zvgv bi‡è! Kx M‡e© †MŠi‡e
ùvwo‡qQ Zzwg!
me©v‡½ cÖfvZiwk¥, wk‡i P~Y© †gN,
c‡` k®úf~wg|
cðv‡Z gw›ì-†kÖwY, myeY© Kjm,
Sj‡m wKi‡Y;
KjKÉÑmgywÌZ bexb D`&&Mx_
MM‡b ce‡b|
ü`q-¯ú›`b m‡b Nywi‡Q RMr
Pwj‡Q mgq;
åƒf‡½ Ñ wdwiQ m‡½ Ñ µge¨wZµg
D`q-wejq|
gvbe-e›`bv 245
10
bwg Avwg cÖwZR‡b, AvwØR-PÐvj,
cÖfz, µxZ`vm!
wmÜzg~‡j Rjwe›`y, wek¦g~‡j AYy;
mg‡MÖ cÖKvk!
bwg K…wl-Zš‘Rxex, ¯’cwZ, ZÿK,
Kg©, Pg©Kvi!
Aw`ªZ‡j wkjvLÐ Ñ `„wó A‡MvP‡i,
en Aw`ª-fvi!
KZ ivR¨, KZ ivRv MwoQ bxi‡e
†n c~R¨, †n wcÖq!
GK‡Z¡ e‡iY¨ Zzwg, kiY¨ GK‡K,Ñ
AvZ¥vi AvZ¥xq|
kãv_© I UxKv
giær Ñ evZvm|
Miæo Ñ cyiv‡Y ewY©Z cvwLi ivRv I weòzi evnb|
k¦vc` Ñ (KzKz‡ii g‡Zv cv Av‡Q Ggb) wnsmª gvsmvkx cï|
e¨v`vwb Ñ nv K‡i| cÖmvwiZ K‡i|
jv½yj Ñ cïi †jR| cy”Q|
†k¨b Ñ GKRvZxq wkKvwi cvwL| evRcvwL|
j¸o Ñ †QvU jvwV| M`v|
†K Zvn‡i D×vwij? Ñ cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë eyw× I kw³i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl wb‡RB wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv
K‡i‡Q Ñ GB n‡”Q K_vwUi Zvrch©|
cÎcyU Ñ cvZv w`‡q ˆZwi cvÎ| cvZvi †VvOv|
ˆkk‡e Ñ Kwe gvbemf¨Zvi wZbwU ¯Íi wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| Gi cÖ_g ¯Íi n‡”Q
ˆkke| G mgq gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi m~Pbv nq| gvbyl
ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj I ci¯úi‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z †k‡L|
åwg Ñ ågY K‡i| wePiY K‡i, †ewo‡q|
aby‡e©` Ñ wZi wb‡ÿc †KŠkj msµvšÍ Ávb ev we`¨v| cÖvPxb A¯¿we`¨v|
Kv‡ô Kv‡ô AwMœ R¡vwj Ñ gvbyl hLb †_‡K Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z wk‡L‡Q ZLb †_‡KB mf¨Zvi cÖ_g
av‡c cv w`‡q‡Q|
†K wkLvj...Kwi‡Z cÖYvg Ñ cÖK…wZi inm¨ I we¯§q‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖ_g ag©‡PZbvi D‡b¥l| GB
Avw` ag©wek¦vm wQj g~jZ cÖvK…wZK kw³i Avivabv (Natural
religion)|
246 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ewnÎ Ñ †bŠKv| †cvZ| êVv| ùvo|

Kz`©b Ñ Avb‡›` jvdvjvwd Kiv|
ˆK‡kv‡i Ñ gvbemf¨Zvi wØZxq ¯Íi‡K Kwe ˆK‡kvi e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
fviZxq êw`K hy‡MiI Avw`Kv‡ji jÿY GLv‡b ¯úó| GB ¯Íe‡Ki
wbwe`, B›`ª, AwMœ, hÁfvM BZ¨vw` kã jÿYxq| Gme kã êw`K
mvwn‡Z¨B cÖ_g eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
wbwe` Ñ êw`K gš¿we‡kl|
B›`ª Ñ wn›`y cyiv‡Y ewY©Z †èZv‡ì ivRv|
AwMœ Ñ Av¸b| êw`K †èZv we‡kl|
evqy Ñ evZvm| AšÍwi‡ÿi †èZv|
hÁfvM Ñ h‡Á hv AvûwZ †Ìqv n‡Zv Zvi GK-GK Ask GK-GK †èZvi
cÖvc¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| GUvB hÁfvM|
†hŠe‡b Ñ gvbemf¨Zvi G ch©v‡q gvby‡li we`¨v, eyw×, m„wóÿgZv I Ae`v‡bi
AmvaviYZ¡ jÿYxq| Kwe wPwKrmvweÁvb, mgvR kvmbeë¯’v,
mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm, cÖ‡KŠkjweÁv‡bi K_v GLv‡b D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
Z‡e weÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡YB gvbyl cÖK…wZi Ici mvwe©K AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡i
mÿg n‡q‡Q|
FK& Ñ Ab¨Zg †e` MÖš’| wn›`y cyivY Abymv‡i eªþvi Pvi gyL †_‡K PviwU
†e‡ì m„wó| G¸‡jv n‡jv : FK&, mvg, hRyt, A_e©|
hRyt Ñ hRy‡e©`| PZz‡e©‡ì Ab¨Zg †e`|
PiK Ñ cÖvPxb fviZe‡l©i wPwKrmK I Fwl Ges wPwKrmvkv¯¿
Avqy‡e©`cÖ‡YZv|
mykÖæZ Ñ wPwKrmvkv¯¿ Avqy‡e©‡ì iPwqZv R‰bK cÖvPxb Fwl| Zuvi weL¨vZ
MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔmykÖæZ-mswnZvÕ|
mswnZv Ñ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv welq msKwjZ ev msnZ Kiv nq| †hgb :
F‡M¦`-mswnZv, gby-mswnZv| cÖ‡Z¨K †e‡ì gš¿fvM wKsev cÖ_g I
cÖavb Ask|
cyivY Ñ cÖvPxb BwZe„Ë I wKse`wšÍg~jK ag©kv¯¿| †hgb : weòzcyivY,
cÙcyivY BZ¨vw`|
cwiLv Ñ `yM© BZ¨vwì Pvi cv‡ki Mfxi LvZ| MoLvB|
cÖYvjx Ñ `yB e„nr RjfvM‡K mshy³ K‡i Ggb msKxY© RjfvM|
†e¨vg Ñ AvKvk|
cÂf~Z Ñ cÖvPxb aviYv Abymv‡i RMr m„wói cuvPwU g~j Dcv`vb : wÿwZ, Ac,
†ZR, giær, †e¨vg|
fywÄ‡Z Ñ †fvM Ki‡Z|
gvbe-e›`bv 247
nwi Ñ bvivqY| weòz| K…ò|

g_yiv Ñ DËi cÖ‡`‡ki cÖvPxb G bMix kªxK…‡òi jxjvf~wg Ges wn›`y‡ì Zx_©¯v’ b|
†Kvk‡j Ñ cÖvPxb A‡hva¨v iv‡R¨|
Rwb¥‡jb nwi g_yiv †Kvk‡j Ñ wn›`y cyivY g‡Z, gvbemf¨Zvi gwngvq AvK…ó n‡q mªóv gvbe
AeZv‡ii iƒc wb‡q g_yivq K…ò n‡q Ges †Kvk‡j ivgP›`ª n‡q
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
cÖexY mgvR c‡` Ñ gvbemf¨Zvi †cÖŠpZ¡ c‡e© gvbyl GK wekvj gwngvq DËxY© n‡q‡Q|
wekvj mgv‡Ri kw³‡Z gvbyl Acwimxg kw³i AwaKvix n‡q‡Q| GB
¯Íe‡K Kwe ZviB †MŠieKxZ©b K‡i‡Qb| GB ¯Íe‡K cÖavbZ
c`v_©weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi d‡j gvbyl †hme kw³ AR©b K‡i‡Q
†m¸‡jvi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
weeZ©-eyw× Ñ gvby‡li Ávbkw³ µgcwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q DË‡ivËi mg„× I
weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|
we`y¨r-†gvnb Ñ we`y¨r‡K ev Zworkw³‡K †h gy» I ekxf~Z K‡i‡Q|
eRªgywóai Ñ eRª‡K †h nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq ai‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|
bxnvwiKv Ñ `~iZg bÿÎcyÄ hv Zzlv‡ii g‡Zv †`Lvq|
Pi‡Y SwUKvMwZ...
`wj bxnvwiKv Ñ gvby‡li Pjvi MwZ mxwgZ| wKš‘ weÁv‡bi kw³‡Z gvbyl gnvwe‡k¦i
bÿÎ‡jv‡K hvIqvi MwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
†ZRm‡bÎ Ñ `xwßgq †PvL|
DÏxß †ZRm‡bÎ...
mßm~h© wkLv R¡jšÍ Ñ gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK `„wói mxgv Lye †ewk bq| wKš‘ †Uwj‡¯‹vc eënvi K‡i
gvbyl m~‡h©i g‡Zv wewfbœ bÿÎI ch©‡eÿY Kivi ÿgZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
MÖ‡n MÖ‡n... ïwbQ kªe‡Y Ñ gvbyl weÁv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ gnvRvMwZK aŸwb m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡q‡Q|
†`v‡j gnvKvj-†Kv‡j
...eywSQ ¯úk©‡b Ñ gvbyl RM‡Zi m„wó inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡b AYy-cigvYyi wbZ¨MwZkxj
êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
bwg, †n mv_©K Kvg Ñ gvby‡li B”Qv Kg© I m„R‡bi mvd‡jï Rb¨ Kwe gvby‡li e›`bv Ki‡Qb|
gi‡`‡n bn gi Ñ gvbyl giYkxj| wKš‘ Kg© Ae`v‡b gvbyl Agi‡Z¡i gwngv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
mjv½yj Ñ †jRmn|
j‡q mjv½yj †`n Ñ †jRwewkó evbiRvZxq cÖvYxi weewZ©Z I weKwkZ iƒcB eZ©gvb gvbyl|
248 mvwnZ¨ cvV
imvB‡j giæ Ñ Rj‡m‡P giæf~wgi giægqZv NywP‡q Zv‡K De©i I imhy³ K‡i‡Q gvbyl|
Mwo‡j Avcb g~wZ©
†èZv-jvÃb Ñ gvbemf¨Zvi weKv‡ki d‡j Ávb, eyw×, kw³ I Ae`v‡bi w`K †_‡K
gvby‡li †h wekvj gwngvgq g~wZ© M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi Kv‡Q †èZvi
gwngv ¤øvb I Lv‡Uv n‡q †M‡Q|
bi‡è Ñ gvbe‡èZv| me©gvb‡ei kw³ I gwngvi GK cÖZxKxiƒc|
k®úf~wg Ñ Z…Y‡ÿÎ| KwP Nv‡m Av”Qvw`Z gvV|
D`Mx_ Ñ †e`gš¿| êw`K †¯ÍvÎMvb|
KjKÉ mgyw_Z...MM‡b ce‡b Ñ AvKv‡k evZv‡m †èZvi gwngvÁvcK g‡š¿i RvqMvq gvby‡li gwngv
KxZ©bm~PK bZzb gš¿MxwZ ARmª K‡É MxZ n‡”Q|
µg-e¨wZµg Ñ wbqg I Awbqg|
D`q-wejq Ñ m„wó I aŸsm|
ü`q-¯ú›`b m‡b
...D`q-wejq Ñ c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li f~wgKv GZ e¨vcK I Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, wbqg I
Awbqg, m„wó I aŸsm meB gvby‡li wbqš¿‡Y Pj‡Q e‡jB cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q|
AvwØR-PÐvj Ñ eªvþY †_‡K PÐvj ch©šÍ| me©¯Í‡ii gvbyl|
bwg Avwg...cÖfy, µxZ`vm Ñ me©¯Í‡ii mKj gvbyl‡K Kwe e›`bv K‡i‡Qb| G ¯Íe‡K Kwe
gvbeZvi gwngv‡K ¯úófv‡e mgybœZ K‡i‡Qb|
K…wl-Zš‘Rxex Ñ K…lK I ZuvwZ|
ZÿK Ñ Qz‡Zv‡ii KvR|
Aw`ª Ñ ce©Z|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ògvbe-e›`bvÓ KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q AÿqKzgvi eov‡ji ÔcÖ`xcÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K| Ògvbe-e›`bvÓ
KweZvq Kwe gvbemf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvc‡U gvby‡li Ae`vb I gwngv‡K Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb| Kwe gvbyl‡KB gvby‡li †èZv e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK weÁv‡bi mvÿ¨cÖgvY I êÁvwbK
weeZ©bev`xi gZev‡ì Av‡jv‡K GwU iwPZ| c„w_ex‡Z gvbe m„wói inm¨Mv_v wee„Z n‡q‡Q G KweZvq|
wee„Z n‡q‡Q m„wói †miv Rxe wn‡m‡e gvbyl †h mf¨Zv wbg©vY K‡i P‡j‡Q ZviI BwZnvm| gvbyl Zvi wbR
m„wókxj cÖwZfve‡j GB c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q †h Avcb KZ…©Z¡ I gwngv ZviB e›`bv K‡i‡Qb Kwe G
KweZvq| KweZvwUi Q›` Aÿie„Ë (cqvi)| ce©web¨vm : hyMj Pi‡Yi cÖ_gwUi ce© 8/6 Ges wØZxqwU 6
gvÎvi| Z‡e AšÍ¨wg‡ji wfwË‡Z GB hyMj PiY‡K 20 gvÎvi PiY (8|6|6) wn‡m‡e aivB msMZ|
gvbe-e›`bv 249
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ôbi‡èÕ-Gi wk‡i Kx?
K. cÖfvZiwk¥ L. P~Y©‡gN
M. myeY© Kjm N. gw›ì-†kÖwY
2. Ô†K AvR c„w_exivR Ñ R‡j ¯’‡j †e¨v‡g/ Kvi ivR¨ cvUÕ? ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. gvby‡li Rq L. †èZvi civRq
M. mf¨Zvi weeZ©b N. ¯ªóvi AvwacZ¨
ÔAvgv‡ì cvVkvjvÕ bvgK wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wb‡ew`Z cÖvY wKQz gvbyl `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb c_-wkï‡ì g‡a¨
Áv‡bi Av‡jv weZiY Kivi| Gu‡ì nvZ a‡iB Ae‡nwjZ wkïiv wb‡”Q Rxe‡bi cvV| G wkïivB
Avevi wkÿvi Av‡jv Qwo‡q †`‡e me©Î|
3. Aby‡”Q‡ì wb‡ew`Z cÖvY gvby‡liv Ògvbe e›`bvÓ KweZvq Kvi cÖwZwbwa?
K. †èZvi L. ivRvi
M. gvb‡ei N. ¯ªóvi
4. D³ cÖwZwbwa‡ì g‡a¨ Ògvbe e›`bvÓ KweZvi †h fvewU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ
i. mvgwóK kw³i weKvk
ii. avivevwnK AwfÁZv wewbgq
iii. AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii wkÿv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ewikv‡ji gaëqmx BDmyd iƒccy‡i fvwZRvi evwo‡Z †eov‡Z G‡m Rvb‡Z cv‡ib cv‡kB feba‡m
A‡bK gvbyl AvU‡K c‡o‡Qb| †KŠZ~njx BDmyd Qz‡U hvb †mLv‡b| NUbv¯’‡j wM‡q AmsL¨ gvby‡li
euvPvi AvZ©bv` ï‡b wb‡R‡K a‡i ivL‡Z bv †c‡i mK‡ji m‡½ D×viKv‡R Ask †bb| wKš‘
D×viKv‡Ri GK ch©v‡q Nv‡o AvNvZ †c‡q nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© n‡Z nq Zuv‡K| Wv³vi Rvbvb, BDmyd
Avi †Kv‡bvw`b D‡V ùvov‡Z cvi‡eb bv| GKgvÎ DcvR©bÿg e¨w³i GB Ae¯’vq Zvi cwievi
w`‡knviv| ZLb A‡bK e¨w³, msMVb BDmyd I Zuvi cwiev‡ii cv‡k ùvovq| AvR BDmyd I Zvi
cwievi GKv bb, mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl AvR Zuvi ¯^Rb|
K. Ôgiær MR©bÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
L. ÔAvZ¥vi AvZ¥xqÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. BDmy‡di Kvh©µ‡g Ògvbe e›`bvÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. BDmyd Pwi‡Î Kwe AÿqKzgvi eov‡ji Abyf~wZi h_v_© cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q− gšÍe¨wU hvPvB Ki|
†mvbvi Zix
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-1941) AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi cÖvYcyiæl| Zuvi
mvwnZ¨mvabvi GKwU e„nrKvj evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ôiex›`ªhyMÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| gvbea‡g©i Rq I †mŠ›`h©-Z…òv
†ivgvw›UK GB Kwei KweZvi g~j myi| KweZv QvovI †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, ågYKvwnwb I msMxZ
iPbvq iex›`ªbv_ KvjRqx cÖwZfvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb Abb¨ wPÎwkíx, AbymwÜrmy wek¦cwieªvRK,
`ÿ m¤úv`K Ges Amvgvb¨ wkÿv-msMVK I wPšÍK| wb‡R cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvMÖn‡Y wbiærmvnx n‡jI
Ôwek¦fviZxÕ bv‡gi wek¦we`¨vjq-Gi wZwb ¯^vwcœK I cÖwZôvZv| gvÎ c‡b‡iv eQi eq‡m Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨
ÔebdzjÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡eï KweZvi mgš^‡q ¯^-Ab~w`Z ÔSong OfferingsÕ MÖ‡š’i
Rb¨ 1913 wLªóv‡ã cÖ_g Gkxq wn‡m‡e wZwb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| evsjv †QvUM‡íi wZwb cw_K…r I
†kÖô wkíx| ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔÿwYKvÕ, ÔejvKvÕ, ÔcybðÕ, ÔRb¥w`‡bÕ, Ô†kl †jLvÕ Zuvi Ab¨Zg
†kÖô Kve¨MÖš’| Kve¨bvU¨ ÔwemR©bÕ I ÔwPÎv½`vÕ Ges Kvwnwb-KweZvi msKjb ÔK_vÕ I ÔKvwnwbÕ Zuvi wfbœ
¯^v‡ì iPbv|
MM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Nb eilv|

K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv|
ivwk ivwk fviv fviv
avb KvUv n‡jv mviv,
fiv b`x ÿziaviv
LicikvÑ
KvwU‡Z KvwU‡Z avb Gj eilv||
GKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †LZ, Avwg G‡KjvÑ
Pvwi w`‡K euvKv Rj Kwi‡Q †Ljv||
cicv‡i †`wL AuvKv
ZiæQvqvgmx-gvLv
MÖvgLvwb †g‡N XvKv
cªfvZ‡ejvÑ
Gcv‡i‡Z †Qv‡Uv †LZ, Avwg G‡Kjv||
Mvb †M‡q Zix †e‡q †K Av‡m cv‡i!
†`‡L †hb g‡b nq wPwb Dnv‡i|
fiv cv‡j P‡j hvq,
†Kv‡bv w`‡K bvwn Pvq,
†mvbvi Zix 251
†XD¸wj wbiæcvq
fv‡O `y av‡iÑ
†`‡L †hb g‡b nq wPwb Dnv‡i||
I‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡k?
ev‡iK wfovI Zix K~‡j‡Z G‡m|
†h‡qv †h_v †h‡Z PvI,
hv‡i Lywk Zv‡i `vI Ñ
ïay Zzwg wb‡q hvI
ÿwYK †n‡m
Avgvi †mvbvi avb K~‡j‡Z G‡m||
hZ PvI ZZ jI ZiYx-c‡i|
Avi Av‡Q− Avi bvB, w`‡qwQ f‡i||
GZKvj b`xK~‡j
hvnv j‡q wQby fz‡j
mKwj w`jvg Zz‡j
_‡i we_‡i−
GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiyYv K‡i||
VuvB bvB, VuvB bvBÑ †Qv‡Uv †m Zix

Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwi|
kÖveYMMb wN‡i
Nb †gN Ny‡i wd‡i,
k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i
iwnby cwoÑ
hvnv wQj wb‡q †Mj †mvbvi Zix||
kãv_© I UxKv
Mi‡R Ñ MR©b K‡i|
fviv fviv Ñ ÔfvivÕ A_© avb ivLvi cvÎ| GiKg cv‡Îi mgwó †evSv‡Z GLv‡b
eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
ÿziaviv Ñ ÿz‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv †h cÖevn ev †¯ªvZ|
Licikv Ñ aviv‡jv ek©v| GLv‡b aviv‡jv ek©vi g‡Zv|
252 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Avwg Ñ mvaviY A‡_© K…lK| cÖZxKx A‡_© wkí¯ªóv Kwe|

Avwg G‡Kjv Ñ K…lK wKsev wkí¯ªóv Kwei wbtm½ Ae¯’v|
Pvwiw`‡K euvKv Rj
Kwi‡Q †Ljv Ñ avb‡ÿZwU †QvU Øx‡ci Avw½‡K wPwÎZ| Zvi cv‡k N~Y©vqgvb †¯ªv‡Zi
DÏvgZv| b`xi ÔeuvKvÕ Rj‡¯ªv‡Z †ewóZ †QvU †ÿZUzKzi Avï
wejxqgvb nIqvi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q G As‡k| ÔeuvKv RjÕ GLv‡b AbšÍ
Kvj‡¯ªv‡Zi cÖZxK|
ZiæQvqvgmx-gvLv Ñ Icv‡ii †g‡N XvKv MÖvgwU †hb Mv‡Qi Qvqvi Kv‡jv i‡O gvLv‡bv|
Mvb †M‡q Zix †e‡q †K
Av‡m cv‡i Ñ ÿz‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv Rj‡¯ªv‡Z Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z †h gvwS cv‡ii
w`‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Q, iex›`ª-fvebvq †m wb‡g©vn gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK|
†Kv‡bv w`‡K bvwn Pvq Ñ gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK GB gvwS wbivm³ e‡jB Zvi mywbw`©ó `„wócvZ †bB|
†`‡L †hb g‡b nq
wPwb Dnv‡i Ñ GB AvMš‘K gvwS K…lK ev wkímªóv Kwei nqZ †Pbv| †Kbbv, †Pbv
g‡b n‡jI K…lK ev wkímªóv Kwei mskq †_‡KB hvq|
I‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI
†Kvb we‡`‡k? Ñ wbwe©Kvi gvwSi `„wó AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ K…lK ev Kwei †Póv| Ôwe‡`kÕ
GLv‡b wPivqZ wkí‡jv‡Ki cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
ev‡iK wfovI Zix
K‚‡j‡Z G‡m Ñ wPivqZ wkí‡jv‡K VuvB cvIqvi Rb¨B K…lKiƒcx Kwei e¨vKzj Abybq
GLv‡b cÖKvwkZ|
Avgvi †mvbvi avb Ñ K…l‡Ki †kÖô dmj| e¨Äbv‡_© wkí¯ªóv Kwei m„wóm¤¢vi|
Avi Av‡Q
Avi bvB, w`‡qwQ f‡i Ñ †QvU Rwg‡Z Drcbœ dm‡ji meUvB A_©vr Kwei mgMÖ m„wó Zz‡j †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q gnvKv‡ji †¯ªv‡Z †f‡m Avmv †mvbvi Zix-iƒcx wPivqZ
wkí‡jv‡K|
_‡i we_‡i Ñ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i, myweb¨¯Í K‡i|
GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv
KiæYv K‡i Ñ dmj ev m„wóm¤¢vi Zz‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †bŠKvq| GLb dmj ev m„wói
¯ªóv ¯’vb †c‡Z Pvq IB gnvKv‡ji †bŠKvq|
†mvbvi Zix 253
VuvB bvB, VuvB bvB

†QvU †m Zix Ñ †mvbvi Zix‡Z gnr m„wóiB ¯’vb msKzjvb nq †Kej| e¨w³mËv I Zvi
kvixwiK Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wbwðZfv‡e n‡Z nq gnvKv‡ji wbôzi KvjMÖv‡mi
wkKvi|
k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i iwnby cwo Ñ wbtm½ Ac~Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q Avmbœ I Awbevh© g„Zzï cÖZxÿvi Bw½Z|
G cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ wj‡L‡Qb : ÒgnvKvj Avgvi me©¯^ jBqv hvq e‡U,
wKš‘ Avgv‡K †dwjqv hvq we¯§„wZ I Ae‡njvi g‡a¨| ... †mvbvi Zixi
†b‡q Avgvi †mvbvi avb jBqv hvq †Lqvcv‡i, wKš‘ Avgv‡K jq bv|Ó
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg-KweZv| kZvwaK eQi a‡i G KweZv
wecyj Av‡jvPbv I bvbvgyLx e¨vL¨vq bZzb bZzb Zvrc‡h© Awfwl³| GKB m‡½, KweZvwU M~p inm¨ I
†kÖô‡Z¡iI ¯§viK| gnr mvwn‡Zï GKwU we‡kl ¸Y n‡jv Kv‡j Kv‡j bZzb `„wófw½ I we‡ePbvi Av‡jv‡K
Zvi †kÖôZ¡ wbiƒwcZ n‡Z _v‡K| evsjv KweZvi BwZnv‡m Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ †Zgwb Avðh©my›ì GK wPivqZ
Av‡e`bevnx KweZv|
KweZvwU‡Z †`Lv hvq, Pvicv‡ki cÖej †¯ªv‡Zi g‡a¨ †R‡M _vKv Øx‡ci g‡Zv †Qv‡Uv GKwU avb‡ÿ‡Z
Drcbœ †mvbvi av‡bi m¤¢vi wb‡q A‡cÿviZ wbtm½ GK K„lK| AvKv‡ki Nb †gN Avi fvix el©‡Y cv‡ki
Li‡¯ªvZv b`x n‡q D‡V‡Q wns¯ª| Pviw`‡Ki ÔeuvKv RjÕ K…l‡Ki g‡b m„wó K‡i‡Q Nb‡Nvi Avk¼v| GiKg
GK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z IB Li‡¯ªvZv b`x‡Z GKwU fivcvj †mvbvi †bŠKv wb‡q †e‡q Avmv GK gvwS‡K †`Lv
hvq| DrKwÉZ K…lK †bŠKv K‚‡j wfwo‡q Zvi Drcvw`Z †mvbvi avb wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ gvwS‡K mKvZ‡i
wgbwZ Rvbv‡j IB †mvbvi av‡bi m¤¢vi †bŠKvq Zz‡j wb‡q gvwS P‡j hvq| †QvU †bŠKv e‡j ¯’vb msKzjvb
nq bv K…l‡Ki| k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i AvkvnZ K…l‡Ki †e`bv ¸g‡o g‡i|
G KweZvq wbweofv‡e wg‡k Av‡Q Kwei Rxeb`k©b| gnvKv‡ji †¯ªv‡Z Rxeb-†hŠeb †f‡m hvq, wKš‘ †eu‡P
_v‡K gvby‡liB m„ó †mvbvi dmj| Zvi e¨w³mËv I kvixwiK Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wbwðZfv‡e n‡Z nq gnvKv‡ji
wbôzi KvjMÖv‡mi wkKvi|
Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi AwaKvsk cO&w³ 8+5 gvÎvi c~Y©c‡e© web¨¯Í|
eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ
1. ÔI‡Mv Zywg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡kÕ− GLv‡b ÔZywgÕ †K?
K. K…lK L. Zix
M. gvwS N. Kwe
2. Kwe Ô†Qv‡Uv †LZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
K. AvqZ‡b †QvU †ÿZ L. b`xi †Qv‡Uv Pi
M. gvby‡li Rxebcwiwa N. ARvbvi †`k
254 mvwnZ¨ cvV

Rqbyj Av‡ew`b weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx| wZwb wkívPvh© bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvui weL¨vZ wPÎK‡g©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
`ywf©‡ÿi wPÎgvjv, msMÖvg, muvIZvj igYx, So Ges AviI A‡bK Qwe| c„w_exi gvbyl GB wkíxi
†cwÝ‡ji AvuP‡o cÖwZdwjZ `ywf©ÿZvwoZ gvbylI †mB mgq‡K AvRI Abyfe K‡i| eZ©gvb XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviæKjv Abyl` cÖwZôvq wZwb wQ‡jb cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡|
3. Rqbyj Av‡ew`‡bi m‡½ Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ KweZvi wK‡mi mv`…k¨ i‡q‡Q?
K. gvwS L. fiv b`x
M. Zix N. K…lK
4. D³ mv`…‡kï †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq−
K. Rxeb AwZ mswÿß
L. m„wó Awebk¦i
M. m¤ú` ÿY¯’vqx
N. mgq AbšÍ cÖevnx
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gv`vi †Z‡imv AK…wÎg gvZ…‡¯œ‡ni Avavi wQ‡jb| Avj‡ewbqvb es‡kv™¢~Z n‡qI wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨
mviv c„w_ex‡Z ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb| 1950 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvq wgkbvwiR Ae P¨vwiwU bv‡g GKwU
†mev cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j GB P¨vwiwU †nvg mgMÖ c„w_exi `wi`ª, Amy¯’, Abv_ I
g„Zz¨c_hvÎx gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR K‡i| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 1979 mv‡j Zuv‡K †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb
Kiv nq| †mB cyi¯‹v‡ii mg¯Í A_© wZwb †mevi Kv‡R e¨q K‡ib| 1997 mv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wKš‘ c„w_exi gvbyl AvRI Zuvi bvg kÖ×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|
K. evsjv KZ Zvwi‡L iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib?
L. ÔevuKv RjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU gv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxe‡bi m‡½ msMwZc~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ôgv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxeb cwiYwZB Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ KweZvi g~j DcRxe¨ÕÑ gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki|
HKZvb
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Kwe-cwiwPwZ : Ò†mvbvi ZixÓ KweZv As‡k `ªóe¨
wecyjv G c„w_exi KZUzKz Rvwb|
†`‡k †`‡k KZ-bv bMi ivRavbxÑ
gvby‡li KZ KxwZ©, KZ b`x wMwi wmÜz giæ,
KZ-bv ARvbv Rxe, KZ-bv AcwiwPZ Ziæ
i‡q †Mj A‡MvP‡i| wekvj we‡k¦i Av‡qvRb;
gb †gvi Ry‡o _v‡K AwZ ÿz`ª Zvwi GK †KvY|
†mB †ÿv‡f cwo MÖš’ ågYe„ËvšÍ Av‡Q hv‡n
Aÿq Drmv‡n Ñ
†h_v cvB wPÎgqx eY©bvi evYx
KzovBqv Avwb|
Áv‡bi `xbZv GB Avcbvi g‡b
c~iY Kwiqv jB hZ cvwi wfÿvjä a‡b|
Avwg c„w_exi Kwe, †h_v Zvi hZ D‡V aŸwb
Avgvi euvwki my‡i mvov Zvi RvwM‡e ZLwb,
GB ¯îmvabvq †cŠuwQj bv eûZi WvK Ñ
i‡q †M‡Q duvK|
cÖK…wZi HKZvb‡¯ªv‡Z
bvbv Kwe Xv‡j Mvb bvbv w`K n‡Z;
Zv‡ì mevi mv‡_ Av‡Q †gvi GBgvÎ †hvMÑ
m½ cvB mevKvi, jvf Kwi Avb‡›ì †fvM,
cvB †b me©Î Zvi cÖ‡e‡ki Øvi,
evav n‡q Av‡Q †gvi †eov¸wj RxebhvÎvi|
Pvwl †L‡Z PvjvB‡Q nvj,
ZuvwZ e‡m ZuvZ †ev‡b, †R‡j †d‡j RvjÑ
eû`~i cÖmvwiZ G‡ì wewPÎ Kg©fvi
Zvwi c‡i fi w`‡q Pwj‡Z‡Q mg¯Í msmvi|
AwZ ÿz`ª As‡k Zvi m¤§v‡bi wPiwbe©vm‡b
mgv‡Ri D”P g‡Â e‡mwQ msKxY© evZvq‡b|
gv‡S gv‡S †MwQ Avwg I cvovi cÖv½‡Yi av‡i,
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kwi †m kw³ wQj bv G‡Kev‡i|
Rxe‡b Rxeb †hvM Kiv
bv n‡j K…wÎg c‡Y¨ e¨_© nq Mv‡bi cmiv|
256 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ZvB Avwg †g‡b wbB †m wb›`vi K_v

Avgvi my‡ii Ac~Y©Zv|
Avgvi KweZv, Rvwb Avwg,
†M‡jI wewPÎ c‡_ nq bvB †m me©ÎMvgx|
K…lv‡Yi Rxe‡bi kwiK †h Rb,
K‡g© I K_vq mZ¨ AvZ¥xqZv K‡i‡Q AR©b,
†h Av‡Q gvwUi KvQvKvwQ,
†m Kwei evYx-jvwM Kvb †c‡Z AvwQ|
G‡mv Kwe AL¨vZR‡bi
wbe©vK g‡bi|
g‡g©i †e`bv hZ Kwiqv D×vi Ñ
cÖvYnxb G †`‡k‡Z Mvbnxb †h_v Pvwi avi,
AeÁvi Zv‡c ï®‹ wbivb›` †mB giæf~wg
i‡m c~Y© Kwi `vI Zzwg|
AšÍ‡i †h Drm Zvi Av‡Q Avcbvwi
ZvB Zzwg `vI †Zv D`&evwi|
mvwn‡Zï HKZvbmsMxZmfvq
GKZviv hvnv‡ì ZvivI m¤§vb †hb cvq Ñ
g~K hviv `yt‡L my‡L,
bZwki ¯Íä hviv we‡k¦i m¤§y‡L,
I‡Mv ¸Yx,
Kv‡Q †_‡K `~‡i hviv Zvnv‡ì evYx †hb ïwb|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
wecyjv Ñ wekvj cÖk¯Í| GLv‡b bvixevPK kã wn‡m‡e wecyjv e‡j c„w_ex‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Ôwekvj we‡k¦i Av‡qvRb;
gb †gvi Ry‡o _v‡K AwZ ÿz`ª
Zvwi GK †KvY|Õ Ñ Rxe I Ro-êwP‡Îï wekvj m¤¢vi wb‡q GB wekvj wek¦RMr| wKš‘ Kwei
gb Ry‡o i‡q‡Q ZviB †QvU GKwU †KvY|
Ô†h_v cvB wPÎgqx eY©bvi evYx
KzovBqv Avwb|Õ Ñ Kwe Zuvi KweZv‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ c„w_exi †kÖô mvwn‡Zï m¤ú` Kzwo‡q
Av‡bb|
ÔÁv‡bi `xbZv GB Avcbvi g‡b
c~iY Kwiqv jB hZ cvwi
wfÿvjä a‡b|Õ Ñ bvbv m~Î †_‡K Ávb AvniY K‡i Kwe wb‡Ri ÁvbfvÐvi‡K mg„× K‡ib|
¯îmvabv Ñ GLv‡b myi ev msMxZ mvabv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
HKZvb 257
ÔGB ¯îmvabvq †cuŠwQj bv

eûZi WvK i‡q †M‡Q duvK|Õ Ñ Kve¨msMx‡Zi †ÿ‡Î Kwe †h ¯îmvabv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z NvUwZ i‡q †M‡Q|
HKZvb Ñ wewfbœ ev`¨h‡š¿i mgš^‡q m„ó myi, mg¯î| GLv‡b eû my‡ii
mgš^‡q GK my‡i euvav c„w_exi myi‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mKj
gvby‡li K_v ejv mvwnZ¨-myi‡K wZwb mvwn‡Zï HK¨Zvb
e‡j‡Qb|
ÔAwZ ÿz`ª As‡k Zvi m¤§v‡bi
wPiwbe©vm‡b mgv‡Ri D”P g‡Â
e‡mwQ msKxY© evZvq‡b|Õ Ñ m¤§vbewÂZ eªvZ¨RbZv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q mgv‡Ri D”P g‡Â Kwe
Avmb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †mLvbKvi msKxY© Rvbvjv w`‡q
e„nËi mgvR I Rxeb‡K wZwb †`L‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Ôgv‡S gv‡S †MwQ Avwg
I cvovi cÖv½‡Yi av‡i,
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kwi †m kw³
wQj bv G‡Kev‡i|Õ Ñ gv‡Sg‡a¨ Kwe eªvZ¨ gvby‡li cvovq ÿwY‡Ki Rb¨ DuwK w`‡q‡Qb|
wKšÍy bvbv mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì m‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e †hvMm~Î
iPbv m¤¢e nqwb|
ÔRxe‡b Rxeb †hvM Kiv
bv n‡j K…wÎg c‡Y¨
e¨_© nq Mv‡bi cmiv|Õ Ñ Rxe‡bi m‡½ Rxe‡bi ms‡hvM NUv‡Z bv cvi‡j wkíxi m„wó K…wÎg
c‡Y¨ cwiYZ nq| eªvZ¨ Z_v cÖvwšÍK gvbyl‡K wkí-mvwn‡Zï
A½‡b †hvM¨ ¯’vb w`‡jB Z‡e wkí mvabv c~Y©Zv cvq|
ÔG‡mv Kwe AL¨vZR‡bi
wbe©vK g‡biÕ Ñ iex›`ªbv_ GLv‡b †mB AbvMZ Kwe‡K AvnŸvb Ki‡Qb, whwb AL¨vZ
gvby‡li, Ae¨³ g‡bi Rxeb‡K Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb|
im Ñ GLv‡b mvwnZïm ev wkíim †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kweiv imm„wói
Rb¨ KweZv iPbv K‡ib| †mB im m„wó nq cvV‡Ki AšÍ‡i|
ÔAeÁvi Zv‡c ï®‹ wbivb›`
†mB giæf‚wg i‡m c~Y©
Kwi `vI Zzwg|Õ Ñ †R‡j-ZuvwZ cÖf…wZ kÖgRxex gvbyl mvwn‡Zï welqmfvq D‡cÿvi
Kvi‡Y ¯’vbjv‡f ewÂZ nIqvq mvwn‡Zï fzeb Avb›`nxb Dli
giæf‚wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| giæf‚wgi †mB DliZv‡K i‡m c~Y©
K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Zi Kwei cÖwZ iex›`ªbv‡_i AvnŸvb|
D`&evwi Ñ Ic‡i ev E‡aŸ© cÖKvk K‡i `vI| AšÍ‡i †h Drm (GLv‡b i‡mi
Drm) i‡q‡Q, Zv Db¥y³ K‡i †Ìqvi K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mvwn‡Zï HKZvb
msMxZ mfvq Ñ mvwn‡Z¨ Rxe‡bi me©cÖvšÍ¯úkx© mg¯î ev HKZvb|
258 mvwnZ¨ cvV
ÔGKZviv hvnv‡ì ZvivI

m¤§vb †hb cvqÕ Ñ AeÁvZ ev D‡cwÿZ gvbylI †hb m¤§vb jvf K‡i †m-K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
Ôg~K hviv `yt‡L my‡L,
bZwki ¯Íä hviv
we‡k¦i m¤§y‡LÕ Ñ `ytL-myL mn¨ Kiv wbe©vK gvbyl, hviv GwM‡q Pjv c„w_ex‡Z GL‡bv
gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvov‡Z cv‡i bv|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒHKZvbÓ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔRb¥w`‡bÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i 10 msL¨K KweZv| Kwei g„Zzï gvÎ Pvi gvm Av‡M
1348 e½v‡ãi c‡njv êkvL ÔRb¥w`‡bÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| 1347 e½v‡ãi dvêyb msL¨v
ÔcÖevmxÕ‡Z KweZvwU ÔHKZvbÕ-bv‡g cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| ÒHKZvbÓ AkxwZci w¯’ZcÖÁ Kwei
AvZ¥-mgv‡jvPbv ; Kwe wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri Ac~Y©Zvi ¯^Ztù‚Z© ¯^xKv‡ivw³|
`xN© Rxeb-cwiµg‡Yi †klcÖv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q w¯’ZcÖÁ iex›`ªbv_ †cQb wd‡i ZvwK‡q mgMÖ Rxe‡bi mvwnZ¨mvabvi
mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi wnmve Lu‡y R‡Qb ÒHKZvbÓ KweZvq| wZwb AKc‡U wb‡Ri mxgve×Zv I Ac~YZ © vi K_v
e¨³ K‡i‡Qb GLv‡b| Rxeb-g„Z¨z i mwÜÿ‡Y ùvwo‡q Kwe Abyfe K‡i‡Qb wb‡Ri AwKwÂrKiZv I e¨_©Zvi
¯îƒc| Kwe eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb, GB c„w_exi A‡bK wKQzB Zuvi ARvbv I A‡`Lv i‡q wM‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i wekvj
Av‡qvR‡b Zuvi gb Ry‡o wQj †Kej †QvU GKwU †KvY| Áv‡bi `xbZvi Kvi‡YB bvbv †`‡ki wewPÎ AwfÁZv,
wewfbœ MÖ‡š’i wPÎgq eY©bvi evYx Kwe wfÿvjä a‡bi g‡Zv mh‡Zœ AvniY K‡i wb‡Ri Kve¨fvÐvi c~Y©
K‡i‡Qb| Zey wecyjv G c„w_exi me©Î wZwb cÖ‡e‡ki Øvi Lu‡y R cvbwb| Pvwl †ÿ‡Z nvj P‡l, ZuvwZ ZuvZ †ev‡b,
†R‡j Rvj †d‡j− Gme kÖgRxex gvby‡li Ici fi K‡iB Rxebmsmvi GwM‡q P‡j| wKš‘ Kwe Gme nZ`wi`ª
AcvO&‡³q gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i mgv‡Ri D”P g‡Â Avmb MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| †mLvbKvi msKxY©
Rvbvjv w`‡q †h Rxeb I RMr‡K wZwb cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb, Zv wQj LwÐZ Z_v Ac~Y|© ÿz`ª Rxe‡bi m‡½ e„nËi
gvbe-Rxebavivi HKZvb m„wó bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkíxi Mv‡bi cmiv Z_v m„wóm¤¢vi †h K…wÎgZvq ch©ewmZ
n‡q e¨_© n‡q hvq, KweZvq GB Av‡Z¥vcjwäi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Zuvi KweZv wewPÎ c‡_ AMÖmi
n‡jI Rxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j, Rxeb-mvqv‡ý Kwe AbvMZ fwel¨‡Zi †mB g„wËKv-msjMœ
gnr KweiB Avwef©ve cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb, whwb kÖgRxex gvby‡li Askx`vi n‡q mZ¨ I K‡g©i g‡a¨ m„wó Ki‡eb
AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb| ÒHKZvbÓ KweZvq hyMcr Kwei wb‡Ri Ges Zuvi mgKvjxb evsjv KweZvi welqMZ
mxgve×Zvi w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q|
KweZvwU mwgj cÖengvb Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| KweZvwU‡Z 8+6 Ges 8+10 gvÎvi ce©B AwaK| Z‡e
G‡Z KL‡bv-KL‡bv 9 gvÎvi Amgce© Ges 3 I 4 gvÎvi Ac~Y© ce© eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Kwe Kx Kzwo‡q Av‡bb?
K. wPÎgqx evYx L. wfÿvjä ab
M. Avb‡›ì †fvM N. Mv‡bi cmiv
2. mgv‡Ri D”Pg‡Â e‡mwQ msKxY© evZvq‡b− GLv‡b ÔmsKxY© evZvqbÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. †QvU Rvbvjv L. ÿz`ª MÐx
M. Rbwew”QbœZv N. †Kvjvnjc~Y©Zv
HKZvb 259
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© kÖgRxex gvby‡li Kwe| wZwb KweZvq kÖgRxex gvby‡li msMÖvg I AwaKv‡ii K_v
e‡j‡Qb| mvaviY gvby‡li ga¨ †_‡K wZwb Zv‡ì kw³ RywM‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Ici AvNvZ G‡m‡Q wKš‘
wZwb Avcb c_ †_‡K wePz¨Z nbwb|
3. myKv‡šÍi g‡a¨ ÒHKZvbÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU we`¨gvb?
K. Rb-m¤ú„³Zv L. wbin¼vix
M. gnË¡ N. RbwcÖqZv
4. ÒHKZvbÓ KweZvq Kwe myKv‡šÍi g‡ZvB Ggb AviI Kwei Avwef©ve cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| KviY GB
Kweiv
i. RbM‡Yi g‡g©i e¨_v †ev‡S
ii. Kv‡R I K_vq Zviv GK
iii. Giv mvavi‡Yi RxebNwbô
K. i, ii L. i, iii
M. ii, iii N. i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
we‡`k †_‡K D”Pwkÿv wb‡q †`‡k wd‡i iwdKzj evwi ivRbxwZ‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z Pvb| my¯’ ivRbxwZi
gva¨‡g †`‡ki gvby‡li fv‡M¨vbœqb Zvi jÿ¨| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb wewfbœ cwÎKvq †jLv‡jwL K‡ib
Ges mfv-mwgwZ‡Z †hvM †`b| GKRb mr I Ávbx e¨w³ wn‡m‡e kn‡ii GKwU we‡kl †kÖwYi mevB
Zuv‡K †P‡b| GKevi C‡` MÖv‡gi evwo wM‡q wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib, †`‡ki gvby‡li K_v fve‡jI MÖv‡gi
mvaviY gvby‡li myL-`ytL m¤ú‡K© wZwb wKQzB Rv‡bb bv| Zuvi bZzb Dcjwä nq †h, †`‡ki mvaviY
gvby‡li Dbœqb‡K ev` w`‡q †`‡ki Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| Gici †_‡K wZwb MÖv‡gi gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi
m‡½ wgk‡Z ïiæ K‡ib, Zv‡ì Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| GBfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i wZwb mvavi‡Yi
wcÖq †bZv n‡q I‡Vb|
K. Kv‡Q †_‡K `~‡i hviv, Kwe Zv‡ì Kx ïbv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
L. Kwe me©Î cÖ‡e‡ki Øvi cvb bv †Kb?
M. iwdKzj evwii g‡a¨ ÒHKZvbÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒRxe‡b Rxeb †hvM Kiv/bv n‡j K…wÎg c‡Y¨ e¨_© nq Mv‡bi cmivÓ− Kwei GB Dcjwäi Av‡jv‡K
iwdKzj evwii †bZv n‡q IVvi welqwU g~j¨vqb Ki|
bevbœ
hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi cvwZjcvov MÖv‡g 1887 wLªóv‡ãi 26G Ryb Rb¥MnÖ Y K‡ib| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg ØviKvbv_ †mb¸ß| hZx›`ªbv_ †ckvq wQ‡jb GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx| `ytL‡KB Rxe‡bi P‚ovšÍ mZ¨ e‡j
†R‡bwQ‡jb wZwb| ga¨weË evOvwj kÖgRxex K…wlRxex gvby‡li ¯^cœ I ev¯Í‡ei msNvZ‡K wZwb KweZvq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Kíbvwejvm wKsev fvevjyZvq wQj Zuvi Pig Awek¦vm| bZzb ai‡bi KweZv iPbv K‡i iex›`ªbv‡_i Abymvix Kwe‡ì
bZzb `„wó w`‡q Pvicv‡ki RMr‡K †`Lvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| Zuvi GB bexb `„wófw½ cieZ©xKv‡ji A‡bK
Kwe‡KB cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| welq I MV‡bi w`K †_‡K wZwb KweZv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡Z AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| G‡Kev‡iB
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi bvbvwKQz †h wk‡íi mxgv j•Nb bv K‡iI Abvqv‡m Kve¨-welq n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cwiPq i‡q‡Q Zuvi
Kv‡e¨| †mBm‡½ Zuvi Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q M`¨myjf kã I Dcgvi AwfbeZ¡| Zuvi KweZvi e³e¨ †hgb mgKvjxb
mvwnwZ¨K‡ì PgK jvwM‡qwQj †Zgwb Zuvi ejvi fw½ cvVK‡K K‡iwQj gy»| hZx›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔgixwPKvÕ|
Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ÔgiæwkLvÕ, ÔgiægvqvÕ, ÔmvqgÕ, ÔwÎhvgvÕ, ÔwbkvwšÍKvÕ cÖfw„ Z| †kl eq‡m wZwb
Ôn¨vg‡jUÕ, Ôg¨vK‡e_Õ, ÔI‡_‡jvÕ, ÔKzgvim¤¢eÕ cÖfw… Z wPivqZ mvwn‡Zï Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb|
wZwb 1954 wLªóv‡ãi 17B †m‡Þ¤î g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
G‡mQ eÜz? †Zvgvi K_vB RvMwQj fvB cÖv‡Y,−

Kvj iv‡Z †gvi gB cÕ‡o †M‡Q †ÿZfiv cvKv av‡b|
av‡bï Nªv‡Y fiv ANªv‡b ïf bevbœ AvR,
cvovq cvovq D‡V Drme, eÜ gv‡Vi KvR|
†jwcqv AvwObv `¨vq Avj&&cbv fiv givBGi cv‡k;
j²x †eva nq evwYR¨ Z¨vwRÕ Gevi wbe‡m Pv‡l|
Ggb eQ‡i ivZvivwZ †gvi cvKv av‡b c‡o gB!
`vIqvi LyuwU‡Z †Vm&& w`‡q e‡mv,− †m `y‡Li K_v KB;
†ev‡kL, R¨wó, Avlvp, kÖveY, fvÏi, Avwk¦b,−
Avkv-AvZ‡¼ †Lqvj wQj bv †Kv_v w`‡q Kv‡U w`b|
`y‡h©v‡M m‡e evwji euva‡b euvwaby eb¨vaviv,
ey‡Ki i³ Rj †Kv‡i Kfz †mwPby cvÐy Pviv|
KvwZ©‡K †`wL Pvwiw`‡K,− GwK! Gevi Z b‡n duvwK!
cuvPiOv av‡b QK&&-KvUv gvV Ryovq Pvlvi AuvwL|
ANªv‡b _v‡K _v‡K
KvwUqv †Zvjvq Lvgv‡i †Mvjvq hvnvi †hgb cv‡K|
Avwg †ivR fvwe− dmjUv bvwe, AviI KÕUv w`b hvK&&,
fiv ANªv‡b N‡Ubv− Z †Kv‡bv ˆè `ywe©cvK|
givB-mvivB †kl †Kv‡i, m‡e Lvgv‡i w`BwQ nvZ,
Kvj&‡K nVvr,−
eÜz, †`vnvB, Zz‡jvbv‡Kv nvB, nBby AcÖMj&f,−
ÿgv K‡iv mLv,− eÜ Kwiby Zz”Q av‡bi Mí|
bevbœ 261
kãv_© I UxKv
bevbœ − dmj KvUvi Drme| MÖvg-evsjvq cÖwZeQi †ngšÍKv‡j N‡i dmj
†Zvjvi Dcj‡ÿ bvP-Mvbmn bZzb av‡b ˆZwi bvbviKg Lvev‡ii
Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Avb›`Nb cwi‡e‡k cvwjZ nq bevbœ Drme|
gB cÕ‡o †M‡Q †ÿZfiv
cvKv av‡b − ÒcvKv av‡b gB †ÌqvÓ GKwU evsjv cÖev`| Gi A_© n‡jv cÖvqm¤úbœ
†Kv‡bv KvR cÐ Kiv| A‡bï ÿwZ Kiv| Rwg‡Z gB †Ìqv nq
exR †evbv wKsev Pviv jvMv‡bvi Av‡M; gvwU‡K big SziSz‡i Kivi
Rb¨| wKš‘ †h Rwg dm‡j c~Y©, hLb dmj KvUvi mgq Avmbœ ZLb
gB w`‡j †Zv me dmj bó n‡q hv‡e| ÿwZ †evSv‡Z eëüZ GB
cÖev`wU‡K Kwe †KŠk‡j Zuvi KweZvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
Avj&&cbv − MÖv‡g wewfbœ Drme Dcj‡ÿ evwoi AvwObvq nv‡Z AvuKv bKkv|
HwZn¨MZfv‡e AvZc Pvj †e‡U Zvi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Rj
Ges bvbviKg is wgwk‡q Avj&&cbvi DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
B`vbxs wmb‡_wUK is w`‡qI Avj&&cbv AvuKv nq|
givB − †nvMjv, †eZ BZ¨vw` w`‡q ˆZwi km¨ Rgv ivLvi eo Avavi|
av‡bi †Mvjv|
j²x †eva nq evwYR¨ Z¨vwR
Gevi wbe‡m Pv‡l − cÖPwjZ GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q− ÒevwY‡R¨ emwZ j²xÓ| A_©vr,
eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ cÖPiz A_©jvf nq Z_v ab-m¤ú‡ì †èx jÿ¥xi
AvMgb N‡U| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq Kwe cÖev`wU‡K cv‡ë w`‡q‡Qb|
KweZvq ewY©Z K…l‡Ki gv‡V Gevi Ggb dmj n‡q‡Q †h, K…l‡Ki g‡b
n‡”Q j²x †èx Gevi evwY‡Rï cwie‡Z© dm‡ji †ÿ‡Z weivR
Ki‡Qb| Avi ZvB cÖPiz A_©cvÖ wßi m¤¢vebv K…lK‡K Avb›`-¯^‡cœ
we‡fvi Ki‡Q|
`vIqv − N‡ii AvwObv|
evwji euva‡b euvwaby eb¨vaviv − evsjv cÖev` Òevwji euvaÓ‡K Kwe ˆkwíKfv‡e GB KweZvq eënvi
K‡i‡Qb| Òevwji euvaÓ-Gi A_© n‡jv Ggb wKQz hv ÿYf½yi| Kwe
dmj euvPv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ mKj `y‡h©vM I aŸs‡mi weiæ‡× wb‡Ri
h_vmva¨ †Póv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Qb wKš‘ Zvi meB evwji euv‡ai
g‡Zv †kl ch©šÍ wed‡j †M‡Q|
ey‡Ki i³ Rj †Kv‡i
Kfz †mwPby cvÐy Pviv − K…l‡Ki dmj djv‡bvi Acwinvh© kZ© n‡jv ch©vß Rj‡m‡Pi
eë¯’v| G‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U GB †mP eë¯’vI KLbI n‡q I‡V
AwbwðZ| bvbv cÖwZeÜKZv AwZµg K‡i evsjvi K…lK Zvi
dm‡ji gvV †mP w`‡q mRxe iv‡L| gwjb g„ZcÖvq Pviv‡K euvwP‡q
ivLvi cÖvYcY kÖg Xv‡j|
262 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cvÐy − d¨vKv‡k gwjb|

cuvPiOv av‡b QK-KvUv gvV − MÖvg-evsjvq KvuPv-cvKv av‡b f‡i _vKv mxgvbv wb‡`©wkZ dm‡ji
gvV¸‡jvi †mŠ›`h© GB cO&w³‡Z Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
bvwe − †`wi‡Z nq Ggb|
`ywe©cvK − wec`| `y‡h©vM|
givB-mvivB − †Mvjv †givgZ|
AcÖMj&f − APÂj webqx, AvPi‡Y kvjxb|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸‡ßi ÒbevbœÓ KweZvwU Zuvi ÔgiægvqvÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K evsjvi
K…l‡Ki ¯^cœ I ¯^cœf‡½i †e`bvgq ev¯ÍeZv GB KweZvq wkí-Aeqe jvf K‡i‡Q; Aciw`‡K, ÔK…lKÕ
Avi ÔcvKv avbÕ-Gi cÖZx‡K Kwei Avcb m„wói aŸsm nIqvi †e`bv †`¨vwZZ n‡q‡Q|
R‰bK eÜzi m‡½ Kwe Zuvi g‡bi `ytLK_v e‡j P‡j‡Qb − Ggb fw½ eënvi K‡i KweZvwUi m~Pbv| Kwei
†mB †e`bv-Kvn‡b D‡V G‡m‡Q Zuvi †ÿZfiv cvKv avb Kxfv‡e GK iv‡Z aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q †mB K_v|
dmj KvUvi mgq mgvMZ we‡ePbv K‡i K…lK-Kwei evwo †m‡R D‡VwQj Avj&&cbvq, †MvjvNi †givgZ
K‡i avb msMÖ‡ni mKj Av‡qvRb n‡qwQj m¤úbœ| GKw`‡K evwo‡Z GZme Av‡qvRb Avi Ab¨w`‡K
gv‡V dmj KvUvi cÖZxÿv| G †hb evsjvi K…lK-Rxe‡bi AK…wÎg iƒcvqY| K…l‡Kiv gv‡mi ci gvm a‡i
i³ Rj Kiv kÖ‡g PvivMvQ †_‡K wZj wZj K‡i eo K‡i †Zv‡j cvKv avb| GB mgq Ry‡o wewfbœ
cÖK…wZm„ó I gbyl¨m„ó `y‡h©v‡Mi Avk¼vq `y‡j I‡V Zv‡ì ü`q| Zey Zviv ¯^cœ †`‡L, we‡fvi nq Avmbœ
myLgq w`‡bi Kíbvq| KweI GKBfv‡e avb KvUvi A‡cÿvq w`b ¸‡b‡Qb| AMÖnvqY gv‡m `ywe©cvK NUvi
k¼v bv _vKvq †f‡e‡Qb dmj¸‡jv Av‡iKUz cwicK¡ n‡j Z‡e KvU‡eb| wKš‘ Zvi Av‡MB Zuvi cvKv av‡b
gB c‡o †M‡Q| wKš‘ gB †Ìqv †Zv †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM bq| Z‡e wK Kwe KviI kÎæZvi wkKvi?
GB cÖ‡kœi DËi KweZvq †bB| Gi KviY AbymÜv‡bi ZvwM` wZwb Abyfe K‡ibwb| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I Kwei
`ytL †kl nq bv| Kwei GB K‡ói K_v †kvbvi âh©I KviI nq bv| Kwei eÜzi AmwnòzZv _vwg‡q †`q
Kwe‡K| dmj nvwi‡q wbt¯^ nIqvi GB A‡gvN ev¯ÍeZv †kl ch©šÍ cwiYZ nq GK Amgvß M‡í|
Gfv‡eB †e`bvi †ik †U‡b bev‡bœi Avb›` gy‡Q w`‡q mgvß nq KweZvwU|
KweZvwUi GKwU cÖZxKx Zvrch©I jÿYxq| ÔcvKv avbÕ-Gi cÖZx‡K, K…l‡Ki iƒcK‡í hZx›`ªbv_ Avcb
m„wó‡K AviI wb‡Ri K‡i †c‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ †mB m„wóKg© hLb mgv‡jvwPZ nq, mwVKfv‡e g~j¨vwqZ nq bv
ZLb Kwe †e`bvnZ nb| cvKv avb bó nIqv üZm¤^j K…l‡Ki m‡½ wb‡Ri mv`„k¨ Luy‡R cvb wZwb|
Gfv‡e GK ¯^Zš¿ `„wófw½ wb‡q hZx›`ªbv_ Zuvi Abyfe‡K wkívwqZ K‡i‡Qb Av‡jvP¨ ÒbevbœÓ KweZvq|
KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi ce© wefvM gyL¨Z 6+6+6+2| A_©vr, Pi‡Yi †k‡l 2 gvÎvi GKwU
ce© we`¨gvb| Aek¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Pi‡Y Gi e¨wZµgI cwijwÿZ nq|
bevbœ 263
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒbevbœÓ KweZvq Kwe †Kv_vq e‡m Zvi eÜz‡K Mí †kvbvi K_v e‡j‡Qb?
K. N‡ii †g‡S‡Z cvwU wewQ‡q L. `vIqvi LuywU‡Z †Vm w`‡q
M. emvi N‡ii †Pqv‡i e‡m N. eviv›`vq ivLv gv`y‡i e‡m
2. Ôˆè-`ywe©cvKÕ ej‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi `y‡h©vM‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. cÖvK…wZK L. †èZvm„ó
M. AvKw¯§K N. gvbem„ó
AvMvgxKvj evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Drme evsjv beel©| Ki‡Zvqv cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡ì Drmvn
DÏxcbvi †kl †bB| mevB wg‡j AvR we`¨vj‡qi mvg‡bi iv¯ÍvwU Avjcbvq f‡i Zzj‡Z Kv‡R
†b‡g‡Q| †QvU †QvU nvZ, KwP gb Avi bvbv is‡qi wgkÖ‡Y iv¯ÍvwU n‡q D‡V‡Q Avgv‡ì †jvKR
HwZ‡nï Avavi| wKš‘ mÜ¨v †ejvi AvKw¯§K Soe„wó KwP g‡bi me ¯^cœ gy‡Q †`q|
3. DÏxc‡K ÒbevbœÓ KweZvi †h w`K¸‡jvi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ
i. Drm‡ei cÖ¯‘wZ
ii. ¯^cœ f‡½i †e`bv
iii. cÖwZwnsmvi ewncÖ©Kvk
4. D³ e³e¨ ch©v‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ÒbevbœÓ KweZvwU‡K †Kvb †kÖwYfz³ Kiv hvq?
K. msjvcagx© L. Kvwnwbag©x
M. cÖZxKagx© N. i~cKvkªqx
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
AKv‡j S‡i †Mj GKwU ¯^cœ
wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`K, Ôˆ`wbK `c©YÕ # Av‰MjSvov, ewikvj| ZvwiL : 15/05/2016
GK wb‡g‡lB Pzigvi n‡jv abÄ‡qi `xN©w`‡bi jvwjZ ¯^cœ| wPwKrmvi Afv‡e ¯¿xi g„Zyï ci GKgvÎ
mšÍvb g„Zz¨Äq‡K A‡bK eo Wv³vi evbv‡bvi cÖZ¨q MÖnY K‡ib wZwb| D‡Ïk¨, Zvi ¯¿xi g‡Zv Avi †KD
†hb A_©vfv‡e webv wPwKrmvq gviv bv hvq| A‡bï Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i KL‡bvev GjvKvi †QvU †QvU
†Q‡j-†g‡q‡K cwo‡q †Q‡ji cov‡kvbvi LiP RywM‡q‡Qb abÄq| MZKvj wZwb Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †h,
†Q‡j Zvi Wv³vwi cvm K‡i‡Q| `xN©w`‡bi jvwjZ ¯^cœ Gevi c~iY n‡e| wKš‘ ¯^cœ Zuvi Pzigvi n‡q †Mj|
moK `yN©Ubv †K‡o wbj g„Zz¨Ä‡qi cÖvY|
K. ÒbevbœÓ KweZvq †Kv_vq Avjcbv AvuKvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
L. ÔgB c‡o †M‡Q †ÿZfiv cvKv av‡bÕ|− ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡K abÄ‡qi g‡a¨ ÒbevbœÓ KweZvi †h w`KwUi Avfvm cvIqv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔfveMZ mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI DÏxcK I ÒbevbœÓ KweZvi g~j e³‡eï cv_©K¨ A‡bKÕ− gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki|
Rxeb-e›`bv
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976) evsjv Kve¨RM‡Zi GK Abb¨ wkíx| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe|
gvÎ AvU eQi eq‡m wcZv‡K nvwi‡q Kwei cwievi Pig `vwi‡`ª¨ cwZZ nq| 1316 e½v‡ã MÖv‡gi g³e †_‡K
wb¤œ cÖvBgvwi cvm K‡i †mLv‡bB GK eQi wkÿKZv K‡ib bRiæj| ev‡iv eQi eq‡m wZwb †j‡Uvi `‡j †hvM
†`b Ges `‡ji Rb¨ cvjvMvb iPbv K‡ib| e¯‘Z ZLb †_‡KB wZwb m„wókxj mËvi AwaKvix n‡q I‡Vb|
cÖ_g wek¦hy× (1914) ïiæ nIqvi ci 1917 mv‡j 49 b¤î evOvwj cë‡b ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e wZwb †hvM`vb
K‡ib Ges KivwP‡Z hvb; c‡i nvwej`vi c‡` DbœxZ nb|
1920 mv‡ji ïiæ‡Z evOvwj cëb †f‡O w`‡j wZwb KjKvZvq Av‡mb Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e mvwnZ¨PP©vq
g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| mvßvwnK ÔweRjxÕ‡Z Òwe‡`ªvnxÓ KweZv cÖKvwkZ n‡j Pviw`‡K Zuvi KweL¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o
Ges wZwb Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb ÔjvOjÕ, ÔbehyMÕ, Ôa~g‡KZzÕ-mn wewfbœ
cÎ-cwÎKvi m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R hy³ wQ‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ weL¨vZ Kve¨mg~n : ÔAwMœ-exYvÕ, Ôwe‡li euvwkÕ,
Ômvgëv`xÕ, Ôme©nvivÕ, Ôwm›ay wn‡›`vjÕ, ÔPµevKÕ, ÔmÜ¨vÕ, ÔcÖjq-wkLvÕ| GQvovI wZwb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K
Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí, bvUK I cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| AmsL¨ msMx‡Zi ¯ªóv bRiæj| †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb,
k¨vgvmsMxZ, MRj iPbvq Zuvi Rywo †gjv fvi| fviZ miKvi Zuv‡K ÔcÙf~lYÕ (1960) Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ
K‡i| ÔRMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`KÕ, ÔGKz‡k c`KÕmn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq wZwb f~wlZ nb|
Mvwn Zvnv‡ì Mvb−

aiYxi nv‡Z w`j hviv Avwb dm‡ji digvb|
kÖg-wKYv¼-KwVb hv‡ì wb`©q gywV-Z‡j
Î¯Ív aiYx bR&&ivbv †`q Wvwj f‡i dz‡j d‡j|
eb¨-k¦vc`-m¼zj Riv-g„Zz¨-fxlYv aiv
hv‡ì kvm‡b n‡jv my›ì KzmywgZv g‡bvniv|
hviv ee©i †n_v euv‡a Ni cig AKz‡Zvf‡q
e‡bi e¨vNª gq~i wmsn wee‡ii dYx j‡q|
G‡jv `yR©q MwZ-†eM mg hviv hvhvei-wkï
−ZvivB Mvwnj be †cÖg-Mvb aiYx-†gwii whïÑ
hvnv‡ì Pjv †j‡M
Dévi gZ Nywi‡Q aiYx k~‡b¨ AwgZ †e‡M!
Rxeb-e›`bv 265
†Lqvj-Lywk‡Z KvwU AiY¨ iwPqv AgiveZx

hvnviv Kwij aŸsm mvab cyb PÂjgwZ,
Rxeb-Av‡eM iywa‡Z bv cvwi hviv D×Z-wki
jw•N‡Z †Mj wngvjq, †Mj ïwl‡Z wmÜz-bxi|
bexb RMr mÜv‡b hviv Qz‡U †giæ-Awfhv‡b,
cÿ euvwaqv Dwoqv P‡j‡Q hvnviv EaŸ©cv‡b|
ZeyI _v‡g bv †hŠeb-†eM, Rxe‡bi Djøv‡m
P‡j‡Q P›`ªÑg½j-MÖ‡n ¯^‡M© AmxgvKv‡k|
hviv Rxe‡bi cmiv ewnqv g„Zzï Øv‡i Øv‡i
Kwi‡Z‡Q wdwi, fxg iYf~‡g cÖvY evwR †i‡L nv‡i|
Avwg giy-Kwe-Mvwn †mB †e‡`-†e`yCb‡ì Mvb,
hy‡M hy‡M hviv K‡i AKviY wecøe-Awfhvb|
Rxe‡bi AvwZk‡h¨ hvnviv `viæY DMÖ my‡L
mva K‡i wbj Mij-wcqvjv, ek©v nvwbj ey‡K!
Avlv‡pi wMwi-wbt¯ªve-mg †Kv‡bv evav gvwbj bv,
ee©i ewj hvnv‡ì Mvwj cvwoj ÿz`ªgbv,
K~c-gÐ~K ÔAmshgxÕi AvL¨v w`qv‡Q hv‡i,
Zvwi Z‡i fvB Mvb i‡P hvB, e›`bv Kwi Zv‡i|
kãv_© I UxKv
digvb Ñ evYx| msev`| Lei|
wKYv¼ Ñ Nl©‡Yi d‡j nvZ ev cv‡qi k³ nIqv Pvgov ev gvsm| Kov|
kÖg-wKYv¼-KwVb Ñ cwikÖ‡g Kov-cov I `„p|
aiYxi nv‡Z w`j hviv
Avwb dm‡ji digvb Ñ hviv c„w_exi nv‡Z dm‡ji Lei Zz‡j w`j| A_©vr Kwe †mB me K…l‡Ki
RqMvb MvB‡Qb hviv gvwUi ey‡K dmj djvq|
Î¯Ív aiYx bRivbv †`q Ñ K…l‡Ki `„p KwVb nv‡Zi Ke‡j c‡o c„w_exi gvwU †hb dzj, dj I dm‡ji
Dc‡XŠKb w`‡Z eva¨ nq|
eb¨-k¦vc`-m¼zj Ñ wns¯ª gvsmvkx RxeRš‘‡Z cwic~Y©|
266 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Riv-g„Zz¨-fxlYv aiv Ñ eva©K¨ I g„Zz¨ mgvKxY© fqsKi c„w_ex|

hv‡ì kvm‡b n‡jv my›ì
KzmywgZv g‡bvniv Ñ †hme kÖgwbô †gnbwZ gvby‡li i³ I Nv‡gi wewbg‡q c„w_ex Abycg my›ì,
cy®úgq I g‡bvgy»Ki n‡q D‡V‡Q, Kwe Zv‡ì RqMvb MvB‡Qb|
ee©i Ñ mf¨Zv weKv‡ki Av‡MKvi Avw`g Amf¨ gvbyl|
AKz‡Zvf‡q Ñ wbf©‡q| wbfx©KwP‡Ë|
weei Ñ MZ©| MnŸi|
hvhvei Ñ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó evm¯’vb †bB Ggb åvg¨gvY Rb‡Mvôxwe‡kl|
aiYx-†gwii whï Ñ c„w_ex-gvZvi Av‡Z¥vrmM©Kvix cyÎ| gv †gwii mšÍvb whkywLªó †hgb
gvbe-g½‡ji Rb¨ AvZ¥vûwZ †`b †Zgwb †hme gvbemšÍvb gvby‡l gvby‡l
ˆgÎx, †mŠnv`©¨ I †cÖ‡gi evYx cÖPvi K‡ib Kwe Zv‡ì e›`bv K‡ib|
hvnv‡ì Pjv †j‡M
Dévi gZ Nywi‡Q aiYx
k~‡b¨ AwgZ †e‡M Ñ gnvwe‡k¦ c„w_ex cÖPÐ †e‡M Nyi‡Q| Kwe Kíbv Ki‡Qb hvuiv ¯’weiZvi
weiæ‡×, Pjvi MwZ‡Z Av¯’vevb Zvu‡ì Pjvi MwZ‡ZB †hb c„w_exi GB
MwZ|
AgiveZx Ñ ¯^M©|
hvnviv Kwij aŸsm
mvab cyb PÂjgwZ Ñ Aw¯’i Av‡e‡Mi e‡k hviv cybivq aŸsm K‡i‡Q|
D×Z-wki Ñ hviv mn‡R gv_v †bvqvq bv| `ywe©bxZ|
†Mj ïwl‡Z wm›ay-bxi Ñ mvMi fivU ev wbqš¿Y K‡i bMi-e›ì cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †Mj|
hviv Rxe‡bi cmiv
ewnqv g„Zzï Øv‡i Øv‡i
Kwi‡Z‡Q wdwi Ñ hviv cÖv‡Yi gvqv K‡i bv, g„Zz¨‡K c‡ivqv K‡i bv|
fxg iYf~‡g Ñ fqsKi hy×‡ÿ‡Î|
†e‡` Ñ fviZel© AÂ‡ji hvhvei Rb‡Mvôxwe‡kl|
†e`yCb Ñ Avie †`‡ki hvhvei RvwZwe‡kl|
Mij-wcqvjv Ñ welcvÎ|
wMwi-wbt¯ªve Ñ ce©Z-wbtm„Z Sibv ev b`x|
Rxeb-e›`bv 267
Avlv‡pi wMwi-wbt¯ªve Ñ el©vKv‡j b`x ev Sibvi Rj‡¯ªvZ cÖPÐ MwZkw³ cvq|

ee©i ewj hvnv‡ì Mvwj
cvwoj ÿz`ªgbv Ñ msKxY©wPË †jv‡Kiv †hme K…lK-gRyi‡ì Amf¨ I AwkwÿZ e‡j MvjvMvj
w`‡q‡Q Zv‡ì|
K~c-gÐ~K Ñ Kz‡qvi e¨vO| evB‡ii RMr m¤ú‡K© Ávb †bB Ggb e¨w³| AíÁ|
Amshgx Ñ D”Q…•Lj|
K~c-gÐ~K ÔAmshgxÕi
AvL¨v w`qv‡Q hv‡i Ñ hv‡K AíÁvb I mxgve× `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ÔD”Q…•LjÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvwU bRiæ‡ji ÔmÜ¨vÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| hy‡Mi h_v_© PviYKwe
bRiæ‡ji KweZvq mgKv‡j gvbegyw³i †h D`vË evYx D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZv‡ZI Zvi
my¯úó cÖwZdjb Av‡Q| G KweZvq Kwe Zv‡ì RqMvb MvB‡Qb, hviv KwVb kÖ‡g c„w_ex‡K fwi‡q †`q
dj I dm‡j, hviv g„Zz¨ mgvKxY© AiY¨gq c„w_ex‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q g‡bvig I my›ì, hviv gvbeKj¨v‡Y
AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q‡Q †`‡k †`‡k Kv‡j Kv‡j|
Kwe Zviæ‡Yï †mB kw³‡K e›`bv K‡ib hviv Amxg mvnm I wecyj cÖvYkw³ wb‡q `yj©•N¨ ce©Z Rq K‡i,
mvMi‡K fivU K‡i bMi M‡o, †giæi ey‡K Awfhvb Pvjvq, AvKvk R‡q Qz‡U hvq MÖ‡n MÖnvšÍ‡i|
Kwe gvb‡ei gyw³msMÖv‡g Av¸qvb †mB kw³i RqMvb Mvb, hviv gvbegyw³i c‡_ †Kv‡bv evav gv‡b bv,
wbwØ©avq AvZ¥vûwZ †`q wecøex msMÖv‡g|
msKxY©gbvi `j G‡ì D”Q…•Lj e‡j AvL¨v w`‡jI Kwei Kv‡Q G‡ì gwngv Amxg| wZwb AKzÉ wP‡Ë
G‡ìB RqMvb iPbv K‡ib|
ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvwU 6 gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| †kl Ac~Y© ce© 2 gvÎvi| bRiæ‡ji GKwU wcÖq
Q›` GB 6 gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q›`| Zuvi eû KweZv GB Q‡›` iwPZ|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. we‡`ªvnx KweZvwU cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq cªKvwkZ nq?
K. PµevK L. weRjx
M. a~g‡KZz N. behyM
2. ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvq Kwe kÖgRxex‡ì RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb, KviY Zviv−
K. LyeB cwikÖgx L. `wi`ª, Amnvq
M. AvaywbK mf¨Zvi wbg©vZv N. KvD‡K c‡ivqv K‡ib bv
268 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

†Zvgv‡i †mwe‡Z nBj hvnviv gRyi gy‡U I Kzwj
†Zvgv‡i ewn‡Z hvnviv cweÎ A‡½ jvMvj a~wj
ZvivB gvbyl ZvivB †èZv Mvwn Zvnv‡ì Mvb
Zv‡ìB e¨w_Z e‡ÿ cv †d‡j Av‡m be DÌvb
3. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡eï mv‡_ ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvi msMwZc~Y© PiY−
i. kÖg-wKYv¼-KwVb hv‡ì wb`©q gywVZ‡j
Î¯Ív aiYx bR&ivbv †`q Wvwj f‡i dz‡j d‡j|
ii. bexb RMr mÜv‡b hviv Qz‡U †giæ-Awfhv‡b,
cÿ euvwaqv Dwoqv P‡j‡Q hvnviv EaŸ©cv‡b|
iii. Zvwi Z‡i fvB Mvb i‡P hvB, e›`bv Kwi Zv‡i|
4. ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q−
K. Zviæ‡Yï Rq Mvb L. gvbe gyw³i D`vË evYx
M. kÖgRxex‡ì Amnvq‡Z¡i eY©bv N. ZviæY¨ kw³i mvnwmKZvi eY©bv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Kvwkgcy‡i †Pqvig¨vb mv‡n‡ei †g‡qi we‡q Dcj‡ÿ¨ weivU Av‡qvRb| GjvKvi abx-Mwie mevB
G‡m‡Qb `vIq‡Z| `wi`ª K…lK †mwjg wgqvI †g‡q †mwjbv I †Q‡j mygb‡K wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| wKš‘
wecwË NUj myg‡bi nvZ †_‡K c‡o GKwU Møvm †f‡O hvIqvq| †Pqvig¨vb mv‡n‡ei ¯¿x wPrKvi K‡i
evwo gv_vq Zz‡j ej‡jb− ÒGme Amf¨ †QvU‡jvK‡ì `vIqvZ †ÌqvB fzj n‡q‡Q|Ó †Pqvig¨vb
Zv‡K _vgv‡bvi †Póv K‡i ej‡jb, ÒGivB‡Zv Avgv‡ì fvM¨ wbqšÍv| G‡ì Kvi‡YB Avgiv GZ myL
Avi cÖvPzh© †c‡qwQ|Ó wZwb mygb I †mwjbv‡K ey‡K Rwo‡q Avì Ki‡jb Ges †mwj‡gi Kv‡Q ¯¿xi
AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ `ytL cÖKvk Ki‡jb|
K. ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvq Kwe wb‡R‡K Kx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb?
L. Ôdm‡ji digvbÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. †Pqvig¨v‡bi ¯¿x ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZvq ewY©Z †h gvbwmKZvi cwiPq enb K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ gvbwmKZvB GB KweZvi g~jmyi− we‡kølY Ki|
mvgëv`x 269
mvgëv`x
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
Kwe-cwiwPwZ : ÒRxeb-e›`bvÓ KweZv As‡k `ªóe¨
Mvwn mv‡gï Mvb−
†hLv‡b Avwmqv GK n‡q †M‡Q me evav-eëavb,
†hLv‡b wg‡k‡Q wn›`y-†eŠ×-gymwjg wµðvb|
Mvwn mv‡gï Mvb!
†K Zzwg?− cvwm©? ˆRb? Bûw`? muvIZvj, fxj, Mv‡iv?
Kb&&dzwmqvm&? Pve©vK−†Pjv? e‡j hvI, ej AviI!
eÜz, hv Lywk nI,
†c‡U-wc‡V, Kuv‡a-gM‡R hv-Lywk cuyw_ I †KZve eI,
†Kvivb-cyivY-†e`-†e`všÍ-evB‡ej-wÎwcUK−
†R›`v‡e¯Ív-MÖš’-mv‡ne c‡o hvI hZ mL, −
wKš‘ †Kb G cÐkÖg, gM‡R nvwbQ k~j?
†`vKv‡b †Kb G ì-KlvKwl? − c‡_ †dv‡U ZvRv dzj!
†Zvgv‡Z i‡q‡Q mKj †KZve mKj Kv‡ji Ávb,
mKj kv¯¿ Lyu‡R cv‡e mLv Ly‡j †`L wbR cÖvY!
†Zvgv‡Z i‡q‡Q mKj ag©, mKj hyMveZvi,
†Zvgvi ü`q wek¦-†`Dj mK‡ji †èZvi|
†Kb Lyu‡R †di †èZv-VvKzi g„Z-cyuw_ÑK¼v‡j?
nvwm‡Qb wZwb Ag„Z-wnqvi wbf…Z AšÍiv‡j!
eÜz, ewjwb SzU,
GBLv‡b G‡m jyUvBqv c‡o mKj ivRgyKzU
GB ü`qB †m bxjvPj, Kvkx, g_yiv, e„›`veb,
ey×-Mqv G, †RiæRv‡jg G, gw`bv, Kvev-feb,
gm&&wR` GB, gw›ì GB, wMR©v GB ü`q,
GBLv‡b e‡m Cmv gymv †cj m‡Zï cwiPq|
GB iY-f~‡g euvwki wK‡kvi Mvwn‡jb gnv-MxZv,
270 mvwnZ¨ cvV
GB gv‡V n‡jv †g‡li ivLvj bweiv †Lv`vi wgZv|

GB ü`‡qi a¨vb-¸nv gv‡S ewmqv kvK¨gywb
Z¨wRj ivR¨ gvb‡ei gnv-†e`bvi WvK ïwb|
GB K›`‡i Avie-`yjvj ïwb‡Zb AvnŸvb,
GBLv‡b ewm Mvwn‡jb wZwb †Kviv‡bi mvg-Mvb!
wg_¨v ïwbwb fvB,
GB ü`‡qi †P‡q e‡ov †Kv‡bv gw›ì-Kvev bvB|
kãv_© I UxKv
mvg¨ Ñ mg`wk©Zv| mgZv|
mvgëv` Ñ RvwZ ag© eY© wbwe©‡k‡l iv‡óªi mKj gvby‡li mgvb AwaKvi _vKv DwPZ
GB gZev`|
cvwm© Ñ cvim¨‡`‡ki ev Biv‡bi bvMwiK|
ˆRb Ñ wRb ev gnvexi cÖwZwôZ ag©gZvej¤^x RvwZ|
Bnyw` Ñ cÖvPxb wneªæ ev Ry-RvwZ I ag©-m¤úª`v‡qi gvbyl|
muvIZvj, fxj Ñ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Avw`g b„‡Mvôxwe‡kl|
Mv‡iv Ñ Mv‡iv ce©Z AÂ‡ji Awaevmx| ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxwe‡kl|
Kb&&dzwmqvm Ñ Pxbv `vk©wbK| GLv‡b Zuvi Abymvix‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Pve©vK Ñ GKRb e¯‘ev`x `vk©wbK I gywb| wZwb †e`, AvZ¥v, ci‡jvK BZ¨vw`‡Z
Av¯’vkxj wQ‡jb bv|
†R›`v‡e¯Ív Ñ cvi‡mï AwMœ DcvmK‡ì ag©MÖš’ Av‡e¯Ív Ges Zvi fvlv †R›`v|
mKj kv¯¿ ... †`L wbR cÖvY Ñ Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x‡ì cÖavb ag©MÖš’ †Kvivb kwid, wn›`y‡ì †e`, wLªóvb
m¤úª`v‡qi evB‡ej−Gfv‡e c„w_exi bvbv RvwZi bvbv ag©MÖš’| Kwe
GLv‡b ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb mKj ag©MÖ‡š’i g~jgš¿ gvby‡li ü`‡qi g‡a¨B
msKwjZ Av‡Q Zv n‡”Q gvbeZv‡eva, mgZvi `„wófw½|
hyMveZvi Ñ wewfbœ hy‡M AeZxY© gnvcyiæl ev AveZvi|
†`Dj Ñ †èvjq| gw›ì|
SzU Ñ wg_¨v|
bxjvPj Ñ RMbœv_‡ÿÎ| bxjeY©hy³ cvnvo| †h wekvj cvnv‡oi cwimxgv wba©viY
Kiv hvq bv|
Kvkx, g_yiv, e„›`veb, Mqv Ñ wn›`y‡ì agx©q K‡qKwU cweÎ ¯’vb|
†RiæRv‡jg Ñ evqZzj-†gvKvÏm| wdwjw¯Í‡b Aew¯’Z GB ¯’vbwU gymjgvb, wLªóvb I
Bnyw`‡ì wbKU mgfv‡e cyY¨¯’vb|
mvgëv`x 271
gmwR` GB ... GB ü`q Ñ gvby‡li ü`qB gmwR`, gw›ì wMR©v ev Ab¨vb¨ Zx_©‡ÿ‡Îi g‡Zv
cweÎ|
euvwki wK‡kvi Mvwn‡jb
gnv-MxZv Ñ wn›`ya‡g©i AeZvi kÖxK…‡òi gyLwbtm„Z evYxB kÖxg`&&fMe`&&MxZv|
kvK¨gywb Ñ kvKes‡k Rb¥ hvi| ey×‡è|
K›`‡i Ñ ce©‡Zi ¸nv| (ü`‡qi) Mfxi †Mvcb ¯’vb|
Avie-`yjvj Ñ Avie mšÍvb| GLv‡b nRiZ gyn¤§` (m) †K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
†Kviv‡bi mvg-Mvb Ñ cweÎ †Kviv‡bi mv‡gï evYx|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ave`yj Kvwì m¤úvw`Z evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ÔbRiæj iPbvewjÕi cÖ_g LÐ †_‡K Òmvgëv`xÓ
KweZvwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1925 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ Ômvgëv`xÕ Kv‡eï AšÍf©y³ G KweZvwU‡Z
êlg¨wenxb Amv¤úª`vwqK gvbe mgvR MV‡bi cÖZ¨vkv e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Kwe GB Ômv‡gï MvbÕ †M‡qB †MvUv
gvbe mgvR‡K HKë× Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| Kwei wek¦vm gvbyl wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q cwiwPZ n‡q IVvi †P‡q
m¤§v‡bi Avi wKQy n‡Z cv‡i bv| bRiæ‡ji GB Av`k© AvRI cÖwZwU mwZ¨Kvi gvby‡li Rxebc‡_i
†cÖiYv| wKš‘ gvbyl GLbI m¤cÖ`vq‡K eënvi K‡i ivRbxwZ Ki‡Q, gvbyl‡K †kvlY Ki‡Q, G‡Ki weiæ‡×
Ab¨‡K D‡¯‹ w`‡”Q| ag©-eY©-†Mvôxi †`vnvB w`‡q gvbyl‡K ci¯úi †_‡K `~‡i †V‡j w`‡”Q| bRiæj GB
KweZvq my¯úófv‡e ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb : Ògvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M©-biK gvby‡l‡Z myivmyiÓ| ZvB wZwb
†Rvi †`b AšÍi-a‡g©i Ici| ag©MÖš’ c‡o †h Ávb gvbyl AvniY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K h‡_vchy³fv‡e
Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb cÖMvp gvbweKZv‡eva| gvby‡li ü`‡qi †P‡q †h †kÖô †Kv‡bv Zx_© †bB, GB
cÖZxwZ Kwei †¯^vcvwR©Z Abyfe| G Kvi‡YB Kwe gvbweK †gjeÜ‡bi GK Ac~e© msMxZ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z
AvMÖnx| G Mv‡b gvby‡l gvby‡l me eëavb Ny‡P hv‡e| gvbeZvi myevm Qov‡bv AvZ¥vi D‡Øva‡bi ga¨ w`‡q
GB Rxeb‡K cweÎZg K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e, GB gg©evYx‡K mK‡ji gv‡S Qwo‡q †ÌqvB GB KweZvq
bRiæ‡ji Awš^ó|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ô†R›`vÕ GKwU−
K. MÖš’ L. RvwZ
M. e¨w³ N. fvlv
2. g„Z cuyw_-K¼vj K_vwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. cyi‡bv eB cy¯ÍK L. gvby‡li K¼vj
M. AZxZ BwZnvm N. cyi‡bv a¨vb-aviYv
272 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

cÖxwZ I †cÖ‡gi c~Y© evua‡b
h‡e wgwj ci¯ú‡i
¯^M© Avwmqv `vuovq ZLb
Avgv‡ì Kzu‡o N‡i|
3. DÏxc‡K Òmvgëv`xÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤úªxwZi evYx
ii. Amv¤úª`vwqKZvi evYx
iii. cvi¯úwiK fv‡jvevmvi evYx
4| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K mvgëv`x Kwe ejv nq, KviY wZwb−
i. bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv †P‡q‡Qb
ii. abx-Mwi‡ei mgZvq wek¦vmx wQ‡jb
iii. agx©q we‡f` fz‡j †h‡Z e‡j‡Qb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ïavI Avgv‡K ÒGZ`~i Zzwg †Kvb †cÖiYvq G‡j
Z‡e Zzwg eywS evOvwj RvwZi exRgš¿wU †kvb bvB
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Ó
GK mv‡_ AvwQ GKmv‡_ evuwP AviI GKmv‡_ _vKeB
me we‡f‡ì †iLv gy‡Q w`‡q mv‡gï Qwe AvuKeB|
K. ÔhyMveZviÕ A_© Kx?
L. Kwe †Kb mv‡gï Mvb †M‡q‡Qb?
M. DÏxc‡K Òmvgëv`xÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q?− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔDwÏó w`KwU ü`‡q jvjb Kivi gva¨‡g Avgiv my›ì-myLx-mg„× mgvR M‡o Zzj‡Z cvie|Õ− we‡kølY
Ki|
GB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡Q
Rxebvb›` `vk
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
AvaywbK evsjv Kv‡eï Ab¨Zg †kªô Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk| 1899 mv‡ji 17B †deªæqvwi wZwb ewikv‡j Rb¥
MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv mZ¨vb›` `vk wQ‡jb ewikvj eªR‡gvnb ¯‹z‡ji cªavb wkÿK Ges gv KzmygKzgvix `vk
wQ‡jb †mKv‡ji weL¨vZ Kwe| gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K wZwb KweZv †jLvi †cÖiYv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| ¯^í mg‡qi
Rb¨ wewfbœ †ckv Aej¤^b Ki‡jI g~jZ Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡eB wZwb Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib|
Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk KweZvq m~² I Mfxi Abyf‡ei GK RMr ˆZwi K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgevsjvi wbm‡M©i
†h Qwe wZwb Gu‡K‡Qb, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zvi Zzjbv P‡j bv| †mB wbm‡M©i m‡½ Abyfe I †ev‡ai eûZi gvÎv
hy³ n‡q Zuvi nv‡Z Abb¨mvaviY KweZvwkí iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GB AmvaviY Kve¨‰ewkó¨‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
ÔwPÎi~cgqÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov e¨w³gvby‡li wbtm½Zv, AvaywbK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ hš¿Yv I
nvnvKvi Ges m‡e©vcwi Rxeb I RM‡Zi inm¨ I gvnvZ¥¨ mÜv‡b wZwb GK AcÖwZg Kwefvlv m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
ey×‡è emy Zuv‡K AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb ÔwbR©bZg KweÕ e‡j| Dcgv, wPÎKí, cÖZxK m„Rb, Av‡jv-Auvav‡ii
eënvi, i‡Oi eënvi Ges Abyf‡ei wewPÎ gvÎvi eënv‡i Zuvi KweZv jvf K‡i‡Q AmvaviYZ¡| Zuvi
wbmM©welqK KweZv evOvwji RvwZmËv weKv‡ki Av‡›`vj‡b I 1971-Gi gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki msMÖvgx
RbZv‡K Zxeªfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| K_vmvwnwZ¨K I cÖvewÜK wn‡m‡eI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi we‡kl ¯’vb
i‡q‡Q| Rxebvb‡›ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔSiv cvjKÕ, Ôa~mi cvÐywjwcÕ, ÔebjZv †mbÕ, Ôgnvc„w_exÕ,
Ô†ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejvÕ, Ôi~cmx evsjvÕ| ÔKweZvi K_vÕ Zuvi cÖeÜMÖš’ Ges ÔgvjëvbÕ I ÔmyZx_©Õ Zuvi weL¨vZ
`yBwU Dcb¨vm |
Rxebvb›` `vk 1954 wLªóv‡ãi 22G A‡±vei KjKvZvq Uªvg `yN©Ubvq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
GB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡QÑme‡P‡q my›ì KiæY :
†mLv‡b meyR WvOv fÕ‡i Av‡Q gayK~cx Nv‡m Aweij;
†mLv‡b Mv‡Qi bvg : KuvVvj, Ak¦Ì, eU, Rviæj, wnRj;
†mLv‡b †fv‡ii †g‡N bvUvi i‡Oi g‡Zv RvwM‡Q AiæY;
†mLv‡b eviæYx _v‡K M½vmvM‡ii ey‡KÑ†mLv‡b eiæY
KY©dzjx a‡jk¦ix cÙv Rjv½x‡i †`q Aweij Rj;
†mBLv‡b k•LwPj cv‡bi e‡bi g‡Zv nvIqvq PÂj,
†mBLv‡b j²x‡cuPv av‡bi M‡Üi g‡Zv AùzU, ZiæY;
†mLv‡b †jeyi kvLv by‡q _v‡K AÜKv‡i Nv‡mi Dci;
my`k©b D‡o hvq N‡i Zvi AÜKvi mÜ¨vi evZv‡m;
†mLv‡b njy` kvwo †j‡M _v‡K iƒcmxi kix‡ii ÕciÑ
k•Lgvjv bvg Zvi : G wekvj c„w_exi †Kv‡bv b`x Nv‡m
Zv‡i Avi Lyu‡R Zzwg cv‡e bv‡KvÑwekvjvÿx w`‡qwQj ei,
ZvB-†m-R‡b¥‡Q bxj evsjvi Nvm Avi av‡bi wfZi|
kãv_© I UxKv
GB c„w_ex‡Z...my›ì KiæY Ñ Kwei †Pv‡L mgMÖ c„w_exi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q my›ì, ggZvi‡m
wm³, mnvbyf~wZ‡Z Av`ª© I welYœ †`k evsjv‡`k|
bvUv Ñ jZvKiÂ; †MvjvKvi ÿz`ª dj ev Zvi exR|
274 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†mLv‡b †fv‡ii...RvwM‡Q AiæY Ñ evsjvi cÖfv‡Zi †mŠ›`h© I inm¨gqZv AvuK‡Z wM‡q †fv‡i
†g‡Ni Avovj †_‡K Mvp jvj m~‡h©i Av‡jv we”QziY †hb aviY
K‡i‡Q KigPv ev KigPv dz‡ji is|
eviæYx Ñ eiæYvbx| eiæ‡Yi ¯¿x| R‡ji †èx|
†mLv‡b eviæYx _v‡K...Aweij Rj Ñ R‡j cwic~Y© G‡`‡ki AmsL¨ b`x-bvjvi †mªvZavivi cÖv‰Yk¦h©
I †mŠ›`‡h©i i~c AvuKv n‡q‡Q GB cO&w³ `ywUi g‡a¨|
†mBLv‡b k•LwPj ... AùzU, ZiæY Ñ Rxeb Avi cÖK…wZi HK¨ I msnwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k GKvKvi|
cv‡bi ei‡R nvIqvq †h PÂjZv †R‡M I‡V †mB PÂjZv
m¤úÖmvwiZ nq `~i AvKv‡ki k•LwP‡ji Wvbvq| Avi wgwó I
wgªqgvY av‡bi M‡Üi g‡Zv j²x‡cuPvI wg‡jwg‡k _v‡K
cÖK…wZi GKvšÍ cwi‡eóbx‡Z|
wekvjvÿx Ñ †h igYxi †PvL AvqZ I UvbvUvbv| GLv‡b AvqZ‡jvPbv †èx
`yM©vi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
my`k©b Ñ GK ai‡bi †cvKv|
ei Ñ GLv‡b Avkxe©v` A‡_© eëüZ|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
AmvaviY Abb¨ my›ì GB †`k| cÖKw… Zi †mŠ›`‡h©i Ggb jxjvf~wg c„w_exi †Kv_vI †bB Avi| AmsL¨ e„ÿ, ¸j¥
Qwo‡q Av‡Q G‡`‡ki Rbc‡`-Ai‡Y¨| gayKc ~ x, KvuVvj, Ak¦Ì, eU, Rviæj, wnRj Zv‡ìB †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bvwUi
bvg| G‡`‡ki c~ev© Kv‡k hLb m~h© I‡V †g‡Ni Avovj †_‡K Zvi is nq KiÄv iwOb| Avi G‡`‡ki cÖwZwU
b`-b`x f‡i _v‡K ¯^”Q R‡j| †mB Rj dzivq bv KLbB| R‡ji †èZv Awbt‡kl Rjaviv w`‡q †mªvZw¯^bx iv‡L
G‡`‡ki AmsL¨ b`x‡K| cÖKw… Z Avi cÖvwYKy‡ji eÜ‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q wPi-Awe‡”Q`¨ GK msnwZ| ZvB nvIqv hLb
cv‡bi e‡b PÂjZv RvMvq ZLb `~i AvKv‡ki k•LwPj †hb PÂj n‡q I‡V| Avi av‡bi M‡Üi g‡Zv AùzU
j²x‡cuPvI wg‡k _v‡K cÖKw… Zi Mfx‡i, AÜKv‡ii wewPÎi~c GB †`‡k| AÜKvi Nv‡mi Ici by‡q _v‡K †jeyi
kvLv wKsev AÜKvi mÜ¨vi evZv‡m my`k©b D‡o hvq| Rb¥ †`q k•Lgvjv bv‡gi iƒcmx bvixi njy` kvwoi
eY©‡kvfv| Kwei wek¦vm, c„w_exi Ab¨ †Kv_vI k•Lgvjv‡ì cvIqv hv‡e bv| †Kbbv wekvjvÿx ei w`‡qwQj
e‡jB bxj-mey‡R †gkv evsjvi f~-cÖKw… Zi g‡a¨ GB Abycg †mŠ›`h© m„wó n‡q‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ Dcb¨vm †KvbwU?
K. KweZvi K_v L. a~mi cvÐywjwc
M. gnvc„w_ex N. gvjëvb
2. Ômy›ì KiæYÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
i . mvaviY †mŠ›`h©
ii . †e`bvgwjb †mŠ›`h©
iii . `yt‡Li gv‡SI †mŠ›`h©
GB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡Q 275

GBPGmwm cv‡mi ci cov‡kvbvi Rb¨ KvbvWv cvwo Rgvq ˆmKZ| wKš‘ Zvi gb‡K mvivÿY Av”Qbœ
K‡i iv‡L ¯^‡`‡k †i‡L hvIqv †QvU MÖvg, †mLvbKvi Av¤ªKvbb, we¯Í…Z avb‡ÿZ| Zvi fvlvq ¯^‡M©i
†P‡qI †kÖô Zvi wcÖq ¯^‡`k|
3. ˆmK‡Zi Abyf~wZ ÒGB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡QÓ KweZvi wb‡Pi †h †h Pi‡Y we`¨gvb Zv n‡jvÑ
i. GB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡QÑme‡P‡q my›ì KiæY
ii. †mLv‡b Mv‡Qi bvg : KuvVvj, Ak¦Ì, eU, Rviæj wnRj
iii. ZvB-†m-R‡b¥‡Q bxj evsjvi Nvm Avi av‡bi wfZi
4. D³ Abyf~wZi cÖavb kw³ Kx?
K. ¯^‡`k‡cÖg
L. we‡`kcÖxwZ
M. ¯§„wZKvZiZv
N. ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. Ggb w¯œ» b`x Kvnvi †Kv_vq Ggb a~¤ª cvnvo
†Kv_vq Ggb nwir‡ÿÎ AvKvk Z‡j †g‡k
Ggb av‡bi Ici †XD †L‡j hvq evZvm Kvnvi †`‡k|
2. AuvwL †g‡j †Zvgvi Av‡jv
cÖ_g Avgvi †PvL Ryov‡jv
IB Av‡jv‡Z bqb †i‡L gyè bqb †k‡l|
K. Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Kve¨‰ewkó¨‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Kx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb?
L. ÔRjv½x‡i †`q Aweij RjÕÑ K_vwUi Øviv Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Dfq As‡k †Kvb we‡kl w`KwU ÒGB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡QÓ KweZvq Dcw¯’Z Zv e¨vL¨v
Ki|
N. D³ we‡kl w`KwU ÒGB c„w_ex‡Z GK ¯’vb Av‡QÓ KweZvi cÖvY Dw³wUi hv_v_©¨ wePvi Ki|
bZzb KweZv
RmxgD`&&`xb
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
RmxgD`&&`xb dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g gvZzjvj‡q 1903 wLªóv‡ãi c‡njv Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui
evevi bvg AvbmviDÏxb †gvjøv Ges gv‡qi bvg Avwgbv LvZzb| Zvui ˆcwÎK wbevm dwi`cy‡ii †Mvwe›`cyi
MÖv‡g| dwi`cyi iv‡R›`ª K‡jR †_‡K AvBG I weG cvm Kivi ci KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv
I mvwn‡Z¨ GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| K‡j‡R Aa¨qb Kv‡j ÔÔKeiÕÕ KweZv iPbv K‡i wZwb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib
Ges QvÎve¯’vqB KweZvwU ¯‹zj cvV¨MÖ‡š’ AšÍf©y³ nq|
RmxgD`&&`xb Ôcwjø-KweÕ wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiæ‡Z wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wKQzKvj
Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i miKv‡ii cÖPvi I Rbms‡hvM wefv‡M D”Pc‡` Avmxb nb| cwjøRxeb Zvui KweZvi
cÖavb DcRxe¨| evsjvi MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi Aven, mnR-mij cÖvK…wZK iƒc Dchy³ kã Dcgv I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
Zuvi Kv‡e¨ GK Abb¨ mvaviY gvÎvq g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q| Zvui weL¨vZ ÔbKmx Kvu_vi gvVÕ Kve¨wU wewfbœ we‡`wk
fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ RbwcÖq I mgv`„Z MÖš’ n‡”Q : Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ, ÔevjyPiÕ,
Ôavb‡LZÕ, ÔiwOjv bv‡qi gvwSÕ| mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi iex›`ªfviZx wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K
m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i|
RmxgD`&&`xb 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 14B gvP© XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
ivgaby‡i ai‡Z cvwi i‡Oi gvqvq,

aie bv Zv :
weRwj G‡b fi‡Z cvwi i‡Oi LuvPvq
Avbe bv Zv|
AuvKwk w`‡q cvo‡Z cvwi Puv‡ì Pz‡gv,
Qovi b~cyi evwR‡q †Zvgvq Ki‡Z cvwi Ny‡gvNy‡gv;
cvZvjcyixi ivRK‡b¨ mvZ gvwb‡Ki cÖ`xc R¦vwj,
Nyg Nywg‡q Ny‡gi †`‡k Nygjx ¯^cb nvm‡Q Lvwj,
Gme K_v Qovq †Mu‡_ ej‡Z cvwi,
eje bv Zv,
cvwLi cvLvq wjLb Zv‡i wjL‡Z cvwi,
wjLe bv Zv;
wjLe AvwR Zv‡ì K_v, K_v hviv ej‡Z bv‡i,
GKk nv‡Z gvi‡Q hv‡ì mgvR-bxwZ nvRvi gv‡i|
bZzb KweZv 277
bv dzwU‡Z co‡Q S‡i wkï-Kzmyg hv‡ì †Kv‡j,

c‡j c‡j gi‡Q hviv Abvnv‡ii wPZvq R¦‡j;
wjLe AvwR Zv‡ì K_v, †PvL _vK‡Z AÜ hviv,
AÜ hviv− eÜ hviv R¨všÍ g„Z cïi cviv;
AÁ wcZv mšÍv‡b‡i AÁvbZvi Uvb‡Q Kvivq,
g~L© gvZv †Q‡ji gy‡L Avcb nv‡Z wel Zz‡j `¨vq|
Zv‡ì K_v wjLe Avwg wjLe AvwR Av¸b w`‡q,
wjLe AvwR S‡oi iv‡Zi AÆnvwm weRwj wb‡q|
wjLe AvwR eRª w`‡q aŸsm-cvwLi cÖjq cvLvq,
wjLe AvwR †mvqvi n‡q Rxeb`v‡bi i³‡Nvovq|
bMi Qvov kni Qvov AÁvbZvi AÜKviv,
hy‡Mi hy‡Mi AZ¨vPv‡i wZ‡j wZ‡j gi‡Q hviv|
Avkv-nviv fvlv-nviv my`~i Muv‡qi GKwU †Kv‡Y,
†ivM, e¨vwa Avi †kvlYKvix, mgvb hy‡S mevi m‡b;
AvR‡K i‡Y K¬všÍ n‡q, wbe©vwmZ fvBiv Avgvi,
MY‡Q K‡i evwK Av‡Q giY-Ny‡gi Kw`b ev Avi|
hve Avwg Zv‡ì Kv‡Q eje †W‡K, fvBiv I‡i,
AvKvkfiv k~b¨Zv‡i G‡bwQ AvR e‡ÿ a‡i|
kãv_© I UxKv
i‡Oi LuvPvq Ñ iO w`‡q ˆZwi KvVv‡gv|
AuvKwk Ñ MvQ †_‡K dzjdj msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eµgyL wewkó miæ j¤^v `Ð|
Nygjx ¯^cb Ñ Nyg-Nyg ¯^cœ|
†PvL _vK‡Z AÜ hviv Ñ wbiÿi| cÖvwZôvwbK ÁvbPP©vq wcwQ‡q _vKv gvbyl|
cïi cviv Ñ cïi b¨vq| hviv cïi g‡Zv Rxeb-hvcb K‡i|
AÁvbZvi Uvb‡Q Kvivq Ñ AÁvbZv I g~L©Zvi KvivMv‡i ew›` K‡i ivL‡Q|
wjLe AvwR Av¸b w`‡q Ñ AwMœÿiv evYx w`‡q| we‡`ªv‡ni fvlv w`‡q Kwe Zv‡ì K_v wjL‡eb|
S‡oi iv‡Zi AÆnvwm
weRwj wb‡q Ñ S‡o iv‡Z fqvj aŸsmhÁ I ZvÐ‡ei g‡a¨ †hgb we`y¨‡Zi Av‡jv
R¡‡j I‡V, †Zgwb †mB we`y¨‡Zi Av‡jv wb‡q wZwb wbcxwoZ gvby‡li
`ytL-eÂbvi K_v wjL‡eb|
278 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eRª w`‡q aŸsm cvwLi

cÖjq cvLvq Ñ †h cvwL Zvi cvLvq eRª cÖjq Zz‡j aŸsm †W‡K Av‡b Kwe Zvi
cvLvq eRª w`‡q bZzb KweZv wjL‡eb|
Rxeb `v‡bi i³‡Nvovq Ñ †h †ZwR †Nvov wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K DrmM© Kivi Rb¨ Qz‡U P‡j|
bMi Qvov kni Qvov Ñ bMi-kn‡ii evB‡i|
AÁvbZvi AÜKviv Ñ wbiÿZvi AÜKvi iƒc KvivMvi|
hy‡Mi hy‡Mi AZ¨vPv‡i Ñ `xN©Kvje¨vcx AZ¨vPv‡i|
Avkv-nviv, fvlv-nviv Ñ hv‡ì g‡b GKUzKz Avkv †bB, wb‡Ri `ytL-†e`bv cÖKvk Kivi fvlv
†bB, AwaKvi †bB|
†ivM-e¨vwa Avi †kvlYKvix Ñ MÖv‡gi Ae‡nwjZ gvbyl GKw`‡K †hgb †ivMe¨vwai m‡½ hy× Ki‡Q
†Zgwb hy× Ki‡Q †kvlYKvix GK †kÖwYi ÿgZvevb gvby‡li weiæ‡×|
i‡Y-K¬všÍ n‡q Ñ Rxebhy‡× ch©y`¯Í n‡q|
giY-Ny‡gi Ñ g„Zzï|
AvKvkfiv k~b¨Zv Ñ wekvj AvKv‡ki D`vi-gyw³i evZ©v|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Kwe Kíbv I ¯^‡cœi gvayix w`‡q AvuKv KweZv Avi wjL‡eb bv| i‡Oi mvZwU cvLvq AvuKv †h iOaby wZwb
Zv‡K g‡bi is w`‡q AvuK‡Z cv‡ib, Kíbvi nvZQvwb‡Z ai‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ GLb Avi ai‡eb bv|
†Zgwbfv‡e Puv‡ì gayi †RvQbvi †mŠ›`h© wb‡q cvZvjcyixi ivRKb¨vi Mí wb‡qI Avi KweZv wjL‡eb
bv| Qovq Qovq A‡bK Q‡›ì myi Zzj‡Z cv‡ib ZvI wZwb Ki‡eb bv| mgv‡Ri hviv wbcxwoZ, hviv
cÖwZwbqZ `wjZ n‡”Q Zv‡ì Rb¨ Kwe bZzb KweZv wjL‡eb| †h dzj bv dzU‡Z AÁv‡Z Ae‡njvq S‡i
hv‡”Q, dz‡ji g‡Zv †mme gvbe wkïi K_v wZwb wjL‡eb| hviv †PvL _vK‡ZI AÜ, hviv wbiÿi, g~L©,
Amnvq, we`y¨‡Zi SjK w`‡q, we‡`ªv‡ni fvlv w`‡q wZwb Zv‡ì K_v wjL‡eb| Kwe Zv‡ì Rb¨ wjL‡eb
Ab¨ avivi bZzb KweZv| Zv‡ì †kvbv‡eb eyKfiv Avkvi evYx|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. RmxgD`&`x‡bi †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’wU wewfbœ we‡`wk fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q?
K. †mvRb evw`qvi NvU L. bKmx Kuv_vi gvV
M. iwOjv bv‡qi gvwS N. evjyPi
2. ÒAvwg wjLe AvwR Av¸b w`‡qÓ−ÒAv¸b w`‡qÓ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb?
K. Abj evYx L. cÖPÐ cÖwZev`
M. ev¯ÍeZv N. me©kw³
bZzb KweZv 279
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

mvwn‡Zï Avb‡›ì †fv‡R
wb‡R hv cvwi bv w`‡Z, wbZ¨ Avwg _vwK Zvwi †Luv‡R|
3. Dfq Kwei g‡a¨ wgj cvIqv hvq−
i. AZ…wß‡Z
ii. cÖZ¨vkvq
iii. cÖvwß‡Z
4. Dch©y³ wg‡ji h_v_©¨ cwijwÿZ nq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y?
K. Z…ß n‡Z bv cvi‡j AZ…wß †_‡KB hv‡e| L. gvbyl hv cvq Zv Pvq bv|
M. cÖ‡qvRbB Avwe®‹v‡ii Rbbx| N. GKR‡bi c‡ÿ mevB‡K Lywk Kiv m¤¢e bq|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†n gnvRxeb, Avi G Kve¨ bq
Gevi KwVb, K‡Vvi M`¨ Av‡bv,
c` jvwjZ¨ S¼vi gy‡Q hvK
M‡`ï Kov nvZzwo‡K AvR nv‡bv|
cÖ‡qvRb †bB KweZvi w¯œ»Zv−
KweZv †Zvgvq w`‡jg AvwR‡K QzwU,
ÿzavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq
c~wY©gvi Puv` †hb Sjmv‡bv iæwU|
K. †K †Q‡ji gy‡L Avcb nv‡Z wel Zz‡j †`q?
L. ÒAvKvk fiv k~b¨Zv‡i G‡bwQ AvR e‡ÿ a‡iÓ− Dw³wU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z…Zxq cO&w³wU‡Z ÒbZzb KweZvÓi †Kvb w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?
N. DÏxcKwU ÒbZzb KweZvÓi m¤ú~Y© fve‡K aviY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb− hvPvB Ki|
Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b
mywdqv Kvgvj
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
mywdqv Kvgvj evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó gwnjv Kwe I bvix Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cw_K…r| Zvui Rb¥ 1911 wLªóv‡ãi
20G Ryb ewikv‡j| Zvui ˆcZ…K wbevm Kzwgjøvq| Kwei wcZvi bvg ˆmq` Ave`yj evix Ges gv‡qi bvg
mv‡eiv †eMg| †h mg‡q mywdqv Kvgv‡ji Rb¥ ZLb evOvwj gymjgvb bvix‡ì KvUv‡Z n‡Zv M„new›` Rxeb|
¯‹zj K‡j‡R covi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM Zv‡ì wQj bv| IB weiæ× cwi‡e‡k mywdqv Kvgvj cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvi
my‡hvM cvbwb| cvwievwiK bvbv DÌvb cZ‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb ¯^wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡q‡Qb| ZviB g‡a¨ wZwb evsjv
fvlv I mvwn‡Zï PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©Kv‡j mvwnZ¨ mvabv I bvix Av‡›`vj‡b eªZx n‡q wZwb
ïay Kwe wn‡m‡eB eiYxq nbwb, Rbbx m¤¢vl‡Y f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
mywdqv Kvgv‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡”Q : Ômuv‡Si gvqvÕ, Ôgvqv KvRjÕ, Ô†Kqvi KuvUvÕ, ÔD`vË c„w_exÕ BZ¨vw`|
GQvovI wZwb Mí, ågYKvwnwb, cÖeÜ I ¯§„wZK_v wj‡L‡Qb| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, bvwmi
DÏxb ¯^Y©c`Kmn wewfbœ c`‡K f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb wZwb|
mywdqv Kvgvj 1999 wLªóv‡ãi 20G b‡f¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Ò†n Kwe, bxie †Kb dv¸b †h G‡m‡Q aivq,

em‡šÍ ewiqv Zzwg j‡e bv wK Ze e›`bvq?Ó
Kwnj †m w¯œ» AuvwL ZzwjÑ
Ò`wÿY `yqvi †M‡Q Lywj?
evZvwe †beyi dzj dz‡U‡Q wK? dz‡U‡Q wK Av‡gi gyKzj?
`wLbv mgxi Zvi M‡Ü M‡Ü n‡q‡Q wK Aaxi AvKzj?Ó
ÒGL‡bv †`Lwb Zzwg?Ó Kwnjvg, Ò†Kb Kwe AvR
Ggb Db¥bv Zzwg? †Kv_v Ze be cy®úmvR?Ó
Kwnj †m my`~‡i PvwnqvÑ
ÒAj‡Li cv_vi evwnqv
Zix Zvi G‡m‡Q wK? †e‡R‡Q wK AvMgbx Mvb?
†W‡K‡Q wK †m Avgv‡i? ïwb bvB, ivwL wb mÜvb|Ó
Kwnjvg, ÒI‡Mv Kwe! iwPqv jn bv AvRI MxwZ,
emšÍ-e›`bv Ze K‡É ïwbÑ G †gvi wgbwZ|Ó
Kwnj †m g„`y gay-¯^‡iÑ
ÒbvB n‡jv, bv †nvK Gev‡iÑ
Avgv‡i Mvwn‡Z Mvb, em‡šÍ‡i Avwb‡Z ewiqvÑ
i‡nwb, †m fz‡jwb †Zv, G‡m‡Q Zv dv¸‡b ¯§wiqv|Ó
Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b 281
Kwnjvg : ÒI†Mv Kwe, Awfgvb K‡iQ wK ZvB?

hwÌ G‡m‡Q Zey Zzwg Zv‡i Kwi‡j e„_vB|Ó
Kwnj †m cig †njvqÑ
Òe„_v †Kb? dv¸b †ejvq
dzj wK †dv‡Uwb kv‡L? cy®úviwZ j‡fwb wK FZzi ivRb?
gvaex Kzuwoi ey‡K MÜ bvwn? K‡i bvB AN©¨ weiPb?Ó
Ò†nvK, Zey em‡šÍi cÖwZ †Kb GB Ze Zxeª wegyLZv?Ó
Kwnjvg, ÒD‡cÿvq FZziv‡R †Kb Kwe `vI Zzwg e¨_v?Ó
Kwnj †m Kv‡Q m‡i AvwmÑ
ÒKz‡nwj DËix Z‡j gv‡Ni mbœ¨vmxÑ
wMqv‡Q Pwjqv ax‡i cy®úk~b¨ w`M‡šÍi c‡_
wi³ n‡¯Í! Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b, fzwj‡Z cvwi bv †Kv‡bv g‡Z|Ó
kãv_© I UxKv
†n Kwe Ñ Kwef³ GLv‡b Kwe‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb|
bxie †Kb Ñ D`vmxb n‡q Av‡Qb †Kb? †Kb Kve¨ I Mvb iPbvq mwµq n‡”Qb bv|
dv¸b †h G‡m‡Q aivq Ñ c„w_ex‡Z dvêyb A_©vr em‡šÍi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q|
Ze e›`bvq Ñ †Zvgvi iwPZ e›`bv-Mv‡bi mvnv‡h¨| A_©vr e›`bvÑMvb iPbv K‡i emšÍ‡K
wK Zzwg eiY K‡i †b‡e bv?
`wÿY `yqvi †M‡Q Lywj? Ñ Kwei wRÁvmv− em‡šÍi `wLbv evZvm eB‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q wK bv| D`vmxb
Kwe †h Zv jÿ K‡ibwb Zvi GB wRÁvmv †_‡K Zv ¯úó nq|
evZvwe †beyi dzj...
Aaxi AvKzj Ñ em‡šÍi AvMg‡b evZvwe †jeyi dzj I Av‡gi gyKz‡ji M‡Ü `wLbv evZvm
w`wM¦w`K myM‡Ü f‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ Db¥bv Kwe Gme wKQzB jÿ K‡ibwb|
Kwei wRÁvmv Zvui D`vmxbZv‡KB ¯úó K‡i|
GL‡bv †`Lwb Zzwg? Ñ Kwef‡³i G K_vq Avgiv wbwðZ nB cÖK…wZ‡Z em‡šÍi me jÿY g~Z©
n‡q D‡V‡Q| A_P Kwe Zv jÿ Ki‡Qb bv|
†Kv_v Ze be cy®úmvR Ñ emšÍ G‡m‡Q A_P Kwe bZzb dz‡j Ni mvRvbwb| wb‡RI dz‡ji
AjsKv‡i mv‡Rbwb|
AjL Ñ Ajÿ| `„wó A‡MvP‡i|
282 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cv_vi Ñ mgy`ª|
em‡šÍ‡i Avwb‡Z...
dv¸b ¯§wiqv Ñ Kwe e›`bv-Mvb iPbv K‡i emšÍ‡K eY©bv Ki‡jI emšÍ A‡cÿv K‡iwb|
dvêyb Avmvi m‡½ m‡½ cÖK…wZ‡Z emšÍ G‡m‡Q|
Kwi‡j e„_vB Ñ e¨_© Ki‡j| A_©vr Kwe-f‡³i Aby‡hvM-emšÍ‡K Kwe eiY bv Kivq
em‡šÍi Av‡e`b ¸iæZ¡ nvwi‡q‡Q|
cy®úviwZ Ñ dz‡jj e›`bv ev wb‡e`b|
cy®úviwZ j‡f wb wK
FZzi ivRb? Ñ FZzivR emšÍ‡K eiY I e›`bv Kivi Rb¨ Mv‡Q Mv‡Q dzj †dv‡Uwb? A_©vr
emšÍ‡K mvì Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡bvi R‡b¨B †hb dzj †dv‡U|
gvaex Ñ evmšÍx jZv ev Zvi dzj|
AN©¨ weiPb Ñ AÄwj ev Dcnvi iPbv| cÖK…wZ wewPÎ mv‡R mw¾Z n‡q dzj I Zvi
†mŠif Dcnvi w`‡q emšÍ‡K eiY K‡i|
D‡cÿvq FZziv‡R †Kb
Kwe `vI Zzwg e¨_v Ñ Kwef³ eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb bv, Kwe h_vixwZ mvb‡›` emšÍ e›`bv bv K‡i Zvi
w`‡K gyL wdwi‡q i‡q‡Qb †Kb|
Kz‡nwj Ñ Kzqvkv|
DËix Ñ Pvì| DËixq|
Kz‡nwj DËix Z‡j
gv‡Ni mbœ¨vmx Ñ Kwe kxZ‡K gv‡Ni mbœ¨vmxi~‡c Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| †h mbœ¨vmx Kzqvkvi Pvì
cwiavb K‡i Av‡Q|
cy®úk~b¨ w`M‡šÍi c‡_ Ñ kxZ cÖK…wZ‡Z †`q wi³Zvi i~c| Mv‡Qi cvZv hvq S‡i| MvQ nq dzjnxb|
kx‡Zi G i~c‡K em‡šÍi wecix‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ em‡šÍi
AvMg‡b dz‡ji mv‡R mvR‡jI Kwei gb Ry‡o Av‡Q kx‡Zi wi³Zvi
Qwe| kxZ †hb me©wi³ mbœ¨vmxi g‡Zv Kzqvkvi Pvì Mv‡q cÎcy®únxb
w`M‡šÍi c‡_ P‡j †M‡Q|
Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b Ñ cÖK…wZ‡Z emšÍ G‡jI Kwei gb Ry‡o Av‡Q kx‡Zi wi³ I welYœ Qwe|
Kwei gb `ytL fvivµvšÍ| Zvi KÉ bxie| kx‡Zi KiyY we`vq‡K wZwb
wKQz‡ZB fzj‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| ZvB emšÍ Zvi g‡b †Kv‡bv mvov RvMv‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| em‡šÍi †mŠ›`h© Zvi Kv‡Q A_©nxb, g‡b †Kv‡bv Av‡e`b
Rvbv‡Z cvi‡Q bv| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨, Zvui cÖ_g ¯^vgx I Kve¨mvabvi
†cÖiYv-cyiæ‡li AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨‡Z Kwei AšÍ‡i †h welYœZv Rv‡M ZviB
my¯úó cÖfve I Bw½Z G KweZvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b 283
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÓ KweZvwU 1935 wLªóv‡ã ÔgvwmK †gvnv¤§`xÕ cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| G KweZvq
cÖK…wZ I gvbeg‡bi m¤ú‡K©i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K Zvrch©gq Awfe¨w³ †c‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e cÖK…wZi
†mŠ›`h© gvbeg‡bi AdzišÍ Avb‡›ì Drm| emšÍ-cÖK…wZi Aci~c †mŠ›`h© †h Kweg‡b Avb‡›ì wkniY
RvMv‡e Ges wZwb Zv‡K fv‡e Q‡›` my‡i dzwU‡q Zzj‡eb †mUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| wKš‘ Kwegb hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
†kvKv”Qbœ wKsev †e`bv-fvivZzi _v‡K Z‡e emšÍ Zvi mg¯Í †mŠ›`h© m‡Ë¡I Kwei AšÍi‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv|
G KweZvq Kwei e¨w³Rxe‡bi `ytLgq NUbvi QvqvcvZ N‡U‡Q| Zvui mvwnZ¨ mvabvi cÖavb mnvqK I
Drmvn`vZv ¯^vgx ˆmq` †bnvj †nv‡m‡bi AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨‡Z (1932) Kwei Rxe‡b cÖP k~b¨Zv †b‡g Av‡m|
Zvui e¨w³Rxeb I Kve¨mvabvi †ÿ‡Î †b‡g Av‡m GK `ytmn welYœZv| Kwegb Av”Qbœ n‡q hvq wi³Zvi
nvnvKv‡i| ÒZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÓ KweZv‡K Av”Qbœ K‡i Av‡Q GB welv`gq wi³Zvi myi| ZvB emšÍ
G‡jI D`vmxb Kwei AšÍi Ry‡o wi³ kx‡Zi KiyY we`v‡qi †e`bv|
KweZvwUi Av‡iKwU jÿYxq êwkó¨ n‡”Q, Gi bvUKxqZv| MVbixwZi w`K †_‡K GwU msjvcwbf©i iPbv|
KweZvi Av‡eMgq fvee¯‘i †e`bvNb welYœZvi myi Ges myjwjZ Q›` GZB gvayh©gwZ †h Zv mn‡RB
cvV‡Ki AšÍi Qzu‡q hvq|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÔDËixÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
K. Pvì L. Kyqvkv
M. mgxi N. DËi w`K
2. ÔKwnj †m w¯œ» AvuwL ZzwjÕÑPiYwU‡Z Ôw¯œ» AvuwLÕ ej‡Z †evSvqÑ
K. gvqvex `„wó L. †Kvgj †bÎ
M. AkÖæwm³ bqb N. DrmyK Pvnwb
kvnRvnv‡bi Agi m„wó ZvRgnj| ZvRgnj‡K wN‡i Av‡Q Zvui cÖvYwcÖq ¯¿x ggZv‡Ri ¯§„wZ| ZvB
c„w_exi mg¯Í †mŠ›`h© GKÎ K‡i wZwb mvwR‡q‡Qb wcÖqZg ¯¿xi mgvwa|
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYwU‡Z DÏxc‡Ki fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q?
K. hwÌ G‡m‡Q Zey Zzwg Zv‡i Kwi‡j e„_vB|
L. Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b, fzwj‡Z cvwi bv †Kv‡bv g‡Z|
M. Zix Zvi G‡m‡Q wK? †e‡R‡Q wK AvMgbx Mvb?
N. evZvwe †beyi dzj dz‡U‡Q wK? dz‡U‡Q wK Av‡gi gyKzj?
4. kvnRvnvb I mywdqv Kvgv‡ji AvPi‡Yi wfbœZv _vK‡jI ejv hvq DfqBÑ
K. Av‡eMvkÖqx I An¼vix L. Awfgvbx I †¯œn civqY
M. ¯§„wZKvZi I †cÖggq N. D`vmxb I †gavex
284 mvwnZ¨ cvV
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
hv‡i Lye †e‡mwQby fv‡jv
†m †gv‡i †Q‡o P‡j †Mj
†h wQj †gvi Rxeb Qvqv
†i‡L †M‡Q ïay gvqv|
jv‡M bv fv‡jv Aciƒc cÖK…wZ
hZB KiæK †KD wgbwZ
Avwg GLb wi³ k~b¨
gb c‡o i‡q‡Q Zvi Rb¨
†m w`j †gv‡i †Kg‡b duvwK
Avwg GLb eo GKvKx|
K. ÒZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÓ KweZvwU cÖ_g †Kvb cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq?
L. ÒD‡cÿvq FZziv‡R †Kb Kwe `vI Zzwg e¨_v?ÓÑ Dw³wU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡K ÒZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒDÏxcKwU ÒZvnv‡iB c‡o g‡bÓ KweZvi myi‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|ÕÑ†Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³
`vI|
Av‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvg
kvn Ave`yj Kwig
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
kvn Ave`yj Kwig 1916 mv‡ji 15B †deªæqvwi mybvgM‡Äi wìvB Dc‡Rjvi aj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
wcZv Beªvwng Avjx, gv bvBIiRvb wewe| evDj Kwig evsjv †jvKMv‡bi AMÖMY¨ mvaK‡ì GKRb| Rxe‡bi
cÖwZ, fvev`‡k©i cÖwZ, Abvwej fv‡jvevmvi cÖwZ Avgv‡ì wek¦vm wdwi‡q Av‡b Zuvi Mvb| fvwU evsjvi GB
†jvKKwei fvegvbm Ry‡o i‡q‡Q giwg mvabvi eûgvwÎK we¯Ívi| Z‡e †Kej Aa¨vZ¥‡PZbv bq, gvwU I
gvby‡li Nwbô m¤ú„³ZvqI D¾¦j Zuvi wkí‡jvK| RbwcÖq I ZË¡eûj Mv‡bi cvkvcvwk wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb
ARmª MYmsMxZ, hv `ytLR‡qi Mvb wn‡m‡e cÖkswmZ n‡q‡Q|
1948 mv‡j Zuvi cÖ_g MÖš’ ÔAvdZve msMxZÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔMYmsMxZÕ, ÔKvjbxi †XDÕ, Ôaj‡gjvÕ, ÔfvwUi wPwVÕ,
ÔKvjbxi K‚‡jÕ BZ¨vw` Zuvi cÖKvwkZ MÖš|’ wZwb GKz‡k c`Kmn (2001) eû cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv jvf K‡i‡Qb|
kvn Ave`yj Kwig 2009 mv‡ji 12B †m‡Þ¤î g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Av‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvg

MÖv‡gi bI‡Rvqvb wn›`y-gymjgvb
wgwjqv evDjv Mvb NvUzMvb MvBZvg||
el©v hLb nBZ MvwRi MvBb AvBZ
i‡½-X‡½ MvBZ Avb›` cvBZvg
evDjv Mvb NvUzMvb Avb‡›ì Zzdvb
MvBqv mvwiMvb bvI †`ŠovBZvg||
wn›`y evwošÍ hvÎvMvb nBZ
wbgš¿Y w`Z Avgiv hvBZvg
†K n‡e †g¤^vi †K n‡e MÖvgmiKvi
Avgiv wK Zvi Lei jBZvg||
weev` NwU‡j cÂvB‡Zi e‡j
Mwie KvOv‡j wePvi cvBZvg
gvbyl wQj mij wQj ag©ej
GLb mevB cvMjÑeo‡jvK nBZvg||
Kwi fvebv †mw`b Avi cve bv
wQj evmbv myLx nBZvg
w`b n‡Z w`b Av‡m †h KwVb
Kwig `xbnxb †Kvb c‡_ hvBZvg||
286 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kãv_© I UxKv
evDjv Mvb Ñ evDj mvaK m¤cÖ`v‡qi Mvb| evsjv †jvKMxwZi GKwU cÖavb aviv|
NvUzMvb Ñ gqgbwmsn I wm‡jU †Rjvi fvwU AÂ‡j cÖPwjZ GKcÖKvi †jvKMxwZ|
mvaviYZ el©vKv‡j eo eo †bŠKvq GB Mv‡bi Avmi e‡m| b`xi Nv‡U Nv‡U
Ny‡i GB Mvb cwi‡ewkZ nq| GB Mv‡bi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ †h wK‡kviwU †g‡q
†m‡R †b‡P †b‡P Mvb Mvq, Zv‡KI NvUz ejv n‡q _v‡K| NvUzMvb g~jZ
cÖYq-MxwZ|
MvwRi MvBb Ñ MvwRi Mvb| MvwR wc‡ii gvnvZ¥¨ eY©bvg~jK †jvKMxwZ| MvwR evsjv‡`‡ki
`wÿYvÂ‡j ev‡Ni AwaôvZviƒ‡c cwiMwYZ| MvwRi Mvb †M‡q ev‡Ni AvµgY
†_‡K cwiÎvY Kvgbv Kiv nq|
mvwiMvb Ñ GKcÖKvi Kg©MxwZ| mvwie× ev GK‡Î KvR Kivi mgq MvIqv nq e‡j G‡K
mvwiMvb e‡j| mvaviYZ †bŠKv †e‡q hvIqvi mgq gvwSiv mw¤§wjZfv‡e GB
Mvb Mvq| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Qv`‡cUv, Mvwo‡Vjv cÖf„wZ KvwqKkª‡gi Kv‡RI
mvwiMvb MvIqv nq|
bvI †`ŠovBZvg Ñ †bŠKv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask wbZvg| b`xgvZ…K MÖvg-evsjvq el©vKv‡j GB
Ô†bŠKv evBPÕ AbywôZ nq|
evwošÍ Ñ evwo¸‡jv‡Z|
hvÎvMvb Ñ †`kxq GKcÖKvi bvU¨vwfbq| hvÎvcvjv wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| m~PbvKv‡j
hvÎvcvjvq msMx‡Zi cÖvavb¨ _vK‡jI cieZ©x mg‡q ax‡i ax‡i G‡Z
msjv‡ci cÖvavb¨ m~wPZ nq|
cÂvBZ Ñ MÖv‡gi cÖavb e¨w³‡ì wb‡q wePvimfv|
eo‡jvK nBZvg Ñ eo‡jvK n‡Z PvB|
`xbnxb Ñ ag©c‡_i w`kvnxb| mnvq m¤^jnxb|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
kvn Ave`yj Kwi‡gi ÒAv‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvgÓ iPbvwU 2010 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ï‡f›`y Bgvg
m¤úvw`Z Ôkvn Ave`yj Kwig : cvV I cvVK…wZÕ kxl©K msKjb †_‡K msM„nxZ|
Avengvb MÖvg-evsjvi wPi‡Pbv HwZn¨, cyi‡bv w`‡bi ¯§„wZ KweZvwU‡Z PgrKvifv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Av‡M
MÖv‡gi gvby‡li g‡a¨ AK…wÎg †mŠnv‡`©ï eÜb wQj, wn›`y-gymwjg m¤cÖxwZ wQj me©`v AUzU| eQ‡ii wewfbœ
mg‡q mevB wg‡j Dc‡fvM KiZ evDj Mvb, NvUzMvb, MvwRi Mvb, mvwi Mvb, hvÎvMvb, †bŠKv-evBP
BZ¨vw`| A_©vr evsjvi wbR¯^ HwZn¨gwÐZ ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ Avevnb K‡iB mK‡ji wPË Avb‡›` D‡ØwjZ
n‡Zv| KL‡bv weev`-wem¤^v` NU‡j mvaviY gvbyl MÖv‡gi cÖavb‡ì Kv‡QB wePvi †cZ| mnR, mij,
ag©e‡j ejxqvb G gvbyl¸‡jv GLbKvi g‡Zv `ªæZ eo‡jvK nIqvi ¯^cœ †`LZ bv| eZ©gv‡bi KwVb
ev¯ÍeZvq gvbweK AkvwšÍi wkKvi Kwe ¯§„wZKvZi n‡q D‡V‡Qb| wZwb HwZ‡nï i‡m wm³ n‡q myLx
nIqvi cyi‡bv c_B Lyu‡R †eov‡”Qb|
Av‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvg 287
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ev‡Ni AvµgY †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z MvIqv nq
K. evDjv Mvb L. MvwRi Mvb
M. NvUz Mvb N. Rvwi Mvb
2. ÒAv‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvgÓ PiYwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. Av‡Mi w`b my‡Li wQj L. c~‡e© gvbyl mg„× wQj
M. Av‡M gvbyl wb‡j©vf wQj N. AZx‡Z gvbyl mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj
Òg‡b c‡o hvq K‡Zv ¯§„wZ gvqv-fivÓÑ MvbwU ïb‡jB e„× nvwg` mv‡ne Zuvi †Q‡j‡ejvq wd‡i hvb|
Zuvi g‡b c‡o KZ K_vÑ †mmgq gvby‡l gvby‡l KZ wgj wQj, abx-Mwi‡e GZ `~iZ¡ wQj bv,
Drm‡e-cve©‡Y K‡ZvBbv Avb›` n‡Zv! Zuvi g‡b nq, AveviI hw` †mB w`b¸‡jv wd‡i AvmZ!
3. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÒAv‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvgÓ KweZvi Kwei Abyf~wZi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`K¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
i. AZxZPvwiZv
ii. ¯^cœPvwiZv
iii. ev¯ÍeZv
4. Dch©y³ mv`„‡kï h_v_©¨ cwijwÿZ nq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y?
K. GLb mevB cvMjÑeo‡jvK nBZvg
L. MvBqv mvwiMvb bvI †`ŠovBZvg
M. w`b n‡Z w`b Av‡m †h KwVb
N. Kwig `xbnxb †Kvb c‡_ hvBZvg
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
GKZviv evRvBI bv †`vZviv evRvBI bv
GKZviv evRvBI bv XvK‡Xvj evRvBI bv
MUvi Avi es‡Mv evRvI †i
GKZviv evRvB‡j g‡b cBov hvq
Avgvi GKZviv evRvB‡j g‡b cBov hvq
GKw`b evOvwj wQjvg †i|
K. el©vq †Kvb Mvb MvIqv n‡Zv?
L. Òw`b n‡Z w`b Av‡m †h KwVbÓ− Dw³wU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÒAv‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvgÓ MxwZ-KweZvi Kx wgj Av‡Q?− e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxcKwU ÒAv‡M Kx my›ì w`b KvUvBZvgÓ KveZvi AvswkK iƒcvqY gvÎ− wePvi Ki|
†mB A¯¿
Avnmvb nvexe
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Avnmvb nvexe e„nËi ewikvj AÂ‡ji wc‡ivRcyi †Rjvi ksKicvkv MÖv‡g 1917 wLªóv‡ãi †`vmiv Rvbyqvwi
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg nvwgRywÏb nvIjv`vi Ges gvZvi bvg Rwgjv LvZzb| ¯‹zjRxe‡bB Zuvi
KweZv †jLvi nv‡ZLwo| ewikv‡ji eªR‡gvnb K‡j‡R Aa¨qbiZ Ae¯’vq Kwe‡K K‡jR †Q‡o fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y
KjKvZvq P‡j Avm‡Z nq| cwÎKv, †iwWI, cÖKvkbv ms¯’v cÖf…wZ †ckvi m‡½ hy³ n‡jI Avnmvb nvexe
†kl ch©šÍ mvsevw`KZv, we‡kl K‡i cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K wn‡m‡eB RxweKv AR©‡bi c_ †e‡Q †bb|
1950-Gi w`‡K wZwb KjKvZv †Q‡o XvKv Av‡mb| †ek K‡qKwU cwÎKvq KvR Kievi c‡i 1964 wLªóv‡ã
wZwb †hvM †`b Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ (ZrKvjxb Ôˆ`wbK cvwK¯ÍvbÕ) cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e| Avg„Zz¨ GB
cwÎKvi m‡½B wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb| wZwb 1961 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Ges 1978 wLªóv‡ã GKz‡k
c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| ¯^ífvlx, AvZ¥gMœ, ¯úóev`x GB Kwe wQ‡jb g~jZ gvbeìw` wkíx| †`k I RbZvi cÖwZ
wQj Zuvi Mfxi ms‡e`bkxjZv| e¨w³MZ Abyf‚wZ, AwfÁZv, hyw³wePv‡ii Av‡jv‡K GK myMfxi RxebNwbô
Avkvev`x †PZbv Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi g~j myi| Kwe Avnmvb nvex‡ei D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv :
ÔivwÎ‡klÕ, ÔQvqvnwiYÕ, Ômviv `ycyiÕ, Ô†gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡evÕ, Ô`yÕnv‡Z `yB Avw`g cv_iÕ, Ôwe`xY© `c©‡Y gyLÕ
cÖf…wZ| GQvov Dcb¨vm I wkïmvwn‡ZÏ Zuvi we‡kl AvMÖn wQj|
wZwb 1985 wLªóv‡ãi 10B RyjvB g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Avgv‡K †mB A¯¿ wdwi‡q `vI

mf¨Zvi †mB cÖwZkÖæwZ
†mB A‡gvN Abb¨ A¯¿
Avgv‡K wdwi‡q `vI|
†mB A¯¿ Avgv‡K wdwi‡q `vI
†h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿ n‡e AvbZ
AiY¨ n‡e AviI meyR
b`x AviI K‡jøvwjZ
cvwLiv bx‡o Ny‡gv‡e|
dm‡ji gv‡V Av¸b R¡j‡e bv
Luv Luv Ki‡e bv M„n¯’vwj|
†mB A¯¿ Avgv‡Ki wdwi‡q `vI
†mB A¯¿ 289
†h A¯¿ e¨vß n‡j

bÿÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K Av¸b Si‡e bv
gvbe emwZi ey‡K
gyn~‡Z©i AMœy¨rcvZ
jÿ jÿ gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½y-weK…Z
Avgv‡ì †PZbv Ry‡o Zviv Ki‡e bv AvZ©bv`
†mB A¯¿ †h A¯¿ D‡ËvwjZ n‡j
evi evi weaŸ¯Í n‡e bv UªqbMix|
Avwg †mB Awebvkx A‡¯¿i cÖZ¨vkx
†h N„Yv we‡Øl AnsKvi
Ges RvZ¨wfgvb‡K K‡i evi evi civwRZ|
†h A¯¿ Avwac‡Zï †jvf‡K K‡i wbwðý
†h A¯¿ gvbyl‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i bv
K‡i mgvweó
†mB A‡gvN A¯¿Ñfv‡jvevmv
c„w_ex‡Z e¨vß K‡iv|
kãv_© I UxKv
A‡gvN Ñ Ae¨_©, mv_©K, Aek¨¤¢vex|
c„w_exi hveZxq A¯¿
n‡e AvbZ Ñ Kwe fv‡jvevmv Avi kvwšÍi A¯¿ w`‡q mKj gviYv¯¿‡K civf‚Z Kievi
AvKv•ÿv e¨³ K‡ib|
dm‡ji gv‡V Av¸b
R¦j‡e bv Ñ Kwe wek¦vm K‡ib, fv‡jvevmv w`‡q gvby‡li wnsmv we‡Øl `~i Kiv m¤¢e|
fv‡jvevmv _vK‡j gvbyl gvbyl‡K kÎæ fve‡e bv, K…l‡Ki `ytL-R¡vjvi
Avmvb n‡e Ges we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡j‡e bv|
†h A¯¿ e¨vß n‡j
bÿÎLwPZ AvKvk †_‡K
Av¸b Si‡e bv Ñ Kwe GLv‡b hy‡× eëüZ †QvU-eo †ÿcYv‡¯¿i K_v eywS‡q‡Qb| Kwe Pvb,
gvbyl †hb hy‡×i fqvenZvq Rwo‡q bv c‡o, we‡k¦ †hb kvwšÍ wbwðZ nq|
290 mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvbe emwZi ey‡K gyn~‡Z©i

AMœy¨rcvZ jÿ jÿ gvbyl‡K
Ki‡e c½y-weK…Z Ñ fv‡jvevmvnxb we‡Ølc~Y© c„w_ex‡Z hy‡×i Awbevh© ÿwZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri DrKÉv
Kwe GLv‡b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Abygvb Kiv hvq, Kwe‰PZ‡b¨ wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×
Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv-bvMvmvwK‡Z N‡U hvIqv b„ksmZvi ¯§„wZ RvMÖZ wQj|
ZvB AvYweK †evgvi AvNv‡Z g„Z wKsev cÖRb¥-ci¤úivq c½yZ¡ eiYKvix
eû gvby‡li AvZ©bv` Kwei GB hy×we‡ivax gbb‡K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i‡Q|
UªqbMix Ñ cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi ¯’vcZ¨Kjvq bw›`Z GK kni| gvby‡li wnsmv-we‡Øl Cl©v
Avi `‡¤¢i wkKvi n‡q c„w_exi BwZnv‡m evisevi aŸsm n‡q‡Q GB
bMix| hy‡×i wbg©gZvi GK wPivqZ `„óvšÍ GB Uªq|
RvZ¨wfgvb Ñ †Kv‡bv hyw³ QvovB wbR RvwZ‡K me©‡kÖô Ávb Kivi AnsKvix g‡bvfve|
mgvweó Ñ mgfv‡e Avweó| mgv‡ek n‡q‡Q Ggb; mg‡eZ nIqv A‡_©|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvwU Avnmvb nvex‡ei Ôwe`xY© `c©‡Y gyLÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
KweZvq Kwei GKgvÎ cÖZ¨vkv − fv‡jvevmv bv‡gi gnvb A¯¿‡K cybivq GB gvbemgv‡R wd‡i cvIqv|
Kwei Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmv †Kej †Kv‡bv Av‡eM wKsev Abyf~wZi †`¨vZbv RvMvq bv| Zuvi wek¦vm, GwU
gvbyl‡K mKj Ag½j †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi c_ evZ‡j †`q| ZvB Kwe we‡k¦i gvbeKz‡ji Kv‡QB GB
fv‡jvevmv wdwi‡q †èvi Aby‡iva K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl hw` Aci gvby‡li wnsmv, †jvf, Cl©v †_‡K gy³ _v‡K
Z‡e c„w_ex‡Z weivR Ki‡e kvwšÍ; c„w_ex GwM‡q hv‡e myL, kvwšÍ I mg„w×i w`‡K| wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q _vKv
we‡Ø‡li welev®ú‡K hw` AcmviY Ki‡Z nq Z‡e fv‡jvevmv bvgK A¯¿‡K Kwei Kv‡Q Ges Kwei g‡Zv
AviI eû gvby‡li Kv‡Q wdwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Kwe Rv‡bb, wnsmv Avi ¯^v_©ciZvi Kivj MÖv‡m A‡b‡KB
gvbweKZvk~b¨ n‡q c‡o| Avi ZvB Kwe gvbweKZvi †mB üZ‡eva‡K wd‡i †c‡Z Pvb Z_v gvbe mgv‡R
wdwi‡q w`‡Z Pvb| c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q w`‡Z Pvb Adzivb fv‡jvevmv|
KweZvwUi MVbMZ we‡klZ¡ n‡jv, Gi Abvo¤î mnR MwZgqZv| †Kv‡bv fvwi kã eënvi bv K‡i
mvejxj fvlvq Kwe Zuvi GKvšÍ cÖZ¨vwkZ fv‡jvevmvi cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb| GB KweZvwU kvwšÍwcÖq
c„w_exevmxi Rb¨ GK wPivqZ cÖv_©bvmsMxZ|
KweZvwU AšÍ¨wgjnxb Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi ce©¸‡jvi web¨vmI Amg|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvwU Avnmvb nvex‡ei †Kvb MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q?
K. ivwÎ‡kl L. QvqvnwiY
M. we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL N. †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev
2. Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvq ÔA‡gvN A¯¿Õ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. †gvnvweó A¯¿ L. Ae¨_© A¯¿
M. Abb¨ A¯¿ N. †Ljbv A¯¿
†mB A¯¿ 291

†Kv_vq ¯^M©, †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`~i?
gvby‡liB gv‡S ¯^M© biK gvby‡l‡Z myivmyi|
... ... ...
cÖxwZ I †cÖ‡gi cyY¨ euva‡b h‡e wgwj ci¯ú‡i,
¯^M© Avwmqv ùvovq ZLb Avgv‡ìB Kzu‡oN‡i|
3. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvi wgj i‡q‡Q−
i. Awnsmvq
ii. AvZ¥Z¨v‡M
iii. †mŠnv‡`©¨
4. Dch©y³ wg‡ji h_v_©¨ cwijwÿZ nq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y?
K. fv‡jvevmv w`‡q me Rq Kiv m¤¢e|
L. A_©weË w`‡q me Rq Kiv hvq|
M. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq mg„w× mvwaZ nq|
N. ¯^v_©ciZv fv‡jvevmvi AšÍivq|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
mev‡i evwme fv‡jv, Kwie bv AvZ¥ci †f`
msmv‡i Mwoe GK bZzb mgvR
gvby‡li gv‡S Kfz i‡e bv we‡”Q`−
me©Î ˆgÎxi fve Kwi‡e weivR|
... ... ...
wnsmv †Øl iwn‡e bv †Kn Kv‡i Kwi‡e bv N„Yv
ci¯ú‡i euvwa wè cÖxwZi eÜ‡b
wek¦Ry‡o GK my‡i evwR‡e †Mv wgj‡bi exYv
gvbe RvwM‡e be Rxeb ¯ú›`‡b|
K. Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvq ewY©Z bMiwUi bvg Kx?
L. Òjÿ jÿ gvbyl‡K Ki‡e bv c½yÑweK…Z|Ó− Dw³wU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡K Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvi †Kvb fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ fveB †hb Ò†mB A¯¿Ó KweZvi P~ovšÍ cÖwZdjbÓ− gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ wePvi Ki|
cv‡Äwi
diiyL Avng`
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
diiæL Avng‡ì Rb¥ 1918 wLªóv‡ãi 10B Ryb gv¸iv †Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq`
nv‡Zg Avjx| Kg©Rxe‡b eûwewPÎ †ckv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ `xN©Kvj a‡i PvKwi‡Z
wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb XvKv †eZv‡i Ô÷vd ivBUviÕ wn‡m‡e| Pwjø‡ki `k‡K Avwef~©Z kw³gvb Kwe‡ì Ab¨Zg
diiæL Avng‡ì cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ cÖKvwkZ nq 1944 mv‡j| Gi ci G‡K G‡K Zuvi
A‡bK Kve¨MÖš’, Kve¨bvU¨ I KvwnwbKve¨ cÖKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Bmjvwg HwZ‡nï cybiæ¾xe‡b wek¦vmx G Kwei
KweZvq cÖavbZ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Bmjvwg Av`k© I Rxeb‡ev‡ai| Zuvi Ab¨ MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg− Kve¨MÖš’ :
ÔwmivRvg gybxivÕ; Kve¨bvU¨ : Ô†bŠ‡dj I nv‡ZgÕ; m‡bU msKjb : Ôgyn~‡Z©i KweZvÕ Ges KvwnwbKve¨ :
Ônv‡Zg ZvqxÕ| GQvov wZwb †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †ek wKQz Qov I KweZv wj‡L †M‡Qb| mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc
wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi I BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb Ges gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`‡K f~wlZ
n‡q‡Qb|
1974 wLªóv‡ãi 19G A‡±vei wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi?

GL‡bv †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N?
†mZviv, †njvj GL‡bv I‡Vwb †R‡M?
Zzwg gv¯Íy‡j, Avwg ùvo Uvwb fz‡j;
Amxg Kzqvkv Rv‡M k~b¨Zv †Nwi|
`xNj iv‡Zi kÖvšÍ mdi †k‡l
†Kvb&& `wiqvi Kv‡jv w`M‡šÍ Avgiv c‡owQ G‡m?
G Kx Nb-wmqv wR‡›`Mvwbi evÕe
†Zv‡j gwm©qv e¨w_Z w`‡ji ZzdvbÑkÖvšÍ Lve
AùzU n‡q µ‡g Wz‡e hvq Rxe‡bi Rq‡fix|
m¤§y‡L ïay Amxg Kzqvkv †nwi|
e›`‡i e‡m hvÎxiv w`b †Mv‡b,
eywS †gŠmywg nvIqvq †gv‡ì Rvnv‡Ri aŸwb †kv‡b,
eywS Kzqvkvq, †RvQbv-gvqvq Rvnv‡Ri cvj †`‡L|
Avnv, †c‡ikvb gymvwdi `j
cv‡Äwi 293
`wiqv wKbv‡i Rv‡M ZK&&w`‡i

wbivkvi Qwe Gu‡K!
c_nviv GB `wiqv-†muvZvq Ny‡i
P‡jwQ †Kv_vq? †Kvb mxgvnxb `~‡i?
GKvKx iv‡Zi ¤øvb RyjgvZ †nwi|
ïay Mvdj‡Z, ïay †Lqv‡ji fz‡j,
`wiqv-A_B åvwšÍ wbqvwQ Zz‡j,
Avgv‡`wi fz‡j cvwbi wKbv‡i gymvwdi `j ewm
†`‡L‡Q mf‡q A¯Í wMqv‡Q Zv‡ì †mZviv, kkx|
†gv‡ì †Ljvi ayjvq jyUv‡q cwo
†K‡U‡Q Zv‡ì `yf©v‡Mï we¯^v` ke©ix|
mI`vM‡ii `j gv‡S †gviv IVv‡qwQ AvnvRvwi,
N‡i N‡i I‡V µ›`baŸwb AvIqvR ïb&&wQ Zvwi|
I wK evZv‡mi nvnvRvi,− I wK
†ivbvRvwi, ÿzwa‡Zi!
I wK `wiqvi MR©b, Ñ I wK †e`bv gRjy‡gi!
I wK ÿzavZzi cuvRivq ev‡R g„Zzï Rq‡fix|
cv‡Äwi!
Rv‡Mv e›`‡i ˆKwdq‡Zi Zxeª å~KzwU †nwi,
Rv‡Mv AMYb ÿzwaZ gy‡Li bxie å~KzwU †nwi!
†`L †P‡q †`L, m~h© IVvi KZ †`wi, KZ †`wi!
cv‡Äwi?
kãv_© I UxKv
cv‡Äwi Ñ †h †bŠ-Kg©Pvix Rvnv‡Ri AMÖfv‡M ev gv¯‘jmsjMœ evwZ w`‡q Pvicvk †`‡L
gvwS‡K c_wb‡`©kK ms‡KZ †`q| cÖZxKx A_© − RvwZi c_cÖ`k©K|
†mZviv Ñ Zviv| bÿÎ|
†njvj Ñ Puv`|
gv¯‘j Ñ †bŠKv, RvnvR BZ¨vw`‡Z cvj LvUv‡bvi `Ð|
294 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Nb-wmqv Ñ wbweo Kv‡jv (AÜKvi)|

wR‡›`Mvwbi evÕe Ñ Rxe‡bi Aa¨vq ev ch©vq|
gwm©qv Ñ †kvKMxwZ|
Lve Ñ †Lvqve| ¯^cœ|
†nwi Ñ †`wL| cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi| Ae‡jvKb Kwi|
†c‡ikvb Ñ DwØMœ| wPwšÍZ| wKsKZ©e¨weg~p| K¬všÍ|
gymvwdi Ñ cw_K| mdiKvix| hvÎx| ch©UK|
ZK&wì Ñ fvM¨| A`„ó| Kcvj| bwme|
RyjgvZ Ñ AÜKvi|
MvdjZ Ñ Ae‡njv| J`vmxb¨| Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv| fyjPzK|
ke©ix Ñ ivwÎ|
AvnvRvwi Ñ nvnvKvi|
†ivbvRvwi Ñ AvnvRvwi K‡i Kvbœv|
gRjyg Ñ AZ¨vPvwiZ|
åƒKzwU Ñ †ÿvf| †µva BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y fyiæi KzÂb ev KzwÂZ Ae¯’v|
ˆKwdqZ Ñ Revew`wn| KviY †`wL‡q Reve|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
diiæL Avng‡ì weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ †_‡K Òcv‡ÄwiÓ KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G
Kv‡eï bvg-KweZvq RvZxq Rxe‡bi AMÖhvÎvi KvÐvwi‡K †hgb cÖZxKx Zvrch© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q, Òcv‡ÄwiÓ
K_vwUI Abyiƒc Ges GKB Zvrch©gwÐZ|
Òcv‡ÄwiÓ diiæL Avng‡ì Ab¨Zg †kÖô KweZv| GwU GKwU iƒcK KweZv| G KweZvq cv‡Äwi RvwZi
KY©av‡ii cÖZxK| KweZvq eëüZ wewfbœ kã I wPÎKí bvbv cÖZxKx e¨Äbvq gwÐZ| KweZvwU‡Z
mgy`ªhvÎvi cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ Ges Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi AvKv•ÿvi †fZi w`‡q Kwe RvZxq Rxe‡b
weivRgvb msKU DËi‡Y RvZxq †bZ…‡Z¡i m‡PZb f~wgKv cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| G KweZvq fveKíbv I
Av‡eM-gvayh© iƒcvq‡Y Ges aŸwb‡mŠKh©, wPÎKí iPbv I iƒcK-cÖZxK m„wó‡Z Kwe PgrKvwi‡Z¡i cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb| KweZvq fvevbyl½ iPbvq Kwe Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi eënv‡i `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|
KweZvwU 6 gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Pi‡Yi ce©web¨vm : 6+6+2| e¨wZµgI i‡q‡Q|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ô†ivbvRvwiÕ K_vi A_© Kx?
K. nvnvKvi L. Kvbœv
M. AZ¨vPvi N. Ae‡njv
cv‡Äwi 295
2. ÕivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi?Õ−G Pi‡Y ivZ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

K. AÜKvi L. civaxbZv
M. `yw`©b N. `ytL
Bmjvg iwe †R¨vwZ Zvi AvR w`‡b w`‡b wegwjb
m‡Zï Av‡jv wbwfqv R¡wj‡Q, †RvbvKxi Av‡jv ÿxY|
Dgi! dviæK! Av‡Lwi bwei I†Mv, `wÿYevû
AvnŸvb bq, iƒc a‡i G‡mv, MÖv‡m AÜZv ivû|
3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g `yB Pi‡Y Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ KweZvi †hme fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ
i. RvwZi wech©¯Í Ae¯’v
ii. Kvw•ÿZ DËiY cÖZ¨vkv
iii. AatcwZZ gvby‡li mKiæY wPÎ
wb‡Pi †Kvb DËiwU wVK?
4. D³ cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi evYx wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
K. m¤§y‡L ïay Amxg Kzqvkv †nwi L. `xNj iv‡Zi kªvšÍ mdi †k‡l
M. Zzwg gv¯‘‡j Avwg ùvo Uvwb fz‡j N. Rv‡Mv e›`‡i ˆKwdq‡Zi Zxeª åƒKzwU †nwi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
D`©y Ges D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv−kvmK‡Mvôxi G‡nb `‡¤¢vw³‡Z mviv evsjvi gvbyl
M‡R© I‡Vb| cÖwZev‡ì So I‡V me©Î| MwVZ nq †K›`ªxq msMÖvg cwil`| G cwil‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ I
wb‡`©kbvq wQj me©¯Í‡ii HKë× gvby‡li cÖwZwbwaZ¡| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L 144 aviv f½ K‡i
QvÎ-RbZv AMÖmi nb mwPevj‡qi w`‡K| wgwQ‡j wgwQ‡j †Ku‡c I‡V ivRc_| kvmK‡Mvôxi ¸wj‡Z
†ek KRb kwn` n‡jI †kl ch©šÍ kvm‡Kiv †g‡b †bq evsjvi gvby‡li b¨vh¨ `vwe| weRq nq †hvM¨
†bZ„‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vj‡bi|
K. Òcv‡ÄwiÓ K_vi A_© Kx?
L. Òc_nviv GB `wiqv-†muvZvq Ny‡i P‡jwQ †Kv_vq?Ó−†jL‡Ki Giƒc Avk¼vi KviY Kx?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Òcv‡ÄwiÓ KweZvq ewY©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU Zz‡j ai|
N. RvZxq Rxe‡bi msKU DËi‡Y Kwei cÖZ¨vkvi cÖwZdjb Kxfv‡e N‡U‡Q Zv DÏxcK I Òcv‡ÄwiÓ
KweZvi Av‡jv‡K hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|
Av‡jv PvB
wmKvb&&`vi Avey Rvdi
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi 1919 wLªóv‡ãi 19G gvP© mvZÿxiv †Rjvi Zvjv _vbvi AšÍM©Z †ZuZzwjqv MÖv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui c~Y© bvg ˆmq` Avj& nv‡kgx Avey Rvdi gyn¤§` eL&Z wmKvb&`vi| Zvui wcZvi bvg ˆmq`
gCbyÏxb nv‡kgx| Avey Rvdi 1936 mv‡j cÖ‡ewkKv I c‡i KjKvZvi wicb K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvm
K‡ib| 1939 wLªóv‡ã wZwb KjKvZvi wgwjUvwi GKvD›Um wefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡i †ckvMZ Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib|
c‡i wmwfj mvcøvB Awd‡m PvKwi K‡ib| g~jZ wZwb †ckvq wQ‡jb mvsevw`K| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
m¤úvw`Z Ôˆ`wbK behyMÕ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZvi gva¨‡g Zvui mvsevw`K Rxeb ïiæ nq| wZwb ÔB‡ËdvKÕ,
Ômsev`Õ, wgjøvZÕ cÖf…wZ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZv K‡ib| 1956 †_‡K 1970 mvj ch©šÍ Zvui m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ
nq gvwmK mvwnZ¨-cwÎKv ÔmgKvjÕ| †m mg‡qi ZiæY †jLK‡ì Drmvn`vb, RvZxqZv‡eva I evOvwj
†PZbvq AbycÖvwYZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GB cwÎKvwU Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| 1971 -G gyw³hy‡×i mgq wZwb
¯^vaxbZv, †`k‡cÖg I wecø‡ei †PZbv-m¤úbœ A‡bK Mvb iPbv K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ ÔAvgv‡ì msMÖvg Pj‡eBÕ
MvbwU gyw³hy‡×i mgq G‡`‡ki gyw³Kvgx RbZv‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|
wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi mvwn‡Zï cÖvq me kvLvq wePiY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zvui g~j cwiPq wZwb Kwe| Zvui
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ m„wó¸‡jv n‡jvÑ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcÖmbœ cÖniÕ, Ôêix e„wó‡ZÕ, ÔwZwgivwšÍKÕ, ÔKweZvÕ, Ôe„wðK jMœÕ,
Ôevsjv Qv‡ovÕ; bvUK : ÔkKzšÍ DcvL¨vbÕ, ÔwmivRD‡ÏŠjv, ÔgnvKwe AvjvIjÕ; Dcb¨vm : ÔgvwU Avi AkÖæÕ,
Ôc~iexÕ, ÔbZzb mKvjÕ; wK‡kvi cvV¨ : ÔR‡qi c‡_Õ| wZwb 1966 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib
Ges 1984 mv‡j GKz‡k c`‡K (gi‡YvËi) f~wlZ nb|
1975 wLªóv‡ãi 5B AvM÷ wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
kv‡L kv‡L ˆP‡Îi cjø‡e

†`‡LwQ wegy» †Pv‡L mey‡Ri eY© mgv‡ivn;
†m-e‡Y©i wKQz Av‡Q inm¨ RwUj
wKQz Av‡Q AšÍ‡ii K_v|
cÎSiv kvLv-e„šÍ-cÖv‡Y
Kx Ae¨³ Abybq wQj,
iæÿ kvLv EaŸ©k~‡b¨ wK K_v †kvbv‡jv,
D”Q¡wmZ †e`bvi cÖvY¯ú›` wb‡q
†Kv_v †_‡K G‡jv GB mey‡Ri wkï,
Zvi wKQz BwZnvm A`„k¨ Aÿ‡i Av‡Q †jLv|
†m-`y‡Á©q bxie Kvwnwb
ivwÎw`b evievi K‡i
Av‡jv PvB 297
ïb‡Z †P‡qwQ Avwg Db¥yL kÖe‡Y|

†kvbvi AZxZ hZ K_v
†`Lvi AZxZ hZ AcÖwZg iƒc
ZvB w`‡q iƒ‡c-i‡m m„wói wbf…Z gg©evYx
wjwce× Av‡Q m‡½vc‡b|
†m-iƒ‡ci wKQz Av‡jv †c‡qwQ ü`‡q
wKQz K_v ï‡bwQ KL‡bv
g‡g©i kÖe‡Y
eywSwb A‡bK wKQz Zvi|
†hUzKz ey‡SwQ ZvI K_v †bB †kvbvevi g‡Zv|
Zey †mB mywbwðZ evYx
A¯úó ¯^‡cœi g‡Zv Abyf~wZ wN‡i
¯úk© Zvi †i‡L hvq, cÖ‡jvfb †i‡L hvq AviI,
Avwg Zv‡K cvBwb Avgvi
†PZbvi mnR mÜv‡b|
Zey Zv‡K †`Levi eySevi A‡kl we¯§‡q
iæ×Øvi ü`‡qi Kv‡Q
Abybq Kwi evisevi :
Av‡jv PvB− AviI Av‡jv, AšÍ‡ii, ZxeªZg Av‡jv|
kãv_© I UxKv
kv‡L kv‡L ... wKQz
Av‡Q AšÍ‡ii K_v Ñ ˆP‡Îi cÎcjøe eû ewY©j| GB ewY©jZvi g‡a¨ AdzišÍ inm¨ jywK‡q
_v‡K| whwb m„wókxj gvbyl, cÖK…wZ‡K †`Lvi †PvL Av‡Q hvi, wZwb †mB
in‡mï g‡a¨ gvbe-g‡bi K_v ïb‡Z cvb|
cÎ Siv kvLv-e„šÍ-cÖv‡Y
... A`„k¨ Aÿ‡i
Av‡Q †jLv Ñ S‡i hvIqvi g‡a¨ `ytL _v‡K| gvbyl †hgb msmv‡ii eÜb †_‡K, c„w_exi
eÜb †_‡K P‡j †h‡Z Pvq bv wKsev Zvi wcÖqRb‡K P‡j †h‡Z w`‡Z Pvq
bv, KweI †Zgwb Kíbvq GKwU cvZvSiv iƒ‡ci g‡aÏ Zz‡j a‡ib
†e`bvi nvnvKvi, Ae¨³ Abybq| wKš‘ †e`bvB †kl K_v bq m„wó Av‡Q,
cÖvY Av‡Q, Av‡Q cÖv‡Yi †Kvjvnj| ÔmeyR wkïÕ ZviB cÖZxK| Avi GB
m„wói g‡a¨ †Mvcb GK BwZnv‡mi g‡Zv †jLv _v‡K Rxe‡bi RqMvb|
298 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†kvbvi AZxZ hZ
K_v ... wjwce×
Av‡Q ms‡Mvc‡b Ñ cÖK…wZ wPiKvjB inm¨gq| KZ bv-Rvbv K_v, KZ bv-†kvbv Mvb
Avi KZ bv- †`Lv iƒc †h cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ jywK‡q _v‡K Zvi BqËv †bB|
†m iƒ‡ci wKQz
Av‡jv ... eywSwb
A‡bK wKQz Zvi Ñ cÖK…wZi wecyj inm¨ Avi Acwi‡gq †mŠ›`‡h©i Av¯^v` me m„wókxj
gvby‡liB Kvw•ÿZ| KweI †mB iƒ‡ci, †mB †mŠ›`‡h©i, †mB in‡mï wKQz
Av‡jv jvf K‡i‡Qb| †mB inm¨gq RM‡Zi wKQz K_v Zvj-jq-Q‡›`
Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †mB in‡mï Lye mvgvb¨B wZwb Zvui m„wói g‡a¨
aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb− Avi GB Zvui Av‡ÿc|
Zey Zv‡K †`Levi
eySevi ... ZxeªZg
Av‡jv Ñ Kwe Zvui m„wói g‡a¨ Rxeb I cÖK…wZi hZ inm¨ I †mŠ›`h© D‡b¥vPb
Kiæb bv †Kb, wZwb KLbB cwic~Y© Z…wß jvf K‡ib bv| wZwb cÖK…wZ‡K
AviI Mfxifv‡e Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z Pvb, D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z Pvb Gi †Mvcb
inm¨ I Avb›`‡K|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ kxl©K KweZvwU Kwei ÔcÖ_g cÖniÕ (1965) kxl©K Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZi
g‡a¨ †h wecyj inm¨ I †mŠ›`h© jywK‡q Av‡Q GB KweZvq Kwe Zvi ¯îƒc Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| cÖK…wZi
AšÍ‡j©v‡K †hb m‡½vc‡b jywK‡q Av‡Q m„wói wbf…Z gg©evYx| GB gg©we”QzwiZ Av‡jvi ¯ú‡k© Kwe-ü`q
me©`v DÏxß I AbycÖvwYZ| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, Avb›`-†e`bvq, bxieZv I kãgqZvq, Q›`-Zvj-j‡q cÖK…wZ
wPiKvjB Hk¦h©gq| cÖK…wZi †mB wecyj Hk¦‡h©i AvnŸv‡b mvov †Ìqv GKRb Kwe wb‡Ri AR©b wb‡q
KL‡bvB Z…wßjvf K‡ib bv| †mB AZ…wßi †e`bv wb‡q Kwe m„wókxj mËvi Kv‡Q kw³ I Av‡jvi cÖv_©bv
K‡ib|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq †Kvb gv‡m mey‡Ri mgv‡ivn †`Lv hvq e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. ˆPÎ L. êkvL
M. gvN N. dvêyb
2. ÒcÎSiv kvLv-e„šÍÓ wK‡mi Bw½Z enb K‡i?
K. m„wói L. †e`bvi
M. g„Zzï N. beRvMi‡Yi
Av‡jv PvB 299

†Zvgiv Zzwj‡e e‡j mKvj weKvj
be be msMx‡Zi Kzmyg dzUvB|
nvwm gy‡L wb‡qv dzj, Zvi c‡i nvq
†d‡j wÌ dzj, hw` †m dzj ïKvq|
3. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi †h w`KwUi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv n‡jv−
K. cÖK…wZi †mŠ›`h© L. cÖK…wZi inm¨
M. evsjvi Hk¦h© N. evsjvi m„wókxjZv
4. DÏxc‡Ki gv‡S ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq Kwei PvIqvi †Kvb w`KwU Abycw¯’Z?
K. †mŠ›`h©‡eva L. AvZ¥Z…wß
M. AZ…wß N. cÖZ¨vkv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
¯ÍeK-1 : cy‡®ú cy‡®ú fiv kvLx; Kz‡Ä Kz‡Ä Mv‡n cvwL,
¸Äwiqv Av‡m Awj cy‡Ä cy‡Ä †a‡qÑ
Zviv dz‡ji Ici Nywg‡q c‡o dz‡ji gay †L‡q|
¯ÍeK-2 : RvMvI gyg~ly© aiv cÖvY|
dz‡ji dmj Av‡bv, Lv`¨ Av‡bv ÿzav‡Z©i jvwM
AvZ¥vi Avb›` Av‡bv, Av‡bv hviv iwnqv‡Q RvwM
wZwgi cÖni fwi AZ›`ª bqb, Zvi Z‡i
QovI cÖfvZ Av‡jv †Zvgv‡ì gywV f‡i f‡i|
K. ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvq Kwe wegy» bq‡b Kx †`‡L‡Qb?
L. ÒcÎSiv kvLv-e„šÍ-cÖv‡Y/Kx Ae¨³ Abybq wQjÓ− D³ e³‡eï Bw½Zc~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g ¯Íe‡K ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv Zz‡j ai|
N. ¯ÍeKØ‡qi mgwš^Z fveB ÒAv‡jv PvBÓ KweZvi c~Y© cÖwZdjb− gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm
myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
myKvšÍ fÆvPv‡h©i Rb¥ 1926 wLªóv‡ãi 15B AvM÷| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi †KvUvwjcvovq| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg wbeviYP›`ª fÆvPvh©, gv‡qi bvg mybxwZ †èx| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB myKvšÍ wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ ivRbxwZ-m‡PZb|
wZwb Ôˆ`wbK ¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvimfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb Ges g„Z¨z i c~e© ch©šÍ Gi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i‡Qb| myKvšÍ Zuvi Kv‡e¨ Ab¨vq-AwePvi †kvlY-eÂbvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn wecøe I gyw³i AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mg‡q Zuvi KweZv gyw³Kvgx evOvwji g‡b we‡kl kw³ I mvnm RywM‡q‡Q| ÔQvocÎÕ
Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš|’ Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔNyg †bBÕ, Ôc~ev© fvmÕ| Ab¨vb¨ iPbv : Ôwg‡VKovÕ, ÔAwfhvbÕ, ÔniZvjÕ
BZ¨vw`| wZwb d¨vwmwe‡ivax †jLK wkíx ms‡Ni c‡ÿ ÔAvKvjÕ bv‡g GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
1947 wLªóv‡ãi 13B †g gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m cÖwZfvevb G Kwei AKvjg„Zz¨ nq|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmn

¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi SzuwK,
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB Anin
weivU `ytmvn‡miv †`q †h DuwK|
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq
c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav,
G eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi bq−
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v|
G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j,
cÖvY †Ìqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi
ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv,
G eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi
G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †h `ye©vi
c‡_ cÖvšÍ‡i †QvUvq eny Zzdvb,
`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv fvi
ÿZ-weÿZ nq mn¯ª cÖvY|
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m AvNvZ Av‡m
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 301
AwekÖvšÍ; G‡K G‡K nq R‡ov,

G eqm Kv‡jv jÿ `xN©k¦v‡m
G eqm Kuv‡c †e`bvq _‡iv_‡iv|
Zey AvVv‡ivi ky‡bwQ RqaŸwb,
G eqm euv‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡o,
wec‡ì gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx
G eqm Zey bZzb wKQz †Zv K‡i|
G eqm †R‡bv fxiy, Kvcyiyl bq
c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g,
G eq‡m ZvB †bB †Kv‡bv mskq−
G †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g||
kãv_© I UxKv
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmn Ñ G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb ch©vq| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K
†hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl G eq‡m| Ab¨‡ì Ici wbf©ikxjZv
cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q ùvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq Zv‡K|
Gmgq †_‡K Zv‡K GK KwVb I `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq|
¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi SzuwK Ñ A‡bï Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e
Pjvi SuywK G eq‡mB gvbyl wb‡q _v‡K|
weivU `ytmvn‡miv †`q †h DuwK Ñ bvbv `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨vM G eq‡mi ZiæY‡ì gb‡K
wN‡i a‡i|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v Ñ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i G eq‡m gvbyl AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq| Rxe‡bi
gy‡LvgywL ùvovq ¯^vaxbfv‡e| ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi
w`b¸‡jv‡Z †h Kvbœv wQj G eq‡mi ¯^fve-êwkó¨ Zv‡K
m‡PZbfv‡e gy‡Q †dj‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq|
G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ Ñ †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M G eq‡mi gvbylB GwM‡q †M‡Q
me‡P‡q †ewk| Rxe‡bi Szwu K wb‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q mg¯Í wec`
†gvKv‡ejvq| cÖvY w`‡q‡Q ARvbv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨, †`k I RbM‡Yi
gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMÖv‡g| ZvB G eqm my›ì, ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨
i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b|
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j Ñ ZviæY¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L bZzb Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB
†mBme ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡b, wbZ¨-bZzb KiYxq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ be
be kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q ZiæY-cÖvY GwM‡q hvq `„p c`‡ÿ‡c|
ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv Ñ Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob, mvgvwRK êlg¨ I
†f`v‡f` BZ¨vw` †`‡L cÖvYešÍ Ziæ‡Yiv ÿzä n‡q I‡V|
302 mvwnZ¨ cvV
G eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi Ñ Abyfw~ Zi ZxeªZv I myMfxi ms‡e`bkxjZv G eq‡mB gvby‡li Rxe‡b
we‡kl Zxeª n‡q †`Lv †`q Ges g‡bvRM‡Z Zvi cÖwZwµqvI nq
Mfxi|
G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv Ñ fv‡jv-g›`, BwZevPK-†bwZevPK bvbv ZË¡, gZev`, fveaviYvi
m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i GB eq‡mi Ziæ‡Yiv|
`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVK g‡Zv ivLv fvi Ñ Rxe‡bi GB mwÜÿ‡Y kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK
bvbv RwUjZv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| GB mgq m‡PZb I
m‡Pófv‡e wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j c`öjb n‡Z
cv‡i| Rxe‡b wech©q †b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i|
G eqm Kv‡jv jÿ `xN©k¦v‡m Ñ m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡q mywbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvivi
ARmª e¨_©Zvi `xN©kv¦ ‡m G eqm †bwZevPK Kv‡jv Aa¨vq n‡q DV‡Z
cv‡i|
c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g Ñ G eqm †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv, RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg
K‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z| cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbišÍi avegvbZvB
G eq‡mi êwkó¨|
G †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv
AvmyK †b‡g Ñ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm eû BwZevPK êwk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| Ro wbðj
cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ, Kj¨vY I
†meveªZ, DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ− GmeB
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi êwkó¨| Kwe cÖv_©bv K‡ib, Gme êwkó¨
†hb RvZxq Rxe‡b PvwjKvkw³ n‡q ùvovq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
myKvšÍ fÆvPv‡h©i ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvwU 1948 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ Zuvi ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq Kwe wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji êwkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K
†hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G eqmwU D‡ËRbvi, cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡bi Szwu K †bevi Dc‡hvMx| G eqm A`g¨
`ytmvn‡m mKj evav-wec`‡K †cwi‡q hvIqvi Ges Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvovevi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z ‘ | G‡ì
ag©B n‡jv AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q Suvwc‡q cov|
cvkvcvwk mgvRRxe‡bi bvbv weKvi, Amy¯Z ’ v I me©bv‡ki AwfNv‡Z n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Giv fqsKi|
wKš‘ G eq‡mi Av‡Q mg¯Í `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK †gvKvwejv Kivi A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| d‡j ZviæY¨ I
†hŠebkw³ `ye©vi †e‡M GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_| †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ye©vi MwZ, bZzb Rxeb
iPbvi ¯^cœ Ges Kj¨vYeªZ− Gme êwk‡óï Rb¨ Kwe cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb bvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ †`‡k ZviæY¨
I †hŠebkw³ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q ùvovq|
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 303
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© KZ eQi eq‡m g„ZzëiY K‡ib?
K. 19 L. 20
M. 21 N. 22
2. ÔG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|Õ Ñ †Kvb êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y Kwe AvVv‡ivi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb?
K. BwZevPK L. `ytmvnm
M. eqm N. ZviæY¨
weªwUk kvmK‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô fviZevmx| †ÿv‡fi Av¸b Qwo‡q c‡o me©Î| gv÷vi`v m~h©
†m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ BD‡ivwcqvb K¬ve Avµg‡Y GwM‡q Av‡mb Zuvi A‡bK Abymvix| Gu‡ìB GKRb
cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi| †kl ch©šÍ wZwb g„Zz¨‡K eiY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb wKš‘ AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ibwb|
3. cÖxwZjZvi gv‡S ÒAvVvi eQi eqmÓ KweZvi †Kvb w`K¸‡jv dz‡U D‡V‡Q?−
i. ZviæY¨
ii. AvZ¥Z¨vM
iii. me©bv‡ki AwfNvZ
M. ii I iii N. i. ii I iii
4. D³ w`K wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYhyM‡j cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ L. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav
M. cÖvY †Ìqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨ N. G eqm evu‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡o,
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j wec‡ì gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
myRb I mvab mncvV Ges †jLvcovq †ek fv‡jv| ¯‹zj Rxeb cvi n‡Z bv n‡ZB myRb wg‡k hvq
wKQz Amr eÜzi mv‡_| †jLv-covi cvV Pz‡K hvq ILv‡bB| Zvi bvg ïb‡j gvbyl AuvZ‡K D‡V|
Aci w`‡K mvab wek¦we`¨vj‡q co‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡j †m Zv‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡o− wgwQ‡j
†m †bZ…Z¡ †`q| msMwVZ K‡i mncvVx‡ì, Avi cÖwZÁv K‡i − Rxeb w`‡q n‡jI gvZ…fvlvi gvb
iÿv Ki‡eB|
K. †Kvb eq‡m `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q?
L. Òev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡jÓ− GK_v w`‡q myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki myR‡bi gv‡S ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvq †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
N. D³ w`KwU wK ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvi g~jfve− †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡q wePvi Ki|
†deªæqvwi 1969
kvgmyi ivngvb
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
kvgmyi ivngvb 1929 wLªóv‡ãi 23G A‡±vei XvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm biwms`xi cvovZwj
MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg gyL‡jmyi ingvb †PŠayix I gvZvi bvg Av‡gbv LvZzb| wZwb 1945 wLªóv‡ã XvKvi
†cv‡MvR ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv, XvKv K‡jR †_‡K 1947 wLªóv‡ã B›UviwgwW‡qU Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
weG cvm K‡ib| 1957 wLªóv‡ã wZwb Ôˆ`wbK gwb©s wbDRÕ-G mvsevw`KZv w`‡q Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| 1964
wLªóv‡ã wZwb Ôˆ`wbK cvwK¯ÍvbÕ (c‡i Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ) cwÎKvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1949 wLªóv‡ã ÔmvßvwnK
†mvbvi evsjvÕ cwÎKvq Kwei cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq| AvRxeb wZwb wbôvi m‡½ Kve¨mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ
wQ‡jb; wZwb wQ‡jb MYZ‡š¿i c‡ÿ, wQ‡jb mZ¨, my›ì I b¨v‡qi c‡ÿ| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
¯^vaxbZvhy× I cieZ©x mKj MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ AKzÉ mg_©b Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q Abb¨
êwkó¨gwÐZ| bMi Rxe‡bi hš¿Yv, GKvwKZ¡, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK eÜb BZ¨vw` Zuvi KweZvi jÿYxq
êwkó¨|
kvgmyi ivngv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zzï Av‡MÕ, Ô†iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡ZÕ, ÔweaŸ¯Í bxwjgvÕ,
Ôwbiv‡jv‡K wèï_Õ, ÔwbR evmf~‡gÕ, Ôew›` wkwei †_‡KÕ, Ôwdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUvÕ, ÔD™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V
P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`kÕ, ÔeyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`qÕ BZ¨vw`| GQvov Mí-Dcb¨vm, wkï mvwnZ¨ I Abyev` K‡g©I wZwb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb Av`gwR cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, ¯^vaxbZv
cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ c`K I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
2006 wLªóv‡ãi 17B AvM÷ wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Avevi dz‡U‡Q `¨v‡Lv K…òP~ov _‡i _‡i kn‡ii c‡_

†Kgb wbweo n‡q| KL‡bv wgwQ‡j KL‡bv-ev
GKv †nu‡U †h‡Z †h‡Z g‡b nq−dzj bq, Iiv
kwn‡ì SjwKZ i‡³i eyØy`, ¯§„wZM‡Ü ficyi|
GKz‡ki K…òP~ov Avgv‡ì †PZbviB is|
G−i‡Oi wecixZ Av‡Q Ab¨ is,
†h-is jv‡M bv fv‡jv †Pv‡L, †h-is mš¿vm Av‡b
cÖvZ¨wnKZvq Avgv‡ì g‡b mKvj-mÜ¨vqÑ
GLb †m i‡O †Q‡q †M‡Q c_-NvU, mviv †`k
NvZ‡Ki Aïf Av¯Ívbv|
†deªæqvwi 1969 305
Avwg Avi Avgvi g‡ZvB eû †jvK

ivwÎ-w`b f~jywÉZ NvZ‡Ki Av¯Ívbvq, †KD giv, Avagiv †KD,
†KD ev fxlY †Rw`, `viæY wecø‡e †d‡U cov| PZzw`©‡K
gvbweK evMvb, Kgjeb n‡”Q ZQbQ|
eywS ZvB Dwbk‡kv DbmË‡iI
Avevi mvjvg bv‡g ivRc‡_, k~‡b¨ †Zv‡j d¬¨vM,
eiKZ eyK cv‡Z NvZ‡Ki _vevi m¤§y‡L|
mvjv‡gi †PvL AvR Av‡jvwPZ XvKv,
mvjv‡gi gyL AvR ZiæY k¨vgj c~e© evsjv|
†`Ljvg ivRc‡_, †`Ljvg Avgiv mevB
RbmvaviY
†`Ljvg mvjv‡gi nvZ †_‡K bÿ‡Îi g‡Zv
S‡i AweiZ Awebvkx eY©gvjv
Avi eiKZ e‡j Mvp D”Pvi‡Y
GL‡bv ex‡ii i‡³ `ytwLbx gvZvi AkÖæR‡j
†dv‡U dzj ev¯Í‡ei wekvj PZ¡‡i
ü`‡qi nwir DcZ¨Kvq| †mB dzj Avgv‡ìB cÖvY,
wknwiZ ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y Avb‡›ì †iŠ‡`ª Avi `yt‡Li Qvqvq| [ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
Avevi dz‡U‡Q `¨v‡Lv ...
Avgv‡ì †PZbviB is Ñ cÖwZ eQi kn‡ii c‡_ c‡_ K…òP~ov dzj †dv‡U| Kwei g‡b nq †hb
fvlv-kwn`‡ì i‡³i eyØy` K…òP~ov dzj n‡q dz‡U‡Q| ZvB GKz‡ki
K…òP~ov‡K Kwe Avgv‡ì †PZbvi i‡Oi m‡½ wgwj‡q wb‡Z Pvb| fvlvi
Rb¨ huviv i³ w`‡q‡Qb, Rxeb DrmM© K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì Z¨vM Avi gwngv
†hb g~Z© n‡q I‡V _‡i _‡i dz‡U _vKv jvj K…òP~ovi ¯Íe‡K-¯Íe‡K|
gvbweK evMvb Ñ gvbexq RMr| gbyl¨Z¡, b¨vq I g½‡ji RMr|
Kgjeb Ñ cÙeb| Kwe gvbweKZv, my›ì I Kj¨v‡Yi RMr †evSv‡Z ÔKgjebÕ
cÖZxKwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
306 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eywS ZvB Dwbk‡kv ...

_vevi m¤§y‡L| Ñ 1952 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK ivóªfvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi µgavivq QvÎ-Am‡šÍvl‡K
†K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVv Av‡›`vjb Dwbk‡kv DbmË‡i e¨vcK MYAfy¨Ìv‡b
iƒc †bq| kni I MÖv‡gi mKj †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl GB Av‡›`vj‡b
AskMÖnY K‡ib| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †NvwlZ Qq `dv I QvÎ‡ì
11 `dvi wfwË‡Z M‡o IVv GB Av‡›`vjb wQj AcÖwZ‡iva¨| GB
Av‡›`vj‡b cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z g„ZzëiY K‡ib Avmv`y¾vgvb, gwZDi,
W. kvgmy‡¾vnv cÖgyL| G As‡k Kwe †kvlY Avi eÂbvi weiæ‡× iæ‡L
ùvov‡bv I AvZ¥vûwZ †Ìqv exi RbZv‡K fvlv-kwn` mvjvg I eiK‡Zi
cÖZx‡K Zvrch©gq K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb|
†mB dzj Avgv‡ìB cÖvY Ñ dzj ej‡Z GLv‡b evsjv fvlv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó kxl©K KweZvwU Kwe kvgmyi ivngv‡bi ÔwbR evmf~‡gÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K Pqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó †`k‡cÖg, MYRvMiY I msMÖvgx †PZbvi KweZv|
1969-G cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi weiæ‡× ZrKvjxb c~e©e‡½ †h MYAv‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv n‡qwQj, KweZvwU
†mB MYRvMi‡Yi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ| RvwZMZ †kvlY I wbcxo‡bi weiæ‡× G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl ÿzä
n‡q I‡V 1969-G| cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgMÄ, nvUevRvi, KjKviLvbv, ¯‹zj-K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AmsL¨
gvbyl R‡ov nq XvKvi ivRc‡_| kvgmyi ivngvb wewPÎ †kªwY-†ckvi gvby‡li ¯^Ztù~Z© msMÖvgx †PZbvi
AmvaviY GK wkífvl¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq|
KweZvwU‡Z †`kgvZ…Kvi cÖwZ RbZvi wecyj fv‡jvevmv msewa©Z n‡q‡Q| †`k‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m gvby‡li
AvZ¥`vb I AvZ¥vûwZi †cÖiYv‡K Kwe Mfxi ggZv I kª×vi m‡½ g~Z© K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| KweZvwU GKz‡ki
i³Siv w`b¸‡jv‡Z ˆ¯îkvm‡bi weiæ‡× G‡`‡ki msMÖvgx gvby‡li AvZ¥vûwZi gvnv‡Z¥¨ cÖMvpZv jvf
K‡i‡Q| M`¨Q›` I cÖengvb fvlvi myôz weKv‡k KweZvwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï GK Abb¨ ms‡hvRb|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvq eY©gvjv‡K Kx‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. bÿÎ L. i³
M. dzj N. †iŠ`ª
†deªæqvwi 1969 307
2. ÒAvevi dz‡U‡Q `¨v‡Lv K…òP‚ov _‡i _‡i kn‡ii c‡_Ó− PiYwU Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rxe‡bi †Kvb w`KwU
Zz‡j a‡i?
K. MYAv‡›`vjb L. fvlv Av‡›`vjb
M. ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb N. ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vjb
1971 mv‡j gvZ…f‚wgi gyw³i Rb¨ AKvZ‡i Rxeb wemR©b †`b gwZDi ingvb, †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj,
gwnDÏxb Rvnv½ximn jÿ jÿ gvbyl| Zuv‡ì AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q Rb¥ †bq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k|
3. DÏxc‡Ki Z¨vMx gvbyl‡ì cÖwZ”Qwe Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvq hv‡ì wb‡`©k K‡i Zviv n‡jb−
i. mvjvg
ii. eiKZ
iii. `ytwLbx gvZv
†KvbwU wVK?
4. IB e¨w³‡ì AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi g~jgš¿ Kx wQj?
K. Av`k© L. †`k‡cÖg
M. we‡`ªvn N. ¯^vwaKvi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Kcv‡j Kwâ‡Z jvj mvjy †eu‡a
GB gv‡V Qz‡U G‡mwQj KviLvbv †_‡K †jvnvi kÖwgK,
jvOj †Rvqvj Kvu‡a G‡mwQj SvuK †eu‡a Dj½ K…lK
nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq g„Zz¨ †Pv‡L ¯^cœ wb‡q G‡mwQj ga¨weË,
wb¤œweË, KiæY †Kivwb, bvix, e„×, feNy‡i
Avi †Zvgv‡ì gZ wkï cvZv Kzovwbiv `j †eu‡a|
K. kn‡ii c‡_ _‡i _‡i Kx dz‡U‡Q ?
L. ÒG−i‡Oi wecixZ Av‡Q Ab¨ isÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxcKwU Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvi †h mv`„k¨ wb‡`©k K‡i Zvi cwiPq `vI|
N. ÔDÏxc‡Ki e³e¨ Ò†deªæqvwi 1969Ó KweZvi LÐvskÕ− †hŠw³KZv †`LvI|
†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡| wZwb
Rvgvjcy‡i Zuvi bvbvevwo‡Z 1932 wLªóv‡ãi 14B Ryb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K evwo wQj Rvgvjcyi
†Rjvi Bmjvgcyi _vbvi KzjvKvw›` MÖv‡g| Zuvi evevi bvg Ave`yi ingvb Ges gv‡qi bvg nvwdRv LvZzb| wZwb
XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K gva¨wgK Ges XvKv K‡jR †_‡K D”Pgva¨wgK cv‡mi ci XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q
ivóªweÁvb wefv‡M fwZ© nb| c‡i Abvm© dvBbvj cixÿvq Ask bv wb‡q weG cvm K‡ib|
Kg©Rxe‡b wkÿKZv, mvsevw`KZv, miKv‡ii ciivóª `ß‡ii PvKwi− Ggwb bvbv †ckvq wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb|
ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨-msKjb ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ wZwbB m¤úv`bv K‡ib| g„Zzï Av‡M wZwb †lvj
L‡Ð evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i `wjj msKjb I m¤úv`bv K‡ib| †Kej KweZv bq cÖeÜ, Mímn mvwn‡Zï
wewfbœ kvLvq Zuvi wQj `„ß c`PviYv| ¯^‡`k, mgKvj Ges mvaviY gvbyl Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©vi gyL¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv|
mvwnZ¨ †ÿ‡Î Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi R‡b¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Ges gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K jvf
K‡ib| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔwegyL cÖvšÍiÕ, ÔAvZ© kãvewjÕ, ÔAwšÍg k‡ii g‡ZvÕ, ÔhLb D`¨Z
m½xbÕ, Ôe‡Rª †Piv Auvavi AvgviÕ, Ô†kvKvZ© ZievwiÕ cÖf…wZ|
wZwb 1983 wLªóv‡ãi c‡njv GwcÖj g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Gevi †gvQve gyL †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq|

nvRvi eQ‡ii †e`bv †_‡K Rb¥ wbj
iw³g m~‡h©i AwaKvix †h k¨vgKvšÍ dzj
wbtk¼ nvIqvq AvR I‡o, `ytL‡fvjvwbqv Mvb Mvq|
†gvQve †Zvgvi gyL AvR †mB Mvp cZvKvq|
µ~i c`vwZK hZ hy‡M hy‡M
D×Z cv‡qi `vM †i‡L †M‡Q †Kvgj cwji Z¡‡K,
wewfbœ gy‡Li †KvwU Ak¦v‡ivnx G‡m
Ly‡i Ly‡i ÿZgq K‡i †M‡Q mnbxqv gvwU,
jvjmvi jvjvgvLv †µv‡a e›`yK Kvgvb KZ
Amyi MR©‡b wP‡i‡Q AvKvk cwicvwU,
we`xY© eyK bxj eY© n‡q †MQ Zzwg, evsjvf~wg
bZ n‡q †M‡Q gyL †ÿv‡f I j¾vq|
Gevi †gvQve †mB gyL †kvKvµvšÍ, †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq|
†K Av‡m m‡½ †`L †`L †P‡q AvR :
KviLvbvi ivRv, jv½‡ji bvweK,
†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKv 309
DËvj †XD‡qi kvmK D`¨Z êVv nv‡Z gvjøv `j,

Ges Kvgvi Kz‡gvi ZuvwZ| Giv‡Zv mevB †mB
†gnb‡Zi cÖfz, AvbyM‡Z¨
kvwbZ i‡³ Xj n‡q hvq e‡q †Zvgvi wkivgq mviv c‡_ c‡_|
`ynv‡Z mivq `ªæZ kn‡ii RwUj cw¼j,
ga¨weË Abo Avwej| G‡K G‡K mKj‡K bvgvq wgwQ‡j|
Wv‡K Avcvgi fvB †evb| GKmv‡_ wg‡j wbwñ`ª
wekvj wkjv`„p cvnvo evbvq|
†mB †KvwU nvZ GK nvZ n‡q
†gvQv‡e †Zvgvi gyL †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq|
mg¯Í k~b¨Zvq AvR weï× evZvm e‡q hvq
AvKvk Puv‡`vqv R¡‡j ivûgy³ Nb bxwjgvq|
AKjyl evsjvf~wg n‡q I‡Vv ivZvivwZ Avw`MšÍ Zx_©f~wg|
AšÍnxb wgwQ‡ji †`k,
mvwi mvwi gvby‡li AvKv‡i n‡j g~wZ©gqx
mg¯Í ¯^‡`k AvR ivOv ivRc‡_|
wèv‡jvK n‡q †dv‡U cÖvÄj wecøe
mvZ †KvwU gyL nv‡m g„Zzï iwOb Zxi nv‡Z wb‡q|
†kÖwYe× GB wf‡o mK‡jB mevi Av‡M
GKevi kÎæ‡K †kl †`Lv †`‡L wb‡Z Pvq|
`ytmvnm PgKvq eivfq wn‡jøvwjZ †Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvq \
Zzwg Av‡Qv KvRj w`wNi cv‡o, †KvwK‡ji gayÿiv ¯^‡i,
nwir¯^‡cœ dz‡j-IVv cÖvšÍ‡ii De©i Av`‡i
wmsncÖvY wMwie‡Z¥© Ges e‡½vcmvMi
bvgK AvKzj H Aw¯’iZvi Zzgyj Mfx‡i
Av‡Qv w`b-ivwÎ AwMœgyL Akwbi A‡kl Aax‡i|
Zzwg Av‡Qv Av‡Rv, wQ‡j wPiKvj|
we‡k¦i †miv my›ìx e‡j jy‡UQ cÖev‡ì L¨vwZ
hwÌ iZœLPv †Zvgvi †mŠ›`h© †mB AweiZ †ZvgviB n‡q‡Q Kvj|
310 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†Zvgv‡K gy‡Vv‡Z f‡i Avb‡›ì SzgSzwg

evRv‡Z G‡m‡Q hviv
myKv‡ji †fvRmfvi ÿzavZ© AwZw_
i³ wb‡q gy‡L wa°v‡i wa°v‡i cjvZK Zviv,
Avengvb evsjvi ee©iZg `Lj`viI †`L AvR
KzrwmZZg Auvav‡i wbN©vr n‡e jxb|
Zzwg wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ Agwjb|
kZ †KvwU jvÃbvi wZ³ `vM mviv †`‡n m‡q
Av‡Rv Zzwg gvZv, ïwPï× gvZv mvZ †KvwU mskßK
mšÍv‡bi AKvZi Zzwg gvZv|
†cÖg AevwiZ n‡e weR‡qi avivR‡j, †iŠ`ª, †RvQbvq|
kZ kZvãxi Ae¸wÉZ Avkv c~Y© K‡i
†gvQve †Zvgvq gyL †ZvgviB Avcb cZvKvq||
kãv_© I UxKv
iw³g m~‡h©i AwaKvix †h
k¨vgKvšÍ dzj − Kwe GLv‡b Avgv‡ì cZvKvi meyR k¨vgj Rwg‡b †Niv jvj Ask‡K
†evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
c`vwZK − ¯’jhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix ˆmb¨|
Amyi − fqsKi wec¾bK kÎæ †evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
we`xY© eyK bxj eY©
n‡q †MQ Zzwg − K‡ói is‡K bxj e‡j mvaviYZ AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GLv‡b ¯^‡`‡ki
Ici hy‡M hy‡M ewntkw³i †h wbh©vZb AvMÖvmb msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Zvi
cwiYwZ‡Z `ytL-wK¬ó evsjv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
KviLvbvi ivRv − kÖwgKivB KviLvbvi cÖvY| ZvB Zv‡ì ivRv e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
jvO‡ji bvweK − mgy`ªc‡_ bvweK †hgb R‡ji eyK †K‡U bZzb c_ Avwe®‹v‡i eªZx nq
†Zgwb evsjvi K…lKI jvO‡ji djv w`‡q gvwU wP‡i mg„× dmjfiv
AvMvgx w`‡bi c_ ˆZwi‡Z m‡Pó nq|
Giv †Zv mevB †mB
†gnb‡Zi cÖfz − †`‡ki kÖgRxex gvbyl‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì mgv‡R †gnbwZ
gvbyl Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ m¤§vb cvq bv| A‡bK mgq Zv‡ì‡K A‡bï
`vmZ¡ Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kwe GLv‡b †L‡U LvIqv gvby‡li kÖ‡gi Ici
Zv‡ìB wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb|
AvbyM‡Z¨ kvwbZ i‡³
Xj n‡q hvq e‡q †Zvgvi
wkivgq mviv c‡_ c‡_ − b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki b`xi Rj‡K kÖwg‡Ki kÖ‡gi m‡½ wgwj‡q †`Lv
n‡q‡Q|
`ynv‡Z mivq `ªæZ kn‡ii
RwUj cw¼j − †gnbwZ gvby‡li K_v ej‡Z wM‡q Kwe GLv‡b kn‡ii cwi”QbœZv
Kgx©‡ì K_v ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb|
ga¨weË Abo Avwej|
G‡K G‡K mKj‡K
bvgvq wgwQ‡j − G‡`‡ki kÖgRxex gvby‡li †h jovKz gvbwmKZv i‡q‡Q Zvi wecix‡Z
Kwe cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb ga¨we‡Ëi ¯’weiZv, AvcmKvwgZv| wKš‘ GB
`ye©jZv‡K civf‚Z K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì cÖwZ kÖgRxex gvby‡li D`vË
AvnŸvb| ZvB mKj †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl wgwQ‡j GK n‡q †M‡Q,
¯^‡`‡ki gyw³ mK‡ji Kv‡Q Awfbœ j‡ÿ¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Avcvgi − cvgi Z_v wbP cvwcô e¨w³mn mK‡j| A_©vr KvD‡KB ev` bv w`‡q|
Puv‡`vqv − Kvc‡oi ˆZwi wPÎwewPÎ QvDwb, mvwgqvbv|
ivû − ÿwZKviK e¨w³ ev kÎæ A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
wèv‡jvK n‡q †dv‡U
cÖvÄj wecøe − GwU GKwU wPÎKí| m~‡h©i Av‡jv dz‡U w`‡bi ïiæ nq| Kwe †mB
Av‡jv †dvUvi m‡½ wecø‡ei cÖvYgqZv‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
nwir − meyR
wMwieZ¥© − cvnvwo c_|
mskßK − †h †hv×v GB g‡g© kc_ †bq †h, nq hy‡× Rqx n‡e A_ev g„Zz¨ wbwðZ
†R‡bI hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡e| gnvfvi‡Z K…‡òi bvivqYx †mbv`‡j
mskßK †hv×v wQj, hviv giYcY K‡i hy× KiZ|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvwU nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔhLb D`¨Z m½xbÕ kxl©K Kve¨Mªš’ †_‡K
msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi †fZi w`‡q nvRvi eQ‡ii hš¿Yv NywP‡q evsjv‡`‡ki D¾¡j
Afy¨`q‡K Kwe †`¨vwZZ K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| ¯^vaxb †`‡ki GKvšÍ Avcb †h ¯^vaxb cZvKv, Zv w`‡qB
nvRvi eQi a‡i cwikÖvšÍ e½Rbbxi mKj K¬vwšÍ gywQ‡q †Ìqvi AvKv•ÿv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zuvi K‡É|
312 mvwnZ¨ cvV
BwZnvm-m‡PZb Kwe Abyfe K‡ib Kxfv‡e `xN©Kvj a‡i evsjv AÂj evisevi AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| kÎæ‡mbvi
A‡¯¿i SbSbvwb Avi Zv‡ì `¤¢c~Y© c`fv‡i †e`bv-bxj n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki gvwU, cÖK…wZ Ges cÖvK…Z Rxeb|
wKš‘ G-I mZ¨ †h, kÎæi ûsKvi KL‡bvB G‡`‡k wPi¯’vqx AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nqwb| †Kbbv,
G‡`‡ki kÖwgK, K…lK, †R‡j, ZuvwZ, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, gvwS− cÖf…wZ mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡ì ey‡Ki i³ †X‡j
mRxe K‡i †i‡L‡Q GB gvwUi cÖvY¯ú›`b‡K| Zviv hy‡M hy‡M wgwQ‡ji g‡Zv mg‡eZ n‡q‡Q, `y‡f©`¨ `yM©
M‡o Zz‡j‡Q, †KvwU nvZ GK n‡q wM‡q †mB nv‡Z evsjv gv‡qi gy‡Li meUzKz kÖvwšÍ gy‡Q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q|
GKB cZvKvZ‡j wgwjZ nIqvi †cÖiYvq Dwbk‡kv GKvË‡i D¾xweZ n‡qwQj G †`‡ki gvbyl|
AwMœùzwj‡½i g‡Zv Qwo‡q c‡owQj Zvi DËvc| †m DËvc Qwo‡q c‡o Kwei Abyf‡e| Kwe‰PZ‡b¨ wfo
K‡i wgwQj, jovB, i‡³ ivOv ivRc_ Avi kÎæ‡K iæ‡L †Ìqvi `yišÍ mvn‡m fiv `„ß gvby‡li gyL| †mB
msMÖvg‡K wZwb cÖwZwew¤^Z n‡Z †`‡Lb jvj-mey‡Ri cZvKvq|
msMÖvgx Abyf‡ei cvkvcvwk Kwei Abyf‡e aiv c‡o Avengvb evsjvi Awb›`¨my›ì iƒc| evsjvi KvRj
w`wN, †KvwK‡ji Mvb, meyR dmj fiv gvV, cvnvwo c_ wKsev D”Q¡wmZ mgy`ª− eû‰ewP‡Îï mgš^‡q †h
¯^‡`k, Zv‡K Kwe cÖZxKvwqZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb ¯^vaxb †`‡ki Avcb cZvKvq| GB wZ‡jvËgv ¯^‡`‡ki AwgZ
†mŠ›`h©B kÎæcÿ‡K G‡`k Avµg‡Y cÖjyä K‡i‡Q| G †`‡ki mvnmx Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L kÎæiv
cvjv‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| gy³ n‡q‡Q ¯^‡`k| bZzb Avkvq bZzb w`‡bi ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi n‡q‡Qb Kwe| Zuvi GKvšÍ
cÖZ¨q Ñ A‡bK i‡³i wewbg‡q cvIqv cZvKvi gayi ¯ú‡k© `~i n‡q hv‡e †`kgvZ…Kvi mKj †e`bv|
KweZvwU‡Z nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb †`k Avi Kuv‡a Kuva-†gjv‡bv AR¯ª gvbyl‡K GKB cZvKvi eÜ‡b
euva‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Avi ZvB ÔcZvKvÕ kãeÜwU GB KweZvq HK¨ I cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Yi cÖZxK| cy‡iv
KweZv‡ZB ¯^‡`k‡K wkívwš^Z Aeq‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Kwe G‡Ki ci GK wPÎK‡íi gvjv †Mu‡_‡Qb|
Avi wkí‡KŠk‡ji mymgwš^Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g KweZvwU mgybœZ n‡q‡Q bv›`wbK D”PZvq|
KweZvwU Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| G‡Z 8+10, 10+6 cÖf…wZ wewfbœ c‡e©i gvÎv wefvRb cwijwÿZ nq|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. wbtk¼ nvIqvq AvR Kx I‡o?
K. k¨vgKvšÍ dzj L. e›`yK Kvgvb
M. AvKvk Puv‡`vqv N. †KvwU mskßK
2. Ôµ~i c`vwZKÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
i. ¯’jhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix wbôzi ˆmb¨`j
ii. evsjvq AvMZ hyM-hyMvšÍ‡ii kvmK-†kvlK‡kÖwY
iii. evsjvi m¤ú`-†mŠ›`h© jyÉbKvix kÎæ‡mbv
wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI−

Iiv Kviv ey‡bv`j †Xv‡K
Gwi g‡a¨ (_vgvI _vgvI), ¯^Y©k¨vg eyK wQu‡o
A¯¿ nv‡Z bv‡g mvš¿x Kvcyiæl
3. Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi †h w`K¸‡jv DÏxc‡K cªwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. evsjvq kÎæ‡mbvi AvMgb
ii. evsjvi gvby‡li cÖwZev`x mËv
iii. hy‡M hy‡M AvµvšÍ evsjv-gv
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYhyM‡j DÏxc‡Ki mvš¿x Kvcyiæl‡ì civR‡qi welq cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?
K. jvjmvi jvjvgvLv †µv‡a e›`yK Kvgvb K‡Zv
Amyi MR©‡b wP‡i‡Q AvKvk cwicvwU,
L. Wv‡K Avcvgi fvB †evb| GK mv‡_ wg‡j wbwñ`ª
wekvj wkjv`„p cvnvo evbvq|
M. Zzwg Av‡Qv KvRj w`wNi cv‡o, †KvwK‡ji gayÿiv ¯^‡i,
nwir¯^‡cœ dz‡j-IVv cÖvšÍ‡ii De©i Av`‡i|
N. Zzwg wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ Agwjb
kZ †KvwU jvÃbvi wZ³ `vM mviv †`‡n m‡q
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†QvU fvBwU‡K Avwg †Kv_vI †`wL bv
big †bvjK civ †evbwU‡K AvR Avi †Kv_vI †`wL bv
†Kej cZvKv †`wL, †Kej Drme †`wL, ¯^vaxbZv †`wL
Z‡e wK Avgvi fvB AvR H ¯^vaxb cZvKv?
Z‡e wK Avgvi †evb wZwg‡ii †ew`‡Z Drme?
K. mvZ †KvwU mšÍvb‡K Kx wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q?
L. ÒZzwg wQ‡j Agwjb, Av‡Rv AvQ AgwjbÓ− ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Kwei wRÁvmv Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU‡K Bw½Z K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N.DÏxcKwU Ò†Zvgvi Avcb cZvKvÓ KweZvi LÐcÖKvk gvÎ− we‡kølY Ki|
nvo
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` 1932 wLªóv‡ãi 6B †g biwms`x †Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi ivgbM‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zuvi evevi bvg MvRx Ave`ym †mvenvb I gv‡qi bvg Av‡gbv LvZzb| 1953 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K evsjvq mœvZK m¤§vb I 1954 wLªóv‡ã mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1970-G wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| miKvwi K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbvi gva¨‡g wZwb Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges c‡i
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡q bRiæj Aa¨vcK c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| GQvov g‡¯‹vi evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡m
ms¯‹…wZ-Dc‡`óv I evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿv mwPe BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Mí, Dcb¨vm, KweZv, bvUK I cÖeÜ wj‡L hk¯^x n‡q‡Qb| Z‡e K_vmvwnwZ¨K
wn‡m‡eB wZwb Amvgvb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| mvaviY gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Ø›Ø-msNvZ I
g‡bvRvMwZK weKvi-weK…wZ Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨ wbM~p Rxeb-wRÁvmv wb‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| kªgRxex gvby‡li
msMÖvg‡K wZwb HKvwšÍK wek¦v‡mi m‡½ AuvK‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : ÔgvbwPÎÕ, Ô†fv‡ii b`xi †gvnbvq RvMiYÕ, Ôm~h©R¦vjvi †mvcvbÕ,
Ô†jwjnvb cvÐywjwcÕ, Ôwb‡LuvR m‡bU¸”QÕ, ÔAvwg hLb Avm‡evÕ, ÔmvRNiÕ BZ¨vw`| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨
wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K BZ¨vw`‡Z f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
2009 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv RyjvB AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
jvj cjv‡ki f¯§¯Í~‡c wK‡mi R¡vjv

¯Íä Aaxi eRªMf© †g‡Ni g‡Zv?
wkwei-mxgvq g‡bi Qvqvq BZ¯ÍZ
Qovq †m Zvi K~U-gš¿Yv N„Yvq Xvjv
`yB kZ‡Ki †mB GKw`b g‡b wK c‡o?
wgiRvd‡ii ¸wji wkLvq, mgy×Z
wbf‡jv †Zvgvi w`‡bi m~h© w`MšÍ‡i
`~i †Mva~wji †mB GKw`b g‡b wK c‡o
g‡b wK c‡o?
wbf‡jv †Zvgvi N‡ii cÖ`xc c‡_i evwZ
wbf‡jv mnmv gnvk~‡bï jÿ Zviv
Kv‡jv ivwÎi hvwÎK n‡j, jÿ¨nviv
mo‡K mo‡K So-SÅvB †Zvgvi mvw_|
mgy‡L †Kv_vI Ggb †m †`k Av‡Q wK fvB
†hLv‡b Av‡jvi m¤¢v‡i nv‡m emyÜiv?
nvo 315
¯^‡`k Avgvi Pµ-iv‡Zi gy‡Vvq fiv

MÖvg Rbc` Kuv‡c eMx©i Ak¦Ly‡i
†mvbvi km¨ †cv‡o QviLvi; `„wó cy‡o
n‡jv m½xb, ZvB †bB Avi AkÖæSiv
†UvUvq S‡i
AhyZ cÖv‡Yi AwMœwkLvi m~h©-Kzuwo
†dŠ‡Ri nuv‡K Kvu‡c _i_i `my¨cyix
wb‡g‡l Qovq ZviB AvIqvR w`MšÍ‡i
g‡b wK c‡o?
i³ S‡i
AwMœi g‡Zv euv‡ki †Kjøv †ewì c‡i
i³ SivB duvwmi g‡Â ØxcvšÍ‡i
S‡i‡Q mKj i³| GLb KLvbv nv‡o
SKSK K‡i Zxeª Zxÿè ek©v-djv
bZzb `my¨ Av‡m hw`, †`k †`‡evbv Zv‡i
B¯úvZ-nv‡o M‡owQ eRª ewý-R¡vjv||
kãv_© I UxKv
f¯§¯Í~c Ñ QvB‡qi Mv`v|
eRªMf© †g‡Ni g‡Zv Ñ eRª aviY K‡i Av‡Q Ggb †g‡Ni Abyiƒc|
wgiRvdi Ñ wgi Rvdi Avwj Luv wQ‡jb beve Avjxew`© Luv I beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi
†mbvcwZ | B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ †Mvcb Pzw³ K‡i 1757
mv‡j cjvwki hy‡× wZwb wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi cZb NUvb| Zuvi GB
wek¦vmNvZKZvq evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq|
wgiRvd‡ii ¸wji wkLvq
... g‡b wK c‡o| Ñ wgiRvd‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvq 1757 mv‡j wecyj Hk¦‡h© mg„× evsjvi
¯^vaxb m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq| evsjv‡`k `yBk eQ‡ii civaxbZv eiY
K‡i| †m w`‡bi †mB gg©vwšÍK NUbvi K_v G‡`‡ki †`k‡cÖwgK
†Kv‡bv bvMwi‡KiB fz‡j hvIqvi K_v bq|
hvwÎK Ñ hvÎv m¤^Üxq| hvÎv‡hvM¨| hvÎvKvix|
wbf‡jv †Zvgvi N‡ii cÖ`xc
... So SÅvB †Zvgvi mvw_ Ñ Acwimxg kw³, mvnm I †kŠh©exh© _vKv m‡Ë¡I wgiRvdi cÖgyL
lohš¿Kvix‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZvi d‡j cjvwki hy‡× evsjvq ¯^vaxbZv
316 mvwnZ¨ cvV
m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq| my`xN© AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ cwZZ nq †`kgvZ…Kv|

A_©‰bwZKfv‡e c½y n‡q c‡o cy‡iv †`k, mvs¯‹…wZK I ag©xq msKU
ˆZwi Kiv nq me©Î| GB civaxbZv †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ jovB n‡q‡Q
wKš‘ weªwUk‡ì lohš¿, †kvlY, eÂbv I wbcxo‡b Zuv‡ì msMÖvg
evievi e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ n‡q‡Q|
eM©x Ñ 1741 †_‡K 1751 mvj ch©šÍ `xN© `k eQi gnvivóªxq ˆmbïv evsjvi
cwðgvÂ‡j jyÉb, nZ¨v I R¡vjvI-†cvovI K‡i PjwQj| G‡ì eM©x
ejv nq| Giv A¯¿ enb KiZ Ges `ªæZMwZi †Nvovq P‡o AvµgY
PvjvZ| eM©xi AZ¨vPv‡i gvbyl mš¿¯Í I fxZ-wenŸj n‡q D‡VwQj|
†UvUv Ñ e›`y‡Ki KvZ©yR|
euv‡ki †Kjøv Ñ Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì weiæ‡× jovB cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 1831 mv‡ji 23G
A‡±vei wZZzwgi GKwU euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY K‡ib| A¯¿k¯¿
iÿYv‡eÿY I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb GB
†Kjøv ˆZwi K‡ib|
bZzb `my¨ Av‡m hw`
... eRª ewý-R¡vjv Ñ evsjvi gvbyl GLb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai kw³‡Z ejxqvb| `xN© msMÖvg
wecøe-we‡`ªvn I hy‡×i AwfÁZvq GLb evsjvi RbMY mg„×| Zvi
B¯úvZ`„p nv‡o e‡Rªi ms‡ÿvf| †Kv‡bv `my¨ Avi G‡`k `Lj
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv we‡`wk kÎæi Kv‡Q civfe gvb‡e bv
G‡`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` iwPZ ÒnvoÓ kxl©K KweZvwU Zuvi ÔgvbwPÎÕ (1961) Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv
n‡q‡Q| †`k‡cÖgg~jK GB KweZvwUi g‡a¨ G‡`‡ki my`xN© msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm I Zvrch© D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q|
1757 mv‡j cjvwki hy‡× wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi cZ‡bi ci †_‡K †h †kvlY, wbh©vZb I wbcxo‡bi cUf~wg‡Z
wecyj we‡`ªv‡ni m„wó n‡qwQj KweZvwU‡Z †mB msMÖv‡gi cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
myL-mg„w×‡Z Hk¦h©gq Ges cÖv‰Yk¦‡h© ficyi GB my›ì †`kwU eM©xi AvµgY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AmsLëvi
kÎæi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| wech©¯Í n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki mnR-my›ì RbRxeb, A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` Ges
ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK êwPÎ¨| †`‡ki kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl G‡KK mgq duy‡m D‡V‡Q Ges msMÖv‡g msMÖv‡g, hy‡×
hy‡× civ¯Í K‡i‡Q `Lj`vi evwnbx‡K| we¯§qKi kw³-mvnm Ges †kŠh©exh© I mg„w×‡Z GLb G‡`‡ki
gvbyl AvZ¥wek¦vmx| †Kv‡bv we‡`wk kw³ G‡`k‡K AvµgY Kivi mvnm Avi cv‡e bv| GLb G †`‡ki
gvbyl B¯úvZ`„p, nv‡o Zvi e‡Rªi kw³| G‡`k Avi civaxb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †KD| `Lj`vi‡ì ZQbQ
K‡i †Ìqvi g‡Zv ÔeRª ewý-R¡vjvÕ Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q G †`‡ki ey‡Ki g‡a¨|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Ôeuv‡ki †KjøvÕ‡K wK‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. AwMœi L. ek©vi
M. B¯úv‡Zi N. e‡Rªi
nvo 317
2. Ôwbf‡jv †Zvgvi w`‡bi m~h© w`MšÍ‡iÕ−ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q

i. cjvwki cÖvšÍ‡i evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯Í hvIqv
ii. Bs‡iR‡ì kvmb-†kvlY-wbcxo‡b wech©¯Í nIqv
iii. Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× jovB‡q cÖ¯‘Z nIqv
†jwbb †f‡O‡Q iæ‡k Rb‡¯ªv‡Z Ab¨v‡qi euva
Ab¨v‡qi gy‡LvgywL †jwbb cÖ_g cÖwZev`
3. KweZvs‡ki †jwb‡bi mv‡_ ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Kvi mv`„k¨ Luy‡R cvIqv hvq?
K. eM©xi L. wgiRvd‡ii
M. wZZzwg‡ii N. ¯^qs Kwei
4. †h †PZbvMZ w`K †_‡K Zviv mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv n‡jv−
i. ¯^v‡`wkKZv
ii. wek¦vmNvZKZv
iii. cÖwZev`gyLiZv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
wWg cv‡o nuv‡m, Lvq evMWv‡k
eySQwb fvB eySQwb, Avmj K_v eySQwb
GK †Miv‡gi Mwie Pvwl Kvjv wgqv bvg
mevi †c‡U fvZ RyUvB‡Z †ÿ‡Z Sivq Nvg
I Zvi QvIqvj Kv‡›` ÿzavi R¡vjvq
gnvRbiv nv‡m|
wWg cv‡o nuv‡m, Lvq evMWv‡k|
K. eM©xi Ak¦Ly‡i Kx Kuv‡c?
L. ÔKv‡jv ivwÎi hvwÎK n‡jÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. KweZvs‡ki evMWvk I gnvRb ÒnvoÓ KweZvq Kv‡ì mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© − e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Pvwl Kvjv wgqvi `vwi`ª¨ve¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ cvIqv hvq ÒnvoÓ KweZvq
−gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|
Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn ewikvj †Rjvi eveyMÄ Dc‡Rjvi AšÍM©Z e‡niPi-ÿz`ªKvwV MÖv‡g 1934 wLªóv‡ãi 8B
†deªæqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weG (m¤§vb)-mn GgG cvm K‡i wKQzw`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q
Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i wmwfj mvwf©‡m †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ D”Pc‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
wZwb 1982 wLªóv‡ã evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii K…wl I cvwbm¤ú` gš¿x Ges 1984-†Z hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª`~Z
wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Ae¯’vb we‡klfv‡e ¯^vZš¿¨wPwýZ|
Zuvi KweZvi wel‡q we‡klfv‡e cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy×| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges GB
welqK mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K
1979 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv
n‡jv : ÔmvZ bixi nviÕ, ÔKL‡bv is KL‡bv myiÕ, ÔKg‡ji †PvLÕ, ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ, Ôe„wó I mvnmx
cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv_©bvÕ, ÔAvgvi mgqÕ cÖf…wZ| GQvov Bs‡iwR fvlvqI Zuvi GKvwaK MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
2001 wLªóv‡ãi 19G gvP© wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Avwg Avgvi c~e©cyiæ‡li K_v ejwQ|

Zuvi KiZ‡j cwjgvwUi †mŠif wQj
Zuvi wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj|
wZwb AwZµvšÍ cvnv‡oi K_v ej‡Zb
AiY¨ Ges k¦vc‡ì K_v ej‡Zb
cwZZ Rwg Avev‡ì K_v ej‡Zb
wZwb Kwe Ges KweZvi K_v ej‡Zb|
wRnŸvq D”PvwiZ cÖwZwU mZ¨ kã KweZv
Kwl©Z Rwgi cÖwZwU km¨`vbv KweZv|
†h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv
†m S‡oi AvZ©bv` ïb‡e|
†m w`M‡šÍi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e|
†m AvRb¥ µxZ`vm †_‡K hv‡e|
Avwg D”PvwiZ m‡Zï g‡Zv
Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ 319
¯^‡cœi K_v ejwQ|

D‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ
GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjvi K_v ejwQ|
Avwg Avgvi gv‡qi K_v ejwQ,
wZwb ej‡Zb cÖengvb b`x
†h muvZvi Rv‡b bv Zv‡KI fvwm‡q iv‡L|
†m b`x‡Z fvm‡Z cv‡i bv|
†m gv‡Qi m‡½ †Ljv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†m gv‡qi †Kv‡j ky‡q Mí ïb‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avwg wePwjZ †¯œ‡ni K_v ejwQ
Mf©eZx †ev‡bi g„Zzï K_v ejwQ
Avwg Avgvi fv‡jvevmvi K_v ejwQ|
fv‡jvevmv w`‡j gv g‡i hvq
hy× Av‡m fv‡jv‡e‡m
gv‡qi †Q‡jiv P‡j hvq,
Avwg Avgvi fvB‡qi K_v ejwQ|
†m mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ gi‡Z cv‡i bv|
†m fv‡jv‡e‡m hy‡× †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
†m m~h©‡K ürwc‡Ð a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|
Zuvi wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ wQj
KviY wZwb µxZ`vm wQ‡jb|
320 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†h Kl©Y K‡i
k‡mï m¤¢vi Zv‡K mg„× Ki‡e|
†h grm¨ jvjb K‡i
cÖengvb b`x Zv‡K cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡e|
†h Mvfxi cwiPh©v K‡i
Rbbxi Avkxe©v` Zv‡K `xN©vqy Ki‡e|
†h †jŠnLÐ‡K cÖR¡wjZ K‡i
B¯úv‡Zi Zievwi Zv‡K mk¯¿ Ki‡e|
`xN©‡`n cyÎMY
Avwg †Zvgv‡ì ejwQ|
Avwg Avgvi gv‡qi K_v ejwQ
†ev‡bi gyZzï K_v ejwQ
fvB‡qi hy‡×i K_v ejwQ
Avwg Avgvi fv‡jvevmvi K_v ejwQ|
Avwg Kwe Ges KweZvi K_v ejwQ|
mk¯¿ my›`‡ii Awbevh© Afz¨Ìvb KweZv
mycyiæl fv‡jvevmvi myKÉ msMxZ KweZv
wRnŸvq D”PvwiZ cÖwZwU gy³ kã KweZv
i³Revi g‡Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai D”PviY KweZv|
Avgiv wK Zuvi g‡Zv KweZvi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡ev
Avgiv wK Zuvi g‡Zv ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡ev|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
wKse`wšÍ − RbkÖæwZ| †jvKci¤úivq kÖæZ I Kw_Z welq hv GKwU RvwZi HwZ‡nï
cwiPqevnx|
wc‡V i³Revi g‡Zv ÿZ − gvby‡li Ici AZ¨vPv‡ii BwZnvm Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b| †mB
AZ¨vPv‡ii AvNvZ †h GLbI ZvRv i‡q‡Q Zv †evSv‡ZB i³Revi
cÖm½ eëüZ n‡q‡Q| AviI jÿYxq, AvNvZ i‡q‡Q wc‡V| A_©vr,
kÎæiv fxiæ Kvcyiæ‡li g‡Zv wcQb †_‡K AvµgY K‡i‡Q wKsev ew›`
µxZ`v‡mi Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q, gy³ gvby‡li m‡½ m¤§yL jovB‡qi
ex‡ivwPZ mvnm †`Lvqwb|
k¦vc` − wns¯ª gvsmvkx wkKvwi Rš‘|

D‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ
GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjv − Av¸‡b mewKQz ïwP n‡q I‡V| ZvB Av¸‡bi DËv‡c cwiï× n‡q mKj
Møvwb gy‡Q †d‡j Av‡jvq fiv gy³Rxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkv Rvbv‡Z D¾¡j
Rvbvjvi Abyl½ eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
wePwjZ †¯œn − AvcbR‡bi DrKÉv| gyw³cÖZ¨vkx gvby‡li Avmbœ wec‡ì Avk¼vq
Zv‡ì ¯^Rbiv DwØMœ nb| fv‡jvevmv Avi k¼v GKm‡½ wg‡k hvq|
m~h©‡K ürwc‡Ð a‡i ivLv − m~h© mKj kw³i Drm| ZvB GB me©kw³i Avavi‡K ü`‡q aviY Ki‡Z
cvi‡j gyw³ Awbevh©| Kwei g‡Z, GB mvg_©¨ AR©‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq
n‡jv KweZv †kvbv; KweZv‡K AvZ¥¯’ Kiv| †Kbbv, Kwei Kv‡Q ïay
KweZvB mZ¨ Avi mZ¨B kw³|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
KweZvwU Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ-i bvg KweZv| iPbvwU‡Z
welq I Avw½KMZ AwfbeZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q HwZn¨m‡PZb wkKomÜvbx
gvby‡li me©v½xY gyw³i `„ß †NvlYv| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, iPbvi †cÖÿvc‡U Av‡Q evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi nvRvi eQ‡ii
BwZnvm; GB RvwZi msMÖvg, weRq I gvbweK D™¢vm‡bi Awb›`¨ Abyl½mg~n| wZwb GB KweZvq
†cŠbtcywbKfv‡e gvbegyw³i AvKv•ÿvq †mv”Pvi nb| Kwei GKvšÍ cÖZ¨vwkZ gyw³i cÖZxK n‡q Dc¯’vwcZ
nq GKwU we‡kl kãeÜ ÔKweZvÕ| Kwe Zuvi c~e©cyiæ‡li mvnmx I †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡mi K_v Dc¯’vc‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q Zuvi e³e¨‡K GwM‡q wb‡q P‡jb| Kwei ewY©Z GB BwZnvm gvwUi KvQvKvwQ gvby‡li BwZnvm;
evsjvi f‚wgRxex Abvh© µxZ`v‡mi jovB K‡i wU‡K _vKvi BwZnvm| ÔKweZvÕ I m‡Zï A‡f`Kíbvi ga¨
w`‡q Kwe wb‡q Av‡mb gv‡qi K_v, †ev‡bi K_v, fvB‡qi K_v, cwiev‡ii K_v| Kwe G-I Rv‡bb gyw³i
c~e©kZ© hy×| Avi †mB hy‡× cwievi †_‡K `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z nq| fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨, Zv‡ì‡K gy³ Kievi
Rb¨B Zv‡ì †Q‡o †h‡Z nq| GB A‡gvN mZ¨ Kwe †R‡b‡Qb Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i BwZnvm †_‡K|
KweZvwUi i‡mvcjwäi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡jv Gi Avw½K we‡ePbv| G‡ÿ‡Î, cÖ_‡gB †h welqwU cvVK‡K
bvov †`q Zv n‡jv, GKB auv‡Pi ev‡Kï evisevi eënvi| Kwe GKw`‡K ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ
cO&w³wU evisevi cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, Aciw`‡K Ò†h KweZv ïb‡Z Rv‡b bv/ †m...Ó KvVv‡gvi cO&w³gvjvi
avivevwnK Dc¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q KweZv Avi gyw³i Av‡eM‡K GK‡Î wkíiƒc cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b
ÔwKse`wšÍÕ kãeÜwU n‡q D‡V‡Q HwZ‡nï cÖZxK| Kwe GB bv›`wbK †KŠk‡ji m‡½ mgwš^Z K‡i‡Qb
MfxiZvmÂvix wPÎKí| GKwU KweZvi wkímv_©K n‡q IVvi c~e©kZ© n‡jv ü`q¯úk©x wPÎK‡íi h‡_vchy³
eënvi| wPÎKí n‡jv Ggb kãQwe hv Kwe M‡o †Zv‡jb GK Bw›`ª‡qi KvR Ab¨ Bw›`ª‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Kwi‡q
wKsev GKvwaK Bw›`ª‡qi mw¤§wjZ AvkÖ‡q; Avi Zv cvVK-ü`‡q ms‡e`bv RvMvq Bw›`ªqvZxZ †ev‡ai
322 mvwnZ¨ cvV
cÖKvkm~‡Î| wPÎKí wbg©v‡Yi Av‡iKwU kZ© n‡jv AwfbeZ¡| G mKj †gŠj kZ© c~iY K‡iB Av‡jvP¨
KweZvq wPÎKímg~n wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| Kwe hLb e‡jb : ÒKwl©Z Rwgi cÖwZwU km¨`vbv KweZvÓ; ZLb GB
Bw›`ªq †_‡K Bw›`ªqvZx‡Zi †`¨vZbvB mÂvwiZ nq| wbweo cwikÖ‡g K…l‡Ki djv‡bv km¨ GKvšÍB
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ GKwU Abyl½| wKš‘ Gi m‡½ hLb KweZv‡K A‡f` Kíbv Kiv nq ZLb †Kej Bw›`ªq w`‡q
G‡K Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq KweZvwU welq I Avw½‡Ki †mŠK‡h© evsjv mvwn‡Zï
GK Abb¨ ms‡hvRb|
KweZvwU M`¨Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖPwjZ Q‡›ì evB‡i wM‡q GwU cÖvK…wZK Z_v ¯^vfvweK Q›`|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Kwei c~e©cyiæ‡li KiZ‡j wK‡mi †mŠif wQj?
K. i³Revi L. cwjgvwUi
M. km¨`vbvi N. k¦vc‡ì
2. ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ− ej‡Z Kwe †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
i. evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm-HwZn¨
ii. evOvwji my`xN©Kv‡ji †kvlY-eÂbvi BwZK_v
iii. Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× evOvwji kvk¦Z cÖwZev`x mËv
Avwg R‡b¥wQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj,
Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`‡q nvRvi eQi Pwj|
Pwj cwjgvwU †Kvg‡j Avgvi Pjvi wPý †d‡j|
†Z‡ivkZ b`x ïavq Avgv‡K, Ô†Kv_v †_‡K Zzwg G‡j?Õ
3. KweZvs‡ki Òevsjvi Avjc_ÓÑGi mv‡_ ÔAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© †PZbv
n‡jv-
i. BwZnvmgb¯‹Zv
ii. HwZn¨wcÖqZv
iii. msMÖvgkxjZv
4. DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ †PZbv e¨³ n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y?

K. mk¯¿ my›`‡ii Awbevh© Afz¨Ìvb KweZv
L. mycyiæl fv‡jvevmvi myKÉ msMxZ KweZv
M. Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ
N. †h Kl©Y K‡i/k‡mï m¤¢vi Zv‡K mg„× Ki‡e
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi
†gviv GKwU gy‡Li nvwmi Rb¨ A¯¿ awi
†gviv bZzb GKwU KweZv wjL‡Z hy× Kwi
†gviv bZzb GKwU Mv‡bi Rb¨ hy× Kwi
†gviv GKLvbv fv‡jv Qwei Rb¨ hy× Kwi
†gviv mviv we‡k¦i kvwšÍ euvPv‡Z AvR‡K jwo
K. cÖengvb b`x Kv‡K fvwm‡q iv‡L?
L. Ôfv‡jvevmv w`‡j gv g‡i hvqÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. ÔD‡bv‡bi Av¸‡b Av‡jvwKZ GKwU D¾¡j Rvbvjvi K_viÕ mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki †PZbvi HK¨ wb‡`©k Ki|
N. D³ H‡Kï †cÖÿvcU ÒAvwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQÓ KweZvq KZUzKz mv_©K− gšÍe¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq
ˆmq` kvgmyj nK
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
ˆmq` kvgmyj nK 1935 wLªóv‡ãi 27G wW‡m¤î KzwoMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq` wmwÏK
ûmvBb| wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï QvÎ wQ‡jb| ˆmq` nK cÖ_‡g mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv
wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb wewewm evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖ‡hvRK wQ‡jb| c‡i wZwb cy‡ivcywi mvwnZ¨mvabvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| GKvav‡i Mí, Dcb¨vm, KweZv, bvUK, Kve¨bvU¨ I wkï mvwn‡Zï †jLK nIqvq wZwb
me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| wPÎbvU¨ iPwqZv I MxwZKvi wn‡m‡eI wZwb L¨vZ|
gvby‡li RwUj RxebcÖevn Ges gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY Zuvi mvwnZ¨K‡g©i g~j cÖeYZv| mvwn‡Zï MVb‰kjxi
†ÿ‡Î wZwb me©`vB wbixÿvwcÖq| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : Ôêkv‡L iwPZ cO&w³gvjvÕ, ÔcÖwZaŸwbMYÕ,
Ôciv‡Yi Mnxb wfZiÕ, Ôi¾yc‡_ P‡jwQÕ| Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ, ÔMYbvqKÕ, Ôb~ij`x‡bi mvivRxebÕ,
ÔGLv‡b GLbÕ, ÔCl©vÕ cÖf…wZ Zuvi Kve¨bvUK| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, Av`gwR mvwnZ¨
cyi¯‹vi, bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K, RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vi Ges GKz‡k c`Kmn wewfbœ m¤§vbbvq f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
wZwb 2016 wLªóv‡ãi 27G †m‡Þ¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wbjÿv AvKvk bxj, nvRvi nvRvi Zviv H bx‡j AMwYZ Avi

wb‡P MÖvg, MÄ, nvU, Rbc`, †jvKvjq Av‡Q DbmËi nvRvi|
aej `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vr¯œv Zvi Xvwj‡Z‡Q Puv`-c~wY©gvi|
bó †ÿZ, bó gvV, b`x bó, exR bó, eo bó hLb msmvi
ZLb nVvr †Kb †`Lv †`q wbjÿvi bx‡j Zxeª wkm
w`‡q GZ eo Puv`?
AwZ AK¯§vr
¯ÍäZvi †`n wQu‡o †Kvb aŸwb? †Kvb kã? wK‡mi cÖcvZ?
†Mvj n‡q Avmyb mK‡j,
Nb n‡q Avmyb mK‡j,
Avgvi wgbwZ AvR w¯’i n‡q emyb mK‡j|
AZxZ nVvr nv‡Z nvbv †`q gvby‡li eÜ `‡ivRvq|
GB Zxeª ¯^”Q c~wY©gvq
b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq|
KvjNyg hLb evsjvq
Zvi `xN© †`n wb‡q Avevi b~ij`xb †`Lv †`q giv AvwObvq|
b~ij`x‡bi evwo iscy‡i †h wQj,
iscy‡i b~ij`xb GKw`b WvK w`‡qwQj
1189 m‡b|
b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq 325
Avevi evsjvi eywS c‡o hvq g‡b,

hLb kKzb †b‡g Av‡m GB †mvbvi evsjvq;
hLb Avgvi †`k †Q‡q hvq `vjv‡jiB AvjLvjøvq;
hLb Avgvi ¯^cœ jyU n‡q hvq;
hLb Avgvi KÉ ev‡Rqvß K‡i wb‡q hvq;
hLb AvgviB †`‡k G Avgvi †`n †_‡K i³ S‡i hvq
BwZnv‡m, cÖwZwU c„ôvq|
Avmyb, Avmyb Z‡e, AvR GB cÖk¯Í cÖvšÍ‡i;
hLb ¯§„wZi `ya †R¨vr¯œvi mv‡_ S‡i c‡o,
ZLb †K _v‡K Ny‡g? †K _v‡K †fZ‡i?
†K GKv wbtm½ e‡m AkÖæcvZ K‡i?
mg¯Í b`xi AkÖæ Ae‡k‡l eªþcy‡Î †g‡k|
b~ij`x‡biI K_v †hb mviv †`‡k
cvnvwo X‡ji g‡Zv †b‡g G‡m mg¯Í fvmvq,
AfvMv gvbyl †hb †R‡M I‡V Avevi G Avkvq
†h, Avevi b~ij`xb GKw`b Avwm‡e evsjvq,
Avevi b~ij`xb GKw`b Kvj c~wY©gvq
w`‡e WvK, ÒRv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevq?Ó
kãv_© I UxKv
wbjÿv Ñ `„wómxgv AwZµgx|
aej `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vrmœv Ñ mv`v `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vrmœv| †R¨vrmœvi iO‡K `y‡ai m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¯ÍäZvi †`n Ñ GLv‡b bxie wb¯Íä cwi‡ek †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖcvZ Ñ wbS©‡ii cZ‡bi ¯’vb| RjcÖcvZ|
nvbv †`q Ñ AvµgY K‡i| Avwef~©Z nq A‡_© eëüZ|
KvjNyg Ñ g„Zz¨; wPiwb`ªv|
giv AvwObvq Ñ g„Zz¨ wb_i A½‡b|
ev‡n Ñ evcy‡n| w`bvRcyi, iscyi GjvKvi m‡¤^vabwe‡kl|
326 mvwnZ¨ cvV
†Kvb‡V Ñ †Kv_vq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvwU ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki weL¨vZ Kve¨bvUK Ôb~ij`x‡bi
mvivRxebÕ kxl©K Kve¨bvUK †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU GB bvU‡Ki cÖ¯Ívebv Ask|
bvUKwUi cÖ¯vÍ ebv As‡k m~Îai Av‡eMNb Kvwe¨K eY©bvi gva¨‡g `k©K‡ì m‡½ bvU¨Kvwnwbi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| b~ij`xb GK HwZnvwmK PwiÎ| iscyi-w`bvRcyi AÂ‡j mvgšÍev`-mv¤ªvRëv`we‡ivax mvnmx
K…lK‡bZv b~ij`x‡bi msMÖv‡gi K_v BwZnv‡m wjwce× i‡q‡Q| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b
b~ij`x‡bi mvnm Avi †ÿvf‡K Amvgvb¨ ˆbcy‡Y¨ wgwk‡q w`‡q‡Qb evOvwji gyw³msMÖv‡gi m‡½|
1971 mv‡ji 25G gvP© KvjivZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `xN© bq gvm hLb GB evsjv g„Zz¨cyix‡Z iƒc †bq, hLb
kKzbiƒcx `vjv‡ji AvjLvjøvq †Q‡q hvq †`k; hLb evOvwj nvivq Zvi ¯^cœ I evK&&-¯^vaxbZv, hLb
¯^R‡bi i‡³ †f‡m hvq BwZnv‡mi cÖwZwU c„ôv− ZLb g‡b c‡o BwZnv‡mi cÖwZev`x bvqK b~ij`xb‡K
− GB †PZbvB KweZvwU‡Z ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Zz‡j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| 1189 e½v‡ã [1782 wLªóvã]
b~ij`x‡bi Wv‡K gvbyl †hfv‡e †R‡M D‡VwQj, GLbI wVK †mBfv‡e †R‡M DV‡e evsjvi Rb-gvbyl−
GUvB Kwei wek¦vm| Gfv‡e Kwei wkífvebvq b~ij`xb µgvš^‡q GK wPivqZ cÖwZev‡ì cÖZx‡K cwiYZ
nq| BwZnv‡mi cvZv †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m b~ij`xb wg‡k hvq evsjvi kÖgRxex mvaviY gvby‡li wf‡o−
AskMÖnY K‡i mgKvjxb mKj Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡g| ZvB Kwei g‡b nq− AfvMv gvbyl †R‡M D‡V cvnvwo
X‡ji g‡Zv fvwm‡q †`‡e mKj Ab¨vq hLb b~ij`xb †`‡e WvK− ÒRv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevB|Ó
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. b~ij`x‡bi Wv‡K KZ wLªóv‡ã evsjvi gvbyl †R‡M D‡VwQ‡jb?
K. 1782 L. 1787
M. 1857 N. 1971
2. Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q
i. b~ij`x‡bi cÖwZev`x †PZbvq D™¢vmb
ii. wech©¯Í Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi AvnŸvb
iii. evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡nï cÖwZdjb
evsjvi Avc‡` AvR jÿ †KvwU exi †mbv
N‡i I evB‡i nuv‡K iYaŸwb, GKwU kc‡_
AvR n‡q hvq †kŠh© I exiMv_vi gnvb
b~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq 327
ˆmwbK, †hb m~h©‡mb, †hb ¯úvU©vKvm ¯^qs mevB|

3. DÏxc‡K mevi m~h©‡mb I ¯úvU©vKvm nIqvi e¨vcviwU Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvi †h
w`K¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Zv n‡jv−
i. AwaKvi Av`v‡q beRvMiY
ii. c~e©m~wii AvnŸvb
iii. mK‡ji mgwš^Z cÖqvm
4. m¤úwK©Z w`‡Ki †cÖÿvcU wbg©v‡Y †Kvb PiYwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q?
K. aej `y‡ai g‡Zv †R¨vr¯œv Zvi Xvwj‡Z‡Q Puv`-c~wY©gvi|
L. AZxZ nVvr nv‡Z nvbv †`q gvby‡li eÜ `‡ivRvq|
M. b~iæj`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq|
N. Rv‡Mv, ev‡n, †Kvb‡V mevq?
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
GKwU KweZv †jLv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ A‡cÿvi D‡ËRbv wb‡q
jÿ jÿ Db¥Ë Aaxi e¨vKzj we‡`ªvnx †kÖvZv e‡m Av‡Q
†fvi †_‡K Rbmgy‡`ªi D`¨vb ˆmK‡Z : ÔKLb Avm‡e Kwe?Õ
kZ eQ‡ii kZ msMÖvg †k‡l,
iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv `„ß cv‡q †nu‡U
AZtci Kwe G‡m RbZvi g‡Â ùvov‡jb|
ZLb cj‡K `viæY Sj‡K Zix‡Z DwVj Rj,
ü`‡q jvwMj †`vjv, Rbmgy‡`ª RvwMj †Rvqvi
mKj `yqvi †Lvjv|
K. b~ij`x‡bi evwo †Kv_vq wQj?
L. ÔhLb kKzb †b‡g Av‡m GB †mvbvi evsjvqÕ− ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. KweZvs‡ki Kwei †PZbvi m‡½ b~ij`x‡bi †PZbvMZ mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. †cÖÿvcUMZ mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI KweZvskwU‡Z Òb~ij`x‡bi K_v g‡b c‡o hvqÓ KweZvq Kwei
Awfe¨w³i mv_©K iƒcvqY N‡Uwb− gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ hvPvB Ki|
Qwe
Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 12B gvP© wmivRMÄ (ZrKvjxb cvebv) †Rjvi AšÍM©Z Djøvcvovi
†Mvwe›`v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Gg. kvnRvnvb Avjx, gvZv Lv‡jKzb‡bmv| wewkó †ivgvw›UK
Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj wQ‡jb GKB m‡½ L¨vwZgvb Aa¨vcK, mdj MxwZKvi, m‡¤§vnbÿg evM¥x I
gbbkxj mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPK| mgMÖ wkÿvRxe‡b wZwb mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb K…Zx QvÎ wn‡m‡e| 1959 wLªóv‡ã XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i wZwb GgG wWwMÖ jvf
K‡ib| 1969 wLªóv‡ã wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
cvebvi GWIqvW© K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv w`‡q ïiæ n‡qwQj Zuvi Kg©Rxeb| wZwb XvKv, ivRkvnx I PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbvq wbhy³ wQ‡jb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK _vKvKv‡j wZwb evsjv
GKv‡Wwg I evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi gnvcwiPvjK-Gi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv
Kvgv‡ji †ivgvw›UK Kwe¯^fve Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q b›`b‡kvfb| k‡ãi eûgyLx †`¨vZbv I wPÎawg©Zv Zuvi
KweZvi cÖavb m¤ú`| Zuvi iwPZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔAvcb †hŠeb êixÕ, Ô†h‡nZz Rb¥vÜÕ, ÔAvµvšÍ
MRjÕ; MxwZ-msKjb : ÔAvwg mvM‡ii bxjÕ; cÖeÜMÖš’ : Ôwkíxi iƒcvšÍiÕ, ÔK_v I KweZvÕ| mvwnZ¨mvabvi
¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc wZwb jvf K‡i‡Qb ÔAvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹viÕ I evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖ`Ë ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ|
Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 1989 wLªóv‡ãi 23G †m‡Þ¤î 53 eQi eq‡m XvKvq g„ZyëiY K‡ib|
Avcbv‡ì mevi R‡b¨ GB D`vi Avgš¿Y

Qwei g‡Zv GB †`‡k GKevi †ewo‡q hvb|
Aek¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv g‡bvnvix ¯úU Avgv‡ì †bB,
wKš‘ Zv‡Z wKQz Av‡m hvq bv− Avcbvi ùxZ mÂq †_‡K
Dc‡P-cov Wjvi gvK© wKsev ÷vwj©s‡qi wewbg‡q hv cv‡eb
Wvjøvm A_ev †gwçm A_ev Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Zvi Zzjbvq wkï‡Zvl!
Avmyb, Qwei g‡Zv GB †`‡k †ewo‡q hvb
i‡Oi Ggb eënvi, wel‡qi Ggb ZxeªZv
Avcwb †Kv‡bv wkíxi Kv‡R cv‡eb bv, e¯‘Z wkí gv‡bB bKj bq wK?
A_P †`Lyb, GB wekvj Qwei R‡b¨ eëüZ me DcKiY
AK…wÎg;
Avcbv‡K AviI Ly‡j ewj : GUv, A_©vr Avgv‡ì GB †`k,
Qwe 329
Ges Avwg hvi ch©Ub `dZ‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb, Avcbv‡ì Ly‡jB ewj,
m¤ú~Y© bZzb GKwU Qwei g‡Zv K‡i
m¤úªwZ mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q :
LuvwU Avh©esk m¤¢~Z wkíxi K‡Vvi ZË¡veav‡b wÎk jÿ KvwiMi
`xN© bÕwU gvm w`bivZ cwikÖg K‡i evwb‡q‡Qb GB Qwe|
GL‡bv A‡bK RvqMvq is KuvPv− wKš‘ Kx Avðh© Mvp †`‡L‡Qb?
f¨vb MM&&−whwb AvKvk †_‡K bxj Avi km¨ †_‡K †mvbvwj Zz‡j G‡b
eënvi Ki‡Zb− KL‡bv, kc_ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi,
Ggb MvpZv `¨v‡Lb wb :
Avi †`Lyb, GB †h bigy‡Ði µgvMZ eënvi− Ii †fZ‡iI
GKUv Mfxi mv‡Rkvb Av‡QÑ Avm‡j IUvB GB Qwei− A_©vr
GB Qwei g‡Zv †`‡ki− w_g!
kãv_© I UxKv
g‡bvnvix ¯úU Ñ wPËvKl©K ch©Ub¯’j|
ùxZ mÂq Ñ dz‡j †du‡c IVv mwÂZ A_©|
Wjvi Ñ Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªwjqvmn BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvwi gy`ªvi
bvg|
gvK© Ñ wewfbœ RvwZiv‡óªi gy`ªvi bvg ev wnmv‡ei GKK| †mvbv I iæcvi IRb
cwigv‡c gvK© wnmv‡ei GKK n‡q KvR K‡i|
÷vwj©s Ñ cvDÛ ÷vwj©s| cvDÛ bv‡g we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ hy³iv‡Rï miKvwi gy`ªv|
Wvjøvm Ñ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †U·vm A½iv‡Rï Ab¨Zg RbvKxY© bMi|
†gwçm Ñ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi `wÿY-cwðgvÂ‡ji A½ivR¨ †Uwbwmi GKwU bMi|
bMiwU wgwmwmwc b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|
Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Ñ AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Z…Zxq e„nËg A½ivR¨|
wkí gv‡bB bKj bq wK? Ñ Kve¨ZvwË¡K A¨vwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb, mvwnZ¨ ev wkí n‡”Q Rxe‡bi ev NUbvi
AbyKiY| G A‡_©B Kwe wkí‡K ÔbKjÕ e‡j‡Qb|
LuvwU Avh©esk m¤¢~Z Ñ Avh© gv‡b Aryan| gvbeRvwZwe‡kl| GLv‡b LuvwU evOvwj †PZbvi aviK
GK gnvgvbe‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wÎk jÿ KvwiMi Ñ evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡×i wÎk jÿ kwn`|
330 mvwnZ¨ cvV
f¨vb MM Ñ wek¦weL¨vZ WvP wPÎwkíx wfb‡m›U DB‡jg f¨vb MM (1853-1890)| Bwb

†cv÷-B‡¤úªkwb÷ wkíx wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| Av‡e‡Mi mZZv, iƒp
†mŠ›`h© I Mvp is eënv‡ii KzkjZvq wek kZ‡Ki wPÎwk‡í cÖf‚Z cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| The Potato Eaters, self portraits, wheat
fields Ges sunflowers Zuvi Ab¨Zg weL¨vZ Qwe|
bigy‡Ði µgvMZ eënvi Ñ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× AvZ¥`vbKvix AmsL¨ kwn‡ì K‡ivwU KweKw_Z
Qwe‡Z evievi eënv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
mv‡Rkvb Ñ GKwU we‡kl wPšÍv hv bZzb wKQzi D‡b¥l NUvq|
w_g& Ñ AuvKv Qwe‡Z mÂvwiZ we‡kl †Kv‡bv wPšÍv ev evYx‡KB wPÎwk‡í w_g& ejv
nq| mvaviYZ IB evYx Rxeb, mgvR I gvbexq cÖK…wZ‡K Aej¤^b K‡i
cÖKvk †c‡q _v‡K| w_g&-Gi gva¨‡g GKwU Qwei †gŠwjK I wek¦Rbxb g~j¨
cÖwZfvZ nq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒQweÓ KweZvwU Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAvcb †hŠeb êixÕ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
G KweZvq †ivgvw›UK Kwe bZzb ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß evsjv‡`k‡K gnvb wkíxi Zzwj‡Z AuvKv GKwU KvjRqx Qwe
wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe wbcyY k‡ãi Qwe Gu‡K eywS‡q †`b wÎk jÿ LuvwU evOvwj-wkíx Z_v kwn‡ì
`xN© bq gv‡mi kÖ‡g-AvZ¥`v‡b m„wRZ n‡q‡Q GB Qwe| Zuvi wbwðZ aviYv, i‡Oi Rv`yKi wkíx f¨vb MMI
QwewU‡Z Qov‡bv i‡Oi Avðh© MvpZv KL‡bv †`‡Lbwb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, QwewU‡Z eëüZ AmsL¨ bigy‡Ði
eënvi wÎk jÿ kwn‡ì AvZ¥`v‡bi msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q, hv GB Qwei g‡Zv †`kwUi
†MŠiegq ¯§viK| wÎk jÿ kwn‡ì i³¯œvZ my›ì GB †`k cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ Kwe we‡`wk‡ì Avgš¿Y
Rvwb‡q‡Qb KweZvq|
KweZvwU M`¨Q‡›` iwPZ| M`¨Q‡›` †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó ce© I gvÎvmvg¨ _v‡K bv|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †KvbwU Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji MxwZ msKjb?
K. AvµvšÍ MRj L. Avwg mvM‡ii bxj
M. †h‡nZz Rb¥vÜ N. wkíxi iƒcvšÍb
2. Ô†gwçm A_ev Kvwj‡dvwb©qv Zvi Zzjbvq wkï‡ZvlÕ− ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−
i. G‡`‡ki AZzjbxq †mŠ›`h©
ii. †`‡ki cÖwZ Kwei ggZ¡‡eva
iii. †gwçm, Kvwj‡dvwb©qvi †mŠ›`h© wkï‡ì Dc‡hvMx
Qwe 331

G‡mwQ Avevi wd‡i...ivZRvMv wbe©vmb †k‡l
G‡mwQ Rbbx e‡½ ¯^vaxbZv Dwo‡q Dwo‡q
3. DÏxc‡K ÒQweÓ KweZvi †h fve¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
i. my`xN© bq gv‡mi i³ÿqx msMÖvg
ii. hy×Kvjxb gvby‡li wech©¯Í Rxeb
iii. evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv AR©b
4. D³ fve‡K Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj ÔbZzb GKwU QweÕ wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb †Kb?
K. Qwei g‡Zv my›ì †`k e‡j
L. LuvwU evOvwj wkíxi AuvKv e‡j
M. AK…wÎg iO eëüZ n‡q‡Q e‡j
N. wÎk jÿ KvwiM‡ii i‡³ iwÄZ e‡j
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
kwn‡ì cyY¨ i‡³ mvZ †KvwU
evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Av‡eM AvR
cyw®úZ †mŠif| evsjvi bMi, e›ì
MÄ, evlwÆ nvRvi MÖvg
Ÿsm¯Í~‡ci †_‡K mvZ †KvwU dzj
n‡q †dv‡U| cÖvYgq gnr KweZv
Avi †Kv_vI †`wL bv Gi †P‡q|
K. Kwe Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj G‡`k‡K wK‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb?
L. Kwe wb‡R‡K G‡`‡ki ch©Ub `dZ‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb e‡j‡Qb †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡K evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Av‡eM cyw®úZ nevi welqwU ÒQweÓ KweZvq Kxfv‡e evO&gq n‡q D‡V‡Q
−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. êmv`„k¨ _vK‡jI DÏxcK I ÒQweÓ KweZv †hb GKB m~‡Î Muv_v− Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
†jvK-†jvKvšÍi
Avj gvngy`
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Avj gvngy` 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 11B RyjvB eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi †gŠovBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui cÖK…Z bvg
wgi Ave`ym ïKzi Avj gvngy`| Zvui wcZvi bvg Ave`yi ie wgi I gvZvi bvg iIkb Aviv wgi| wZwb
eªvþYevwoqvq gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ cov‡kvbv K‡ib| `xN©w`b wZwb mvsevw`KZv †ckvi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb|
Ôˆ`wbK MYKÉÕ I Ôˆ`wbK KY©dzjxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb wZwb| c‡i wZwb evsjv‡`k wkíKjv
GKv‡Wwg‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges cwiPvj‡Ki c` †_‡K Aem‡i hvb|
AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq Avj gvngy` Abb¨ GK RMr ˆZwi K‡ib| †mB RMr hš¿Yv`» kniRxeb wb‡q bq−
wmœ»-k¨vgj, cÖkvšÍ MÖvgRxeb wb‡q| MÖvgxY Rxeb I cÖK…wZi wPivqZ iƒc wbR¯^ Kve¨fvlv I msMV‡b wkwíZ
K‡i †Zv‡jb Kwe Avj gvngy`| Zvui cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q− Kve¨MÖš’ : Ô†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÕ, ÔKv‡ji
KjmÕ, Ô†mvbvjx KvwebÕ, Ôgvqvwe c`©v `y‡j D‡VvÕ, ÔA`„óev`x‡ì ivbœvevbœvÕ, ÔeLwZqv‡ii †NvovÕ, ÔAvie¨
iRbxi ivRnuvmÕ; wkï‡Zvl Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔcvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡QÕ; Dcb¨vm : ÔWvûKxÕ, ÔKwe I †KvjvnjÕ,
Ôwbwk›`v bvixÕ, ÔAv¸‡bi †g‡qÕ BZ¨vw`; †QvUMí : Ôcvb‡KŠwoi i³Õ, Ô†mŠi‡fi Kv‡Q civwRZÕ, ÔMÜewYKÕ|
wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb|
Avgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU mv`v mwZ¨Kvi cvwL,

e‡m Av‡Q meyR Ai‡Y¨ GK P›`‡bi Wv‡j;
gv_vi Ic‡i wb‡P ebPvix evZv‡mi Zv‡j
†`v‡j eb¨ cvbjZv, myMÜ civ‡M gvLvgvwL
n‡q Av‡Q †VuvU Zvi| Avi `ywU †Pv‡Li †KvU‡i
KvUv mycvwii is, cv meyR, bL Zxeª jvj
†hb Zvi Z‡š¿ g‡š¿ f‡i Av‡Q P›`‡bi Wvj
†PvL †h ivL‡Z bvwi GZ eb¨ †Sv‡ci Ic‡i|
ZvKv‡Z cvwi bv Avwg iƒ‡c Zvi †hb GZ fq
hLwb D¾¡j nq Avgvi G †PZbvi gwY,
g‡b nq †K‡U hv‡e, wQu‡o hv‡e mg¯Í euvaywb
msmvi mgvR ag© Zz”Q n‡q hv‡e †jvKvjq|
†jvK †_‡K †jvKvšÍ‡i Avwg †hb ¯Íä n‡q ïwb
AvnZ Kwei Mvb| KweZvi Avmbœ weRq|
kãv_© I UxKv
Avgiv †PZbv...
P›`‡bi Wv‡j Ñ Kwe Zvui Kve¨‡PZbv‡K mv`v GK mwZ¨Kvi cvwLi cÖwZgvq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
Kwei GB †PZbv-cvwL e‡m Av‡Q meyR Ai‡Yï †Kv‡bv GK P›`‡bi Wv‡j| GB
P›`b myMwÜ Kv‡Vi MvQ| Avi Gi dzj Svj-wgwó je½| Kwei Kve¨mËvi gayiZvi
m‡½ P›`‡bi m¤úK© wbwnZ|
†jvK-†jvKvšÍi 333
gv_vi Ic‡i
wb‡P... n‡q
Av‡Q †VvuU Zvi Ñ P›`‡bi Wv‡j e‡m _vKv Kwei †PZbv-cvwLi Ic‡i-wb‡P ebPvix evZv‡mi m‡½
†`vj Lvq cvbjZv| cÖK…wZi GB inm¨gq I †mŠ›`h©gq cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ myMwÜ
civ‡M gvLvgvwL n‡q I‡V Kwei †PZbviƒc cvwLi †VuvU, Zvui Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯îƒc I
Kve¨fvlv|
Avi `ywU †Pv‡Li
†KvU‡i...†Sv‡ci
Ic‡i Ñ Kwei Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ry‡o wPivqZ MÖvgevsjv, evsjvi AdzišÍ is Zvui †PZbviƒc cvwLi
†Pv‡Li †KvU‡i KvUv mycvwii is, Zvi cv meyR, bL Zxeª jvj| G †hb gvwU Avi
AvKv‡k †g‡j aiv Kwei mgMÖ ˆPZb¨ Ry‡oB cÖvK„wZK i‡Oi êwPÎ¨ Ges
wbmM©-DcjwäiB GK Awb›`¨cÖKvk|
ZvKv‡Z cvwi
bv Avwg...
KweZvi Avmbœ
weRq Ñ m„wói †cÖiYvq Kwe wPiKvjB DØy× nb, D¾¡j nq Zvui †PZbvi gwY| c„w_exi †Kv‡bv
wewaweavb, †Kv‡bv wbqgKvbyb, †Kv‡bv ag©, †Kv‡bv mgvR-ms¯‹vi ev †jvKvj‡qi
Aaxb wZwb Avi ZLb _v‡Kb bv| ZLb mewKQz Zz”Q n‡q hvq| GKgvÎ mZ¨ n‡q
I‡V †PZbvi RMr, †PZbvi is-iƒc-†iLv, kãeªþ| wZwb kã w`‡q M‡o †Zv‡jb
†PZbvi RMr, kã‡mŠa| Zvui †mB m„wói c_ Kzmygv¯ÍxY© bq| wewPÎ Uvbvc‡ob I
Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi †fZi w`‡q Zv‡K DËxY© n‡Z nq KweZvi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡; Ges Rq
nq KweZvi|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
G KweZvwU Avj gvngy‡ì Ô†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÕ Kv‡eï bvg-KweZv| GwU Kwei AvZ¥cwiPqg~jK KweZv|
Kwei †PZbv †hb mwZ¨Kv‡ii mcÖvY GK Aw¯ÍZ¡−cvwLZzj¨ †mB KwemËv my›`‡ii I inm¨gqZvi
¯^cœ‡mŠ‡a weivRgvb| cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨, cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ m„wói g‡a¨ Zvi emevm| Kwe wPÎK‡íi gvjv †Mu‡_ Zvui
Kve¨ †PZbv‡K g~Z© K‡i Zzj‡Z Pvb| G KweZvq GK myMfxi wew”QbœZv‡ev‡ai hš¿Yv Kwe‡K KvZi K‡i,
AvnZ K‡i| Zey Kwe m„wói Avb›`‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| Zvui m„wói weRq Aek¨¤¢vex Ñ GB cÖZ¨q
Zvui wew”QbœZv‡ev‡ai †e`bv‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Kwei †PZbviƒc cvwL †Kv_vq e‡m Av‡Q?
K. cvbjZvq L. Wv‡j
M. †Sv‡ci Ici N. mycvwi cvZvq
334 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvq Kwe cvwLwUi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡ib bv †Kb?

K. D¾¡j is e‡j
L. †PvL-auvav‡bv †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨
M. mKj euvab wQbœ K‡i m„wói RM‡Z P‡j hvevi Rb¨
N. i‡Oi evnv‡ii Rb¨
AvR‡K Avgvi iæ× cÖv‡Yi cj¦‡j
evb Wv‡K H RvMj †Rvqvi `yqvi-fvOv K‡jøv‡j|
3. DÏxc‡K Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvi †h fv‡ei AbyiYb N‡U‡Q, Zv n‡jvÑ
i. Kwe-ü`‡qi wenŸjZv
ii. m„wói Db¥v`bv
iii. cÖK…wZi RvMiY
4. DwjøwLZ w`KwU †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. Avgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU kv`v mwZ¨Kv‡ii cvwL
L. †hb Zvi Z‡š¿ g‡š¿ f‡i Av‡Q P›`‡bi Wvj
M. ZvKv‡Z cvwi bv Avwg iƒ‡c Zvi †hb GZ fq
N. msmvi mgvR ag© Zz”Q n‡q hv‡e †jvKvjq
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
AvgviI gb ˆP‡Î cjvZK,
cjv‡k Avi Av‡gi Wv‡j Wv‡j
meyR gv‡V gvSeqmx jv‡j
`Ð `yB gyw³-my‡L wRivq:
gvwUi Kv‡Q me gvbyl LvZK|
... ... ... ...
GKwU Mv‡b Mnb ¯^vÿ‡i|
Rv‡bv wK †mB Mv‡bi Avwg PvZK?
K. Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ †Kvb RvZxq KweZv?
L. ÔAvgvi †PZbv †hb GKwU mv`v mwZ¨Kvi cvwLÕÑ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxcK I Ò†jvK-†jvKvšÍiÓ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ w`K KwemËvi cÖKvk wePvi Ki|
f‚wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q Zvi
†gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
†gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb h‡kvi †Rjv kn‡ii cwðg cÖv‡šÍ LowK MÖv‡g 1936 wLªóv‡ãi 15B AvM÷ Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †gvnv¤§` kvnv`vr Avjx Ges gv‡qi bvg iv‡njv LvZzb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
1958 wLªóv‡ã evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ m¤§vb I Gi c‡ii eQi GgG cixÿvq DËxY© nb| GKB wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K 1969 wLªóv‡ã wZwb wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Gi Av‡M wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M
wkÿKZvq †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1969-70 wLªóv‡ã wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vj‡q †cv÷ W±ivj M‡elYv K‡ib|
GQvovI we‡k¦i wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q AwZw_ Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb|
QvÎRxeb †_‡KB ¯^‡`k I mgKvj m‡PZb GB Kwei mvwnZ¨-cÖwZfvi mwe‡kl cwiPq cvIqv hvq| FRy
e³e¨, Q›` m‡PZbZv Ges MxwZgqZv Zuvi KweZvi cÖavb êwkó¨| mvwn‡Z¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb
1972 wLªóv‡ã evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Ges 1987 wLªóv‡ã GKz‡k c`‡K f‚wlZ nb| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Ô`yj©f w`bÕ, Ôkw¼Z Av‡jv‡KÕ, Ôwecbœ welv`Õ, ÔcÖZby cÖZ¨vkvÕ, Ôf‚wgnxb K…wlRxex
B‡”Q ZviÕ, Ôaxi cÖev‡nÕ cÖf…wZ|
†gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb 2008 wLªóv‡ãi †Zmiv †m‡Þ¤î g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
b`xi a‡mi wb‡P

evZv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡Q
wKQzUv AvkÖq;
Mv‡bi e`‡j cvwL Pzwcmv‡i K_v e‡j
k‡•Li cwifvlv wk‡L,
†XD n‡q †M‡Q evjygq|
†f‡m hvIqv Wvjcvjv Kzwo‡q Kvwo‡q
Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Zvi cv‡k e‡m Av‡Q
f~wgnxb K…wlRxex, B‡”Q Zvi
†R‡j n‡q wKQz gvQ a‡i|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv w`b hLb R‡ji †Zvo
cvo †f‡O Xz‡K c‡o †ÿ‡Zi DRv‡b
dvU‡j, `wjZ Nvm dm‡ji †kvfv †Vuv‡U
336 mvwnZ¨ cvV
Avevi †m wd‡i hvq Kv`vq Aÿi Gu‡K w`‡q;

ZLb †m gvQ †Luv‡R Kv`v‡LuvPv cvwLi gZb|
me gvV, njy` meyR Kv‡jv dm‡ji me gvV,
mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _v‡K ïay|
KLb †g‡Ni iO mv`v †_‡K Kv‡jv n‡e
R‡g DV‡e †g‡Ni cvnvo
KLb †ÿ‡Zi KvR ïiæ n‡e K…l‡Ki
mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïay|
jvOj wbovwb †i‡L GLb †Kej
†KuvP nv‡Z †MuvR n‡q gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i
GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb †P‡q _v‡K|
gvwUi wUjvi c‡i Zvi N‡i
wXjvXvjv dZzqvi g‡a¨ e‡m
gvQfvZ †L‡Z †L‡Z GKw`b
AvKv‡ji MíK_v ejvewj Ki‡e Zvi ¯^R‡bi mv‡_
GB ¯^cœ †Pv‡L wb‡q
cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïay
gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb|
†Pv‡Li jeY R‡g †PvL R¡‡j
ïay R¡‡j| †KuvP nv‡Z †MuvR n‡q
mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïay|
kãv_© I UxKv
am Ñ cvnvo, b`xi cvo cÖf…wZ †_‡K gvwU ev cv_i L‡m cov|
R‡ji †Zvo Ñ R‡ji Pvc|
`wjZ Nvm dm‡ji †kvfv
†Vuv‡U Avevi †m wd‡i hvq
Kv`vq Aÿi Gu‡K w`‡q Ñ R‡j Nvm dmj Wz‡e hvIqvi ci Avevi hLb Rj †b‡g hvq ZLb
†ewi‡q Avmv K`©gv³ f‚wgi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
f‚wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q Zvi 337
Kv`v‡LuvPv Ñ GK ai‡bi cvwL|

njy` meyR Kv‡jv dm‡ji
me gvV Ñ meyR dmj _v‡K, †c‡K †mvbvwj ev njy` nq, dmj KvUvi ci bvov
†cvov‡j gvV Kv‡jv eY© aviY K‡i|
†KuvP Ñ gvQ-wkKv‡ii Rb¨ †jvnvi QuyPv‡jv djv jvMv‡bv nvwZqvi we‡kl|
†Pv‡Li jeY R‡g
†PvL R¡‡j Ñ K…l‡Ki †e`bv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b K…lK
†R‡j n‡q‡Q| ZeyI Zvi Kó jvNe nq bv| gv‡Qi RbÏ Zv‡K
cÖZxÿv K‡iB †h‡Z nq| GB K‡ói Rxeb Zv‡K AkÖæwm³ K‡i
†Zv‡j|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
KweZvwU †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi Ôf‚wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖK…wZwbweo gvby‡li cwieZ©gvb RxebcÖev‡ni GK bv›`wbK ¯^cœ-DcvL¨vb GB KweZvwU| Rj‡ewóZ GB
evsjvi Rbc‡ì GKRb mvaviY K…wlRxex gvby‡li K_v Av‡Q G‡Z, Av‡Q Zvi ¯^cœmva| R‡ji †Zv‡o
GB K…lK n‡q I‡V f‚wgnxb| wKš‘ Avkvev`x gvby‡li GB †`‡k mn‡R †KD n‡Zv`¨g nq bv| ZvB f‚wg
nviv‡bv GB gvbylwU Rj‡K wN‡iB euvP‡Z Pvq| †m †R‡j n‡Z Pvq| LoKz‡Uv Wvjcvjv AvkÖq K‡i Av¸b
R¡vwj‡q †m Rxe‡bi DËvc‡K wd‡i †c‡Z Pvq| GiB m‡½ †m wgwj‡q †bq Zvi PvIqv− †R‡j n‡q gvQ
aivi| †Kbbv, RjgMœ GB Pvicvk f‚wgKl©‡Yi Abyc‡hvMx| Zv‡K cÖZxÿv Ki‡Z nq fvex mg‡qi Rb¨|
Avi GB AšÍe©Zx© mg‡q †mB K…lK eiY K‡i wb‡Z Pvq †R‡jRxeb| RxweKvi GB iƒcvšÍi Zv‡K ¯^cœk~b¨
K‡i bv| †m my›ì fwel¨‡Zi Kíbvq we‡fvi nq| weMZ K‡ói `ytL¯§„wZ †ivgš’‡bi g‡a¨ †h Avb›`
jywK‡q _v‡K †mB Avb›` GB K…lKI GKw`b jvf Ki‡e − GB Avkv wb‡q KweZvi GB K…lK Zvi
Rxeb‡K mRxe K‡i iv‡L| †m gvQ aivi cÖZxÿv K‡i| wKš‘ Kwe GB mij KvVv‡gvq KweZvwU web¨¯Í
K‡ib bv| Zuvi †ev‡ai eûgvwÎKZvq DwjøwLZ f‚wgnxb K…lK‡K cvwLi Av`j w`‡Z Pvb| g~jZ cvwLi
cÖZx‡KB Kwe DwjøwLZ K…lK PwiÎwU‡K iƒcvqY K‡ib| ZvB b`xi R‡j f‚wg wbgw¾Z n‡j †mB K…lK
evZv‡m AvkÖq †Luv‡R; wVK †hgb GKwU cvwL Wvbv Gwj‡q †f‡m †eovq evZv‡m| ïay ZvB bq, IB K…lK
ZLb cvwLi fvlvI †ev‡S| ZvB cvwLi K‚Rb‡K ZLb Mvb g‡b bv n‡q msÁvcb‡hvM¨ K‡_vcK_b e‡jB
Zvi †eva nq| Avevi gvQivOv cvwLi g‡ZvB Zvi †cvkvK, e‡Ki fw½‡ZB P‡j Zvi gvQ aivi cÖZxÿv|
Gfv‡e cvwLi m‡½ wg‡k hvq †mB f‚wgnxb K…wlRxexi AvcvZ-Db¥~wjZ Rxeb| cvwLi f‚wg‡Z AvkÖq nq
bv, GB K…l‡Ki f‚wgwbf©i AvkÖq nvwi‡q †M‡Q| grm¨ wkKvwi gvQivOv wKsev eK †hgb K‡i gv‡Qi
cÖZxÿv K‡i, GB K…lKI †Zgwb †R‡jRxeb MÖnY K‡i gv‡Qi A‡cÿv K‡i| GZ †h cwieZ©b,
RxebKvVv‡gvi iƒcvšÍi − Gme m‡Ë¡I IB gvbylwU cÖK…wZjMœ n‡q †eu‡P _v‡K, ¯^cœ †`‡L, AwgZ
Rxebxkw³i D‡Øvab NUvq| GB Awbt‡kl cÖvYgqZv‡KB Kwe Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi m~‡Î|
Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ GB KweZvwU‡Z Kwe ce© wbg©v‡Y cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i ¯^vaxbZv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avevi
e¨wZµgx PiY web¨v‡mi Kvi‡YI Q‡›ì †`vjvq we‡klZ¡ †hvwRZ n‡q‡Q|
338 mvwnZ¨ cvV
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi f~wgnxb K…wlRxexi Kx B‡”Q Rv‡M?
K. †R‡j n‡q gvQ aivi L. mg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKvi
M. Pzwcmv‡i K_v ejvi N. AvKv‡ji Mí ejvi
2. f~wgnxb K…wlRxex †jvKwU‡K ÔgvQivOv MvgQv c‡i GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZbÕ Kíbv Kivi KviY n‡jvÑ
i. cÖvK…wZK êwiZvq Zvi AmnvqZ¡
ii. wech©¯ÍZvq beRxe‡bi Avkvev`
iii. iƒcvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ Awf‡hvRb cÖqvm
KZ K_v AvR g‡b c‡o Zvi, Mwi‡ei Ni Zvi,
†Qv‡UvLv‡Uv KZ evqbv †Q‡ji cv‡i bvB wgUvevi|
3. DÏxc‡K Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvq †h fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q, Zv n‡jvÑ
K. wejvmx Rxeb
L. msMÖvgkxjZv
M. my‡Li Avkvev`
N. `ytLfvivµvšÍ Rxeb
4. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †PZbvi w`KwU †h Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ
K. b`xi a‡mi wb‡P/evZv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡Q/wKQzUv AvkÖq;
L. Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Zvi cv‡k e‡m Av‡Q/f~wgnxb K…wlRxex,
M. †Pv‡Li jeY R‡g †PvL R¡‡j/ïay R¡‡j|
N. ...gvQivOv MvgQv c‡i/GKV¨vOv e‡Mi gZb †P‡q _v‡K|
f‚wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q Zvi 339
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg Kvj-K‡jivq DRvo!
wbixn Zv‡je gv÷v‡ii ey‡KI eRª coj! K‡jivq
†Q‡jwU gviv †Mj webv c‡_¨, webv ïkÖƒlvq!
Kvd‡bi Kvco †Rv‡Uwb, ZvB webv Kvd‡b
evBk eQ‡ii ey‡Ki gvwbK‡K Ke‡i ïB‡q w`‡qwQ GLv‡b!
GB-B †kl bqÑ ïbyb : ewj
†g‡qUv‡K we‡q w`‡qwQjvg cjvkZjx
†mLv‡bI AvKvj! gvby‡l gvbyl Lvq|
wZbw`‡bi Dcevmx Avi j¾ve¯¿nxb n‡q wb`viæY e¨_vq
`wo Kjwm †eu‡a cyKz‡ii R‡j Wz‡e g‡iwQj GKw`b mÜ¨vq|
K. Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi f~wgnxb K…wlRxex wXjvXvjv dZzqvi g‡a¨ e‡m Kx Lvq?
L. Ômg‡qi cÖZxÿvq _vKv ïayÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. Zv‡je gv÷v‡ii RxebwPÎ Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi K…wlRxexi mv‡_ †Kvbw`K †_‡K
mvRyh¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. mvRyh¨c~Y© n‡jI Òf~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q ZviÓ KweZvi K…wlRxexi g‡Zv Zv‡je gv÷vi Awf‡hvRb
cÖqvmx bb− GB Dw³i †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki|
i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’
w`jIqvi
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
w`jIqvi 1937 wLªóv‡ãi c‡njv Rvbyqvwi wm‡jU knimsjMœ myigv b`xi `wÿY ZxieZx© fv_©Ljv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zvui cy‡iv bvg w`jIqvi Lvb| wKš‘ Kwe-Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB wZwb Rbg‡bi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv cÖKvk K‡i
cvwievwiK ÔLvbÕ c`we eR©b K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg †gŠjfx †gvnv¤§` nvmvb Lvb, Rbbx iwngy‡bœmv| w`jIqvi
mvavi‡Y¨ ÔMYgvby‡li KweÕ wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| †ckvRxe‡b cÖ_‡g `yBgvm wkÿKZv Ki‡jI 1967 wLªóv‡ã
Ôˆ`wbK msev`Õ cwÎKvq Ges 1973-74 wLªóv‡ã Ôˆ`wbK MYK‡ÉÕ mnKvix m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb KvR K‡ib|
wKš‘ ¯^v¯’¨MZ Kvi‡Y IB †ckv Zuv‡K cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z nq| wZwb wQ‡jb g~jZ mve©ÿwYK Kwe-†jLK I QovKvi|
Zvui KweZvi g~j myi †`k, gvwU I gvby‡li cÖwZ Av¯’v I `vqe×Zv| MYgvb‡ei gyw³ Zvui jÿ¨; we‡f`gy³ Kj¨vYx
c„w_exi wZwb ¯^vwcœK| Zvui cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔwRÁvmvÕ cÖKvwkZ nq 1953 wLªóv‡ã| Zvui cÖKvwkZ Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’
: ÔHKZvbÕ, ÔDw™¢bœ DjøvmÕ, Ô¯^wbô m‡bUÕ, Ôi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Õ, Ômc„w_ex iB‡evmRxeÕ, Ô`yB †giæ `yB WvbvÕ,
ÔAbZxZ cO&w³gvjvÕ| Zvui cÖeÜ MÖš’ : Ôevsjv‡`k Rb¥ bv wb‡jÕ Ges QovMÖš’ : Ôw`jIqv‡ii kZQovÕ, ÔQovq A
Av K LÕ| mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc wZwb jvf K‡i‡Qb evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi I ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ|
w`jIqvi 2013 wLªóv‡ãi 10B A‡±vei g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
cÙv †Zvgvi †hŠeb PvB
hgybv †Zvgvi †cÖg
myigv †Zvgvi KvRj ey‡Ki
cwj‡Z MwjZ †ng|
cÙv hgybv myigv †gNbv
M½v KY©dzjx,
†Zvgv‡ì ey‡K Avwg wbiewa
MYgvb‡ei Zzwj!
KZ wewPÎ Rxe‡bi is
Pviw`‡K K‡i †Ljv,
gy» giY euv‡K euv‡K Ny‡i
KvUvq gviY †ejv!
†i‡LwQ Avgvi cÖvY ¯^cœ‡K
e‡½vcmvM‡iB,
fqvj N~wY© †m Avgvi †µva
Dcgv †h Zvi †bB!
GB †µva R¡‡j Avgvi ¯^Rb
MYgvb‡ei ey‡K−
hLb †evSvB cÖv‡Yi RvnvR
i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ 341
bi`vb‡ei gy‡L!
cÙv myigv †gNbv hgybv ...
A‡kl b`x I †XD
i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’,
we‡`‡k Rv‡b bv †KD!
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kãv_© I UxKv
†ng Ñ myeY©| †mvbv|
cwj‡Z MwjZ †ng Ñ MwjZ †mvbv †gkv‡bv cwjgvwU|
MYgvbe Ñ cÖvwšÍK RbMY|
MYgvb‡ei Zzwj Ñ wkíx-RbZvi Zzwj| Kwe GLv‡b MYgvb‡ei wkíx wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri cwiPq Ávcb
K‡i‡Qb|
gviY †ejv Ñ nbb Kvj| webvk Kvj|
N~wY© Ñ N~Y©¨gvb Rjivwk| AvewZ©Z Rjivwk|
cÖv‡Yi RvnvR Ñ GLv‡b RbZv I Rbm¤ú` †evSv‡Z ÔcÖv‡Yi RvnvRÕ K_vwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
bi`vbe Ñ bicï| gvbyliƒcx `vbe| GLv‡b we‡`wk biwckvP‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
A‡kl b`x I †XD Ñ Avengvb Qz‡U Pjv b`x I †XD|
i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ Ñ RvwZmËvi †kvwYZ Ges Aw¯’ †h Kwe wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡ aviY K‡i Av‡Qb,
GLv‡b †m-K_vB AvjsKvwiK fvlvq e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvwU Kwei GKB bv‡gi Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg-KweZv| Ôi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Õ
1981 wLªóv‡ã wm‡jU †_‡K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| msKwjZ KweZvwU Kexi †PŠayixi D‡Ï‡k DrmwM©Z| Òi‡³
Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvq w`jIqvi mvMi`ywnZv I b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki e›`bv K‡i‡Qb Ges MYgvb‡ei
wkíx wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri cÖZ¨q I cÖwZkÖæwZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe e‡j‡Qb, GB evsjvq Rxebiƒc †hme b`x wbišÍi
e‡q P‡j‡Q, MYwkíxi Zzwj nv‡Z †mB wewPÎ Rxe‡biB wZwb iƒcKvi| Z‡e, engvb Rxeb GLv‡b evavnxb bq|
cÖengvb b`xi euv‡K euv‡K cvZv i‡q‡Q g„Z¨z i duv`| wKš‘ Kwe GK_v Rvbv‡Z †fv‡jb bv †h, wZwb Zvui ¯^c‡œ K
wekvj e‡½vcmvM‡ii kw³i Kv‡Q AvgvbZ †i‡L‡Qb| GB kw³B mvM‡ii N~Y¨© gvb fqvj Rjivwki g‡Zv Zvui
†µva‡K kw³gvb K‡i‡Q| Avi GB †µva †Kej Kwei GKvi bq, mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| G
Kvi‡Y we‡`wk bi`vb‡ei AvMÖvmb G Rb‡Mvôx‡K `gv‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡`wkiv nqZ Rv‡b bv †h, Avengvb Qy‡U
Pjv b`xi g‡ZvB Kwe wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡ aviY K‡i Av‡Qb IB RvwZmËvi †kvwYZ I Aw¯’|
KweZvwU Qq gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖwZ cO&w³ 6+6 gvÎvi c~Yc © ‡e© Ges 2 gvÎvi Ac~Y© c‡e© web¨¯Í|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvi ÔcÖvY ¯^cœÕ‡K †Kv_vq †i‡L‡Qb?
K. fqvj N~wY©‡Z L. e‡½vcmvM‡i
M. MYgvb‡ei ey‡K N. bi`vb‡ei gy‡L
342 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. ÔKZ wewPÎ Rxe‡bi isÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q Rxeb−

K. eûgvwÎK L. wfbœag©x
M. msMÖvgkxj N. m¤ú`kvjx
GLb †hŠeb hvi wgwQ‡j hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq|
GLb †hŠeb hvi hy‡× hvevi Zvi †kÖô mgq|
3. DÏxc‡K Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvq †Kvb fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q?
K. b`xi cÖengvbZv L. mgy‡`ªi fqvj Rjivwki kw³
M. Kwei AwgZ g‡bvej N. MYgvb‡ei kw³
4. D³ w`KwU †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
K. fqvj N~wY© †m Avgvi †µva L. GB †µva R¡‡j Avgvi ¯^Rb/MYgvb‡ei ey‡K
M. gy» giY euv‡K euv‡K Ny‡i/KvUvq gviY †ejv N. i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
G †`‡ki gvwU Avgvi kix‡i gvs‡mi g‡Zv
†KD PvB‡jB−
Avgvi kixi †_‡K gvsm †K‡U w`‡Z cvwi bv|
G †`‡ki b`xi Rj, Avgvi wkiv Dcwkivq cÖevwnZ
cÖwZwU i³KwYKvi g‡Zv−
†KD PvB‡jB−
Avwg G b`x¸‡jvi AwaKvi †Q‡o w`‡Z cvwi bv|
G †`‡ki evZvm, Avgvi cÖwZwU weï× wbtk¦vm|
†KD PvB‡jB−
Avgvi wbtk¦v‡mi evZv‡m eviæ‡ì MÜ Qov‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avgiv Zv wKQz‡ZB w`‡Z cvwi bv...|
K. Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvq Kwei †µva‡K wK‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q?
L. we‡`‡k Rv‡b bv †KD!− †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvi mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Òi‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’Ó KweZvq Kwei Awfe¨w³ DÏxc‡K mv_©Kfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q wKbv
we‡kølY Ki|
eø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvq
knx` Kvìx
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
knx` Kvìx 1942 wLªóv‡ãi 14B AvM÷ XvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Lv‡j`-Be‡b-Avng`
Kvìx| knx` Kvìx MZ kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe| wZwb eZ©gv‡b hy³iv‡óª cÖevm-Rxeb
hvcb Ki‡Qb| †mLv‡b wZwb GKwU wPwKrmv cÖwZôv‡b `xN©w`b Kg©iZ wQ‡jb|
myMfxi gb‡bi AwaKvix knx` Kvìxi g~j cÖeYZv êwk¦K †eva‡K eûgvwÎK e¨Äbvi AvkÖ‡q KweZvq
cÖKvk‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv| we‡kl K‡i lv‡Ui `k‡Ki cÖwZK‚j ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †¯^vcvwR©Z †eva‡K
cÖKvk Kivi Dcvq wn‡m‡e wZwb iƒcK-cÖZx‡Ki Avovj‡K mvd‡jï m‡½ eënvi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb|
cÖKiYMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ knx` Kvìxi KweZvi wewkó jÿY| KweZvq we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ wZwb 1973 wLªóv‡ã
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : ÔDËivwaKviÕ (1967),
Ô†Zvgv‡K Awfev`b wcÖqZgvÕ (1974), Ô†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv µ›`b †bBÕ (1978) cÖf„wZ|
GKwU AvswUi g‡Zv †Zvgv‡K c‡iwQ ¯^‡`k

Avgvi Kwbô AvOz‡j, KLbI D×Z Z‡jvqv‡ii g‡Zv
`xwßgvb Nv‡mi we¯Ív‡i, †`‡LwQ †Zvgvi †Wvi KvUv
R¦jR¦‡j iƒc †R¨vr¯œvq| Zvici †Zvgvi Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ‡i
KvZv‡i KvZv‡i KZ A‡Pbv wkwei, KzPKvIqv‡Ri aŸwb,
hvi Avov‡j Zzwg AwePj, AUzU, wPiKvj|
hwÌ ea¨f~wg n‡jv mviv‡`k− i³cv‡Z AvZ©bv‡`
nVvr nZ¨vq f‡i †Mj evsjvi we¯ÍxY© cÖvšÍi,
A_P †mB cÖvšÍ‡iB GK`v avegvb †Reªvi g‡Zv
Rxebvb‡›ì big kixi Qzu‡q EaŸ©k¦vm evZvm e‡q‡Q|
GLb †mB evZv‡m ïay Sj‡m hvIqv ¯^R‡bi
i³gvs‡mi NªvY Ges N‡i wdievi e¨vKzj cÖ‡ivPbv|
k„•LwjZ we‡`wki cZvKvi wb‡P GZKvj wQj hviv
R‡ovm‡ov, gM‡Ri KzÐjxK…Z †g‡N wc¯Í‡ji †cÖv¾¡j Av`j
kxZiv‡Z G‡bwQj agbx‡Z Ab¨ GK AvKv•ÿvi Zvc|
Avevj¨ †Zvgvi †h wbmM© wQj wb`viæY wbwe©Kvi,
myiwÿZ `y‡M©i gZb Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡iv‡a †m n‡jv mnvq,
eø¨vK-AvDU Agvb¨ K‡i Zzwg w`M‡šÍ †R¡‡j w`‡j
we‡`ªvnx c~wY©gv| Avwg †mB c~wY©gvi Av‡jvq †`‡LwQ;
Avgiv mevB wdiwQ Avevi wbR¯^ D‡Vvb cvi n‡q
wb‡R‡ì N‡i|
344 mvwnZ¨ cvV
kãv_© I UxKv
eø¨vK-AvDU − wb®úÖ`xc| Av‡jv evB‡i Avb‡Z bv †Ìqv| mvaviYZ hy× wKsev
Riæwi Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GjvKv AÜKv‡i †X‡K †Ìqvi †KŠkj|
D×Z Z‡jvqv‡ii g‡Zv
`xwßgvb Nv‡mi we¯Ívi − ¯^‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask †h Nvm, Kwe Zvi wfZ‡iI
cÖwZev‡ì Av‡jv, cÖwZ‡iv‡ai mvnm‡K Abyfe K‡i‡Qb|
KvZv‡i KvZv‡i KZ
A‡Pbv wkwei, KzPKvIqv‡Ri
aŸwb − kÎæi AvµgY I Zv‡ì A‡¯¿i gnov| kÎæ KewjZ †`‡ki cwiw¯’wZ
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
Rxebvb‡›ì big
kixi Quy‡q EaŸ©k¦vm
evZvm e‡q‡Q − Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq G‡`‡ki gvbyl I cÖK…wZi †KvgjZvi cÖm½
G‡m‡Q evievi| †mB Kve¨‡cÖiYv knx` Kvìxi †PZbvqI Mfxifv‡e
e¨vß| ZvB wZwb Rxebvb‡›ì †PvL w`‡q †`Lv †mŠ›`h©-mg„× Avengvb
iƒcmx evsjvi ¯§„wZPviY K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq|
gM‡Ri KzÐjxK…Z
†g‡N wc¯Í‡ji
†cÖv¾¡j Av`j − Kwe gvbe-gw¯Í‡®‹i MVb‡K KzÐjx cvKv‡bv †g‡Ni m‡½ Zzjbv
K‡i‡Qb| GKB m‡½ GB †gN wec` I k¼vi wPý enb K‡i| GB
wec` †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZ‡iva − mk¯¿ jovB| GB jovB
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z hZ bv kvixwiK kw³i cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk
ìKvi gvbwmK kw³i| ZvB Kwei Kíbvq gw¯Í®‹ wb‡RB n‡q I‡V
A¯¿, cwiMÖn K‡i wc¯Í‡ji AvKvi| GB †eva I ˆPZ‡bï A¯¿‡K m½x
K‡iB G‡`‡ki gvbyl Suvwc‡q c‡owQj gyw³hy‡×|
c~wY©gv − †h wZw_‡Z Puv‡ì †lvjKjv c~Y© nq| c~wY©gvi Puv‡ì Av‡jv †evSv‡Z|
D‡Vvb − AvwObv| KweZvq ÔwbR¯^ D‡VvbÕ ej‡Z hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q wb‡Ri K‡i
cvIqv ¯^‡`k‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
KweZvwU knx` Kvìxi Ôwbe©vwPZ KweZvÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKvË‡ii hy×-ev¯ÍeZv‡K Kwe
Zuvi wbR¯^ Dcjwäi e¨wZµgx †`¨vZbvq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| AvµvšÍ ¯^‡`k wb‡RB GB
KweZvq GK mvnmx †hv×v| †m cÖvK…wZK †KŠk‡j Zvi mn‡hv×v‡ì hy‡× Rqx n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i; kÎæi
weiæ‡× M‡o †Zv‡j Aj•N¨bxq cÖwZ‡iva| Kwe GB mn‡hv×v‡ìB GKRb| ZvB wZwb ¯^‡`k‡K GKwU
eø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvq 345
AvswUi g‡Zv K‡i Avcb Kwbô AvOz‡j aviY K‡ib; ¯^‡`‡ki m‡½ M‡o †Zv‡jb wbweo GK m¤úK©|
KweZvq D‡jøwLZ ÒKwbÓ AvOzj we‡klfv‡e Zvrch©c~Y©| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m nv‡Zi cuvP AvOzj w`‡q cuvP
†èZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡Zv; †hgb : ZR©bx w`‡q †evSv‡bv n‡Zv †èivR wRDm‡K, e„×v½yj w`‡q †evSv‡bv
n‡Zv mgy`ª †èZv cwmWb‡K| wVK GKBfv‡e wMÖK hy× †èZv Gwim‡K cÖZxKvwqZ K‡i GB ÒKwbÓ
AvOyj; hv †Kej jovB bq, GKB m‡½ wbivcËv cÖ`v‡biI cÖZxK| Avi GB e¨Äbv‡KB Kwe Av‡jvP¨
KweZvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb| ¯^‡`k‡K Kwe GLv‡b AvswUi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb Avi ÔKwb AvOzjÕ Øviv
cÖZxKvwqZ Gwi‡mi g‡ZvB AZ›`ª cÖnix wn‡m‡e jovB‡qi ga¨ w`‡q †`k-gvZ…Kvi wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi
A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GKB m‡½, GB ÔAvswUÕ kãeÜ Øviv DcwgZ ¯^‡`k n‡”Q Kwei AwfÁvb Z_v
cwiPq-wPý| †Kbbv, ¯^‡`k‡K w`‡qB †Zv we‡k¦ Avgv‡ì cwiPq wPwýZ nq| gvZ…f‚wg‡K wb‡q Kwei GB
eûgvwÎK Abyfe µgvš^‡q m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| hv‡K wZwb Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb AvswUi m‡½, c‡i Zv‡KB
Avevi Zzjbv Ki‡Qb †Reªvi m‡½| cÖvwYRM‡Z †Reªv kvixwiK MV‡b I ¯^fv‡e AZ¨šÍ ¯^vZš¿¨gwÐZ;
†mŠ›`h©, mZZv Avi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G‡ì †`‡ni mv`v-Kv‡jv †WvivKvUv êcix‡Zï
mw¤§jb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i; wVK †hgb G‡`‡kI bvbv ag©-e‡Y©i gvbyl Abvqv‡m ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wg‡j †h‡Z
cv‡i| GKB m‡½ †Reªv AZ¨šÍ mvgvwRK Ges G‡Ki wec‡` A‡bï GwM‡q Avmvi cÖeYZvi Kvi‡Y Giv
we‡klfv‡e L¨vZ| evsjv f‚L‡ÐI GB mvgvwRK m¤úªxwZ `~ivZxZ Kvj †_‡KB myjf| ZvB Kwe AZ¨šÍ
m‡PZbfv‡e ¯^‡`‡ki m‡½ wgwj‡q †bb †Reªvi e¨wZµgx e¨w³Z¡gqZv‡K|
G‡`‡k mvgwiK AvMÖvmb, cvwK¯Ívwb †kvlK‡ì wbg©g AZ¨vPvi, jv‡Lv gvby‡li nZ¨v, wbh©vZb − GZ
mewKQyi c‡iI Kwei gwngvwš^Z ¯^‡`k AUj APÂj n‡q †R‡M _v‡K| jv‡Lv g„Zzï †e`bv G‡`‡ki
gvbyl‡K `wg‡q †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| civaxbZvi wkK‡j hviv euvav c‡owQj `xN©w`b, ZvivB gyw³i †ev‡a
D¾xweZ n‡q‡Q; gM‡Ri A‡¯¿i †cÖiYvq D¾xweZ n‡q nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q hy×R‡qi Avqya|
gyw³msMÖv‡gi GB c‡_ Kwei Kíbvq evsjvi wbmM©I Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q GKRb mcÖvY gyw³‡hv×vi †e‡k|
gyw³hy‡×i GB Agi Awfe¨w³ †Kej KweZvwUi e³‡e¨ bq, Gi Avw½K †mŠK‡h©I Mfxifv‡e cwijwÿZ
nq| ZvB ÔKwb AvOzjÕ, Ô†ReªvÕ, ÔRxebvb‡›ì †Kvgj kixiÕ, Ôwe‡`ªvnx c~wY©gvÕ cÖf…wZ kãe‡Üi AvkÖ‡q
Kwe cÖZx‡Ki gvjv Muv‡_b| Avevi GiB m‡½ wZwb bv›`wbK wPÎK‡íi FRy mgvnvi‡K mgwš^Z K‡ib|
ZvB ÔevZv‡m ïay Sj‡m hvIqv ¯^R‡bi i³gvs‡mi NªvYÕ, ÔgM‡Ri KzÐjxK…Z †g‡N wc¯Í‡ji †cÖv¾¡j
Av`jÕ, ÔAvgiv mevB wdiwQ Avevi wbR¯^ DVvb cvi nÕ‡q wb‡R‡ì N‡iÕ− Gme cO&w³ cvVK ü`‡q
Bw›`ªqvZxZ †eva‡K DÏxwcZ K‡i| Gi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU n‡q I‡V we‡klfv‡e bv›`wbKZvF×|
KweZvwU Amgce© wewkó Ges Aÿie„‡Ëi Pv‡j M`¨Q‡›` iwPZ|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ †Kvb Kwei bvg D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q?
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii L. Rxebvb›` `v‡ki
M. Avj gvngy‡ì N. gnv‡è mvnvi
346 mvwnZ¨ cvV
2. Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ †h Kvi‡Y †Reªvi cÖm½ Avbv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−

i. MwZgq †mŠ›`h© cÖKv‡k
ii. ¯^vaxbZvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e
iii. evsjvi wPivqZ †mŠ›`h© †evSv‡Z
evsjvi bMi e›ì MÄ evlwÆ nvRvi MÖvg
aŸsm¯Í~‡ci †_‡K mvZ †KvwU dzj
n‡q †dv‡U|
3. DÏxc‡K Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ KweZvi †Kvb fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q?
K. Ab¨vq I †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` L. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv jvf
M. cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi AZ¨vPvi N. ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv cÖ`k©b
4. D³ w`KwU †h As‡k cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv−
K. hwÌ ea¨f~wg n‡jv mviv‡`k− i³cv‡Z AvZ©bv‡`
L. GLb †mB evZv‡m ïay Sj‡m hvIqv ¯^R‡bi/i³gvs‡mi NªvY
M. gM‡Ri KzÐjxK…Z †g‡N wc¯Í‡ji †cÖv¾¡j Av`j
N. eø¨vK-AvDU Agvb¨ K‡i Zzwg w`M‡šÍ †R¡‡j w`‡j/we‡`ªvnx c~wY©gv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
wgwjUvwii `j e„‡Ëi g‡Zv ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| gv_vi Dc‡i A‡bK cyi‡bv e„ÿivwR Zvi wekvj wekvj
kvLv-cÖkvLv we¯Ívi K‡i Qvqvgq K‡i RvqMvwU‡K gvqvgq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| K‡qKwU kvLv †f‡O Sz‡j
Av‡Q, wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i wew”Qbœ nqwb| †mB e„‡Ëi gvSLv‡b nvZ euvav mRxe‡K Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z G‡b ùvo
Kiv‡bv n‡jv| mRx‡ei bvK-gyL †_‡K i³ Si‡Q| Zv‡K wR‡Ám Kiv n‡”Q, gyw³evwnbx †Kv_vq
cvwj‡q †M‡Q? Zvi GKB Reve, wZwb wKQzB ej‡eb bv| e›`y‡Ki bjUv Kcv‡ji wVK gvSLvbUvq|
Zv‡K †kl my‡hvM †Ìqv nq| mRxe e‡jb, ÔAvgvi g‡Zv mvaviY mRx‡ei g„Zz¨‡Z wKQz G‡m hvq
bv| wKš‘ gyw³‡dŠR‡ì Rxe‡bi `vg Av‡Q| gyw³‡dŠR bv n‡j †Zvgv‡ì gvi‡e †K? †eu‡P _vK
Zviv|Õ ¸wjUv Kcvj †f` K‡i †ewi‡q hvq| gvwU‡Z jywU‡q c‡ob mRxe| wKQz ey‡S IVvi Av‡MB
weKU k‡ã SzjšÍ K‡qKwU wekvj kvLv cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi gv_vi Ici c‡o|
K. Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ KweZvq EaŸ©k¦vm evZvm e‡q‡Q wK‡mi g‡Zv?
L. evOvwji ÔwbR¯^ D‡Vvb cvi n‡q wb‡R‡ì N‡iÕ †divi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv we‡kølY Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z w`KwU Òeø¨vK-AvD‡Ui c~wY©gvqÓ KweZvi g~j †PZbv‡K AviI kvwbZ K‡i‡Q
gšÍe¨wUi hv_v_©¨ wePvi Ki|
kvwšÍi Mvb
gnv‡è mvnv
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe gnv‡è mvnv 1944 wLªóv‡ãi 5B AvM÷ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui ˆcZ…K evwo
cvebv †Rjvi avbNov MÖv‡g| Zvui wcZvi bvg M`vai mvnv Ges gv‡qi bvg weivR‡gvwnbx mvnv| Kwei
wkÿvRxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq †K‡U‡Q e¸ov Ges ivRkvnx‡Z| 1968 wLªóv‡ã wZwb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K evsjv wel‡q GgG wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
gnv‡è mvnvi KweZv gvb‡ei myL I `yt‡Li GK Pjgvb DcvL¨vb| mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vqe×Zv,
ivRbxwZ-gb¯‹Zv gnv‡è mvnv‡K †U‡b Av‡b gvwU I gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ| Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q, ÔGB M„n GB mbœ¨vmÕ, Ôgvbe G‡mwQ Kv‡QÕ, ÔPvB wel AgiZvÕ, Ôdzj KB ïay A‡¯¿i DjøvmÕ, Ô†Kv_v
†cÖg †Kv_v †m we‡`ªvnÕ, Ô†eu‡P AvwQ ¯^cœgvbylÕ, ÔGKevi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q hvBÕ cÖf…wZ| wZwb 1983 wLªóv‡ã evsjv
GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi Ges 2001 wLªóv‡ã GKz‡k c`Kmn AviI eû cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
GB c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB

Avgiv Gwkqvi K…lK
Avgiv Avwd«Kvi kÖwgK
Avgiv BD‡iv‡ci wkï
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgv‡ì mK‡ji mg‡eZ cÖv_©bv AvR− kvwšÍ|
GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ wgDwbL kn‡i †Zvjcvo K‡iwQ Avgiv
GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ BZvwji ivRc‡_ K‡iwQ `xN© wgwQj
GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ wbDBqK© kn‡i we‡ÿvf K‡iwQ AmsL¨
gvbyl;
GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ Avgiv Avwd«Kvi wkï
c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi wK‡kvi Avi bvwgweqvi hyeK
K‡Zv wewb`ª ivZ KvwU‡qwQ,
Avevi GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ evsjvi `ytwLbx gv‡qi †Pv‡L
Nyg †bB|
348 mvwnZ¨ cvV
meyR km¨‡ÿZ, m`¨‡dvUv dzj I wkïi

nvwmi R‡b¨
c„w_ex Ry‡o Avgiv PvB kvwšÍKj¨vY|
kvwšÍ PvB hviv wkï‡ì fv‡jvevwm
kvwšÍ PvB hviv ivOv †Mvjvc fv‡jvevwm;
kvwšÍ PvB hviv jygy¤^v, Av‡j‡›` I †kL gywR‡ei
wbôzi g„Zzï Rb¨ Kuvw`
kvwšÍ PvB hviv wcKv‡mvi †Mv‡qwb©Kvi K_v fvwe
GB c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB−
wkï‡ì càŸwbi g‡Zv kvwšÍ
eKzj S‡i covi g‡Zv kvwšÍ
iRbxMÜvi †Lvjv cvcwoi g‡Zv kvwšÍ|
Avgiv wn‡ivwkgv-bvMvmvwKi e¨w_Z AvZ¥v
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgiv wf‡qZbvg I evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i kwn`
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgiv †kvKvnZ gv‡qi †Pv‡Li Rj
†ev‡bi µ›`b, ¯¿xi †kvKvkÖæ−
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgiv KweZv fv‡jvevwm
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgiv wkí I Rxeb fv‡jvevwm
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB;
Avgiv GL‡bv gvby‡li ü`q I gbyl¨‡Z¡
mgvb wek¦vmx
Avgiv kvwšÍ PvB|
[ms‡ÿwcZ]
kvwšÍi Mvb 349
kãv_© I UxKv
wgDwbL − Rvg©vwbi evqvb© iv‡Rï ivRavbx| Rvg©vb fvlvq kniwUi bv‡gi D”PviY
gy¨b‡kb| kniwU Bmvi b`xi Zx‡i †efvixq Aví‡mi DË‡i Aew¯’Z|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgmg‡q wnUjv‡ii weiæ‡× GB kn‡i QvÎ I
wkÿKiv GK Awnsm cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQj|
wbDBqK© − hy³iv‡óªi DËi-c~e© AÂ‡ji wbDBqK© iv‡Rï me‡P‡q †ewk
Rb-Aay¨wlZ gnvbMi| RvwZms‡Ni mì `ßi nIqv‡Z G gnvbMi
wek¦ gvb‡ei wgjb †K‡›`ª cwiYZ|
c¨v‡j÷vBb − Aviwe D”Pvi‡Y wdwjw¯Íb| f‚ga¨mvMi Ges RW©vb b`xi gaëZ©x
AÂj| BmivB‡ji m‡½ GLbI GB AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi hy× Pj‡Q|
bvwgweqv − Avwd«Kvi `wÿY-cwðg AÂ‡ji GKwU †`k| `wÿY-Avwd«Kvi kvm‡bi
weiæ‡× cÖvq PweŸk eQie¨vcx `xN© i³ÿqx †Mwijv hy‡×i ci 1990
wLªóv‡ãi gvP© gv‡m †`kwU ¯^vaxb nq|
jygy¤^v − c¨vwUªm G‡gwi jygy¤^v; Rb¥ †`vmiv RyjvB 1925, g„Zz¨ 17B Rvbyqvwi
1961| Avwd«Kvi †`k K‡½vi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †bZv Ges †`kwUi
cÖ_g MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ cÖavbgš¿x| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi gvÎ ev‡iv
mßvn c‡i AvšÍR©vwZK loh‡š¿i wkKvi n‡q wZwb wbnZ nb|
Av‡j‡›` − mvjfvì ¸Bjv‡g©v Av‡j‡›` †Mv‡mb&m; Rb¥ 26G Ryb 1908 Ges g„Zz¨
11B †m‡Þ¤î 1973| wPwji evgcwš’ †bZv Ges MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e
wbe©vwPZ cÖ_g gvK©mev`x ivóªcwZ| †`k cwiPvjbvi bxwZmsµvšÍ
wewfbœ wel‡q wZwb weZ‡K© Rwo‡q c‡ob Ges †mbvevwnbxi GK
Afz¨Ìv‡b ew›` nb| ew›` Ae¯’v‡ZB wZwb Zvui †kl fvlY †`b Ges
c`Z¨v‡M A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j Zvu‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|
wcKv‡mv − cve‡jv iæBR B wcKv‡mv; Rb¥ 25G A‡±vei 1881 Ges g„Zz¨ 8B
GwcÖj 1973| wek kZ‡Ki weL¨vZ †¯úbxq wPÎwkíx| wek kZ‡Ki
Ab¨Zg wkí-Av‡›`vjb wKDweR‡gi Ab¨Zg cÖe³v| IB Av‡›`vj‡bi
g~j jÿ¨ wQj AuvKv Qwe‡Z weg~Z©Zv mÂvi Ges wÎgvwÎKZv †hvRbv
Kiv, hvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU Qwe‡K eû `„wó‡Kv‡Y we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|
†M¨wb©Kv − wcKv‡mvi GKwU weL¨vZ Qwe| 1937 wLªóv‡ã †¯ú‡b M„nhy× PjvKv‡j
DËi †¯ú‡bi GKwU †QvU kni †M¨wb©Kvq Rvg©vb I BZvwji g`‡`
†evgv nvgjvi cÖwZwµqvq GB QwewU wZwb Auv‡Kb| QwewU‡Z hy‡×i
gg©vwšÍKZv Ges mvaviY gvby‡li hš¿Yv I AmnvqZ¡‡K Zz‡j aiv nq|
350 mvwnZ¨ cvV
wn‡ivwkgv-bvMvmvwK Ñ Rvcv‡bi `ywU kni| kni `ywU wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j cvigvYweK †evgvi
AvNv‡Z weaŸ¯Í nq|
wf‡qZbvg − B‡›`vPxb DcØx‡ci Ask Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi me‡P‡q c~‡e© Aew¯’Z
†`k| eû eQ‡ii jovB‡qi BwZnvm i‡q‡Q †`kwUi| GKmgq DËi
Ges `wÿY wf‡qZbvg `yBwU c„_K As‡k wef³ n‡q wM‡qwQj| wKš‘
wf‡qZbvg hy‡×i ci 1976 mv‡j GB `yB Ask GK n‡q hvq|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvwU Kwe gnv‡è mvnvi Ôdzj KB ïay A‡¯¿i DjøvmÕ (1984) MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| c„w_exe¨vcx gvby‡li Rb¨ kvwšÍi AšÍnxb cÖZ¨vkv wb‡q Kwe †h Mvb iPbv K‡i P‡jb Aweivg,
ZviB †`¨vZbv enb K‡i Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU| G KweZvq Kwe av‡c av‡c Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb−Kv‡ì Rb¨ GB
kvwšÍ, †Kgb K‡i Zviv kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb K‡i, kvwšÍKvgx GB gvbyl¸‡jvi gb¯ÍË¡B ev †Kgb|
GK K_vq ejv hvq †h, Kwei GB kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi cÖZ¨vkv g~jZ †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rb¨, wkï‡ì Rb¨,
gbyl¨Z¡‡ev‡a DÏxß mK‡ji Rb¨| ZvB Kwe Gwkqvi K…lK, Avwd«Kvi kÖwgK, BD‡iv‡ci wkï−mKj‡K
GB kvwšÍ-cZvKvi Z‡j mg‡eZ Ki‡Z Pvb| kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi jÿ¨ wb‡q Kwe Ges Kwei g‡Zv gvby‡liv
jovB K‡ib; cÖwZev‡ì So †Zv‡jb wgDwbL, wbDBqK©mn BZvwji wewfbœ kn‡ii c‡_ c‡_| wKš‘ kvwšÍ
we‡ivaxivI †_‡g _v‡K bv| Zviv n‡q I‡V AviI wns¯ª, Suvwc‡q c‡o mvaviY kvwšÍwcÖq gvby‡li Ici|
GBme Amnvq gvby‡li cv‡k ùvov‡Z, AkvwšÍi MR©b‡K _vwg‡q w`‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq mZK© cÖnivi| ZvB hy‡M
hy‡M Avwd«Kvi wkï, c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi wK‡kvi, bvwgweqvi hyeK GgbwK evsjv‡`‡ki `vgvj gyw³‡hv×viv
wbNy©g ivZ †R‡M n‡q I‡V kvwšÍi cÖnix| GKvË‡i gyw³‡hv×viv †hgb ÔGKwU dzj‡KÕ euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ hy×
K‡iwQj, †Zgwb GB kvwšÍi †mbvbxiv Ôkm¨‡ÿZ, m`¨‡dvUv dzj, wkïi nvwmi R‡b¨Õ kvwšÍ Pvq| GB kvwšÍi
c‡ÿi gvbyl¸‡jvi gb nq †Kvgj, ü`qRy‡o _v‡K Adzivb Av‡eM| ZvB Zviv jygy¤^v, Av‡j‡›`, †kL
gywR‡ei wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Ð AkÖæwm³ nq, wcKv‡mvi †M¨wb©Kv Zv‡ì Av‡eMvcøyZ K‡i|
KweZvwU wee„wZag©x; we‡kl D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kwe G‡Ki ci GK ¯^fv‡evw³ K‡i P‡jb| †Kbbv,
Kwe Rv‡bb, cÖwZev‡ì K_v, cÖZ¨vkvi K_v ej‡Z nq mivmwi ¯úófv‡e| wZbwU e¨wZµg ev` w`‡j ejv
hvq, AjsKvimg„× KweZv iPbvi cÖPj ixwZ †_‡K gnv‡è mvnv GB KweZvq †ewi‡q Avm‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
hv wZwb ej‡Z Pvb Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv Avovj ivLvi c‡ÿ wZwb bb| Kwe gvby‡li `yt‡Li K_v †e`bvi K_v
Avkvi K_v cÖZ¨vkvi K_v Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ M‡`ï mnR fw½ KweZvq eënvi Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q I‡Vb|
KweZvwU‡K wbweofv‡e ev¯ÍeNwbô K‡i Zzj‡Z wZwb eënvi K‡ib A‡bK HwZnvwmK Abyl½| c„w_exi
†Pbv f‚‡Mvj‡K wZwb Kvwe¨K †cjeZvq cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Avi GiB m‡½ Kwe AšÍe©qb
NUvb ÔeKz‡ji S‡i covi g‡Zv kvwšÍÕ, ÔiRbxMÜvi †Lvjv cvcwoi g‡Zv kvwšÍÕ− GiKg DcgvgwÐZ
bv›`wbK Avenmg„× cO&w³gvjv| Gfv‡e KweZvwU wel‡q I Avw½‡K we‡kl Zvrch©en n‡q I‡V|
KweZvwU M`¨Q‡›ì Pvj AbymiY K‡i iwPZ| AšÍ¨wgjwenxb †QvUeo cO&w³‡Z KweZvwUi KvVv‡gv M‡o
D‡V‡Q|
kvwšÍi Mvb 351
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvq Kvi †Pv‡L Nyg †bB?
K. Avwd«Kvi wkïi L. c¨v‡j÷vBb wK‡kv‡ii
M. evsjvi `ytwLbx gv‡qi N. bvwgweqvi hye‡Ki
2. ÔeKzj S‡i covi g‡Zv kvwšÍÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−
i. wbtk‡ãi kvwšÍ
ii. kvwšÍi we¯Ívi
iii. kvwšÍi †mŠif
ZvB Avwg †P‡q †`wL cÖwZÁv cÖ¯‘Z N‡i N‡i,
`vb‡ei m‡½ AvR msMÖv‡gi Z‡i|
3. DÏxc‡K ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvi †h fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q, Zv n‡jv−
i. Ackw³i weiæ‡× iæ‡L ùvov‡bv
ii. AwaKvi Av`v‡q beRvMiY
iii. kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb
4. D³ fve †h As‡k cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q−
K. c„w_exRy‡o Avgiv PvB kvwšÍKj¨vY
L. GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ evsjvi `ytwLbx gv‡qi †Pv‡L/Nyg †bB
M. kvwšÍ PvB hviv jygy¤^v, Av‡j‡›` I †kL gywR‡ei/wbôzi g„Zzï Rb¨ Kuvw`
N. GB kvwšÍi R‡b¨ wgDwbL kn‡i †Zvjcvo K‡iwQ Avgiv|
352 mvwnZ¨ cvV
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
gvwU †_‡K Kie DrcvU GKm‡½ me‡P‡q j¤^v †è`viæ
†hLv‡b Zvi wkKo wQj Av‡M †mB M‡Z© †dje Qz‡o
Avgv‡ì me A¯¿|
awiÎx M‡f©, aiYx Z‡j
cyuZe †gviv Avgv‡ì me A¯¿, †gviv wPiZ‡i †è Kei Zv‡K †mB Mfx‡i
Avi cyuZe †mB RvqMvq †è`viæ
nu¨v, Avm‡e mgq gnv kvwšÍi|
K. ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvq †Kvb kn‡i kvwšÍi Rb¨ †Zvjcv‡oi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
L. ÔAvgiv wn‡ivwkgv-bvMvmvwKi e¨w_Z AvZ¥vÕ− ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. KweZvs‡k ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. D³ w`KwU ÒkvwšÍi MvbÓ KweZvi g~j‡PZbv cÖwZôvi GKgvÎ wbqvgK bq− gšÍe¨wUi h_v_©¨ wePvi
Ki|
mgvß

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RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K 2014-2015 wkÿvel© †_‡K

GKv`k-Øv`k I Avwjg †kÖwYi cvV¨cy¯ÍKiƒ‡c wba©vwiZ|

RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, evsjv‡`k

[cÖKvkK KZ„©K me©¯^Z¡ msiwÿZ]

cÖ_g cÖKvk : RyjvB-2014

g~j¨ : 113.00 (GKkZ †Z‡iv) UvKv|

(cÖ‡dmi bvivqY P›`ª mvnv)

µwgK b¤^i wk‡ivbvg †jLK c„ôv b¤^i

µwgK b¤^i wk‡ivbvg Kwe c„ôv b¤^i

†V½vjvwV − cÖnvi Kivi jvwV|

ˆmb¨va¨ÿ − †mbvcwZ| ˆmb¨`‡ji cÖavb cwiPvjK|

ÔAvRI Avgv‡K †`wL‡j g‡b

†mKiv − ¯^Y©Kvi, †mvbvi AjsKvi cÖ¯‘ZKviK|

ayqv − Mv‡bi †h Ask †`vnviiv evievi cwi‡ekb K‡i|

Ggb w`‡b Kx wjL‡Z gb hvq?

gbmv †`ex Avgvi gvÑ

AKvjKz®§vÐ − Amg‡q d‡j‡Q Ggb Kzg‡ov| GLv‡b AKg©Y¨ e¨w³|

4. GB Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq wb‡q ejv hvq, wbjydv I wejvmx Df‡qB−

†ÿ‡Z †ÿ‡Z cyBov gwi, †i fvB

MÖvgevmx‡`i m‡½ Zuvi g‡bvgvwj‡b¨i cÖKZ

wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

−†Zvgv‡K †Zv wPb‡Z cvijvg bv, eywo?

−I evev, Ii `ya! A‡a©K Rj− `ya †LwZ cv”P bv fv‡jv †m ey‡SwP|

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

2. ÔAvgv‡`i `„wófw½ cvëv‡Z n‡eÕ− GLv‡b Ô`„wófw½Õ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q−

2. ÒGi Mvb Ii †mŠi‡f wg‡k wM‡q‡QÓÑDw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

`dv`vi − MÖv‡g cvnvivq wb‡qvwRZ †PŠwK`v‡ii mi`vi|

ÑAciva ¯^xKvi Ki‡j?

Av`vIwZ − kÎæZv| we‡Øl|

LqivZ †nv‡mb − ivRbxwZwe`| 1938-1947 ch©šÍ wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

bv-nK − b¨vqm½Z bq Ggb|

AveŸv| Avjøvû AvKei! Avjøvû AvKei!

AveŸv| nvmcvZvj †_‡K †dvb K‡iwQj|

nu¨v, GB DVwQ| †Zvgvi †Q‡j‡K Kvj GKevi cvwV‡q w`I mLvbv_|

fvÏiBqv dmj − fv`ª gv‡m cv‡K Ggb dmj ev avb|

KweZvskwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

3. DÏxc‡Ki gvngy`v Kwcj`vm gyg©yi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© nIqvi KviY, Zvi−

cvðvZ¨‡`‡k Rv`yNiZË¡−wgDwRIjwR, wgDwRIMÖvwd ev wgDwRqvg ÷vwWR−GKUv ¯^Zš¿ we`¨vqZwbK welq

I‡qjwWs IqvK©kc − SvjvB KviLvbv|

4. D³ w`‡Ki wecixZ cÖeYZv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨?

Gw`‡K cy‡Îi A`k©‡b Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z gv cÖvq AÜ n‡q †Mj|

ÔK_v n‡”Q, †mLvbv Avwg nvwi‡q †d‡jwQjvg|Õ

2. gv`vg †jvB‡m‡ji me©`v `ytL, KviY, †m−

`~i ˆn‡Z dzjøiv ex‡ii cvj¨ mvov|

kqb KzrwmZ ex‡ii †fvRb weUKvj|

2. Ô†fvRb weUKvjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?

cÖ_‡g emšÍ FZz bexb cjøe|

cveb mgq Nb Nb MiwRZ|

`v`yix wkLxwb ie AwZ gb fvG||

ˆKjvm Ñ wk‡ei evm¯’vb| wngvjq ce©‡Zi GKwU Ask|

Rvb bv wK Rxe Zzwg, Rbbx Rb¥f~wg,

¯^‡`‡ki †cÖg hZ, †mB gvÎ AeMZ,

ÒGZÿ‡YÓÑ Awi›`g Kwnjv welv‡`-

DËwijv wefxlY, Òe„_v G mvabv,

ebevmx! †n weavZt, b›`b-Kvb‡b

i‡ÿvi_x − iÿKz‡ji exi|

kv‡¯¿ e‡j, ...ci

ÒmyL myLÓ e‡j Zzwg, †Kb Ki nv-ûZvk,

m¤§y‡L k¦vc`-msN e`b e¨v`vwb