INTERNET OF THINGS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

I have done my internship in CSL.india, one of leading web designing and digital agency in India -
internship is in IoT.Objectives of the Internship are to understand the requirement of clients,
formulating strategies for clients, executing those strategies to achieve their product objectives and
understand the change in consumer buying behaviour in IoT-oriented era. The design process is also
demonstrated in detail.

Internship has also helped me to understand how the customer will tell the requirements and how the
designer should design the product. The internship has helped me to understand the behaviour in the
corporate world and the interactions in the corporate world.Part of this internship has also taught me
to host the website. I have also learned different aspects of web hosting and web analytics.

The successful completion of this internship indicates that the future of the world is going towards
automation and major role in this transformation is played by Internet of Things. I conclude my
research by quoting again that “IoT has changed the lives to a major and extent and further also it is
going to affect and make a notable difference.”

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 1 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

CSL.India provide numerous digital solutions for clients of all sizes across different sectors, ranging
from small businesses to global corporations. Right from the start to the finish, our customized
online solutions and web solutions are targeted towards only one goal: enhancing the online presence
of our customers and making their business thrive to the core. CSL.India does it all. From applying
ideas, creating great designs, and implementing it! and much more, basically! So all you need to do
is sit back! Relax! and everything will be taken care of by us!

Our mission to provide considerable results that turn traffic into business. We understand that
each and every business is different and the demands of every client are individualistic and so we
tailor their strategies to suit the needs of the clients with the intention of maximizing the
effectiveness for all digital solutions.

CSL.India is one of the fastest and consistently growing companies in the Web Development,
Digital Marketing, Growth Hacking, Mobile Application Development, Software Solutions & IT
Service sector with hundreds of happy clients across the nation. We are a professional organization
with wide experience in this sector providing the best solution for businesses to help them grow. One
of the best web designing & development and Digital Marketing Company in Belgaum. Currently,
we serve in fourteen different cities across the nation. We aim to lead not just the creative world but
also the technology world with our imaginative , passionate and dedicated team of twenty-three
young guns. We are happy and grateful to have built a good foundation for our customers in the early
stage of our business career. At CSL.India, we are a unique captivating mix of Innovativeness and
Diligence with the additional sprinkle of creativity!

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 2 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 3 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
CHAPTER 3

WORK CARRIED OUT

3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :

An embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time operating system

(RTOS) with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-
time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware
and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight
percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in embedded systems.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose

counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost.
This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them significantly more
difficult to program and to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the
hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded
units, one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network levels as well as
provide augmented functions, well beyond those available.

Embedded systems are widely used because of their compact size, efficiency and because of the
reason that they can be used in variety of versions of a particular product. The embedded system
works properly because of the usage of microprocessors. They are used for control, user interface,
signal processing and many other tasks.

Microprocessor is nothing but a complete CPU on a single chip. So, an embedded system is any
device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself. The microprocessors help us to make
everything work on a single chip..

The design process of embedded systems includes the following steps:

1. Requirements

2. Specifications

3. Components

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 4 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
4. System Integration

5. Testing

The design process is very important to understand how the embedded systems’ design is laid down.
Requirements is the phase where the user requirements are collected in an informal way. The needs
are just scribbled down and then further sent to specification phase where the requirements are neatly
written down as a formal description. The mock-ups are done for the requirement validation in the
first phase. The architecture phase involves building of models which depicts the end phase. Once
the model is approved by user the components phase is implemented where we gather the
components and in the system integration phase the components are assembled to design the final
product. Components may be hardware or software.

3.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS:

1. An embedded system is software embedded into computer hardware that makes a system
dedicated to be used for variety of application.

2. Embedded system generally used for do specific task that provide real-time output on the basis of
various characteristics of an embedded system.

3. Embedded system may contain a smaller part within a larger device that used for serving the more
specific application to perform variety of task using hardware-software intermixing configuration.

4. It provides high reliability and real-time computation ability.

5. It is used the most because of the compact size and more efficiency.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 5 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 6 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
3.2 INTERNET OF THINGS:

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION:

IoT is creating a giant network where all the devices are connected to each other and providing them
with the capability to interact with each other. This is driving the automation to a next level where
devices will communicate with each other and make decisions on their own with less or without any
human interventions.

The person who coined the term “Internet of Things “. The term “The Internet of Things” (IoT) was
coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation to Proctor & Gamble in 1999. He is a co-founder of
MIT’s Auto-ID Lab. He pioneered RFID (used in bar code detector) for the supply-chain
management domain. He also started Zensi, a company that makes energy sensing and monitoring
technology. He said that If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—
using data they gathered without any help from us—we would be able to track and count everything,
and greatly reduce waste, loss we would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling,
and whether they were fresh or past their best.

We need to empower computers with their own means of gathering information, so they can see,
hear and smell the world for themselves, in all its random glory. The ‘Thing’ in IoT can be any
device with any kind of built-in-sensors with the ability to collect and transfer data over a network
with less or without manual intervention. The embedded technology in the object helps them to
interact with internal states and the external environment, which in turn helps in decisions making
process.

In a nutshell, IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the internet and let them communicate
with each other over the internet. IoT is a giant network of connected devices – all of which gather
and share data about how they are used and the environments in which they are operated. By doing
so, each of your devices will be learning from the experience of other devices, as humans do. IoT is
trying to expand the interdependence in human- i.e interact, contribute and collaborate to things.
Let’s understand this with an example.

Adevelopersubmitstheapplicationwithadocumentcontainingthestandards,logic,errors&exceptionshan
dledbyhimtothetester.Again,ifthereareanyissuesTestercommunicatesitbacktotheDeveloper.Ittakesmul
tipleiterations&inthismannerasmartapplicationiscreated.Similarly,aroomtemperaturesensorgathersthe

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 7 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
dataandsenditacrossthenetwork,whichisthenusedbymultipledevicesensorstoadjusttheirtemperatures
accordingly.

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits networking,
sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or
service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and performance when applied to any
industry or system.

IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be
suitable in any environment. They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more
through smart devices and powerful enabling technology.

3.2.2 IoT – KEY FEATURES:

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −

 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of
life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This
can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when
milk and your favourite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred
grocer.
 Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a
much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks
between its system devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.
 ActiveEngagement−Muchoftoday'sinteractionwithconnectedtechnologyhappensthroughpassi
veengagement.IoTintroducesanewparadigmforactivecontent,product,orserviceengagement.
 SmallDevices−Devices,aspredicted,havebecomesmaller,cheaper,andmorepowerfulovertime.I
oTexploitspurpose-builtsmalldevicestodeliveritsprecision,scalability,andversatility.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 8 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
3.2.3 IoT ADVANTAGES:

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the
advantages that IoT has to offer −

 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant
flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this
to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design
for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyse our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

3.2.4IOTDISADVANTAGES:

ThoughIOTdeliversanimpressivesetofbenefits,italsopresentsasignificantsetofchallenges.Hereisalistofs
omeitsmajorissues−

 Security−IOTcreatesanecosystemofconstantlyconnecteddevicescommunicatingovernetwo
rks.Thesystemofferslittlecontroldespiteanysecuritymeasures.Thisleavesusersexposedtovar
iouskindsofattackers.
 Privacy−ThesophisticationofIoTprovidessubstantialpersonaldatainextremedetailwithoutth
euser'sactiveparticipation.
 Complexity−SomefindIoTsystemscomplicatedintermsofdesign,deployment,andmaintenan
cegiventheiruseofmultipletechnologiesandalargesetofnewenablingtechnologies.
 Flexibility- Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to Integrate easily with
another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems
 Compliance−IOT,likeanyothertechnologyintherealmofbusiness,mustcomplywithregulatio
ns.Itscomplexitymakestheissueofcomplianceseemincrediblychallengingwhenmanyconside
rstandardsoftwarecomplianceabattle.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 9 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

3.2.5IOTHARDWARE:

ThehardwareutilizedinIoTsystemsincludesdevicesforaremotedashboard,devicesforcontrol,ser
vers,aroutingorbridgedevice,andsensors.Thesedevicesmanagekeytasksandfunctionssuchassyst
emactivation,actionspecifications,security,communication,anddetectiontosupport-
specificgoalsandactions.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 10 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
3.2.5.1 SENSORS:

The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy modules,
power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage
communications through their signal processing, WIFI, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver,
duplexer, and BAW.

Some of the sensors are:

1. Accelerometers:

2. Magnetometers:

3. Pressure Sensors

4. Humidity Sensors

5. Light Sensors

6. Temperature sensors

7. Proximity Sensors

8. Image Sensors

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 11 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

3.3 ARDUINO UNO

It is the best board to get started with the coding. Arduino UNO coding is done in Arduino IDE

 Power USB - Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer.
All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection.

 Power (Barrel Jack) - Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power
supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack.

 Voltage Regulator- The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

 Crystal Oscillator- The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How
does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number
printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H.

 ArduinoReset-
YoucanresetyourArduinoboard,i.e.,startyourprogramfromthebeginning.YoucanresettheUNOb
oardintwoways.First,byusingtheresetbuttononthe
board.Second,youcanconnectanexternalresetbuttontotheArduinopinlabelledRESET.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 12 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) -
 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.

 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source,
like AC mains power supply.

 Analog pins - The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pinscan read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor ortemperature sensor
and convert it into a digital value that can be read by themicroprocessor.

 Main microcontroller-Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller .You can assume it
as thebrain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightlydifferent
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMELCompany. You must
know what IC your board has before loading up a newprogram from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC.
 ICSPpin-
Mostly,ICSP(12)isanAVR,atinyprogrammingheaderfortheArduinoconsistingofMOSI,MISO,
SCK,RESET,VCC,andGND.ItisoftenreferredtoasanSPI(SerialPeripheralInterface),whichcoul
dbeconsideredasan"expansion"oftheoutput.Actually,youareslavingtheoutputdevicetothemaste
roftheSPIbus.
 PowerLEDindicator-
ThisLEDshouldlightupwhenyouplugyourArduinointoapowersourcetoindicatethatyourboardis
poweredupcorrectly.Ifthislightdoesnotturnon,thenthereissomethingwrongwiththeconnection
 TX and RX LEDs -On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to
indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The
TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing
depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 13 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

 Digital I/O- The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins
to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital outputpins to drive different modules like LEDs,
relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

 AREF - AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

3.4 RASPBERRY PIE:

The Raspberry Pi is a small credit-card sized computer developed in the United Kingdom by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation. Their primary motive was to support & promote the teaching of basic
computer science in schools and in developing countries. Far more than expected, it did wonders in
many fields, such as robotics. More than 5 million Raspberry Pi have been sold before February
2015, according to the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The current version is RPi 3 which was released in
February 2016. The below figure gives a physical demonstration of it.

CPU speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz for the Pi 3 & has 1 GB of RAM. SD cards are used to
store the operating system and program memory. It has four USB slots, HDMI and composite video
output, and a 3.5 mm phone jack for audio. For lower level output it has a number of GPIO pins

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 14 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
which support common protocols like I²C. Pi 3 is also equipped with Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth.It
is used for multiple purposes. It could be used as a general computer, for browsing the internet,
playing HD videos, making spreadsheets & word-processing or playing games. But nowadays it is
mostly being used for making IoT projects like infra-red cameras, security systems, music machines
& detectors for weather stations. As we earlier discussed, Raspberry Pi is getting immense popularity
in the field of robotics due to its portable size and good processing power required for standalone
systems.

ThereisalistofoperatingsystemssupportedbyRaspberryPilikeRISCOSPi,FreeBSD,NetBSD,Plan9from
BellLabs,Windows10IoTCore,xv6,Haiku,HelenOS,GenodeOSFrameworkandmanymore.TheRaspber
ryPiFoundationrecommendstheuseofRaspbian,aDebianbasedLinuxoperatingsystem.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 15 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
CHAPTER 4

SCOPE OF SKILLS ACQUIRED

The following are the skills acquired through the internship-

 Logic and the programming skills.

 Teamwork skills

 Knowledge of IoT, Embedded systems and Raspberry pi.

 Gain valuable work experience.

 Gain confidence.

 Hardware Interfacing.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 16 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS
5.1 IOT APPLICATIONS:

1. Soil monitoring system

2. Healthcare/medical industry
3. Home/building
4. Transportation
5. Safety
6. Water Distribution
7. Smart surveillance
8. Agriculture

5.2 RASPBERRY PI APPLICATIONS:

1. Media streamer
2. Arcade machine
3. Tablet computer
4. Home automation
5. Internet radio
6. Controlling robots
7. Cosmic Computers

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 17 | 18
 INTERNET OF THINGS

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

Thus, I conclude that the ESIOT internship at cubiccode gave me an opportunity to learn all of these
things and even more than that. The corporate behaviour as well as the importance of IoT is
understood very well. The idea presentation conducted at office gave me an opportunity to speak up
in front of everyone.

IoT is been introduced so that the man power is reduced and more comfort is given to the
customers. By the invent of embedded systems and IoT we are moving more towards automation.
Each concept is clear with better examples. Thus, we should understand that IoT has become an
inseparable part of our lives.

D e p t . o f E l e c t r o n i c s a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n E n g g . P a g e 18 | 18