1)The Project Initiation Phase is the 1st phase in the Project Management Life Cycle, as it

involves starting up a new project. You can start a new project by defining its objectives,
scope, purpose and deliverables to be produced is the initiating and planning projects.

2) read out the points

3)what s project? A project is an activity to meet the creation of a unique product or

service and thus activities that are undertaken to accomplish routine activities cannot
be considered projects. ... This also means that the definition of the project is
refined at each step and ultimately the purpose of the progress is enunciated.

4)characeteristics of project

a)Every project is unique. It requires the doing of something different,

something that was not done previously. Even in what are often called
“routine” projects such as home construction, the variables such as
terrain, access, zoning laws, labour market, public services and local
utilities make each project different. A project is a one-time, once-off
activity, never to be repeated exactly the same way again.

 b) A Dynamic process, rather than a Series of Events

 The Pace, Amount, and Complexity of change only Continue to Rise, with no
signs of let up
 Change is an accelerating constant universally

c)  A project is an organization of staff, material, equipment and facilities

that is put together to accomplish a goal. This goal is within a specific
time-frame. Once the goal is achieved, the organization created for it is
disbanded or sometimes it is reconstituted to begin work on a new goal.

d) Project has a set objective to achieve within a distinct time, cost

and technical performance.
e) Project is planned, managed and controlled by an assigned team
the project team planted within the owner’s organisation to achieve
the objectives as per specifications.
f)results-oriented is focused on the end-result of any task assigned. Manage people in a
way to maximize productivity including firing or reassigning resources that may distract
 teamor company from achieveing desired results - sort of a 'no-hard feelings, it's business'
approach.

5) The most basic constraints of any project are known as the “Iron Triangle”

of project limitations are

1. Time: The expected delivery date for the project.

2. Scope: The expected outcomes of the project.
3. Budget: The amount of money that the project has been given.

6)the key role and responsibilities of a project manager is

 Activity and resource planning. ...

 Organizing and motivating a project team. ...
 Controlling time management. ...
 Cost estimating and developing the budget. ...
 Ensuring customer satisfaction. ...
 Analyzing and managing project risk. ...
 Monitoring progress.

7) organizational structure

Traditional organizational structures come in four general types –

functional, divisional, matrix and flat – but with the rise of the digital marketplace,
decentralized, team-based org structures are disrupting old business models.

Projectized structure

A projectized organization structure is designed or set up in a way that the project

manager is on the top of the hierarchy and has the full power in any decision that is involved
in the project. The team members directly report to him or her and all the tasks are
concentrated towards the project

8)matrix based organization

Definition. A matrix organizational structure is a company structure in which the

reporting relationships are set up as a grid, or matrix, rather than in the traditional hierarchy.
In other words, employees have dual reporting relationships - generally to both a functional
manager and a product manager

9) A project charter is a formal, typically short document that describes your project in its
entirety — including what the objectives are, how it will be carried out, and who the
stakeholders are.

10)types of conflicts
 Role conflict occurs when there are incompatible demands placed upon a person relating
to their job or position. Persons experience role conflict when they find themselves pulled in
various directions as they try to respond to the many statuses they hold.

Conflict resources are natural resources whose systematic exploitation and trade

in a context of conflict contribute to, benefit from or result in the commission of
serious violations of human rights, violations of international humanitarian law or
violations amounting to crimes under international law.

A lack of communication can ultimately lead to low morale. Because

ineffective communication can create misunderstandings, missed opportunities, conflict,
the dissemination of misinformation and mistrust, employees might just feel overall defeated.

Poor leadership can seriously affect employee morale and even cause the company's
bottom line to plunge. Bad leadership leads to poor employee retention and demotivates
the remaining employees, causing them to be much less productive than they would
otherwise be.

11)Resolving conflicts

Unproductive Conflict: frequent, repetitive arguments that are not resolved and that leave
both parties feeling more angry and frustrated.

A confrontation is the direct expression of one's view (thoughts and feelings) of

the conflict situation and an invitation for the other party to express her or his views of
the conflict. Confrontations involve: Describing behavior and one's reactions to that
behavior.

Smoothing (also known as Accommodating) and Compromising are both conflict

resolution techniques that can be used in different
situations. Smoothing emphasizes the common interests of the conflicting parties
and de-emphasizes their differences.

Forcing/Competing. In some situations, a person with authority and power

can force his/her opinion and resolves the conflict without giving any chance to the other
party/person. This leads to a win-lose kind of an outcome. Someone may end up feeling as a
loser while the other person with authority may feel as a winner.

Avoiding or withdrawing from a conflict requires no courage or consideration for the other

party. By avoiding the conflict, you essentially pretend that it never happened or doesn't
exist. Some examples of avoidance or withdrawal include pretending there is nothing
wrong, stonewalling or completely shutting down.