WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(UNIVERSTY OF WAH)

PROJECT of MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

SUBMITTED to: Mr Haider ali

SUMITTED by: Tauqeer

REG no: uw-18-me-bsc-038

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Page 1
QUESTION:
Measurement of different physical quantities, study about various instrumentations to carry out
such measurements, and their control has been playing a vital role in the smooth running of most
of the equipments in the industries. This course also includes the study of working and
application of various measurement instruments. This Complex Engineering Problem provides
the students with an opportunity to identify, understand, and analyze the working of different
measuring and/or controlling instruments/devices used in our house hold appliances.

You are required to write a report giving answers to following questions.

a) Identify and enlist at least 05 household appliances which have or utilizes any measuring
and/or controlling instrument/device with the instrument name as well. (C-2)

b) Explain the purpose and working principle of instrument(s) in each appliance. (C-2)

c) Identify and select any other possible/practical device/instrument which might be used instead
for same or better efficiency and reliability. (C-4)

Page 2
PART A:
Our selected appliances are the following;

1. Hair Dryer
2. Waffle Iron
3. Toaster
4. Air condition
5. Micro wave oven

PART B:
Hair dryer:

A hair dryer, hairdryer or blow dryer is an electromechanical device that blows ambient or hot
air over damp hair to speed the evaporation of water to dry the hair. Blow dryers enable better
control over the shape and style of hair, by accelerating and controlling the formation of
temporary hydrogen bonds within each strand. These bonds are powerful (allowing stronger hair
shaping than the sulfur bonds formed by permanent waving products) but are temporary and
extremely vulnerable to humidity.

Working principle:
Normally, evaporation is controlled by relative humidity — the ratio of the amount of water the
air holds to the amount it could hold. For example, if the relative humidity is 90%, that means
that the air is holding 90% of its maximum volume of water. When air is heated, its relative
humidity decreases. It still has the same amount of water, but it can hold more. The lower the
relative humidity, the more easily water evaporates. Therefore, hot air will dry your hair faster,
since the water in your hair will evaporate more quickly.

FIGURE 1:

Page 3
How Does a Hair Dryer Work?
The two important components of a hair dryer are the electric fan and the heating element (Fig.
2). The heating element is made out of nichrome wire, which is a resistor. A resistor resists the
flow of electric energy, turning it into heat energy. In a hair drier, the air blows past the resistor,
absorbing heat as it passes. Electric hair dryers work by blowing room temperature air in through
the vents. The air then passes over nichrome wire coils that heat it, making it able to blow the
hair dry with hot air. The process of air blowing on the hair speeds up water evaporation.
Applying power to the hair dryer allows the motor to start spinning the fan inside, and that is
what draws the air in through small air holes on the side of the dryer.

FIGURE 2:

PART C:
I Think the straightner is better then the hair dryer because the straightner provide better
smoothness to hair and provide straightning to the hair and also quick dryning to the hair.

PART B:
Electric Clothes iron:

A clothes iron (also flatiron or smoothing iron) is a small appliance that, when heated, is used to
press clothes to remove creases and help prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Domestic
irons generally range in operating temperature from between 250 °F (121 °C) to 360 °F (182 °C).
It is named for the metal (iron) of which the device was historically made, and the use of it is
generally called ironing. Ironing works by loosening the ties between the long chains of
molecules that exist in polymer fiber materials. With the heat and the weight of the ironing plate,
Page 4
the fibers are stretched and the fabric maintains its new shape when cool. Some materials, such
as cotton, require the use of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds.

Working principle:

The working of an electric iron is very simple—it takes current from the mains and heats up a
coil inside it. This heat is then transferred to the base plate, which is pressed against clothes to
remove creases.

A clothing iron works based on the combination of heat and pressure to remove wrinkles. Most
domestic clothes irons work in the temperature range of 120oC to 180oC. The working premise
of an iron is simple. It takes in the current from the mains (power supply). This current heat up
the coil inside the iron. As the coil is heated, it transfers the heat through conduction to the base
plate. We press this base plate against the clothes to remove any creases.

Figure 3:

PART C:
I think steam iron better than electric iron because ther is no need of electricity there but simply
you can use warm water.

PART B:
Toaster:

A toaster is an electric small appliance designed to expose various types of sliced bread to
radiant heat, browning the bread so it becomes toast

Page 5
Working principle:

When the handle lowers the bread, a wedge forces two contacts together which connects the
power supply to nichrome wires wrapped around plates called mica sheets. Nichrome is a highly
resistant material which converts electrical current into heat.

The spring-loaded tray forces a lever down which snaps into place under a metal tab, holding the
bread inside. Sliding the release switch moves a magnetic element towards a metal sheet
connected to the power supply.

Once they make contact the completed circuit activates the electromagnet, attracting the metal
tab towards it. The lever is released, allowing the tray mechanism to spring back up. Out pops
the toast.

PART C:
I think free pawn is better then toaster because free pawn is used for many cooking purposes and
toaster cant so free pawn is better.

PART B:
AIR Condition:

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and
moisture from the interior of an occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants. Air
conditioning can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. This process is most
commonly used to achieve a more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and
other animals; however, air conditioning is also used to cool and dehumidify rooms filled with
heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and to display
and store some delicate products, such as artwork.

Working principle:

Air conditioners are one part of a central heating and central cooling system that draws heat
energy from outside of the home and transfers it.Simply put, the air conditioner in both a house
and business is a central heating and cooling system that provides cool air through the sheet
metal ductwork by providing via a process that draws out the warm air inside, removing its heat,
which is replaced by the cooler air.The entire process of making the air in your property a co
Your air conditioning unit uses chemicals that convert from gas to liquid and back again quickly.
These chemicals transfer the heat from the air inside your property to the outside air.The AC unit
has three key parts. These are the compressor, the condenser, and the evaporator. Your unit’s
compressor and condenser are typically located in the outside part of the air conditioning system.

Page 6
Inside the house is where you will find the evaporator.The cooling fluid reaches the compressor
as a low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes this gas/fluid, and the molecules in the liquid are
packed closer together. The closer the compressor forces these molecules together, the higher the
temperature and energy rise.mfortable temperature is based on a very simple scientific principle,
and the rest is achieved by mechanical means. Let’s take a visual look at how air conditioning
works to cool your home. This working fluid exits the compressor as a high-pressure, hot gas,
and it moves to the condenser. The outside unit of an air conditioning system has metal fins all
around the housing. These fins work like the radiator on a vehicle, and they help dissipate heat
more quickly.When the fluid leaves the condenser, it is much cooler. It’s also changed from a
gas to liquid because of the high pressure. The fluid makes its way into the evaporator through a
minuscule, narrow hole and when the liquid reaches the other side of this passage, its pressure
drops. When this happens, the fluid begins to evaporate to gas.As this occurs, the heat is
extracted from the surrounding air. This heat is required to separate the molecules of the liquid
into a gas. The metal fins on the evaporator also help exchange thermal energy with the
surrounding air.When the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is once again a low-pressure,
chilled gas. The process starts all over when it goes back to the compressor. There is a fan that’s
connected to the evaporator, and it circulates air around the inside of the property and across the
fins of the evaporator.The air conditioner sucks air into the ducts through a vent. This air is used
to cool gas in the evaporator, and as the heat is removed from the air, it’s cooled. Ducts then
blow air back into the house.This process continues until the inside air of your home or business
reaches the desired temperature. When the thermostat senses that the interior temperature is at
the desired level, it shuts the air conditioner off. When the room heats up again, the thermostat
turns the air conditioner back on until the preferred ambient temperature is achieved again.

Figure 4:

Page 7
PART C:
I think room air cooler is good because it is cheaper and little consumer of electricity as compare
to air condition.

PART B:
Microwave oven:

Microwave oven, also called electronic oven, appliance that cooks food by means of high-
frequency electromagnetic waves called microwaves. A microwave oven is a relatively small,
boxlike oven that raises the temperature of food by subjecting it to a high-frequency
electromagnetic field. The microwaves are absorbed by water, fats, sugars, and certain other
molecules, whose consequent vibrations produce heat. The heating thus occurs inside the food,
without warming the surrounding air; this greatly reduces cooking time, and baking and other
cooking tasks that require hours in a conventional oven can be completed in minutes in a
microwave oven. Microwave ovens generate radiation at a frequency of about 2,450 megahertz
by means of a magnetron, which is a kind of electron tube.

Working principle:

Inside the strong metal box, there is a microwave generator called a magnetron. When you start
cooking, the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it into high-powered,
12cm (4.7 inch) radio waves.

The magnetron blasts these waves into the food compartment through a channel called a wave
guide.

The food sits on a turntable, spinning slowly round so the microwaves cook it evenly.

The microwaves bounce back and forth off the reflective metal walls of the food compartment,
just like light bounces off a mirror. When the microwaves reach the food itself, they don't simply
bounce off. Just as radio waves can pass straight through the walls of your house, so microwaves
penetrate inside the food. As they travel through it, they make the molecules inside it vibrate
more quickly.

Vibrating molecules have heat so, the faster the molecules vibrate, the hotter the food becomes.
Thus the microwaves pass their energy onto the molecules in the food, rapidly heating it up.

Page 8
 Figure 5:

PART C:
I think conventional oven is better then microwave oven because in conventional oven You can use a conventional
oven to do many different things. You can bake, toast and grill as well as cooking. Microwave ovens don’t afford
you the same choice. One of the other main benefits of using a conventional oven is the temperature control.
Different foods cook at different speeds or require certain temperatures. With microwaves, you’re normally only
afforded a choice of vague heat settings from ‘Defrost’ to ‘Very High’. A conventional oven that has a fan will also
distribute heat evenly just like a microwave oven. This is important for the performance of your oven so can cook
thoroughly and consistently. In microwave oven you cannot.

Page 9