Q1. Describe the physical significance of these dimensionless number.

What are the parameters that

may influence to these number.

Nusselt Number

- Nusselt number speaks to the proportion of heat flux by liquid when heat is exchanged
through fluid layer by convection when liquid includes some movement to warm transition
by fluid when heat is exchanged through fluid layer by conduction when fluid is unmoving.
Nusselt number is characterizes as

L is the characteristic length of the surface

k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid
h is coefficient of heat transfer by convection

- Nusselt number for a flow system gives fundamental contrast among convection and
conduction heat exchange. For a relative low Nusselt number shows conduction heat
exchange overwhelms convective heat transfer though for an expansive Nusselt number
infers convective term prevailing. This significance empowers to plan progressively proficient
warm designing frameworks.

Prandtl Number

- It is the proportion of force diffusivity (kinematic consistency) to thermal diffusivity. It very

well may be identified with the thickness of the thermal and velocity boundary layers. It is
really the proportion of velocity boundary layer to thermal boundary layer. Whenever pr=1,
the boundary layers concur. commonplace estimations of the prandtl number are

material pr
liquid
0.004-0.03
metals
gases 0.7-1.0
water 1.7-13.7
oils 50-100,000

- At the point when Prandtl is little, it implies that heat diffuses in all respects immediately
contrasted with the velocity (momentum). This implies the thickness of the thermal
boundary layer is a lot greater than the velocity boundary layer for fluid metals.
Q2. Describe the entrance region and the classification for the flow in a tube. Why the knowledge of
the entrance region is important in the analysis of the internal forced convection.

Classification of Fluid Flow in Pipes

- The fluid flow in pipes can be delegated laminar or turbulent

- This laminar or turbulent flow can be described by utilizing Reynolds number.
- The laminar flow is portrayed by smooth streamlines and happen at low speeds or at Re <
5e5
- The turbulent flow is described by speed vacillations and exceedingly disarranged movement
(called eddies) and happen at high speeds or at 5e5 < Re < 5e7

Entrance region

- The region near where the flow enters the pipe is called the entrance region.
- Here, the fluid typically enters the pipe with an almost uniform speed profile at segment (1).
- As the fluid moves through the pipe, viscous effects cause it tostick to the pipe wall(the no-
slip condition)
- This is true whether the fluid is moderately inviscid air or a very viscous oil.
- Thus, a boundary layer in which viscous effects are important is delivered along the pipe wall
such that the initial velocity profile changes with distance along the pipe, x , until the fluid
reaches the end of the entrance length, segment (2), beyond which the velocity profile does
not vary with x .
- The boundary layer has developed in thickness to totally fill the pipe
- The state of the velocity profile in the pipe relies upon whether the stream is laminar or
turbulent, as does the length of the entrance region, le. Common entrance lengths are given
by
 Le/D = 0.06 Re for laminar
 Le/D = 4.4 (Re)^1/6 for turbulent
- Once the fluid achieves the finish of the entrance region, segment (2), the flow is less
difficult to depict on the grounds that the velocity is a component of just the separation
from the pipe centerline, r , and independent of x
- This is true until the character of the pipe changes in some way, such as a change in
diameter, or the fluid flows through a bend, valve, or some other component at segment (3).
The flow somewhere in the range of (2) and (3) is termed completely created
- Beyond the interference of the completely created flow [at segment (4)], the flow
progressively starts its arrival to its completely created character [segment (5)] and proceeds
with this profile until the following pipe system component is achieved [segment (6)].