1.

Laminar flow or streamline flow in pipes (or tubes) occurs when a fluid flows in
parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends
to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing
cards. There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or
swirls of fluids. In laminar flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with
all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.
Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This
includes rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time. In contrast to
laminar flow the fluid no longer travels in layers and mixing across the tube is highly
efficient. Flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 4000 are typically (but not
necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers below 2300 usually remain
laminar. Flow in the range of Reynolds numbers 2300 to 4000 and known as transition
The critical Reynolds number is associated with the laminar-turbulent transition, in
which a laminar flow becomes turbulent. For flow in a pipe of diameter D, experimental
observations show that for “fully developed” flow, the critical Reynolds number is
about Red,crit = 2300.
2.

3. Relationship in the form f=KRe^n is critical wherein if the value K or n are wrong, the
cummulatve effect it would do is affect haged-poiseuille equation which is f=64/Re and it
would also wrong the value of f in Blasius equation where f=0.316Re^-0.25
4. For laminar flow, the head loss is proportional to velocity rather than velocity squared,
thus the friction factor is inversely proportional to velocity.
In many practical engineering applications, the fluid flow is more rapid, therefore
turbulent rather than laminar. Under turbulent flow, the friction loss is found to be
roughly proportional to the square of the flow velocity and inversely proportional to the
pipe diameter, that is, the friction loss follows the phenomenological Darcy–Weisbach
equation

5. Both density and viscosity decrease with an increase in temperature, which means
they have competing influences on the head loss. To determine which has the
dominant influence, the head loss must be calculated for a given change
in temperature (and corresponding changes in density and viscosity).

Head loss in a pipe also indicated as the loss of internal energy or pressure loss. If the
tempeeature is increase, internal energy is also increased, head loss is also increased
and vice versa