ECE107 12/19/2019

Z Transform

1. Definition
2. Properties of the z-Transform
3. Inverse z-Transform
4. Solution of Difference Equations Using the z-Transform

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The Z-Transform
• Counterpart of the Laplace transform for discrete-time signals
• Generalization of the Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform does not exist for all signals
• Definition:

X z    xn z
n  
n

• Compare to DTFT definition:

   xn e

X e j   jn

n  

• z is a complex variable that can be represented as z=r ej

• Substituting z=ej will reduce the z-transform to DTFT

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The Z-Transform

xn   xnz n
 X ( z)
n  

xn
z
X ( z)

X ( z )   xnz  n
n0

z  re j
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The z-transform and the DTFT

• Convenient to describe on the complex z-plane
• If we plot z=ej for =0 to 2 we get the unit circle

Im  
X e j

Unit Circle

r=1
 0
Re
2 0 2

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Convergence of the z-Transform

   xn e

• DTFT does not always converge X e j   jn

n  
Example: x[n] = anu[n] for |a|>1 does not have a DTFT

• Complex variable z can be written as r ej so the z-transform

   xn re   
 
X re j   j  n
  xn  r  n e  jn
n   n  

convert to the DTFT of x[n] multiplied with exponential sequence r –n

• For certain choices of r the sum maybe made finite



 xn r
n  
-n


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Region of Convergence (ROC)

• ROC: The set of values of z for which the z-transform converges
• The region of convergence is made of circles

Im
• Example: z-transform converges for
values of 0.5<r<2
ROC is shown on the left
In this example the ROC includes the unit circle,
so DTFT exists
Re

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Example 1: Right-Sided Exponential Sequence

Im
 az 
 
xn  anun  a unz
 Xz   n n
 1 n

n   n 0

• For Convergence we require

 n
 az 1

a 1
n0

o x Re
• Hence the ROC is defined as
n
az 1  1  z  a

• Inside the ROC series converges to

• Region outside the circle of
 az 

1 z
Xz   1 n
  radius a is the ROC
n 0 1  az 1 z  a
• Right-sided sequence ROCs
extend outside a circle
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Example 2: Left-Sided Exponential Sequence

xn   a nu n  1

X z   n   a n u n  1z  n   n   a n z  n

 1



 n 1 a 1 z 
n
 1  n 0 a 1 z

  n

ROC :


 n
n 0
a 1 z    a 1 z  1  z  a

1 1 z
X z   1  1
 1

1  a z 1  az za
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Example 3: Two-Sided Exponential Sequence

1 1
ROC :  z 1
n n 3
 1 1
xn     un -   u- n - 1 1
 3 2  z
3
0 
 1 1   1 1  1 1
  z    z 
n
ROC : z 1
 1 1   3   3   1
  z  
n 0  3  1 1
2
1  z 1 1  z 1 1
3 3  z
2
 1 1 

 1 1 
0
Im
n  z   z 
1
 1 1  2  2   1

n   2
z 


1 1 1
1 z 1  z 1
2 2 1 1

3x 2
 1  oo x
2z z   1
1 1  12 
Xz     12
1 1 1  1  1
1 z 1  z 1  z   z  
3 2  3  2
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Example 4: Finite Length Sequence

xn   a n u n   u n  N  a n
xn  
0  n  N 1
0 otherwise

N 1
X ( z )   a n z n  az 1
N 1
 
n


1  az 1  N

n 0 n0 1  az 1
1 z a N N
 
z N 1 za

ROC :
N 1

 az
n 0
1 n
   az 1    z  0 N=16
Pole-zero plot

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Properties of The ROC of Z-Transform

• The ROC is a ring or disk centered at the origin
• DTFT exists if and only if the ROC includes the unit circle
• The ROC cannot contain any poles
• The ROC for finite-length sequence is the entire z-plane
except possibly z=0 and z=
• The ROC for a right-handed sequence extends outward from the outermost pole
possibly including z= 
• The ROC for a left-handed sequence extends inward from the innermost pole
possibly including z=0
• The ROC of a two-sided sequence is a ring bounded by poles
• The ROC must be a connected region
• A z-transform does not uniquely determine a sequence without specifying the ROC
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From DFT to Z-transform

Generalizing DFT Z-transform
Eigen function Add module r
Unit circle in the complex space All the complex space

𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
𝑧 = 𝑒 (𝑟 = 1)
𝑋 Ω = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑒
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧

Output Z-transform
input
(convolution) input Output
𝑧 → ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧 𝑧 →𝑧 ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧
𝑧 →𝐻 𝑧 𝑧 𝐻𝑧 = ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧

𝐻 𝑧 Fourier transform of 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟

𝑋 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑟𝑒 ) = 𝑥𝑛 𝑟 𝑒
𝑋 𝑧 =𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐷𝐹𝑇[𝑥 𝑛 𝑟 ]

𝑟 𝑒
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Z - Transform
• The Z-transform plays the same role in the analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI systems
as the Laplace transform does in the continuous-time signals and LTI systems.

• It offers the techniques for digital filter design and frequency analysis of digital signals.

Definition of z-transform:
The z-transform of the discrete-time 𝒙[𝒏] is given by:
Z 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧 Where z is
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋 𝑧 a complex variable

For a causal sequence:

𝑥 𝑛 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

All the values of z that make the summation to exist form a region of convergence (ROC) .
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Example 5
Problem:
Given the sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛
Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform:

ROC: Region of Convergence

(values of z for the convergence)
we know,

Therefore, When,

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Example 6
Problem:
Consider the exponential sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛 .

Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform

Since this is a geometric series Therefore,

Region of
Convergence
that will converge for,

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Z-Transform
Table

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Example 7
Problem:
Find the z-transform for each of the following sequences:
a. b.
Solution:
a. From line 9 in the Table:

b. From line 14 in the Table:

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Z-Transform Properties (1)

Linearity:
𝑥 (𝑛) and 𝑥 (𝑛) denote the sampled sequences, a and b are the arbitrary constants.

Example 8
Problem:
Find the z-transform of
Solution:
Applying the linearity of the z-transform

Line 3
Using z-transform Table Therefore, we get,
Line 6

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Z-Transform Properties (2)

Z-Transform
Shift Theorem: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧

Verification:

Since 𝑥(𝑛) is assumed to be causal:

Then we achieve,

Factoring 𝑧 from Equation we get,

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Example 9
Problem:
Determine the z-transform of

Solution:
Using shift theorem,

Using z-transform table, line 6:

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Z-Transform Properties (3)

Convolution

In time domain, eq.(1)

In Z-transform domain,
Verification: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞. (1)

Taking the z-transform of eq.(1)

𝑧 =𝑧 𝑧 ( )

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Example 10
Problem:
Given the sequences, Find the z-transform
of the convolution.
Solution:
Applying the z-transform of the two sequences,
𝑍[𝑥 𝑛 ]

𝑍[𝑥 𝑛 ]

Therefore we get,

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Inverse z-Transform: Examples

The inverse z-transform for the function 𝑋(𝑧) is defined as:

Example 11 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,
Using table,

Example 12 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,

Using table,

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Inverse z-Transform: Examples

Example 13 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution Since, From line 9 in the Table

By coefficient matching,

Therefore,

Example 14 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using Table
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