TRAINING REPORT

Four-week Industrial Training undertaken at

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED, PANCHKULA

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree

B. Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by: Submitted to:

UDAY SINGH Mr. Anish Chauhan
S.R.M Institute of Science and Technology Sr. Engineer
Dept. of HR
BEL Panchkula
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to BEL Panchkula for giving me the opportunity to

undergo a training program at the testing facility under their guidance.
It proved to be a great learning experience and helped me further my
knowledge by giving us a firsthand experience of an industry. We
learnt about the principles and workings of various equipment being
made for the use by the armed forces as well as by other government
and civil organizations. This gave us an opportunity to see the complex
industrial equipment and machines that would not have been possible
otherwise.
I would like to thank Mr. R. Sharma for guiding us throughout the
process for allowing us to work and ask questions freely. I would also
thank the dedicated staff of BEL Panchkula for being patient and taking
out the time to explain their areas of expertise.
 INDEX

S.No Contents Page

no.
Introduction to BEL and it’s units 1-7

1.  Bangalore
 Chennai
 Panchkula
 Ghaziabad
 Hyderabad
 Kotdwara
 Pune
 Hyderabad
 Machilipatnam
2. Classroom / Portable jammers 8-12

3. Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail 13

4. CNR – Tank equipment 14

5. CONCLUSION 15
 INTRODUCTION TO BEL

Bharat Electronics limited or BEL is an Indian state-owned aerospace

and defense with nine main factories and many regional offices in India.
It has been accorded the “Navratna” title by the Government of India for
three years in a row. It started in 1954, when BEL was set up in
association with CSF, France (now, Thales) to manufacture basic
communication equipment. BEL now produces a wide range of state-of-
the-art equipment in fields such as Defence Communication, Radars,
Naval Systems, C4I Systems, Weapon Systems, Homeland Security,
Telecom & Broadcast Systems, Electronic Warfare, Tank Electronics,
Electro Optics, Professional Electronic Components and Solar
Photovoltaic Systems, BEL also provides turnkey system solutions.
Civilian products from BEL include Electronic Voting Machines, Tablet
PC, solar-powered traffic signal systems and Access Control Systems.
BEL was established to meet the specialized electronic equipment
requirements of the Indian Defence Services. While this continues to be
its prime focus, the Company has a significant presence in the civilian
market, too. BEL exports some of its products and services to a number
of countries as well. Their mission is to be a customer focused, globally
competitive company in defence electronics and in other chosen areas
of professional electronics, through Quality, Technology and
Innovation.
There are nine manufacturing units:
1. Bangalore
2. Ghaziabad
3. Pune
4. Panchkula
5. Machilipatnam
6. Chennai
7. Navi Mumbai
8. Hyderabad
9. Kotdwara

Every unit has been assigned a different product mix and also tend to
different customers. The first factory to be set up by this company was
in Bangalore in 1956 where it began with manufacturing basic
communication equipment, the second factory was established in
Ghaziabad and the third in Pune. Panchkula unit was set up in 1985 to
manufacture military communication equipment. BEL is also involved
in various community development initiatives wherever it is present
across India. BEL has its own educational institutions among them one
is special school for the mentally challenged students. It has set up
hospital, crèche and other welfare measures for its employees and their
dependents.
 Bangalore

This is the main unit which was set up in 1956. It is the corporate head
office as well as the factory. Its main focus areas are:

 Military Communications
 Network Centric Systems
 Military Radars
 Naval Systems
 Electronic Warfare (Air Force)
 Avionics
 Weapon Systems
 Telecom & Broadcast Systems
 Components
 Coastal Surveillance Systems
 Electronic Voting Machines
 Solar Products
 Traffic Signals
Ghaziabad

This was the second factory to be set up. Its main area of focus is:

 Network Centric Systems

 Radars
 Antennae
 Satcom (Defence)
 Microwave Components

Pune

The third unit was established at Pune in 1979 to manufacture image

converter and image intensifier tubes.
In 1981, a manufacturing facility for magnesium manganese dioxide
batteries was set up at Pune. It’s area of focus is:
  Batteries [Ni Cd ,Li-SO2, Li-Ion, Ni-MH ]

 Electro Optics [Laser Range Finders (LRF), Laser Target

Designator (LTD), Multi-purpose Reflex Weapon Sight (MRWS),
Chemical Agent Monitor(CAM)]
 XBIS [X-Ray Baggage Inspection System, X-Ray Mail Inspection
Scanner, Vehicle Mounted]
 Systems [Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV),
Nuclear Biological Chemical Recce Vehicle (NBC RV), Remotely
Operated Vehicle (Daksh)]
 Electro Explosive (Electronic Fuzes – Percussion, Proximity,
Time)

PANCHKULA
The sixth unit was set up at Panchkula in 1985, to manufacture military
communication equipment. Its area of focus is:

 Military Communication Equipment

 Encryption products
Products such as jammers, VVPATs, Manpack radio, Tank
communication equipment.
MACHILIPATNAM
In 1983, the Andhra Scientific Company (ASCO) was taken over by BEL
converted it to its fourth manufacturing unit at Machilipatnam. The focus
areas are:
 Electro Optics (Night Vision Devices)
 Train actuated warning systems

NAVI MUMBAI
It was the eight unit to be set up in 1986, to manufacture TV glass
shell. It’s focus are:

 Shelters for systems

 Homeland Security Systems
 KOTDWARA
It was the final unit set up in 1986. It’s focus areas are:

 Tele-communication Systems
 Military Communication Systems

HYDERABAD
It was also set up in 1986 along with Navi Mumbai and Kotdwara. Its
area of focus is:

 Electronic Warfare Systems

 JAMMERS
A Jammer is a device which deliberately transmits signals on the
same radio frequencies as mobile phones, disrupting the
communication between the phone and the cell-phone base
station, effectively disabling mobile phones within the range of the
jammer, preventing them from receiving signals and from
transmitting them. Jammers can be used in practically any location
.Whereas the GSM mobile jammer is a device which transmits the signals
to the same frequency. The first jamming device was developed and used
by the military for communication purpose .Where the planed
commanders use RF communication to control their power and also in
enemy communications. Jammers disrupt the operations of legitimate
mobile phone services, the use of such blocking devices is illegal in
many jurisdictions, especially without a license. When operational,
such devices also block access to emergency services.

The basic principle behind the jammers is explained by the block diagram
below:
POWER SUPPLY
 It is used to provide the rest of the circuit with given voltages for
proper functioning.
 Mostly in portable jammers that were being manufactured here
required 26V power supply.
 For this, the 220V standard power supply is made to go through
transformer to get it to other energy levels.
 Then the signal is rectified by converting AC to DC voltages.

 It is then filtered to minimize the ripples and eliminate noise, to

provide a constant DC supply.

 Regulators are used to provide preferred DC voltage.

IF SECTION
 The IF section is just a triangular or saw tooth wave generator.
 With the help of desired range of frequencies, the tuning section of
the jammer brushes the VCO.
 To compensate the proper amount of VCO from the desired
frequency to the maximum, the noise which is mixed with
triangular waves is generated by the tuning signal.
 The IF section is divided into three main sections which are given
below

 Noise generator
 Mixer
 Triangular wave generator
 RF SECTION

 The output of the RF section is interacting with the mobile.

 There are three main sections in the RF section which are voltage-
controlled oscillator, power amplifier and antenna.
 The voltage-controlled oscillator is very important in the RF
section and it is a device.
 The RF section generates the RF signal which is interacting
with the cell phones.

 The VCO output frequency is directly proportion to the input

voltage, hence we can manage the output frequency with the help
of input voltage.
 If the input voltage is DC then the output has a specific range of
frequency or we have the triangular wave form is the input then the
output will be extended to the specific range of frequency.

BEL PANCHKULA

There are two types of jammers made, Jail jammers and potable
classroom jammers.
1. JAIL JAMMERS
Jammers are bigger in size and each unit; 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, are individual
devices. They also have larger range compared to its counterpart.

2. INDOOR PORTABLE JAMMERS

This consists of a single device which has five modules embedded in it,
 1. GSM (1G)
2. DCS (2G)
3. UMTS (3G)
4. LTE (4G)
5. WIFI/BLUETOOTH
These five modules are connected by the power supply and each of these
modules produces outputs in the frequency range as given below to jam
the signal of the various types as stated above. The frequency range of
each module is:

1. 1G : 869-888 & 935-960

2. 2G : 1805-1880
3. 3G : 2110-2170
4. 4G : 2300-2400
5. WIFI : 2400-2500

However Jammers are of following types:

1. Portable Jammers
2. Cell phone Jammers
3. G.P.S. Jammers
4. Wireless Jammers

Portable Personal Jammers are available to enable their owners

to prevent others in their immediate vicinity (up to 60-80 feet
away) from using cell phones. Similar equipment is manufactured
to block signals in environments where Wi-Fi and cell phone and
 activity may not be desirable, such as theaters,
churches, secure rooms.
A Wireless Jammer will allow you a feature to stop the incoming
frequency of your cellular phone related network service supplier
wherever you go and there is no require to have switch off your
cell phone to keep away from incoming calls as well signals and
your visitor will find automated a tone of voice message from their
related network service provider if the receiver is out of network
region. 
G.P.S. jammers are also pretty useful because in that way
nobody will be able to track you down and since there are rumors
that the governments want to spy on us, the GPS blockers started
to become more and more popular in the recent years. 
PRODUCTION OF JAMMERS
Each module circuit is made individually by Surface Mounting
technique. There are two such machines in BEL Panchkula that are
responsible for production of these circuits on a PCB board. One by
Siemens and another by My Data.
Surface mounting technique:
 Machine is coded for the circuit that has to be made
 Stencil of that circuit is kept in the machine and PCB boards are
loaded onto it.
 Heat sync paste on PCB board
 Components are then added onto it and then soldered by
maintaining a reliable temperature in the machine.
 Faults are checked and if any, they are given for manual
correction.
 After the circuits of each module are assembled, they are
placed in a housing and sent for testing where the shorting is checked
and the frequencies are set according to the data provided earlier. The
faulty ones are again sent back for correction and the correct ones are
transferred for further processing.

These housing units are then covered up and using a heat absorbent
substance, stuck to the jammer housing. This substance absorbs the
excess heat radiated due to these modules and reduces the risk of
thermal cutoff. These modules are further attached to the unidirectional
antenna that radiates the frequencies to jam the signals.

A LED card is made for the jammers to check if the modules in the
jammers are working, if they are working the lights glow green and if
any of the modules is faulty then the lights might flicker between red or
green or glow red. There are 6 LEDs, one for each module and one to
indicate thermal cutoff where due to excessive load there is short
circuiting and the power supply is cut off to the modules.
 INDOOR PORTABLE JAMMERS/CLASSROOM JAMMERS

Advantages of Jammers:
1 .Whether to restore peace and prevent unauthorized
use of mobile phones in the penalty area, including
counter-terrorism measures, this device is the
ultimate solution.
2 .By blocking the mobile phone has evidence that
could help stop terrorist acts. It can also prevent
bombings activate the phone. Therefore, this
electronic device that could save many lives are in
danger edge, whether at home or in the workplace.
3 .There are quite a good 4g cell phone jammer are
used, and the reasons for sale in the United States
and the UK is illegal. The reason is that it causes
serious interference with a 911 call and other
 emergencies in the area of active
disruption of human health and safety risks. In
addition, the use of the device to cause the death of
a person cannot call a doctor.

Disadvantages of Jammers:

1. Interference mobile device is restricted in some

countries. Personal or official use in the purchase,
the customer should ensure that they have the right
to trade in these products. Once you purchase
customers with all the legal problems that may
occur as a result of the introduction and / or use of
these products in your country only person.

2 .Efforts to study the pros and cons.

3 .To start bright thing, it would be worth a good look

at the pros and cons of jamming device, and then a
tough look at the pros and cons of late.

VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail)

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) or Verifiable Paper
Record (VPR) is a method of providing feedback to voters using a ballot
less voting system. A VVPAT is intended as an independent verification
system for voting machines designed to allow voters to verify that their
vote was cast correctly, to detect possible election fraud or malfunction,
and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. It contains
 name of the candidate (for whom vote has been casted) and
symbol of the party/individual candidate.
The VVPAT offers some fundamental differences as a paper,
rather than electronic recording medium when storing votes. A
paper VVPAT is readable by the human eye and voters can
directly interpret their vote. Computer memory requires a device
and software which potentially is proprietary. Insecure voting
machine records could potentially be changed quickly without
detection by the voting machine itself. It would be more difficult for
voting machines to corrupt records without human intervention.
Corrupt or malfunctioning voting machines might store votes other
than as intended by the voter unnoticed. A VVPAT allows voters the
possibility to verify that their votes are cast as intended and can serve as
an additional barrier to changing or destroying votes .
The VVPAT includes a direct recording electronic voting
system (DRE), to assure voters that their votes have been
recorded as intended. It is intended, and some argue necessary,
as a means by which to detect fraud and equipment malfunction.
Depending on election laws the paper audit trail may constitute a
legal ballot and therefore provide a means by which a manual
vote count can be conducted if a recount is necessary. The
solution was first demonstrated (New York City, March 2001). .
In India, in an instance VVPAT was helpful in resolving an issue
pertaining to a tally of votes in Kancheepuram (State Assembly
Constituency) in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2016 as the
number of votes entered in the Form 17C of a polling booth and the total
number of votes recorded in the EVM control unit of that booth did not
tally. In June 2018, Election Commission of India decided that all
VVPATs will have a built-in-hood to prevent it from excess light and
heat.
 CNR Mk II

Communication and Networking Riser (CNR), is developed by Intel, is

an open industry standard for a scalable riser card, which is a hardware
device that plugs into a motherboard and holes chips for functions like
modems and audio devices. The CNR architecture and electrical,
mechanical and thermal requirements of the riser interface are defined in
the specification.
 CNR for Army
The specification was developed for products used to implement low-
cost local area network (LAN), modem and audio subsystems and
supports broadband, multichannel audio, analog modem and Ethernet
based networking and can be expended upon to meet the requirements of
developing technologies such as DSL. In addition to cost benefits, CNR
has the capacity to minimize electrical noise interference, through
physical separation of noise-sensitive elements from the motherboard’s
own communication systems.
The radio is backward compatible with legacy CNR, STARS-V Mk II
radio in Clear, Secure and Frequency Hopping modes of operation. The
radio has in-built MANET feature supporting up to 64 nodes. The
network is self-forming and self-healing and support network throughput
up to 1Mbps.

LEAK TEST
The CNR is tested for leaks if any as they are indispensable part of the
tank communication equipment. They are sealed by an industrial gasket
so that there is no intake of any foreign materials such as dust or air. The
whole material is dipped into around 1m deep water bath to check for
any leaks and the faulty ones are then sent for correction.

CONCLUSION

These six weeks of training at BEL Panchkula proved to be fruitful

experience and it developed my interest in electronics and hardware
manifolds. It gave e a working experience of how big industries work in
unison with every department holding its own importance.
 Undergoing training at the testing and manufacturing
facilities for jammers made me integrate my conceptual knowledge with
practical knowledge and helped me formulate strategies for my future
projects.
I would thank the team at BEL Panchkula as it has given me the much
needed exposure in the working environment and has motivated me to
work in the defence sector.