Airport Planning

L-29 Airport Site Selection

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION 2

• Specific Aspects:
• Air Traffic Potential
• Adequate Access
• Sufficient Airspace
• Sufficient Land

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AIRPORT SITE SELECTION 3

• Factors affecting site selection:

• Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions
• Availability of Land for expansion
• Availability of utilities / Facilities
• Development of the surrounding area
• Economy
• Ground accessibility

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AIRPORT SITE SELECTION 4

• Factors affecting site selection:

• Presence of other airports
• Regional plan
• Soil characteristics
• Use of airport

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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 5

• Visibility
• Fog, smoke, haze
• Affected by wind velocity
• Development of area (industrial)
• Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity handling
• Temperature
• Reduction in temperature with altitude: linear in Troposphere

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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 6

• Wind
• Direction (headwind/tailwind/crosswind) and intensity
• Associated topographical features, like hill, valley
• Windward / Leeward side
• Locating development with respect to site of airport
• Density – Depends upon Temperature and Air Pressure

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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 7

• Wind
𝑉
Sinx= 𝑉𝑐
ℎ

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠x

Crab Angle

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠x – 𝑉𝑤 𝑆𝑖𝑛x

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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 8

• Standard Atmosphere (ICAO)

• Temperature constant in Stratosphere (36k – 65k ft)
• Standard Temperature 15oC at Mean Sea Level
• Standard Pressure 1015mb or 29.92126 inHg at Mean Sea Level
𝑃𝑜 𝑇𝑜5.2561
=
𝑃 𝑇
• For average increase in altitude by 1000 ft, temperature
decreases by 2oC

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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 9

• Standard Condition or Day

• Actual temperature and pressure correspond to standard
temperature and pressure at an altitude
• Density Altitude
• Function of Pressure altitude and ambient temperature
• At MSL, density altitude is ‘0’
• Pressure Altitude
• Altitude corresponding to the pressure of the standard atmosphere
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Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions 10

• For airport planning purposes, it is satisfactory to assume

that the geographic and pressure altitudes are equal
unless the barometric pressures at a particular site are
unusually low for a great deal of the time.

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Availability of Land 11

• Space requirement for different components of an airport

• Future prediction of air traffic
• Land for parking of vehicles, terminal facilities, apron, hanger,
maintenance, personals, etc
• Land cost and availability at later stage – High, Affordability??
• Availability of land for hospitality industry

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Availability of Utilities / Facilities 12

• Water, Power, etc.

• Sewerage management
• Communication – Wired, not-wired, transport
• Generation Plants
• Daily needs; Banking; Hospitality; etc.

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Development of Surrounding Area 13

• Residential / Commercial / market based

• Industrial development
• Sensitive area
• Height of development
• Zoning laws – Clear Air Space
• Issues – Safety, Noise, Encroachments, Expansion, etc.
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Economy 14

• Alternate sites to be examined

• Availability of local construction material
• Uneven terrain, grading or flattening
• Problematic areas
• Water logging areas
• Reclaimed areas
• Specialized manpower and machinery
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Economy 15

• Operational Economy
• Cost of transportation – Personals, travelers, service providers
• Multi-modal requirements – No. of service providers, halting
and storage requirements, operational space requirements,
etc.
• Convenience and ease of use of designs – Time economy
• Maintenance of Assets
• Variability in assets and design complexities
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Ground Accessibility 16

• Travel time in air v/s travel time on land

• Easily approachable using all types of modes
• Proximity to areas of air trip generation
• Facilities for private vehicle users
• Efficient mass transport system, as well as, personalized
transport system

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Presence of other Airports 17

• Traffic Demand and Volume – Regional Plan

• Encircling radius of aircrafts
• Type of runway operating facilities
• IFR, VFR
• Separation distance between radii – capacity /
congestion
• Space restrictions for expansion
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Soil Characteristics 18

• Strength of soil sub grade

• Cost of construction
• Soil Drainage – Surface / Sub-surface; pervious material
• Level of water table
• Terrain consideration - Valley side may have flooding

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Use of Airport 19

• Civil or military
• Adaptability for other uses during emergencies

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 Airport Size 20
Factors Influencing and Space Requirements

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AIRPORT SIZE 21

• Factors controlling airport size

• Meteorological conditions
• Elevation of Airport Site above MSL
• Performance characteristics of aircraft
• Volume of air traffic

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AIRPORT SIZE - Factors 22

• Meteorological Conditions
• Air Pressure and Density
• Wind
• Intensity
• Direction
• Duration
• Temperature – Average, Standard, Variations in a day

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AIRPORT SIZE - Factors 23

• Elevation of Airport Site above MSL

• Aircraft performance varies with altitude, air density,
temperature, etc.
• Affects lift and drag
• Affects runway length requirements
• Affects runway orientation (Primary runways / crosswind
runways)

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AIRPORT SIZE - Factors 24

• Traffic Volume
• Peak hour volume – Aircrafts, Passengers
• Nature of air traffic – Cargo, Passenger
• Size of an aircraft
• No. of Air Transporters
• Forecasted traffic
• Traffic Control Systems

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AIRPORT SIZE - Factors 25

• Performance Characteristics of Aircraft

• Dimensions – Apron, runway / taxiway width, hanger size, fuel
storage capacity, Gate separation, etc.
• Landing / Take-off Speed
• STOP distance requirements
• Turning Radius etc.

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AIRPORT SIZE – Dedicated Spaces 26

• Defined by Space required for

• Operators
• Controlling Systems
• Facilities for travelers
• Management staff and
• Ground Movements

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Airport Size – Dedicated Spaces 27

• Terminal Access Interface

• Frontage Curb space for loading / unloading by travellers
• Parking space for visitors – Long term / short term
• Parking space for rental cars / public transit / taxis or cabs
• Access roadways, highways and street system
• Walkways and automotive devices
• Service roads and fire lines

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CSIA – Access Interface 28

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Access - Egress Environment 29

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Airport Size – Dedicated Spaces 30

• Processing Interface
• Airline ticket counters, offices, check-in counters, information
• Terminal service space – public and non-public
• Public circulation space – lobby, movements
• Baggage movement space – outbound, intraline, interline,
inbound
• Airport administration and service areas
• Inspection and security services areas
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CSIA – Processing Interface 31

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Baggage Movement 32

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Airport Size – Dedicated Spaces 33

• Flight Interface
• The concourse – to terminal areas
• Departure lounge (holdroom / waiting lounge)
• Passenger boarding device
• Airlines operations space
• Security inspection and control services
• Terminal service areas – public and non-public

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Concourse 34

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CSIA – Flight Interface & Deplaning 35

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CSIA – Facilities 36

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Boarding Device – Disabled & Others 37

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Security Check and Controls 38

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Terminal Facility Space Requirement 39

• Space is dedicated based on:

• Peak Aircraft Traffic
• Peak Hour Traffic (vehicles), Access mode Modal split etc.
• Passenger volume – Annual and Hourly Design Volume
• Hourly Passenger Design Volume = 0.03 to 0.05% of Annual Passenger
Volume
• Passenger Types – International / Domestic; Enplaning / Deplaning;
Originating / Terminating; Connecting / Transfer
• Hubs require less ground access and landside facilities
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Terminal Facility Space Requirement 40

• Space is dedicated based on:

• Originating-Terminating Airport: 70 – 90% of total Passenger volume
• Hourly movement of aircraft per Gate on O-T airport: 1 – 3
operations per hour
• Transfer – Connecting airports: Less ground access; High concourse
activity; High interline-intraline baggage facility; aircraft activity 1.3
to 1.5 aircraft per gate per hour in peak periods
• Through airport: 1.6 to 2.0 aircraft per gate per hour

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Space Approximations - FAA 41

• Gross Terminal Space requirement – 0.08 to 0.12 ft2 per

annual enplaned passengers OR 150 ft2 per design hour
passenger
• Rentable terminal space: 55%
• Airline operations – 35 to 40%
• Concessions and airport administration – 15 to 25%
• Public space – 25 to 35%
• Utilities & walkways – 10 to 15%
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Space Approximations – Terminal Area 42

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Space Approximations – Gate Requirements 43

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Space Approximations – Time Efficiency 44

K = Number of
check-in
counters

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Terminal Space Approximations 45

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http://www.newdelhiairport.in/interactive-maps.aspx 46

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