Ionic and

Covalent Bonds
Notes
Essential Question:
What are Ions and
how are they
1formed?
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What areIons?
 An ion is an atom (or group of atoms)
that has a positive or negative charge
 Positive and negative ions are formed
when electrons are transferred (lost or
gained) between atoms
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How do Metals form Ions?

 Metals tend to LOSE electrons, from their outer
energy level
 a positively charged particle is called cation
 The charge is written as a number followed by a
plus sign: Na1+

 Now named a “sodium ion”

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How do nonmetals for ions?

 Nonmetals tend to GAIN one or more
electrons
 Negative ions are called anions
 Cl1- is re-named a “chloride ion”
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What are Polyatomic Ions?

 Group of atoms that
act as a single unit that
have a charge

Example:
ammonium NH4+1

Carbonate CO3-2
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What are valence electrons?

The electrons in the outer energy
level, responsible for the chemical
properties of atoms.
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How do you find valence e-?

 The number of valence electrons are easily
determined. It is the group number for
elements in group 1A to 8A
 Li group 1A has 1 valance electron
 N group 5 A has 5 valance electrons
 Exception He only has 2 valance electrons
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Essential Questions
 Why do atoms form bonds?
 What is the difference between how an
ionic bond forms and a covalent bond
forms?
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What is the octet rule?

 When forming compounds atoms want a
stable electron configuration like a noble
gas. This means 8 electrons in the outer
most shell.
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How do atoms become stable?

 Allatoms react to try and achieve a noble gas
configuration.
 8 valence electrons = already stable!
 This is the octet rule (8 in the outer level is
particularly stable).

Ar
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Electron Dots For Cations

Metals will lose the valence electrons

Ca
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Electron Dots For Cations

 Forming positive ions

Ca2+ This is named the

“calcium ion”.

NO DOTS are now shown for the cation.

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Electron Dots For Anions

 They will gain electrons to fill outer shell.

3-
P (This is called the “phosphide
ion”, and should show dots)
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What are bonds?

Forces that hold groups of atoms together and
make them function as a unit.

What are the 3 types?

1) Ionic bonds – transfer of electrons
2) Covalent bonds – sharing of
electrons.
3) Metallic bonds- “sea of electrons”
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How do ionic bonds form?

 The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons
(lose and gain)
 Anions and cations are held together by opposite
charges (+ and -)
 Usually a metal and nonmetal

 Ionic compounds are called salts.

 Electrons
are transferred to achieve noble gas
configuration.
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What properties do Ionic compounds

have?
1. Crystalline solids - a regular repeating
arrangement of ions in the solid: Ions are
strongly bonded together.
Structure is rigid.
2. High melting points
3. Conduct electricity when dissolved in
water or melted (break apart into ions)
4. Brittle solids
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Ionic Bonding

Na Cl
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Ionic Bonding

Na + Cl -

Note: Remember that NO DOTS

are now shown for the cation!
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Ionic solids are brittle

Force + - + -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
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Ionic solids are brittle

 StrongRepulsion breaks a crystal apart,
due to similar ions being next to each
other.

Force
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
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The ions are free to move when they are

molten (or in aqueous solution), and thus
they are able to conduct the electric current.
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How to read a formula

Ca3P2 Formula

Shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in

the substance.
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How do covalent bonds form?

Always two or more non-

metals
Electrons are shared to hold
two atoms together in a bond.
Form molecules
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What are Diatomic Molecules?

A molecule made of 2 atoms
 Memorize these 7 Br2, I2, N2,Cl2,
H2, O2, F2 “Dr. BrINClHOF”
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What are the properties of molecular

compounds?
 lower melting and boiling points than ionic
compounds

 tend to be gases or liquids at room

temperature

 Do not break apart into ions when dissolved in

water stay in molecular form.
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Covalent bonding
Fluorine
has seven valence electrons
(but would like to have 8)

F
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Covalent bonding

Fluorine
has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven

F F
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Covalent bonding

F F
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What are Metallic bonds?

How metal atoms are held
together in the solid.
Metals hold on to their valence
electrons very weakly.
Think of them as positive ions
(cations) floating in a SEA OF
ELECTRONS
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Sea of Electrons

+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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Due to the mobility of the

Notice
valence electrons, metals have: that the
1) Ductility and 2) Malleability ionic
crystal
breaks
due to ion
repulsion!