Unit No.

20 Principles of Structural Design

Contents
Task No. 1..............................................................................................................................................2
Task 1 (A)...........................................................................................................................................2
(a) ...........................................................................................................................................2
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................4
(c) ...........................................................................................................................................6
(d) ...........................................................................................................................................8
(e) .........................................................................................................................................11
Task No. 1 (B)..................................................................................................................................12
Task No. 1 (C)..................................................................................................................................13
Task No. 1 (D)..................................................................................................................................13
Task No. 2............................................................................................................................................14
2(A)..................................................................................................................................................14
2(B)..................................................................................................................................................15
2(C)..................................................................................................................................................16
2(D)..................................................................................................................................................17
Task No. 3............................................................................................................................................18
3(a)..................................................................................................................................................18
3(b)..................................................................................................................................................18
3(A)..................................................................................................................................................18
3(B)..................................................................................................................................................19
3(C)..................................................................................................................................................19
Task No. 4............................................................................................................................................21
4(A)..................................................................................................................................................21
4(B)..................................................................................................................................................23
4(C)..................................................................................................................................................23
4(D)..................................................................................................................................................23
 Task No. 1
Task 1 (A)
(a) .

Solution:

Reactions

∑ F y =0,
R1 + R2=150

∑ M A =0,
R2 (14)=150(7)
1050
R 2= =75 KN
14
 R1=150−75=75 KN

Shear Force
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 7 m
V =75 KN
For 7 m< x ≤ 14 m
V =−75 KN
Diagram

Bending Moment
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 7 m
M =75(x )KNm
For 7 m< x ≤ 14 m
V =[75 ( x )−150(x−7)] KNm
Diagram
 (b).

Solution:

Reactions

∑ F y =0,
R1 + R2=65

∑ M A =0,
R2 (8)=65(2)
130
R 2= =16.25 KN
8
R1=65−16.25=48.75 KN

Shear Force
 For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 2 m
V =48.75 KN
For 2 m< x ≤ 8 m
V =−16.25 KN
Diagram

Bending Moment
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 2 m
M =48.75( x) KNm
For 2 m< x ≤ 8 m
V =[48.75 ( x )−65(x−2)] KNm
Diagram

(c) .
Solution:

Reactions

∑ F y =0,
R1 + R2=625

∑ M A =0,
R2 (25)=25 (25)(12.5)
7812.5
R 2= =312.5 KN
25
R1=625−312.5=312.5 KN

Shear Force
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 25 m
V =[312.5−25( x)] KN
 Diagram

Bending Moment
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 25 m
M =[312.5 ( x )−25( x)(x /2)] KNm
Diagram

(d) .
Solution:

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram
(e) .

Solution:

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram

Task No. 1 (B)
Task No. 1 (C)

Answer:

Example:

A 20m long beam of size 500mm x500mm is subjected to a uniformly distributed live load of
20 KN/m
To calculate total load on beam firstly we should multiply these loads with their factors.

Dead load of beam=( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 23.6 )=5.9 KN /m

Live load on beam=20 KN /m
Total factored Load=1.2 (5.9 )+ 1.6 ( 20 )=39.08 KN /m

Task No. 1 (D)

Solution:
For simply supported beam in task 1(A) c the maximum Bending moment is
M =1953.1 KNm
At mid span
According to AISC Manual, table 3-2 Try section W33x118 which has design capacity of
∅ M n=2115.1 KNm
If we calculate efficiency of this section
1953.1
Efficiency= ×100=92 %
2115.1
Which is best economical and safe design

Task No. 2
2(A)

For 1(a) total load is P=150 KN, Deflection will be due to this point load

P L3
∆=
28 EI

(150)(14)3 14700
∆= =
28 EI EI
For 1(e) total load is P=50 KN & W=25KN/m, deflection will be due to this load

P L3 5 W L4
∆= +
28 EI 384 EI
 (50)(25)3 5(25)(25 4) 14700
∆= + =
28 EI 384 EI EI

2(B)

Answer:

2(C)

Answer
Structural support is an integral part of a building or structure that provides internal forces
(with the strength and strength necessary to withstand vertical forces due to wind and
earthquakes) and safely leads them to the ground. External loads on buildings (the actions of
other bodies) cause internal forces (residual forces and couples) to build support structures.
The supports may be located in another or any intermediate structural member or integral part
of the building and may be referred to as joints, joints or limbs. In general, there are the
following types of support.
Roller Support
Roller supports permit expansion and contraction of different spans due to weather changes.
It also prevents different damages in other supports. These supports only resist vertical loads
that’s why they have only single vertical reaction.
Pinned Support
It only connects the support network loader from the packet to the cache connector. Support may
require a member to work in any direction and require translation activities, or relative displacement
of members in all directions, but does not prevent leadership activities. Response forces are unknown
directions or individual linear forces that carry horizontal and vertical forces to hold the bodies of
individuals in unknown directions.

Supported tees resemble humans. You can extend and twist it, but you can't move your arm
from left to right. One benefit of certain support is the lack of internal forces, and only the
necessary force plays a key role in the plan. However, only support cannot guarantee the
entire window. At least two support is needed to survive.
Fixed Support
Solid or durable brackets maintain regular contact between connectors and provide temporary
strength and protection. Uses the forces acting in any direction and prevents all rotational
movements (horizontal and vertical) as well as the rotation motion of each element. The
reactions of these struts are linear and vertical component of support, which is strong support
or communication.
Although we can only use individual support, the Stability Support application is useful and
people use this type of support widely as the only support. Flexible metal frames, bending
joints, columns and tiles are more common in hanging crosses and columns in concrete
frames.

2(D)

Answer

For Steel Structures:

Keeping in mind the rapidity and comfort of construction on site for steel structures, support
system is selected according to nature of structure. If it is a frame structure the fixed support
system is selected which is preferable according to stability of structure because, loads are
transferred from top to bottom. Some lateral loads may also occur so fixed supports are
preferable for frame structure.
Example:
If there is a bridge then supports must be at least roller to prevent damages of supports and to
counter contraction and expansion. Similarly, for truss structure pinned supports are selected.
For Concrete Structures:

For reinforced concrete structures fixed support system is best preferable. Because with
concrete material other supports are not practical. Concrete structure never allows bending as
a steel structure can. So pinned and roller supports are not preferable.

Example:
Due to higher dead loads there is a highest bending moment is produced which requires high
support reactions and balancing moment which is only achieved by applying fixed support.
 Task No. 3

3(a)

Solution:
Given data
A st =2950 m m2
L=3.75 m
Fc’ is not given let’s assume
f c' =20 MPa
fc=10 MPa≪fc '
Check for short column
L 3.75
= =10.75<15 so its a short column
h 0.35

Ec=4700 √ fc ' =4700 √ 20=21019 MPa

Es 200000
n= = =10
E c 21019
Load carrying capacity of column

Pn=fc[ A g+(n−1) A st ]
Pn=10 [(350 ×350)+(10−1)(2950)]
Pn=1490.5 KN

3(b)

Solution
From AISC table 4-1
Selecting W10x39 which has load carrying capacity of 1560 KN

3(A)

Answer:
Steel columns with high slenderness ratios are designed using the Euler
buckling equation, while “fatter” columns, which buckle inelastically or crush without
buckling, are designed according to formulas corresponding to test results. Residual
compressive stresses within hot-rolled steel sections precipitate this inelastic buckling, as
 they cause local yielding to occur sooner than might otherwise be expected. Unlike
timber column design, the two design equations corresponding to elastic and inelastic
buckling have not been integrated into a single unified formula, so the underlying
rationale remains more apparent. The slenderness ratio dividing elastic from inelastic
buckling is set, somewhat arbitrarily, at the point where the Euler critical buckling
stress equals 0.44 times the yield stress; that is, at the stress:

This particular slenderness ratio separating elastic from inelastic buckling is found by

solving for (KL/r) 

If your Slenderness Ratio  is more than 12 then it's a long column or if it's less than 12 then
it's called short column.

Long Column ( I / b ) > 12  or I/r  > 40

I = effective length / r = Radius of gyration / b= Least dimension

I/r is slenderness ration and it should be =<40 / this is for Steel! Remember!

3(B)

Solution
Using AISC table 4-22
Properties of selected section W10x39
A=11.5 in2, r=1.98 in
KL 0.8(12.3 ×12)
= =59.63
r 1.98
From table against KL/r
∅ Fcr =34.6 Ksi
∅ Pn=∅ Fcr ( A g ) =34.6 ( 11.5 ) =397.9 Kips=1770 KN

3(C)

Answer
While we are talking about load carrying capacity of a column its kept in mind steel always
yield first because it is in lessor amount and due to pure compression it is yielded
ε cu=0.003 (strain at which concrete crushes)
ε y =0.0015∨0.0021(strain at which steel yields)
After yielding steel concrete takes load alone and provides strength to the member. when
concrete cracks while steel is already yielded.
Load carrying capacity is determined by following formula
Pn=fc[ A g+(n−1) A st ]
While we are dealing with steel structure design load carrying capacity is determined directly
by AISC manual.
 Task No. 4

4(A)

Solution:
Calculating loads on beam and column

This beam will be designed for M=200KNm

Load on column from on beam is 100KN and on column is axially loaded with 4 beams so
total load on column is 400KN
Concrete design of Column & Beam:
L=4 m
 Pn=400 KN
Fc’ is not given let’s assume
f c' =20 MPa
fc=10 MPa≪fc '

Ec=4700 √ fc ' =4700 √ 20=21019 MPa

Es 200000
n= = =10
E c 21019
Load carrying capacity of column

400000=fc[ A g +(n−1) A st ]
400000=10[ A g+(10−1)(0.03 A g )]
A g=31500 mm2

Dimensions of column 180mmx180mm

Assuming width of beam is 300mm lets calculate height

M
d min =
√ 0.205(fc ' )(b)

200 × 1000
d min =
√ 0.205(20)(0.3)
=400 mm

Select beam size of 300mmx450mm

Steel design of Column & Beam:
According to AISC Manual, table 3-2 Try section W14x26 which has design capacity of
∅ M n=204.1 KNm
If we calculate efficiency of this section
200
Efficiency= ×100=98 %
204.1
From AISC table 4-1
Selecting W8x35 which has load carrying capacity of 1334 KN

4(B)
Develop drawings and details to support the above structural design solutions.

4(C)
When reaching a design solution, evaluate the use of alternative materials made of concrete
or steel and discuss the benefits and challenges associated with it.

Answer
When we talk about alternative material except steel and concrete, 1st thing that comes into
mind is timber which is used as tension and compression member from centuries. But due to
its low density it will have greater cross section than concrete.

4(D)
Produce accurate building design information and evaluate the use of building information
models using a collaborative environment.

Answer
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is very important in the construction industry, it is
leading to the way which determine the project cycle from the design to the construction
phase. This is famous across the world, where data analysis and digital modelling tools are
becoming advanced. Its major benefit is to reduce errors during the lifecycle of a project.
BIM has changed all the methods and management in construction industry. It helps
in better collaboration and communication which makes management easer.