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اﻟﺠﺰء ا ول :
× ,
= ; × .
× , = , ت.ع:
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :
-1ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء :
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ) + )( ⇄ ( ) + ( )
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻛﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة ب )(mol
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ CV وﻓﻴﺮ
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل . − وﻓﻴﺮ
اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ é . − é وﻓﻴﺮ é é
[ = ]é ⇐ (= ( ) + ( ) [) ]é
( ) + ( )
.
é [= ]é . =
( ) + ( )
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
[ ]é
= [⇒ ]é = .
[ ]é
= =
[− ]é −
×
=− = ,
. −
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
= , . و = ,
−
[ [= ] = ]
[ [= ] = ]
ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن :
= ′ , وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ < < ′ = ﺑﻤﺎ أن :
اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء
اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ا ول :اﻟﺘﺤﻮ ت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ
: -1دراﺳﺔ ﻧﻮﻳﺪة
-1.1ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺘﺖ اﻟﻨﻮوي :
→ +
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﺻﻮدي :
= + =
⇒ ⇒ =
= + =
ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺘﺖ :
→ +
. ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﻔﺘﺖ ﻫﻮ
[= ∆ , + , − , ] . =− , . × , . .
∆ =− ,
اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺮرة ﺧ ل ﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﻧﻮﻳﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻮد 131ﻫﻲ :
= |∆ | = ,
: -2دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻧﺦ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮد
ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ : t=0 -1.2ﺣﺴﺎب
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺎط ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ : t=0
= . = .
⁄
ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ :
. ⁄
=
ت.ع:
× × ×
= ≈ .
-2.2ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ tأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻧﺦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ :
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
. .
.
= ⇒ = ⁄ ⇒ = ⁄ ⇒ =− . ⇒ =− . ⁄
⁄
ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ :
و ﻋﻨﺪ tﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ a=2000 Bq = ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪدي :ﻋﻨﺪ t=0ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
+
. + . + = ⇒ . ) +( + = ⇒ . (+ ) =
.
. ) +( + = . ⇒ . + =
+ +
ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ :
+ =
=
. ﻣﻊ :
=
] [
=] [ وﻣﻨﻪ : = ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
] [
] [ ] [ [ ].
= ⇒ = =] [⇒ =
] [ [ ]. ] [
] [
= ⇒ = =] [⇒
] [
] [ ] [ [ ] [ ].
=] [ = . ⇒ ] [=
] [ ] [ ] [
ﺑﻌﺪ زﻣﻨﻲ . ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن ل
= ﻧﺠﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻘﺎط ا ﻓﺼﻮل ( )= , × = , ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ
ﺑﻤﺎ أن :
ت.ع
= ⇒ ) = ( + ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = . (× + , )= ,
+
( ) +
+ + =
.
=
= أي = و = , ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ : ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ = :
= أي = و =− , ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ : = ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ :
: و ﻧﺤﺪد ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪارة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ -
= ∆ − = ( )− = ∆⇒ ) ( ( − ) (
= −∆ = .
+ − = أي: = -5.2ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ
⃗ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺪوران )∆( . ، ﺟﺮد اﻟﻘﻮى : ⃗ :وزن اﻟﻨﻮاس
(∆
⃗ =) ∆.
̈ ⇒ ∆
⃗ + ∆
= ⃗ ∆.
) ( ̈
∆
⃗ =− .
∆.
̈+ . = ⇐ − . = ∆.
̈
̈ + . = ⇐ . ̈+ . = ⇐
ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ : ≈ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻧﻜﺘﺐ :
ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔاﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاس دوراﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﻴﺔ .اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ :
= أي : = وﻣﻨﻪ : = أي: =) ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ :
=) ( .
̈( ) = − . ⇐ ̇( ) = − . ⇐ =) ( .
ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ :
. − + = ⇐ − . + . . =
ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ
= = ⇐ = ⇐ − + =
ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻮاس اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﻮاﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻮاس اﻟﻮازن ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻨﻮاﺳﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺨﺎص :
ع.ت
⇔ = ′ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⎯⎯ = × , =
ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن :
̇ =∓ = ̇ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ : = أي: ∆ = ﻣﻊ : = ∆.
̇
∆
× .
= ̇ = , .
, × ,