Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

Carbon Electrode
Example: Ions attract to the electrode:
Copper(II) Sulphate Solution
C
✔
✔
✔

2+
SO42- Cu2+
Cu
Cu2+
✔✔
✔
✔
-
OH- Cu2+ OH
OH--
OH H++
H
+ -
ANODE CATHODE Choose:
(Release electron) (Receive electron)  ANODE at lower position in
ECS
 CATHODE at lower position in
G ECS

Observation//Result:

Half Equation: Half Equation:

4OH ➝ 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
- Cu2++ 2e- ➝ Cu
 Type of electrode Cathode Anode

Type of terminals Negative(-) Positive(+)

Ions attract to the Cu2+ ,H+ SO42-,OH-

electrode
Selectively discharged ion Cu2+ OH-

Reason Position lower in Position lower in

electrochemical series electrochemical series
Half equations 4OH- ➝ 2H2O + O2 + 4e- Cu2++ 2e- ➝ Cu

Observations Brown solid deposit Colourless gas bubbles is

released
(Gas which relights a
glowing wooden splinter)
Product Copper solid Oxygen gas

Example of concentrated solution:

Carbon Electrode

Example: Ions attract to the electrode:

C Concentrated ✔ ✔
✔
Copper (II)
Chloride 2+
Cl- Cu2+
Cu
Solution

✔
✔ ✔
Cl- Cu2+ OH----
OH HH+ +
+ -
ANODE CATHODE Choose:
(Release electron) (Receive electron)  ANODE at high
concentration : Cl-/BR-/I-
 CATHODE at lower position
G in ECS
 Observation//Result:

Half Equation: Half Equation:

2Cl- ➝ Cl2 + 2e- Cu2++ 2e- ➝ Cu

Cl-

Characteristics Cell B

Type of electrolyte Concentrated CuCl2

Free moving ions Cu2+ ,H+ ,Cl2-,OH-

Type of electrode P:Anode

Q:Cathode
Half equations at anode 2Cl- ➝ Cl2 + 2e-

Reason High concentration of Cl- ion

Half equations at cathode Cu2++ 2e- ➝ Cu

Reason Lower position in ECS

Observation at anode Greenish-yellow gas is formed

Observation at cathode Brown solid is deposited

 Types of electrode used:

High concentration of
copper (ll) ion
+ -
Cu ➝ Cu2++ 2e- Cu2++ 2e- ➝ Cu

Become thinner Become thicker

Cathode
Anode (copper plate)
Cu2+
(copper plate)

CuSO₄