Table 1.

Chronological list of significant Himalayan earthquakes including palaeoseismic earthquakes with approximate dates where no
known historical account exists

Date Latitude Longitude Low High

year:month:day (° N) (° E) Mw Mw Source and commentary

Srinagar, Kashmir. Great

earthquake occurred during the
night – landslide dammed Jhelum at
Khadanyar near Baramulla (Stein
1892, 1898; Bilham & Bali 2013)
844:00:00 34 74.8 6.5 7.5 (Fig. 7)

Srinagar, Kashmir. (Stein

1892, 1898; Iyengar & Sharma
1996, 1998; Iyengar et al. 1999),
Sugandhesa Temple damage
1123:00:00 34 74.8 6.5 7.5 (Bilham & Bali 2013) (Fig. 7)

No historical record (Wesnousky et

1100 ± 50 27 c. 86.5 8.5 9 al. 2019)

1223:1 2:24 27.7 85.3 6.5 7 Nepal (Pant 2002)

Nepal (Pant 2002). One-third of the

population of Kathmandu killed.
1225:06:07 27.7 85.3 7.5 8.5 (Sapkota et al. 2013)

Nepal (Pant 2002; Bollinger et

1344:09:14 27.7 85.3 7.5 8.2 al. 2016). Epicentral longitude ±1°

Western Himalaya (Kumar et

1400 ± 50 30 82 8.0 8.5 al. 2001, 2006)

Srinagar, Kashmir. Three months of

1501:09:24 34 74.8 6.5 7 aftershocks (Bilham & Bali 2013)

1505:06:06* 30 82 8.2 8.9 Guge, eastern Nepal and Kumaon

(Jackson 2000; Ambraseys &
Date Latitude Longitude Low High
year:month:day (° N) (° E) Mw Mw Source and commentary

Jackson 2003)

Kabul, Afghanistan (Ambraseys &

1505:07:06 34 71 7 7.9 Bilham 2003a, b)

Bajaur, Afghanistan (Ambraseys &

1519:01:03 35 71.5 7 7.5 Bilham 2003a, b)

Refers to the 1555 earthquake.

Misinterpretation of the Prinsep
(1858) p. 312 entry on the events in
1552 the 3 year reign of Ibrahim II

Kashmir. Baramula 34.25° N, 74.3°

E; Srinagar 34.15° N, 74.8° E;
Bilarah 33.8° N, 75.1° E; Anantang
33.75° N, 75.2° E; Mareg 33.7° N,
75.6° E; Maru Pergam 33.65° N,
75.7° E (Iyengar & Sharma
1996, 1998; Iyengar et
al. 1999; Ambraseys & Jackson
2003; Bashir et al. 2009; Bilham &
Bali 2013). Earthquakes for 7 days.
Landslides, liquefaction and
aftershocks (Bashir et
1555:09:00* 34.25 74.8 7.6 8 al. 2009; Bilham & Bali 2013)

Srinagar, Kashmir. The buildings

rocked like cradles. No loss of life
(distant event?) (Bashir et
1669:06:23 34 74.8 6.5 7 al. 2009; Bilham & Bali 2013)

1678 (1779?) 34 74.8 6.5 6.8 Srinagar, Kashmir. Persistent

shaking. Reconstruction needed
Date Latitude Longitude Low High
year:month:day (° N) (° E) Mw Mw Source and commentary

(Bashir et al. 2009; Bilham & Bali

2013)

Srinagar, Kashmir. Shocks

continued for a long time, which
caused panic among masses. The
quake victims constructed new
houses (Bashir et al. 2009; Bilham &
1683:00:00 34 74.8 6.5 6.8 Bali 2013)

Bhutan (Hetényi et al. 2016). Two

historical accounts, felt reports and
1714:05:04 27.5 89.6 8 8.2 trenching.

Srinagar, Kashmir. ‘Buildings of the

city and hamlets razed to the
ground’. Aftershocks for 3 months
(Bashir et al. 2009 list this event as
1736:03:24 34 74.8 6.5 7 1735)

Ambraseys & Jackson (2003) list

1752:00:00 31.5 79.8 6.5 7 this event as 1751

(Srinagar and villages in Kashmir

Valley) flattened and aftershocks for
14 days. ‘destroyed houses in city
and villages with much loss their
life’. Aftershocks for 6
weeks: Bashir et al. (2009) list this
event as 1778; Oldham (1883) lists
1779:00:00 34 74.8 6.5 7.5 it as 1780.

1784 34 74.8 6.5 7.5 Srinagar, Kashmir. People thrown.

Shocks persisted for 6 months.
Date Latitude Longitude Low High
year:month:day (° N) (° E) Mw Mw Source and commentary

Possibly 1785,

1803:09:01* 31.5 79 7.5 7.9 Gangotri, Srinagar (Gharwal),

Almora (Ambraseys & Jackson
2003; Rajendran et al. 2013, 2015)

1808:06:04 27.7 85.3 6.5 7 Nepal (Pant 2002), 21 aftershocks

1828:06:28 34 74.8 6.5 7.5 Srinagar, Kashmir (Vigne 1844),

1200 houses collapsed, 15 days of
aftershocks (Bashir et al. 2009)

Nepal (Bilham 1995; Szeliga et

1833:08:26* 28.83 78.58 7.7 7.8 al. 2010)

1842:02:19 34.42 70.83 7.5 Jalalabad (Szeliga et al. 2010)

1842:03:05 30.28 80.62 7.2 Gharwal (Szeliga et al. 2010)

1845:08:06 26.09 90.89 7.1 Shillong (Szeliga et al. 2010)

1852:03:31 28.09 79.17 7.0 Gharwal (Szeliga et al. 2010)

1863:00:00 34 74.8 6 Srinagar, Kashmir (Bashir et

al. 2009) Lawrence (1895) indicates
1864

1866:05:23* 27.12 85.26 7.4 Nepal (Szeliga et al. 2010)

Hazara, Pakistan (Szeliga et

1878:03:02 34.48 72.18 7.4 al. 2010)

1885:05:30 34.54 74.68 7.1 7.5 Baramulla, Kashmir (Jones

1885b; Bashir et al. 2009; Szeliga et
al. 2010)
Date Latitude Longitude Low High
year:month:day (° N) (° E) Mw Mw Source and commentary

Shillong (Szeliga et
1897:06:12* 25.13 90.07 8.1 8.3 al. 2010; England & Bilham 2015)

Kangra (Szeliga et al. 2010; Szeliga

1905:04:04* 32.636 76.788 7.8 7.9 & Bilham 2017)

1908:12:12 26.948 96.773 7

1916:08:28 29.73 80.745 7

Bihar, Nepal (Chen & Molnar

1934:01:15* 27.55 87.09 8.4 1977, 1983)

1936:05:27 28.378 83.32 6.9 Nepal

1943:10:23 26.705 93.829 7.2

1947:07:29* 28.63 93.73 7.3 Chen & Molnar 1977, 1983)

Assam (28.33° N, 96.76° E: Chen &

1950:08:15* 28.363 96.445 8.7 Molnar 1977)

1964:10:21 28.065 93.798 6.8

1966:03:06 31.525 80.487 6.7

1975:01:19 32.393 78.536 6.8

1988:08:20 26.712 86.627 6.9 Udaypur >50 km depth

1991:10:19 30.753 78.823 6.8

2005:10:08* 34.451 73.649 7.6 Muzafferapur, Pakistan

2011:09:18 27.756 88.141 6.9

2015:14:25* 28.15 84.71 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal

Date Lat Long Mw Region Source
7 G.R.C/M.R.P
7 G.R.C/M.R.P
8.2