Tribhuvan University

Institute of Engineering
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS
Proposal on “Design Guidelines for Urban Housing at Dharans Sub Metropolitancity”

Submitted By
Group F
Praveen Thakur
Rabin pd. Bastola
Ritesh Khadka
Santosh sah
Saroj Dahal
Sujan Kumari Choudhary
Tridev Gupta

Report of proposal

Submitted to:
Department of Architecture

Date: 19 June 2019

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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.1. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY.---------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM---------------------------------------------------------------15
2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------------15
2.1 OBJECTIVE.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY--------------------------------------------------------15
2.3. SCOPE OF THE STUDYERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.------------------------------------------------------------------16

3. METHODOLOGY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

4. LITERATURE REVIEW ON HOUSING------------------------------------------------------18

5. PROPOSED CASE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------------29

6. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA------------------------------------------------------------------31

7. SELECTED SITE FOR DESIGN----------------------------------------------------------------33

8. REFERENCE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37

LIST OF TABLE

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1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHART OF DHARAN------------------------------------------------------6
2. WARD WISE DEMOGRAPHY OF DHARAN------------------------------------------------6
3. EXISTING LAND COVERAGE PATTERN---------------------------------------------------8

LIST OF FIGURE

3. CBD OF DHARAN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
4. OLD AND NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN DHARAN----------------------------10
5. ENCROACHMENT NEAR RIVER BANK---------------------------------------------------11
6. LOCATION OF EXISTING TEMPLES AND PARKS IN DHARAN-------------------12
7. YALAMBAR COMMUNITY FOREST--------------------------------------------------------13
8. EARTHQUAKE MEMORIAL PARK----------------------------------------------------------13
9. BPKIHS, DHARAN---------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
10. PURWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN-------------------------------------------------------14
11. DETACHED HOUSE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------26
12. SEMIDETACHED HOUSE----------------------------------------------------------------------
27
13. SCHEME OF TERRACED HOUSE WITH SUBDIVISION OF SPACE-------------28
14. CIVIL HOSUE HOUSING-----------------------------------------------------------------------29
15. CG HILLS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
16. HOUSING PROPOSED SITE IN DHARAN------------------------------------------------33
17. SITE NEAR SHIVADHARA--------------------------------------------------------------------34
18. SITE NEAR DEURALI---------------------------------------------------------------------------35
19. SITE IN WARD 16---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36

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 1. INTRODUCTION

This research proposal contains three parts, the first part deals about the overall
objective and the nature of the study; the second part reviews different related
literatures and experiences of different countries in relation to ‘urban housing’ and the
last part deals with how the research conducted using different approaches and
methods.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most urban center around the world particularly in developing

countries are facing series challenges with regard to filling gap between
demand and supply of urban housing or solve problems related to housing
shortage and related service. The challenge is not only how to fill gaps
between demand and supply of urban housing, but also how to assure
sustainable housing development. Housing is one of the most essential human
material needs, yet no country has been able to achieve the housing demand in
complete equilibrium with its supply. At this point it should be recognized that
“need” is not necessarily the same as “demand”; the former is an essential
requirement, while the latter is the quantity or attribute of a product that can be
afforded at a price (Abebe Z, 2006).
The industrial revolution, which began in the 1890, produced much unplanned
city development around the world. Thousands of people moved to cities to
find work, and builders put up almost any kinds of housing to meet demand.
Many business facilities, factories and residential houses stood side by side on
narrow streets, block of tenement houses appeared in large cities of United
States, France, Great Britain, and other industrialized countries (Nebil, 2001).
The first housing law in the US was passed by New York City in 1867. The
law sets minimum ventilation sanitation and safety requirement for tenements.
This was the beginning of introduction of standards in the housing sector.
By the 1900s a word housing shortage has exhibited mainly because of the
population increased and high concentration of the population in urban areas.
The expansion of industry, a shortage of construction works and lack of money

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 for new housing also compounded the housing shortage. In spite of stepped up
housing construction new housing construction fell to inadequate address the
demand during world wars I and II, because builders lacked materials, in
addition as a result of the great depression of 1930s more families moved from
rural areas to cities causing series housing shortage (world book encyclopedia,
vo1.9, P. 393).

1.1.2. HOUSING IN THE NEPALI CONTEXT

Background & History Possession of shelter is a basic human need not

only for the protection against natural elements and hostile weather, but also
for the maintenance of accepted standard of family and society. With the
evolution of mankind, organized living and civilization sense evolved. The
Nepalese Community also was not far behind from this concept and
urbanization was in progress in the Kathmandu valley. During the pre-1950s,
the period of the Malla kings, urbanization was in its epitome. The urban
planning of those days incorporated all of the necessary amenities into
consideration. With planned cohesive community living, and a strong sense of
logethemess, which was depicted in its. : Courtyard designs for common
houses Temples and baha-bahis in the proximity Well planned dhungedharas
Sattal and patis for rest and recreation Dabalis as open air ampitheaters Urban
Explosion With the favourable Climate condition, common community and
available resources, urbanization was rapid in Kathmandu. This resulted in
increased population and density and thus less availability of land. 
The increasing concentration of population in urban areas created new
problems. Problems arose mainly due to internal migration and rapid
urbanization. National urban population is 12%, yet the valley's share of urban
population is 54.5. A survey conducted by the Central Department of
population. TU found 39.65% of the population. Post 1950s era experienced
urban expansion, with the opening up of highways linking it to other parts of
the country, air services increased development activities. It accelerated after
1970s. Migration from outside the valley grew consequently, its dominance
increased while the importance of other towns outside the valley declined. 

1.1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

1.1.3.1 GENERAL

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 Dharan is one of developing city eastern region (province-1)
which is the Central bureau of statistics of Nepal (CBS), Dharan city
has a total population of 137,702 of whom 64,671 were men and
73,034 women. With an estimated area of 192.98 square kilometers,
this region has an estimated density of 714 people per square kilometer.
A total 32,683 households were reside in the region, which results on
an average a household size of 4.3 persons per household.
Major castes are Newar, Rai, Limbu, Brahmin, Gurung, Magar,
Thakuri, Kirat, Thakali etc. with religious groups mainly Hindus, Kirat,
Buddhist, Christian, Muslim etc. The ward wise population is listed on
chart below.

Population 137,705
Male 64,671
Female 73,034
Household 32,693
Population Density per km2 715

Table 1.0 Demographic chart of Dharan (CBS 2011))

Total
Ward Total Area Total Population
Population Male Female
no. (sq.km) HH Density
(2011)
1 0.494 1,199 4,958 2,458 2,500 10,036
2 0.172 540 2,649 1,301 1,348 15,401
3 0.131 1,034 4,838 2,372 2,466 36,931
4 23.012 713 3,251 1,554 1,697 141
5 10.632 1,779 7,739 3,611 4,128 728
6 4.589 1,371 5,911 2,713 3,198 1,288
7 0.194 777 3,275 1,584 1,691 16,881
8 19.616 2,818 11,679 5,637 6,042 595
9 0.211 1,022 4,113 2,084 2,029 19,493
10 0.222 1,384 5,444 2,605 2,839 24,523
11 1.352 2,708 11,703 5,417 6,286 8,656
12 0.276 796 3,482 1,646 1,836 12,616
13 3.397 2,034 8,302 3,780 4,522 2,444
14 2.468 851 3,609 1,737 1,872 1,462
15 25.544 4,726 19,879 9,213 10,666 778
16 1.429 2,763 11,199 5,173 6,026 7,837
17 14.578 2,610 11,283 5,125 6,161 774
6 18 7.210 1,620 5,872 2,715 3,157 814
19 28.297 1,154 5,125 2,313 2,812 181
20 49.156 784 3,391 1,633 1,758 69
Total 192.980 32,683 137,702 64,671 73,034 714
 Table 2.0 Ward wise Demography of Dharan

1.1.3.2 Land use and Settlement pattern

The land use within Dharan are main urban areas, residential
area, agriculture area, river and water cover area, forests, road and bus
parks, parks and gardens, industrial and educational areas. Most of the
flat lands are in the plain (in the south) and hilly sides are mostly
covered by forest. Almost 50% of the total area of Dharan is occupied
by preserved Char Koshe Forest. Urban settlement lies on the center of
present boundary of municipality and extended toward west. Cemetery
is a noticeably located on the northern part near river front with pitiable
accessibility. The eastern and western part incorporating newly
comprised VDCs have the lack of urban infrastructures.

Figure 1.0Existing Landuse plan of Dharan

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 Ample agricultural land is observed within the city mostly in the
peripheral area. These low angle sloping lands are good for dry
cultivation like maize, millet, wheat and cereals. The current land usage
is explicit in the table.

Table 1.1.0 Existing land coverage pattern

Categories Area (sq.km) Percentage (%)
Built area 3.45 1.78
Forest 135.74 70.33
Water Body 0.01 0.67
Agriculture 45.98 23.82
River bed 7.09 3.67
Cutting cliff 0.87 0.45

The existing settlement pattern of Dharan can be clearly classified as

Central Business District (CBD), Residential areas, Squatter Area,
Open areas, Institutional area.

Figure 2.0 Existing settlement location of Dharan

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 Central Business District:

As Dharan exhibits a ribbon development, core area is developed as a

hub for trade and business. The modern city is extended along Koshi
Highway, Dharan-Chatara Highway. This area is developed as a CBD.
Then the city extends southwards along Hospital, Bus Park and
Engineering College. Hospital and Bus Park both are the pulling factors
for people from other areas.

Figure 1.1.0 CBD of Dharan

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 Residential areas

The periphery of city area is predominantly residential. There are even

plotting on the periphery of the Sub metro boundary where future
settlement expansion will be guided. The traditional old residential
building of Dharan is mainly constructed of wooden post on ground floor
with open space that were non-habitat, due to clogging water issues and
the upper floors are used for residing. Today, due to drainage
development, even the lower floors area used for residential purpose. The
new urban area on ward number 20, 4, 5 and 6 have low dense scattered
settlement pattern with mostly agricultural land.

Figure 4.0 Old and new residential buildings in Dharan

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 Squatter settlement:

Dharan is facing the problems of encroachment of riverbanks, open

spaces and area of social and cultural importance by squatters. Riverbanks
are squatter by migrators. Squatter settlements in the banks of Sardu and
Seuti Khola are creating an alarming threat of encroachment of the
riverbanks and flood plain. This encroachment has especially occurred
over the past 10 years by landless people emigrating here for access to
employment and education. Besides, at the Bijaypur hill, people are
occupying ancient Kirat settlement remains. The Bijaypur hill having the
ancient significance is squattered. Similarly, the ancient fort (Gadhi) walls
are in ruined stage that needs archaeological excavation to preserve the
historical value.

Fig 5.0 Encroachment near river bank

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 Parks and Open Spaces:

Many parks, forests and open spaces are within the city area. The small
hill located North-East of city is called Bijaypur hill. Here is a sparse
settlement and agrarian society. It is located on ward no 14. It is
important on both cultural and natural values. Many temples of deities
(Bindhabasini, Budhasubba, Panchkanya, Dantakali, and Pindeshwor
temples) are located here. Several private and public parks are scattered
within the city that Saptarangi Park that can be developed as a multi-
cultural ethnic park is located west of Sunaulochowk between Sardu
and Khahare Khola. Besides, there is community forest, which
maintains the green environment around the city.

Figure 6. Location of existing temples and parks in Dharan

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 Figure 7. Yalamber community forest

Figure 8 Earthquake memorial park

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 Institutional area:
Dharan has many health and educational institutions. The major
educational facility is teaching hospital (BPKIHS), Purbanchal
Engineering College, Food Technology college, Dharan Multiple
Campus. The other colleges are Sunsari Technical College, Birendra
Memorial College, Dharan College of management etc. These
institutions has played the important road for educational upliftment as
well as increase the economic activities in city.

Figure 9 BPKIHS DHARAN

Figure 10 Purwanchal engineering campus,dharan

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 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Residential housing problem is common in most urban centers of developing

countries; this is mainly resulted from rapid urbanization accompanied by high
population growth (i.e. massive rural to urban migration and high fertility rate).
Although the government of Nepal has been taking a number of measure to
alleviate the problem related to housing in main cities, residential housing problem
is a still remain serious issue due to shortage of affordable housing to satisfy the
ever increasing housing demand. Apart from low income level of the people, lack
of access to housing finance and limited capacity of the private sector to
investment in housing makes the problem complex and challenging to alleviate.
Dharan city is one of urban centers of the country which residential housing
problem persist. Most of the problems regarding residential housing in the city are
getting worse – the reason being that the existing residential housing unite has
been deteriorated, lack of sufficient housing facilities and the gap between demand
and supply. Unless this problem is resolved the overall socio-economic
development of the city will be hampered and creates socio economic problem in
the city, such as homelessness, robber as well as health implication. In addition,
the low income group of the society will be highly affected by the problem.

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

2.1 OBJECTIVE
a) The main objective of this study is to assess the different causes of
residential housing problem in Dharan city and to recommend the possible
solution for the problem.

b) To promote range of housing i.e. affordable to the households of varying

financial capacity including an adequate supply of housing i.e. affordable
for very low, low and moderate income families.

c) To develop an Architectural design through the use of locally available

materials, design features and color, and the “development” shall provide a
visually appealing aesthetic that “feeds” within the context of site,
neighborhood and surrounding community.

d) To allow the use of features that add to the home’s self-sufficiency.

2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is expected to benefit Dharan by identifying the residential housing
problems currently in the city. It will have a high value to the city to make proper
decisions regarding the provision of residential housing. In addition, the study will

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 forward possible solutions to improve the problem of residential housing in the
city. Also it will be beneficial for every groups from lower to higher by creating
qualitative living environment i.e. well managed and systematically designed
housing. On the other hand it plays significance role in balancing the population
mass all over the city. Areas experiencing high density rate can be managed by
shifting partial population to the newly build environment. And lastly it will also
contribute to fill the knowledge gap essential for academic purpose as well.

2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Thematically the study focuses mainly on residential housing unit, and the
study will going to examine the existing housing problem situation issues, such as
assessing the gap between existing residential housing supply and demand,
housing unite condition, exploring the major factors for residential housing
problem in the city, and to suggest measures that will help to improve the
accessibility and affordability of residential housing to the existing residence and
the ever growing population in the city. Spatially the study is limited to people of
Dharan.

3. METHODOLOGY

The project methodology is an organize table or framework which explain the step by
step process of doing or developing overall project. The project methodology in
architecture involves data collections, analysis and interpretation and synthesis. It
helps to prepare a work plan to flow the design in progressive manner.

The step by step process of the development of housing are listed below:

A. Literature Survey
An extensive survey of literature is carried out of the policies and works done
in Nepal which have addressed the problems of urban housing.

B. Gathering Data
a) Selection of Case Study Area
Study of problem area in respect to urban housing in Dharan is carried out.

b) Collection of cadastral maps

A cadastral map is a map which reveals information as house, road, etc. that
were existing. The map was prepared by a government survey in 1964.
Cadastral map is gathered and surveyed. The cadastral map mainly enables to
know about the general pattern of the land to be studied.

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 c) Physical mapping
The mapping of physical attributes reveals the present living environment and
the spatial pattern of the case study. Physical mapping involve on site
investigation and updating the cadastral map, as houses, roads and public space
existing. It reveal land use pattern, as residential, commercial, idle, etc. This
will reveal how house and land are being occupied. Lot of primary information
was gained in this process by being in contact with local inhabitants.

d) Interviews – Questionnaire survey

The interview and questionnaire survey assist in categorization of local
inhabitants by gender, income, age, occupation, etc. Information regarding the
physical form of the setting, as area of house, number of rooms in the house,
the number of people in the household, physical facilities, etc. was obtained.

e) Compilation of Primary and Secondary Data

Primary data obtained from different sources are now managed in a systematic
matter .Likewise secondary data obtained from literatures, research studies are
also listed.

f) Analysis of Data
After the management of various data, the last process we were involved in
was to analyze the data. We analyzed them in two patterns i.e. in quantitative
and qualitative way.

g) Formulation of program
According to the program formulation the current need of housing has been
raised to 280 family to accommodate 1200 no. of population for the 3 dense
ward (3, 10, 16) of Dharan.
Programme formulation based on literature study and case study
Total population to be included=1200 no.
Total no.of household= 1200/4.3
=280 household
From the calculated data, we have
Single family=55%
Double family=35%
Triple family=7%
Quadrat family=3%
So, household for single family=55%X280=154
Household for double family=35%X280=98
Household for triple family=7%X280=20

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 Household for Quadrat family=3%X280=9

Area for single family=154X900 sq.ft=138600 sq.ft

Area for double family=98X1000 sq.ft=98000 sq.ft
Area for triple family=20X1000 sq.ft=20000 sq.ft
Area for tertiary family=9X1200 sq.ft=10800 sq.ft

Total area=2,67,400 sq.ft

Area for other services= 20% of total area
= 53480 sq.ft
Area for open spaces= 40%of total area
= 106960 sq,ft
Grand total area required= total area+services area+area of open spaces
=427840sq.ft/6 bigha approx….
The space for other services includes the services like medical, security,
grocery, swimming pool, canteen, cafe, bank, multipurpose hall, yoga hall,
gymnasium, banquet hall etc.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW ON HOUSING

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of
people & depends on the income & economic status of the individual. The highly rich
family will require a luxurious building, whereas a poor man will satisfy with a single
room house for. A standard residential building of bungalow type has drawing room,
dining room, office room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath
room, front verandah, stair etc. For other house the number of rooms may be reduced
according to the requirements as many available.

SPACES MINIMUM FLOOR AREA

LIVING 240sqft
KITCHEN 86sqft
(129sqft including small dining)
KITCHEN STORAGE 40 Sqft
DINING (54-60)Sqft for 4 people
(79-84) sqft for 6 people
(104-108) sqft for 8 people
(129-132) sqft for 10 people
(154-156) sqft for 12 people
BEDROOM
MASTER BED ROOM 160sqft
DOUBLE BED ROOM 124sqft
TWIN BEDROOM 160sqft
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 SINGLE BED ROOM ( 68-84) sqft

BATHROOM (24-30) Sqft (excluding bathtub)

48sqft with bathtub and shower above it
MAID ROOM (100sqft)
WALK IN CLOSET AND
STORAGE FACITIES (30-37) Sqft
PUJA ROOM (30-50) Sqft

Number of Bedrooms
Net Floor Area 1 2 3 4

Max. (m2/ft2) 60.4/650 79/850 92.9/1000 111.5/1200

Min. (m2/ft2) 51.4/553 61.7/664 78.1/841 90.8/977

Unit Breakdown (minimum areas)

Entrance/Foyer 2.3/25 2.3/25 2.3/25 2.3/25

Living Room 14/151 14/151 15.3/165 16/165

Dining Room 7.4/80 7.4/80 9/97 11/118

Kitchen 7.5/81 8.5/92 11.2/121 11.5/124

Master Bedroom 11/118 11/118 11/118 11/118

Bedroom 2 N/A 9.3/100 9.3/100 9.3/100

Bedroom 3 N/A N/A 9.3/100 9.3/100

Bedroom 4 N/A N/A N/A 9.3/100

Main Bathroom 3.7/40 3.7/40 3.7/40 3.7/40

Powder Room N/A N/A 1.5/16 1.9/20

Closets/Storage 5.5/56 5.5/56 5.5/56 5.5/56

REQUIREMENT AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION

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  LIVING ROOM
 DINING ROOM
 KITCHEN
 STORE ROOM
 BED ROOM
 T/B
 STAIR CASE
 CLOSET
 MAIDROOM
 LAUNDRY

LIVING ROOMS

Living room is one of the general requirements of residence which act as the place of
guest and family gathering. Gathering and interaction is the primary function of living
room where as secondary function is children playing, studying, entertainment
purpose, dancing, hobbies, playing music, giving parties etc.

General consideration
 Orientation ; it should be oriented to receive the maximum sunlight i.e
southeast/south west
 Maximum wall areas for placement of furniture.
 Traffic lane should be adequate between seating areas and main entrance
.generally 3’-4’’ is preferred.
 Corners windows are preferable
 Generally 5’’ radius in the conversation area in seating room is preferred.
 Furniture clearance; to assure adequate space for convenient use of furniture in the
living area, not less than the following clearances should be observed.

1. 60 in between facing seating

2. 24 in where circulation occurs between furniture
3. 30 in for use of desk
4. 36 in for main traffic
5. 60 in between television set and seating

DINING ROOM

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 The primary activities performed in the dining room is eating and serving. The
secondary activities performed in the dining rooms are parties, children playing.
The dining is also considered as the space of family gathering.

General consideration

 Dining area should be nearby kitchen and living areas. Triangulation are generally
followed in linking these space
 Generally morning light is preferred in dining hall . considering the wind flow and
sunlight.
 Dining should be well ventilated.
 Furniture Clearances To assure adequate space for convenient use of the dining
area, not less than the following clearances from the edge of the dining table
should be observed.

1. 32 in for chairs plus access thereto

2. 38 in for chairs plus access and passage
3. 42 in for serving from behind chair
4. 24 in for passage only
5. 48 in from table to base cabinet (in diningkitchen)

KITCHEN

General consideration
 Orientation; kitchen room is oriented in order to receive morning light.so it should
be oriented north east
 Traffic lanes through work areas should be avoided.
 Storage facilities should be no higher than a woman can reach with both feet flat
on the floor
 Materials and finishes that minimize maintenance and cleaning should be used,
and they should be sufficiently light in color to create a pleasant work atmosphere
 The kitchen should be well ventilated, with an exhaust fan to remove objectionable
kitchen odors.
 There should be easy access to front and back doors, laundry area, telephone, and
bathroom.
 Color, texture, and decoration should be used to create an atmosphere that is
attractive, cheerful, and restful.
 U-shaped , l shaped plan are generally preferred in kitchen
 Relation between sink refrigerator are generally triangulation.

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 BED ROOM

Primary activities performed in bedroom is sleeping and taking rest .secondary

activities are studying, dressing and changing, children playing etc.
There are several types of bed room such as master bed room, twin bedroom, double
bed room, single bedroom.
Master bedroom is provided to the head of family.it consists of attached t/b ,closet and
balcony.
Twin bedroom are generally preferred for the child under 9 of same gender along
with common closet.
Double bedroom are generally provided to the married son/daughter of family.

General consideration
 Master bedroom; either northeast to receive morning sunlight or southwest to
receive evening sunlight
 Children bedroom should be oriented to capture maximum sunlight from afternoon
to evening.
 FURNITURE CLEARANCES To assure adequate space for convenient use of
furniture in the bedroom, not less than the following clearances should be observed
.
1. 42 in at one side or foot of bed for dressing
2. 6 in between side of bed and side of dresser or chest
3. 36 in in front of dresser, closet, and chest of drawers
4. 24 in for major circulation path (door to closet, etc.)
5. 22 in on one side of bed for circulation
6. 12 in on least used side of double bed

STORAGE
Generally in residence we provide storeroom for kitchen purpose and to store other
materials. Therefore it is located nearby or attached with kitchen. This space is
required for storing cleaning equipment and materials, tools, ironing board, baskets,
bags etc.
General consideration
 For larger dwelling at least 2% of living area should be planned as store room.
 It should be well ventilated for the preservation of food.
 Door should be open outward to give more interior space.

TOILET BATHROOM

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 Activities commonly performed in the bathroom include washing of hands, face, and
hair, bathing, elimination, and grooming etc. Often it is also used as a dressing room.

General consideration
 Facilities should be conveniently arranged, with special attention given to
clearances.
 Lighting should be adequate for all of the activities performed. For grooming,
direct sources of light are essential in order to illuminate the face from all angles.
Luminous ceilings are also effective, particularly in interior bathrooms.
 Good ventilation is essential in bathrooms, both to reduce humidity and to dispel
odors.
 Exhaust fans in the wall or ceiling are often used to supplement natural ventilation.
In interior bathroom spaces, a mechanical exhaust is, of course, essential.
 Noise can be reduced by proper placement of the bathroom in relation to other
spaces, by the use of closets and storage walls as sound barriers between it and
adjacent spaces, as well as by the use of soundproof partitions and tightly fitted
doors.
 It is essential that all surface materials used in the bathroom have moisture-
resistant finishes
 Generally size of t/b is depending upon the requirement. If t/b is provided with
bathtub its area

STAIR CASE:
Staircase is the building component used for connecting different level/floor. Different
types of staircase can be constructed in residence. Such as dog legged, open well,
single flight etc
.

General consideration
 Staircase is generally place near to living room.
 Staircase can be placed in west side since staircase doesn’t require more day or
direct light.
 Width of landing must be same as width of staircase.
 Dwelling with no more than two flats have an effective staircase width of at least
of 0.80m.
 Staircase usually not govern by building regulation are of 0.5m width and if
governed by bye laws are 1m.

CLOSET

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 "A place for everything and everything in its place" is the slogan for closet. Modern
closets should be planned for the storage of the particular clothing or objects of the
individual or the group using the space. Master bedroom and twin bedroom consists
group using closet.
Closets are required for various purposes, in different parts of the house. Some have
already been mentioned in other sections of this volume: kitchen supplies; dinnerware,
glassware, and table linens and bathroom supplies. Closets must also be provided for
the storage of clothing, bedding, cleaning equipment, books, magazines, and
phonograph records, toys and other children's and adults' recreation equipment. .
Generally, Walk in closet is provided in bathroom storage. Storage closet are
provided in bedroom.

General consideration
 Doors should open the full width of the closet whenever possible.
 Lighting is considered essential and standard in the modern closet unless room
lights are located to illuminate fully all portions of the closet. A single tubular or
bulb light with a diffusing reflector placed just above the door inside the front of
the closet is usually sufficient.

MAID ROOM

Maid room is provided to the maid of house .They are also provided with separate t/b.
Entrance of maid room is separated from the main entrance leading to living room for
security purpose.

HOUSING

Homes can either be stand alone or cluster units. Stand-alone refers to individual
houses while cluster units refer to individual homes that share walls. It is important to
consider and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these building styles before
moving forward with preliminary designs. .Housing can be simply defined as the
group of houses with in a particular boundary.
Generally housing can be classified into two types;

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  Cluster housing; There are a wide range of cluster unit possibilities and
considerations. Row housing refers to housing units that share walls and conserve
space through a horizontal focus.
 Standing alone housing; standing alone refers to individual houses.

HOUSING

SEMI- TERRACED APPARTMENT

DETACHED DETACHED

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 DETACHED HOUSE

Detached single-family homes can generally be defined as isolated or

aggregated residential building types where the most commonly found features
are:

  An independent access from public areas

 No shared vertical spaces or connections
  Surrounded by green private spaces.

This housing type normally requires a considerable amount of land use,

specific pipeline and infrastructure works, high construction and maintenance
costs. These are just a few of the typical characteristics for this building type in
very low density population areas.

This type of residential solution is among the most desired building due to its
independent layout, privacy, and the presence of gardens.

In fact, over time, the development and structuring of urban areas, together
with the increase of land costs, have reinforced the need for collective
residences. Semidetached house , row house(terraced house), apartment

Figure11.Detached house

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 SEMIDETACHED HOUSE
One of the two dwellings in a semi-detached building. A semi has a shared
party wall on only one side. A semi-detached house is a single family dwelling
house built as one of a pair that shares one common wall. Often, each house's
layout is a mirror image of the other Most but not all semis have a front
garden, and the majorities have roof forms, floor plans and facades.

Symmetric housing; The most common form of the semi is the symmetrical
pair, with each side a mirror image of the other.

Figure 12. Semidetached house

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 Asymmetric housing :The house which share common party wall but forms
looks different. Asymmetric semidetached were built when it was felt
important of social status.

TERRACED HOUSING
Terraced housing are a type of building configuration mainly intended for
residential uses and consisting of a plurality of housing or single-family cells
(at least 3) each placed side by side:

 Each housing unit is normally separated by means

of common border wall arranged on the plot boundary.

Fig:13. Scheme of terraced house with subdivision of spaces

 Townhouses are suitable for an extensive use of the territory.

 The development on a long and rectangular footprint with a width of 5-6
meters;

 The presence of an access road on one side.

 Two walls in common with the units side by side.
 A vertical development from ground to sky.
 Independent entrances.
 Private spaces of outdoor relevance.
 The housing units are flanked by the long side (10-12 m ) and the short side
( 5-6 m ) for lighting.

5. PROPOSED CASE STUDY

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 CIVIL HOME HOUSING

Civil homes, the leading developer in Nepal real estate industry, are proud to bring
you civil home phase IV.
Civil home housing comprises three different types of housing .two detached types
and one row housing (terraced housing).Total site area is 115 ropanies. The individual
bungalows are spread over 28 ropani and row housing are spread over 20 ropanies of
land.
Total site area; 107-10-02-0.95
Area size ranges; 0-3-2-3.7 (1277 Sq. Ft.) to 0-8-0-2.41 (2789.47 Sq. Ft
Price ranges; NRs.18, 866,217.00 to NRs.26, 943,988.00

REASON TO CHOOSE
 Leading housing developer of Nepal

 Developed total 10 number of housing.

 Provide all the required service of housing.

 Accessible (within valley)

Figure 14.civil home housing

CG HILLS

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 CG hill is the housing developed by the CG developer.CG housing is standing alone
housing (detached housing). It comprises of total 53 units over an area of 109520sqft.
Total site area: 109520(20-0-0-0)
Total no. of unit: 53
Price ranges: NRS.21, 00,000.00 to NRS.42, 00,000.00
Area size ranges: 0-3-3-1.9(1324.09sq.ft) to 0-10-0-3.62(3500sq.ft)

REASON TO CHOOSE

 Architectural expression.

 Developed by reputed company

 Easily accessible for casestudy

Figure 15.CG Hills

6.SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

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 The selection of the suitable site is a crucial step in the design of a building and
planning of a settlement. The site selection procedure is based on three different
factors like physical environment, socio-economic environment and psychological
environment.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER DURING SELECTION OF SITE

Natural defects of a site will involve considerable expenditure on construction

and maintenance of the building. While unsatisfactory conditions in the
neighborhood of locality will cause unhappy living conditions on one hand and
possible deterioration of the value of property on the other.

Therefore, the following general factors should be considered while selecting a

site for building construction.

A. PURPOSE OF BUILDING

This is the most important factor to consider before purchasing or selecting a

site for residential purpose. The site should be selected keeping in view the
general scope or the purpose of building and on the basis of extent or privacy
required.

B. SCALE

The scale or size of the proposed project should relate to the

level of need for the housing identified, as well as to the capacity of the
organization to develop and/or manage the property. Scale also should be
“contextual,” meaning the project should be consistent with the height and
density of the surrounding buildings. Determining the number of units also
could be based on the degree of community support for the project. The project
architect can help determine the maximum allowable development area (based
on zoning and floor area ratios), as well as the appropriate scale for the
identified neighborhood.

C. AVAILABLE FACILITIES

The plot should be in a locality where the various facilities as mentioned below
are available.

 Community services such as police and fire protection, clearing of waste

and street cleaning

 Utility services such as water supply, gas, electricity, and drainage

 Amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries, recreation, telephone, etc

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  Shopping facilities

 Means of transportation

D. GOVERNMENT LAWS

A site which comes within the limits of an area where the by-laws of the local
authority enforce restrictions regarding proportions of plots to be built up,
vacant spaces to be left in front and sides, heights of buildings, etc., should be
preferred.

E. TERRAIN CONDITION

The site should be situated on an elevated place and also leveled with uniform
slopes from one end to the other so as to provide good and quick drainage of
rain water.

F. TYPE OF GROUND SOIL

The ground soil of the site should be good enough to provide economical
foundations for the intended building without causing and problems.
Generally, for most satisfactory constructions, the site should have rock, sand
or dense soil below 60 to 120 cm layer of light soil or even black cotton soil.

G. NATURAL LIGHT & AIR

The location of the site should be such as to ensure unobstructed natural light
and air.

H. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

The site should be available in a locality where natural beauty and man-made
environment create healthy living and working conditions. Environment also
affected by nearest factories, kiln etc: so these thing also need to be considered.

I. LEGAL & FINANCIAL ASPECTS

The legal and financial aspects, which dictate upon ownership rights and the
costs, should be given due consideration before the purchase of a plot.

J. OTHER FACTORS

A site should be abandoned under adverse circumstances such as unhealthy,

noisy or crowded localities; immediate neighborhood or rivers carrying heavy
floods, badly maintained drains; reclaimed soils or water logged areas, subject
to submergence or settlement and; industrial vicinity having smoke and
obnoxious odors.

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 7.SELECTED SITE FOR DESIGN
To overcome the housing demand of 280 families, we need to select appropriate and
sustainable site based on selection procedure and program formulated.
Considering all those factors, opportunities and possibilities, we have picked up three
different sites. First, around shiva dhara area, second around the shanti chowk(ward
no.-16) and third one is in the panbari site.

Fig: 16.housing proposed site in dharan

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 SITE 1

Figure 17.site near shivadhara

PROS

 Peaceful area to build residence being far from central commercial area.

 Nearer to the dense ward of Dharan.

 Easy access and good availability of other services.

 Availability of water resources.

CONS

 Extension of road may cause threat.

 Construction cost will be high.

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 SITE 2

Figure 18.site neardeurali

PROS

 Peaceful area to build residence being far from central commercial area.

 Nearer to the dense ward of Dharan.

 Easy access and availability of other services.

 Future expandable.

CONS

 Extension of road may cause threat.

 Nearer to river side may result landslide.

 Construction cost will be high.

 Negative impact on environment due to deforestation.

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 SITE 3

Figure 19.site in ward 16

PROS
 Peaceful area to build residence being far from central commercial area.

 Flat land.

 Nearer to the dense ward of Dharan.

 Easy access and good availability of other services.

 Construction cost will be low.

CONS

 Extension of road may cause threat.

 Agricultural degradation.

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 8. REFERENCE
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289294652_Housing_affordab
ility_A_literature_review
2. https://www.academia.edu/12977576/research_proposal_for_housing_p
roblem_in_Harar_city
3. http://www.dharan.gov.np/
4. https://cbs.gov.np/

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