SUBJECT

SUBJECT –
– URBAN
URBAN AND
AND REGIONAL
REGIONAL PLANNING
PLANNING UNIT-
UNIT- II
(( SUBJECT
SUBJECT CODE
CODE :: 69653
69653 ))

Shashikant M. Phadtare
Assistant Professor,
D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Architecture, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra
Email: smphadtare@yahoo.com,
 Syllabus
SUBJECT: URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (Sub. Code:-69653)

Lectures – 02Hrs Theory - 100 Marks

Studio - 03 Studio Internal - 50 Marks
Paper - 01 External - -----
Duration - 03 Hrs Total Marks- 150 Marks

• This course in proposed to impart preliminary training for environmental and city planning. The process of
town planning factors affecting city planning and procedures involved, to understand bow farsighted city
planning will meet present as well as future social, cultural and economical requirements.
• A general understanding of Town Planning principles which have evolved through ages. Evolution of Town
Planning thought with special reference to India.
• Objects of planning, human settlements, Town Planning as an inter disciplinary process, Contemporary
planning concepts, Geddes, Howard, Doxiadis, Perry; Le Corbusier etc. Regional Plans, Development Plans,
Urban and Rural Housing Programmes, Legislative, Administrative and "fiscal measures, Zoning and other
regulations. Land-use maps topography, influences of climate on town planning. Infrastructure in city
planning traffic census, classification of roads, road layouts,widths, junctions, flyover bridges, and various
road patterns for vehicles and pedestrian traffic.
• Introduction of M. R. T.P. Act, 1966 and Town Planning Act, 1954.

• Planning for villages and Rural areas .

References Books
Sr. Name of the Book Author Publisher
No

1 Text Book of Town Planning Abir Bandopadhyay Aruna Ben

2 Fundamentals of Town
Planning
3 Human Settlement –Planning
Guide to Beginners
(ISBN-81-7525-686-9)
4 Urban Pattern
(Reprinting 2000) Cop Right
1986 by Van Nos Trand
Reinhold Comp. Inc USA
5 History of World Civilization
(ISBN-81-219-0543-5)
Books & Allied Privated
Ltd,8/1 Chintamani Das
Lane Kolkata 700009
G.R. Hiraskar Dhanapat Rai,
Publications New Delhi
110002
Dr. Thooyavan M.A. Publication
Amaravatinagar
Arymbakkam Chennai
600106
Arthur B. Gallion CBS Publishers &
Simaon Eisner Distributor Darayaganj
New Delhi 110004
J. S. Swain Chand & Company
Ramnagar New Delhi
110055
Introduction :
Good Morning , hearty and warm welcome to you , the students of fourth year class .Hope you
all are safe secured and fresh . We are meeting after three months of lockdown and recent
unlock period I also welcome you for the first time in the fourth year class . You have just
completed three years of B.Arch and also completed six semesters which means you are 60%
Architects . Now in VII semester we will be discussing the subject of “ URBAN AND REGIONAL
PLANNIING “ . I would like to invite your attention to the subject “ HUMAN SETTLEMENT” AND “
HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION” . which you learnt and studied in the first year. You have dealt with
certain aspects of Human settlement, cultural and civilisation aspects and Architectural aspects
of man’s living . Food , Shelter, Clothing and now in 21 st Century Environment are major and
basic requirements of a man. Right from the beginning of human settlement still these
requirements stand as major needs of a man. In 21st Century as situation stands today we have
become Global. Great transformation has taken place today since Independence (1947).
During last 60 to70 years our population has increased from about 36 crores to 122 crores in
2011 . Great advancements have taken place, in the field of science & technology, especially
Software technology. In this we have made tremendous mark in European countries. We have
also entered a Space Age. It would therefore be interesting for us to take conscious cognizance
of the happenings in the intervening period which is a subject matter of Urban and regional
Planning . In today's lecture I would be touching the following Introductory dimensions of this
subject in following sequence
1) Relevance , Importance and Context of the subject in the present Scenario
2) Outline of Origin of and History of Settlement in brief .
3) Ancient Planning period and Vedic planning period in the context of India .
(II) Relevance , Importance and Context of the subject in the present Scenario
Today we belong to 21st Century and have become global .
Indias Population on the day of Independence ( 15 th August 1947 ) was 36 crores and in 2011 it
became 122 crores
Following table gives us statistics about total population , decadal growth rate of India ,
Maharashtra and our local city – Kolhapur

Year Total Population &Decennial Growth Rates

INDIA GROWTH MAHARAS GROWTH KOLHAPUR GROWTH

MILLION RATE % HTRA RATE % MILLION RATE %
MILLION
Year
1961 439.2 +21.51% 39.6 +23.6% 01.60 +22.05%
MILLION
1971 548.2 +24.80% 50.40 +27.45 02.05 +28.28%
1981 685.2 +25.00% 62.80 +24.54% 02.51 +22.38%
1991 846.3 +23.85% 78.90 +25.73% 02.99 +16.16%
2001 1028.7 +21.54% 96.90 +22.73% 03.52 +15.14%
2011 1210.2 +17.64% 112.40 +15..99% 03.87 +9.96%
•India is world’s largest Democratic Country and second largest most populous country in the
world next to China
•As we have become Global, it would be interesting to note growth of world population and pace
at which how addition of Hundred crore population has taken place since World population
became 100 crores for the first time
CENTENARY GROWTH OF WORLD POPULTAION
SR NO. YEAR POPULATION OF THE WORLD NO.OF YEARS

1 1804 100 CRORES -

2 1927 200 CRORES 123 YEARS
3 1960 300 CRORES 33 YEARS
4 1974 400 CRORES 14 YEARS
5 1987 500 CRORES 13 YEARS
6 1999 600 CRORES 12 YEARS
7 2011 700 CRORES 12 YEARS

It could be seen that pace at which acceleration of growth of world population

has taken place is at amazing & alarming rate .
•India accounts for about 17.4 percent of world population on about 2 percent of
geographical area of the world
• More than 50 percent of world population is living in towns and cities today.
Incase of India this percentage is about 31% to 32%. Incase of if Maharashtra it
is betwenn 45 and 46 percent. Maharashtra is second most Urbanised state in
India as per 2011 Census
•More than 50 percent of India’s total population falls within 25 years Age Group – young
India
•Environmental conditions are not good and degrading every year because of which climate
change has been observed in recent decade quite prominently
• Architecture deals with buildings and quality of living. It has very much closely related to
the Planning and Design of the Buildings .
• We see today that million plus cities are growing at fiercely alarming rate of growth.
Density of Population has become matter of great concern .
• Growth of slums in Mumbai, Pune, New Delhi, Thane, Bangalore and Kolkata is a matter
of great worry and slums are becoming origin of several diseases and epidemics nowadays.
This has been evidenced during Lock in Period on account of Covid-19 affecting slums like
Dharavi in case of Mumbai and other slums in all the cities mentioned. Building Density is
also matter of great concern. It is interesting to note during present Pandemic situation, that
rural settlements with less population size and low density of Population and open form of
development have given fascinating performance and responded well to fight Corona virus .
• In the context of the situation mentioned above government today are focusing on smart
city smart village development, Swacchata Abhiyan Programme, Housing for all (Prime
Ministers Housing Programme ). Heritage Conservation Programme and recent emphasis is
on Rurban Development that is Integrated Rural and Urban Development
• All above mentioned observations establishes relevance , importance and context of the
study of our subject .
III) OUTLNE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND HSITORY OF THE HUMAN
SETTLEMENT IN BRIEF

Dear students you had a grand opportunity to study the subject of “HUMAN
SETTLEMENT AND HISTORY OF CIVILISATION” in the first Year. However as pointed
out earlier present scenario drives us to have more deeper look into the subject of
HUMAN SETTLEMENT –Urban and Rural .
Origin of the Human settlement has been mysterious and curious subject
matter to research scholars who are still following the course of further investigations.
In his book “Human Settlement & History of World Civilisation” J,S. Swain has indicated
existence of living organism to as back as 4.6 billion years ago. In some other writings
appearance of a man has been traced back to 13 million years. It is also important to
note that during such deep Ancient Times man was totally illiterate and his life has been
nomadic. There is therefore no possibility or availability of and written record of
happenings during such periods. Such a period before invention of written history is
described as prehistoric period
IV) STUDY OF HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS :
Study of evolution of Human settlements has therefore to be done in two parts – During
Pre-Historic Period and Historic Period .
A) Prehistoric Period is subclassified as under : -
1. PREHISTORIC PERIOD 2. Palaeolithic era 3 Neolithic era (1580
(About 300000 BC BC to 4000 BC)
Eolithic era ((Ston to 15000 BC) New Stone Age
Age) (About 3 million years)  Old stone age
Metal Age - copper
 Scant evidence  Main occupation –
bronze & iron, varied
 Stone used for pounding –rounded hunting ,
implements
on one side and chipped off on other wandering Domestication of
side Nomadic life
animals
 Thick forest and barbaric way of life  Lived in Caves and Fashioned clothes of
stage . on tress
skin of animals
 Wild animals  Fisherman
 Rainfall regularly, no water problem  Use of stone tools
and Household
utensils

B) HISTORIC PERIOD : -
Broadly Considering the availability of Written records and findings & observations of the
Archeological Surveys and Studies, this period is considered by and large since River
Valley Civilisation Period . Vedic Planning Period in Indian Context is Separately
Considered in Our Study.
( V ) STUDY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DURING HISTORIC PLANNING
PERIOD
1. Historic planning periods are considered for the purposes of study in following manner and
sequence as far as possible -
a) River Valley civilisation
* Indus River Valley Civilisation ( 2500 BC to 5000 BC )
* Tigris Euphrates River valley civilisation ( Babylon and Sumerian Culture 1200 BC to 3000
BC )
* Nile river valley Civilisation ( 3000 BC to 4000 BC )
* Hoang – ho – Yangtzekiang ( Yellow river ) Chang Community 1500 BC
b) Greek period ( 7th Cen BC to 6th Cen BC )
c) Roman Period ( 6th Cen BC to 5th Cen AD )
d) Dark Ages period about ( 500 AD to 1000 AD )
e) Medieval Period (10th cent to 15th Cen )
f) Renaissance ( 1500 AD to 1600 AD )
g) Baroque Period (1600 AD to 1700 AD )
h) Industrial Revolution period ( 17th Cen AD to 19th Cen AD )
i) Modern period of Planning
( Ebenezer Howard , Patrick Geddes - 1915 AD – and after)
j) Ultra Modern Period (Post 1980 Period and 21st Century)
( Technology Revolution , Information and Software technology , Environmental protection act
1986 , Economic liberalisation policy, globalisation , SEZ , New towns and New Township
Concepts 21st Cen. and onwards )
VI ) ANCIENT PLANNING AND VEDIC PLANNING PERIOD IN INDIA ( 15000 BC to 3500 BC )

1) Indian ( Hindu culture ) developed in India during 1500 BC to 3500 BC and was centred
around dour vedas viz. Rig , Sam , Yajur , Atharv
2) Vedas divided into vedant , Upanishads and Puranas
3) Four Ages ( Yugas) Satyayuga , Tretayuga , Dwaparyuga , Kalyuga
4) Ramayan war took place around 12000 BC , Mahabharata around 3000 BC – 3100 BC
according to Aryabhatta
5) Indus plane was secured and safe
6) Treatises on Town Planning – MANSARA ( Vastushastra ) and Mayamanta – Layout of
Towns and Forts
7) Planning of Lakes , Ponds and Tanks concern for Food Fuel and Fodder, Shilp Shasta
8) Knowledge of Arithmetic's and Geometry Ramp, Circle , helical coil , Use of coinage ,
development of wheels, use of metals, Art of expression , representation and knowledge
and exhibition of Architecture and planning techniques .
9) Indus River Valley Civilisation – High-Tech and Most Advanced Technology – classical
example of Mohenjodaro and harrapa
10) Imp periods in Indian History
i)Buddhist period corresponds to Greek Period of Europe – 4 th cent BC – Alexander's
invasion on India – Gandharva school developed in India and commercial link with Greeks
& Greek Cities – Trade & Commerce.
ii)Mauryan Period ( 342 BC to 187BC ) King Chadragupata Maurya– Great warrior and
mighty & Brave King, Kautilya (Prime minister) Chanakya
Town planning was noteworthy
11) Political Instability period of 500 years
a) Government admin, Town and Country Planning and Housing Programmes ,
Temples Markets, Godowns were systematically organised. Dams constructed. City
located at central location in the region
b) Moats around beyond wall of the town
c) One well per 10 houses
d) Samrat Ashoka ( 273 BC to 236 BC ) Mauryan empire reached its maximum glory
– Kalinga war – Buddhism accepted construction of Buddha Viharas
e) Gupta Period – King Vikramaditya ( 5th century AD ) – Hinduism revived ( 5th
century AD , Art and Architecture ) made marks, Caves of Ajanta and Ellora Iron
Pillar near Qutub Minar at Delhi . 5th Cen AD
f) Kalidasa ( Sanskrit reached its glory ) – Meghdoot
g) Cities Flourished into a great centres of learning and culture examples Ujjain ,
Patliputra , Mathura , Sharavati
h) Fa Hein world traveller visisted India
i) Economy of India was strong and govt. was liberal
j) Vastu shastra Various shapes of towns and villages during Vedic Period –
Dandka, Nandyavarta, Sarvatobhadra,Prastara ,Chaturmukha, Padmaka, Swastika,
Karmuka
It would be evident from the discussions that Town Planning is not new to us for eg.
Ayodhya , patliputra , Takshilla , Nalanda world famous examples
However in the present situation in the 21 st century we have to acquaint and have still
more better look and understand how changes in human settlements – urban and rural
both have taken place in course of time during different historical periods .
( VII ) IMPORTANT GLIMPSES OF PRESENT URBANISATION SCENARIO IN OUR
COUNTRY AND STATE (2011)
1) Percentage of Urban Population in the country has increased from 11% in 1901 to
31.6% in 2011 we are leading towards urban India in coming 2 to 3 decades
2) Unprecedented pace of Urbanization in total urban population in the country. Share of
class one cities (population of 1lakh and above) has increased from 26% to 64% in 1991
and is expected to be 70% in 2011 in Maharashtra. Percentage of urban population is
about 45% to 46% in 2011 second most urbanised state in India
3) It is said that in the year about 2050 50 % of total population would be Urban and rest
50 % will be population living in villages in India – Balance of Urban and Rural Population
in the Country
4) In Maharashtra 80 percent of total URBAN population live in class one cities
5) Mumbai Pune Corridor would roughly account for 40% to 50% total Urban population in
the state. Total population of Maharashtra as per 2011 census is about 11 to 12 crores
6) Greater Mumbai and Suburban district of Mumbai and nearby Municipal Corporation
Cities like Thane, Kalyan – Dombivli , Ulhasnagar, Bhivandi, Mirya-Bhaindar , Vasai-Virar
and Panvel, Navi Mumbai account for about 50 % to 60% of total urban population in the
state.
 Urban And Regional Planning (S.C- 69653)
Unit No-I
Assignment -I
Q. n. – 1 “Town Planning is not new to Indians”- Discuss

Q. n. -2 How were the living condition of the people in the

primitive days (Prehistoric Period)?
Q. N. 3 Explain vedic planning Practices with relevant sketches

Q. N. 4 Illustrate different types of forms and shapes of Towns

during vedic period with neatly drawn sketches.