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CONTENT STANDARD:
The learner demonstrates understanding of:
key concepts of functions.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
The learner is able to:
accurately construct mathematical models to represent real-life situations
using functions.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
define functions
solve and graph involving functions
cite examples involving functions in real life problems.
Let’s
suppose you want to sit on the other side of the seesaw to balance the girl. If you
are heavier than the girl, where would you sit? will you sit nearer the end part of the
seesaw to balance the girl. If you are heavier than the girl, where would you sit? will
you sit nearer the end part of the seesaw or farther from the end? Now, let’s
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The idea of relation is helpful to situations in life. this is clear in the expression we often
hear. Let’s say for instance:
1. Our barangay basketball team defeated the other barangay team.
2. To balance the seesaw, one’s position from the support will depend on his
weight.
3. The price of our commondities increases for every additional kid in the family.
4. Family expenses increase for every additional kid in the family.
5. the deepness or depth of the water affects weed pollution.
As you have noticed, the situations above suggest pairs. Let us consider the
illustration below:
Each number in the first column is paired with the corresponding number at the
right side. there is a one-to-one correspondence. Thus, a relation suggests pairing of
objects or numbers. Representations to this is called mapping. This means that the first
object or quantity is paired with its corresponding pair. Consider the above illustrations
as paired (time of day, no. of buyers)
8-10 34
10-12 19
1-3 47
3-5 54
5-7 68
FIGURE 2.0
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Such numbers suggest for what time should the owner hire the most number of
workers? What time should the owner hire the least number of workers in the store?
Illustration
Enrollment Count Number of Faculty
800 30
950 45
1060 54
? 57
If the administrator wants to have one teacher for every thirty students, should
she accept more or less students this year? Mapping the illustration above means the
figure bellow:
800 30
950 45
1060 54
? 57
Figure 1.0
Moreover, a relation could be mathematically represented as set of ordered pair
of (x,y). Take Illustration 1 as (time of day, number of buyer). If we denote Q = (time of
day, number of buyers), Then correspondingly, we get the set f ordered pairs Q as:
Consider the following table. Fill in the table based on the relation stated.
1. Mr. Cruz plans to raise chickens. He wants to have the chickens for 10 weeks
only. The feeds cost P15.00 per chicken. Establish the relation on the number of
chickens and the cost of the feeds:
No. of chicken Cost of feeds
1 15
2 30
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
D. How much is the cost of feeds for five chickens? for ten chickens?
E. What can you say about the relation on the number of chickens and the cost of feeds
on Mr. Cruz’s plan in raising chicken?
MARYKNOLL SCHOOL OF STO. TOMAS, INC.
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2. Here are two sets: A={ January , February , March , April , … ., December }
B= { 30,31 }
List all the pairs in the relations: (month, has 31 days), and (month, has 30 days).
3. A man borrowed P10,000 at the rate 8% annual interest. He agrees to pay the
borrowed amount plus the interest until the loan is paid.
a. Complete the table.
Time in Years Interest Amount to be paid
1
2
3
4
Assignment
1. A= 3x2+4x-2
4
2. y= 2
x −36
3. 7=|x−5|
4. y=x-7
14
5. y=
( x−5 ) (x +4)
LESSON NO. 1A. DEFINITION OF FUNCTION
We are done with understanding a relation. This time, let us move forward to
understanding fucntion. What is function? a function is a special relation. It is therefore
a relation which defines that, for each first coordinate x in the ordered pair (x,y), there is
exactly one second coordinate y that is paired to it. This means that for a set of every x
element, there is a corresponding y element: (x,y). This condition also set x to be
unique. Uniqueness means, the value of x must be one and only one for any ordered
pair. It is special relation because the x element is unique. This means that an x
element should have one and only one unique element in y, meaning the x element
should not be have more than one value for every y element.
Whenever the value of x becomes more than one then, it is not anymore a
function. It is only a plain relation.
Only a relation not a function A relation and a function
Looking at the example, the left diagram is not a function since 3 is not unique.
There are two values 3 in the first coordinate. The right diagram is a function since all
first coordinates are unique.
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Illustration 1.
The following are relations at the same time functions:
Representation of a function:
A function is represented by y=40x, where x is the number of hours and y is the salary
in pesos:
Using a table.
No. of hours work 8 12 16 20 24
Salary ( in pesos) 320 480 640 800 960
By mapping
8
320
12
480
16
640
20
800
24
960
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Here, it is noted that 8 and 24 are paired to 7, 12 and 16 are paired to 21. This
Illustrates the many – to – one correspondence.
Test I.
Determine whether the given set of ordered pairs defines a plain relation or a function.
Write PR if it is only a plain relation and F if it is a function.
Ordered Pairs F
or
PR
2.
First element Second element
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.
First element Second element
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4.
First element Second element
1.
2.
3.
5.
First element Second element
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MARYKNOLL SCHOOL OF STO. TOMAS, INC.
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2.
3.
4.
MARYKNOLL SCHOOL OF STO. TOMAS, INC.
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LESSON NO. 1B. TESTING A RELATION IF IT’S A FUNCTION OR NOT
Testing a relation if it is a fucntion: The vertical line test
We can determine whether a relation is a function or not by using the vertical
line test. How do we do it?
Illustration
Consider the graph in the blue figure below. Using the vertical line test, how
many points of intersections do the vertical line and graph have?
Given the graphs below, pass a vertical line to each of the graph
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
Illustration 1.
Simply, let us define y as a function of x. let y=2x+1
If we let values of x equal to 2,4,6 and 8 and substitute them in x in the following table of
values to equation y=2x+1, we have
X 2 4 6 8
Y 7 9 13 17
Illustration 2.
If we let y=f(x), define f(x)=x2-4, then we could have the following evaluations:
f(2)=22-4=4-4=0
f(-2)=-22-4=4-4=0
f(3)=32-4=9-4=5
3
f(1/2)=(1/2)2-4=-15/4 or -3
4
f(0)= 02-4=0-4=-4
or this could be the following table of values:
x 2 -2 3 1/2 0
F(x) 0 0 5 -15/4 or -3 3/4 -4
a. y=3x-2
X 0 -1 -2 -3 1
Y
b. y=x3+1
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y
c. y=(x-1)2+2
X -1 -2 3 4 -4
Y
f(-1)= _____________________________________
f(-2)= _____________________________________
f(3)= _____________________________________
f(4)= _____________________________________
f(-4)=_____________________________________
3. The salary is dependent on the number of hours worked. If the rate per hour is
P50. Fill in the table. (salary =no. of hours worked x P50)
No. of hours 10 20 30 40 50
worked (x)
Salary (y)
b. y=2x2+4
X 1 2 3 4 5
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Y
c. y=(x-1)3-5
Definitions
a. the sum of f and g, denoted by f+g is the function (f+g) (x) = f(x) +g (x)
b. the difference of f and g, denoted by f – g is the function (f-g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
c. the product of f and g , denoted by f∙ g is the function (f∙g) (x) = f(x)∙ g(x)
d. the quotient of f and g, denoted by f/g is the function (f/g) (x) = f(x)/g(x)
Illustration 1
if f and g are functions defined by
f(x)=3x+5 and g(x) = x+7
then f(x) +g(x) = 3x+5+x+7 =4x+12
f(x) – g(x) = 3x+5 –(x+7) = 3x+5 –x -7 = 2x-2
f(x)∙ g(x)= 3x2+26x+35
3 x +5
f(x)/ g(x) =
x +7
Illustration 2
Let f(x) = x-6, find
a. f(3) b. f(-2)
Solution:
a. f(3) = 3-6 = -3
b. f(-2) = -2 -6 = -8
c. f(a+2) = a+2 -6 = a-4
Illustration 3
If f and g are functions defined by
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22+5 ( 2 ) +6 20
f(2) / g(3) = = =2
(3+7) 10
I. Fill in the blanks with the value of the given function when the function is
evaluated at a certain value of the independent variable.
1. f(x)=3x-5
a. f(4)=3() –()=______________________
b. f(-3)=3()-()=______________________
c. f(p)=3()-()=_______________________
d. f(m+1)=3()-()=____________________
2. f(x)=2x2-x
a. f(1/2) =2 ( )2-1( )=______________
b. f() =2 ()2-() =___________________
c. f(1-x) = 2 ()2-()=________________
d. f(x2-3x)= -3 ( )2 – ( )=__________
II. Evaluate the following:
1. h(x) = -2x2-5x
a. h(-4) =
b. h (-2)=
c. h(x-1)=
d. h(1.5)=
2. g (t) =2t
a. g (-1)=
b. g(0)=
c. g (a-1)=
d. g(-3)=
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3. f(x)=-x2+4x+3
a. f(u-1)=
b. f(1/4)=
c. f(-3)=
d. f(-1)=
b. g(7)-h(-2)=
c. f(-1/2)-g(-1/4)=
d. h(-1)+g(2)-f(-1/4)=
e. h(x)/g(x)=
f ( x )+ g ( x)
f. =¿
h(x)
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Solution:
a. f ∘ g = f (g(x)) =4 (3x-2)-1
= 12x – 8 – 1
= 12x – 9
b. g ∘ f = g(f(x)) = 3 (4x-1)-2
= 12x-3-2
= 12x -5
Illustration 2
g(f(x))= 2(3x2+5x-2)-3
= 6x2+10x-4-3 = 6x2+10x-7
b. f(g(2))+f(3).g(2)
solution:
1. f(g(2)) =3x2+5x-2
= 3(g(2)2+5(g(2)-2
= 3(1)2+5(1)-2
= 3+5-2 =6
2. f(3)= 3(3)2+5(3)-2
=3(9)+15-2= 27+15-2 =40
3. g(2)= 2(2)-3
= 4-3
=1
Therefore, f(g(2)) +f(3) . g(2) = 6+40 × 1 = 6+40 = 46
Illustration 3
Given h(x)= 5x2-3x+4, g(x) = -3x+1 and f(x) =-x-1, find,
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a. g(f(g(2)))=
Solution:
g(f(g(x))) = g(f(-(-3x+1)-1)
= g (3x-1-1))
= -3(3x-2)+1
= -9+7
So, g(f(g(2))) = -9(2)+7 =-18 +7 = -11
b. f ∘ h ∘ g = f(h(g(x)))
Solution: Determine first (h(g(x)) before f(h(x)).
Here, we have h(g(x)) as:
5(-3x+1)2 -3 (-3x+1) +4 = 5 (9x2-6x+1) +9x-3 +4
= 45x2-30x+5+9x-3+4
= 45x2-21x+6
Then we solve for f(h(x) = -(45x2-21x+6)-1
= -45x2+21x-7
c. f ∘ h ∘ g (-2)
Solution: From the expression derived in b, let us substitute the value of x= -2.
Thus, we have:
f ∘ h ∘ g (-2) = -45 (-2)2+21 (-2) -7
= -45 (4) -42 -7
= -180 -49
= -229
d. g ∘ h ∘ f (-1)
Solution: Determine first (h(f(x)) before g(h(x)).
Here, we have h(f(x)) as:
5(-x-1)2-3(-x-1) +4 = 5(x2+2x+1) +3x +3 +4
= 5x2+10x+5 +3x+7
= 5x2+13x+12
Then we solve for g(h(x) = -3 (5x2+13x+12) +1
= -15x2-39x -36 +1
= -15x2-39x-35
From the expression -15x2-39x-35, let us substitute the value of x = -1. Thus. we
have:
= -15 (-1)2-39(-1) -35
= -15 (1)+39 -35 =-15 +4 = -11
Illustration 4
Given h(s) = 5s2-3x+4, g(s) =-3s+1 and f(s) = -s-1, find,
a. h ∘ (g ∘ f (-2))
Solution:
Determine first (g(f(x)) before h(g(x)).
Here, we have g(f(x)) as:
-3(-s-1) +1 = 3s+3+1
= 3s +4
Then we solve for h(g(x) = 5(3s+4)2-3(3s+4)+4
= 5(9s2+24s+16) -9s-12+4
= 45s2+120s++80-9s-8
= 45s2+111s+72
From the expression 45s2+111s+72, let us substitute the value of x=-2. thus we
have:
= 45(-2)2+111(-2)+72
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= 45(4)-222+72
= 180-222+72
= -42+72
= 30
TEST I
1. Given : f(x)= 2x2-x+1 and h(x)=x-7, find the following:
a. f ∘ h=
b. h ∘ h ∘ f =
c. f ∘ f =
d. h ∘ f ∘ h =
e. f ∘ h=
2. Given g(x)=-5x2-4 h(x) = -3x -8
a. g(-3)+g(3) –g(4)=
b. h(-2)-h(-1)=
c. g(-3)+h(6)-2g(-1)=
d. h(3)-g(2)+4h(-2)=
e. 2h(-4)-5g(1)=
3. Given h(s) = -s2-3, g(s) =3s2 and f(s)= s+1
a. g(f(g(-2)))=
b. h ∘ f ∘ g=
c. g ∘ h ∘ f (-4)=
d. h ∘ g ∘ f (2)=
e. g ∘ (h ∘ f(1))=
TEST II
1
1. Given: f(x)= x-1 and g(x) = 3x-4, find the following:
2
a. f ∘ g=
b. g ∘ g=
c. f ∘ f=
d. g o f ∘ g=
e. g ∘ f=
2. Given f(x)= -x2-4 g(x)=5x-7
a. f(-2) + f(3)-f(-3)=
b. g(4) – f(-1)=
c. f(-4)+g(-3)-2f(3)=
d. g(1)-f(-1)+4g(-2)=
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e. 2 g (-3) -2 g(4)=
b. g ∘ h ∘ f=
c. f ∘ h ∘ g (-1)=
d. g ∘ h ∘ f=
e. h ∘ g (4) + f(-2)=
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Illustration 1.
Suppose that y is the area of the square given as function: y=s x s ( s as the side of the
square). the table below defines its corresponding values.
x (cm) 2 4 6 8 10
y (cm2) 4 16 36 64 100
The illustration above tells you that for every given side of the square, the area
(y) is simply its square.
Illustration 2
The plane descends at the rate of 320 feet per minute. Now (at time zero), the
height if 15,000 feet. Completing the table below defines a function of distance =320 x
time + 15000. The time past is assigned as negative values wile the time to happen is
assigned as positive. Completing the table, we have:
Time (x-minutes) -2 -1 0 1 2
Height (y-feet) 14360 14680 15,000 15320 15640
Illustration 3
The employee’s salary is dependent on the number of hours he works. The
company offers P150 per hour. Here, y as a salary is a function of no. of hours (x) of
work where y=150x. The table below gives us the values of the corresponding salary
based from the number of hours worked.
Hours worked (x) 12 24 36 48 60
Salary P1,800 P3,600 P5,400 P7,200 P9,000
The function implies that the longer number of hours worked, the greater salary.
MARYKNOLL SCHOOL OF STO. TOMAS, INC.
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Test I
1. The perimeter P of the quadrilateral is given by P =S1+S2+S4.. Fill in the values
based from the defined functions as P is a function of the sides.
S1 (cm) S2 (cm) S3 (cm) S4(cm) P(cm)
2 3 5 4
5 4 3 2
8 6 4 5
4 4 3 3
2. If f is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and C is the temperature in degrees
Celsius, then F=9/5 C + 32. F is a function of C. Fill in the values based from the
defined functions.
Degrees Celsius Degrees Fahrenheit
10°C
30°C
60°C
90°C
120°C
5. The simple interest I on P pesos at the rate R per year for a T years is I=PRT.
Find I, given P and R.
I P (PESOS) R (PER YEAR) T (YEAR)
150,000 0.21 2
230,000 0.18 4
350,000 0.15 6
420,000 0.16 8
TEST II
1. In a fuel efficiency problem, the function D=MG, where M miles, per gallon G and
D as the distance. Find the distance given M and G.
M G D
325 27
405 32
700 46
650 40
712 47
2. The required time for a falling object to increase its velocity is given by V F=V0 +
32t. Given the V0 as 24 ft/sec, compute final velocity Vf.
t (seconds) Vf
3
6
9
12
15
1
5. The area of the triangle is a function of its height as A= bh. Given b as 3.5cm,
2
Find the corresponding area of the triangle with the given height
Height A(cm2)
1.5
3.25
4.0
5.3
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REFERENCE: