Op amp (operational amplifiers)

Introduction:
The summing amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the standard
inverting operational amplifier configuration. As its name suggests, the
“summing amplifier” can be used for combining the voltage present on
multiple inputs into a single output voltage. We saw previously in the inverting
operational amplifier that the inverting amplifier has a single input voltage,
(Vin) applied to the inverting input terminal. If we add more input resistors to
the input, each equal in value to the original input resistor, Rin we end up with
another operational amplifier circuit called a summing amplifier, "summing
inverter" or even a “voltage adder” circuit.
The output voltage, (Vout) now becomes proportional to the sum of the input
voltages.
Objectives:
1- Examine an adder by measurement.
2- Examine the differential amplifier for common mode rejection by
measurement.
Apparatus and components
1. Power supply DC sources.
2. Digital Multi-meter (DMM).
3. Potentiometers (1K Ω, 10K Ω).
4. Op-Amp.
5. Resisters (100Ω, 470 Ω, 1K Ω, 10K Ω, 22K Ω).
6. Training boards, wires and connectors.
Experimental procedure:
Part One: op-amp serving as adder
With an adder multiple analog voltages could be summed up with respect to
their algebraic sign. Basically adder also could be set-up with resistors.
However, a disadvantage would be that the input resistors could not be
decoupled. And the following picture represents a state of what we connect:
Procedures:
1- Set-up the circuit as the following circuit:

2- We adjust the input voltage to VE2=2V, and the input voltage VE1 is
according to the table below and measure with the multimeter each
output voltage and repeat using VE2=-2V and fill your results in a table
as the following table:
3- Then repeat all measuremet with RE1=4.7K.
10 8 6 4 2 0 VE1 RE1

-12.18 -10.12 -8.03 -6.02 -3.99 -2.08 UA at KΩ 10

UE2 = 2V

-8.06 -6.06 -3.93 -1.905 0.023 1.965 UA at

UE2 = -2V

-12.9 -12.9 -12.9 -10.73 -6.57 -2.08 UA at KΩ 4.7

UE2 = 2V

-12.9 -12.9 -11.45 -6.77 -2.455 1.928 UA at

UE2 = -2V

Note: we notice that when RE1=RE2 we add the VE1 to VE2 and then multiply by
negative sign (because we connect the voltages to the negative input of the op-amp)
by the equation that you can see in the conclusion part of this experiment. And when
RE1!=RE2 we use the standard formula without simplification that shown in the
conclusion part of this experiment.

4- Then grapically present the relation of output voltage to input voltage in

a curve as the following graphs:
 4
2
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-4 UA at
-6 UA at
-8
-10
-12
-14

Note: the previous graph present the relation between the output volatge of the op
amp with changing the input volatge UE1 at fixed UE2. And the line that contain
points with shape triangular is the UA at UE2=-2V amd the line that contain points
with shape circle is the UA at UE2=2V. and we notice that the line have slope equal
the -1 because the RR equal the RE1 and RE2.
4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2

-4 UA at
-6 UA at

-8

-10

-12

-14

Note: the previous graph present the relation between the output volatge of the op
amp with changing the input volatge UE1 at fixed UE2. And the line that contain
points with shape triangular is the UA at UE2=-2V amd the line that contain points
with shape circle is the UA at UE2=2V as the previous one. and we notice that the
line have slope equal roughly -2(by naked eye) because the RR not equal RE1 and not
equal RE2.

Questions:
Q1: Input currents IE1 and IE2 have to flow across which resistor?
Answer: IE1 flows across RE1 and IE2 flows through RE2 then the total
current flows through RR.
Q2: What kind of circuits is obtained if one input is connected?
Answer: An inverting Amplifier circuit.

Q3: What is the output voltage if one input current is positive and the
other one negative?
Answer: The output voltage equals to (positive voltage – negative
voltage).

Part Two: The Differential Amplifier

The differential amplifier is considered to be a subtraction element with
amplification. Both input voltages gain with the same amplification factor. For
a good common mode rejection the amplification factors for both inputs have
to be equal. Note: we don’t take the common mode rejection in this
experiment. The circuit that represents this part is as the following circuit:

Test: examine the differential amplifier for common mode rejection by

measurement.
Test proceeding:
1. Set-up the circuit as the following circuit:
 2. measure the output voltage UA for different input voltages VE1 and
VE2 according to the table:
UE1 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10
UA at UE2 6.01 2.01 -1.958 -6.05 -10.01 -12.88
= -4 v
UA at UE2 10.12 6.10 2.162 -2.10 -6.05 -9.83
=0v
UA at UE2 13.98 10.04 6.03 1.939 -1.927 -5.90
=4v
Note: in the previous table we notice that the output voltage of the op
amp in this part equals the UE1-UE2 and then multiply by negative sign.

3. Then graphically represent the relation between output voltage and

input voltages as the following graph:
20

15

10

5 UA at UE2 = -4 v
UA at UE2 = 0 v
0 UA at UE2 = 4 v
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-5

-10

-15

Note: the previous picture that contains three curves that represent the
relation between the output voltages UA with the input voltage UE1 with
different values of UE2.
We notice that the UE2 in this part and in all part of this experiment that
make shifting on the Y-axis by its value as we see in graphs.

Questions:
Q1: When do we obtain a common mode rejection?
Answer: we don’t obtain this thing (common mode rejection) in the lab
and we don’t know what this thing means.
Q2: What circuit is considered to be a differential amplifier?
Answer: A subtraction circuit, obtained as the following circuit:
Q3: What output voltage is obtained when both inputs are supplied?
Answer: Vout = (Vin at the +E pin – Vin at the -E pin)*(RR/RE). as the
equation shown in the conclusion.

Conclusion

 An adder amplifiers circuit is an inverting Amplifier with more

than one input
 The output voltage and current for this particular circuit equals to
the sum of the input voltages and currents respectively put in an
opposite sign.
 For RE1 = RE2 = … = REn = RE ≠ RR it’s obvious that:
UA =-RR/RE * [UE1 + UE2 + … + UEn].
 For RE1 = RE2 = … = REn = RE = RR it’s obvious that:
UE 1 UE 2 UEn
UA =−R R∗( ℜ + ℜ +…+ ℜ )

UA=-[UE1 + UE2 + … + UEn].

 A differential amplifier is considered to be a subtraction element
with amplification.
 A differential amplifier is considered to be in common mode
rejection if the amplification factor for the inputs is the same.
 With subtraction element is RE1 = RE2 = RE and R3 = RR output
voltage UA is:
2∗RR
∗ℜ+ RR
UA = UE ℜ+ RR 1∗RR
−UE ℜ
ℜ
RR
UA = (UE2 - UE1)* ℜ
So when we know the connection of the resistors and the input voltages
then we can get what the output we want to use and we get the suitable
op-amp that will cover the needed thing that we used for.