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𝒗 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) +( )
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒎
𝒗= = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 . = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎 √∈𝒓 √𝟒 𝒔
𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) + ( ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝑯𝒛
𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 × = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛
Cut off wavelength 𝝀𝑪 in the medium can be written as
𝒗 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝝀𝑪 = =
𝒇𝒄 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
= 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
Thus the waves with free space wavelengths shorter than 8 cm
wavelength can be propagated,
𝝀𝒄 = 8 cm
𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = . √( ) +( )
𝟐𝝅√𝝁 ∈ 𝒂 𝒃
𝟏
𝒄= = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎
Here m and n are integers representing TEmn or TMmn modes.
Least values of m and n for TE mode are
m=1 and n=0 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐄𝟏𝟎 mode, which is known as
dominant mode having largest wavelength and lowest cut off
frequency.
Thus,
𝟏
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 √ × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑯𝒛
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛
Option (a)
𝒄
𝒗𝒑 =
𝟐
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 )
𝒇
f > fc
From the above equation. We find
𝒗𝒑 > 𝒄
Phase velocity is the velocity with which wave propagates. Note that
the velocity with which energy propagates in waveguide is less than
phase velocity.
Option (c)
6. The phase velocity for the TE10 mode in an air filled rectangular
waveguide is
(a) Less than c (c) Greater than c
(b) Equal to c (d) None of the above
[GATE 2002: 1 Mark]
Soln. This problem is similar to problem of GATE 2001 (problem 4)
Phase velocity
𝟏
(𝒗𝒑 ) > 𝒄 =
√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎
= 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
Where c is velocity of plane waves in free space
Option (c)
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒐𝒓, 𝒗= = = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝒏 𝟏. 𝟓
𝒗 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒗 = 𝒇𝝀 𝒐𝒓, 𝝀 = = = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟔−𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟐 𝝁𝒎
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒
Option (c)
P: Coaxial Q: Cylindrical
R: Rectangular
(a) Only P has no cut off frequency
(b) Only Q has no cut off frequency
(c) Only R has no cut off frequency
(d) All three have cut off frequency
[GATE 2009: 1 Mark]
Soln. Transmission media such as
(i) Two wire line
(ii) Coaxial line
(iii) Parallel plane waveguide (for TM modes) having two plates as
conductor
These media have no cut off frequency(𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎).The wave propagated
is called principal wave. This is also known as Transverse
Electromagnetic wave (TEM) wave.
Thus, Coaxial line shown in P has no cut off frequency
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎
Cylindrical waveguide shown in figure Q and rectangular waveguide
shown in R, are the single conductor system having cut off frequency,
fc, which depends upon the dimensions of the cross section and
characteristic of the medium in the wave guide.
Option (a)
10. The modes of rectangular waveguide are denoted by TEmn / TMmn when
m and n are Eigen numbers along the larger and smaller dimensions of
the waveguide respectively. Which one of the following statement is true.
(a) The TM10 mode of waveguide does not exist.
(b) The TE10 mode of waveguide does not exist.
(c) The TM10 and TE10 modes both exist and have same cut off frequency.
(d) The TM10 and TE10 modes both exist and have same cut off frequency
[GATE 2011: 1 Mark]
Soln. In a rectangular waveguide the lowest value of m or n for TM mode
is unity So the lowest TM mode is TM11 ( TM01 or TM10 modes do not
exist.)
For TE mode, TE10 and TE01 modes exist.
The lowest order TE mode is TE10 . This mode has the lowest cut off
frequency and is called the dominant mode.
If we look to various options given we find
Option (a)
𝟏 ⁄𝟐
𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = [( ) +( ) ]
𝟐𝝅√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎 𝒂 𝒃
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄𝟐𝟏 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) +( )
𝟐𝝅√𝝁 ∈ 𝒂 𝒃
Thus, it depends on
(i) Dimension a and b of the waveguide
(ii) Dielectric constant of the medium
Thus, option (a) and (b)
𝒄
𝒗𝒑 =
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
Where fc is cut off frequency.
The group velocity 𝒗𝒈 in the guide is related to 𝒗𝒑 and c
𝒗𝒑 . 𝒗𝒈 = 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝟐
𝒗𝒈 = 𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒈 = 𝒄. √𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
𝒗𝒑
𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒈 < 𝒄
Therefore 𝒗𝒈 < 𝒄 < 𝒗𝒑
Thus,
Options (a) and (d)
𝟐𝝅 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝟎
𝝀𝒈 = = =
𝜷 𝟏 − (𝝀𝟎 /𝝀𝑪 )𝟐 √𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
𝜼
𝜼𝑻𝑬 =
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
Where 𝜼 is impedance in free space for TEM waves
Thus,
𝜼𝑻𝑬 > 𝜼
For TM waves
𝒄
=
√𝝁𝒓 ∈𝒓 √𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
Where c is velocity in free space
𝒗𝒑 > 𝒄
Options (a) and (c)
𝒗
𝒇𝒄 =
𝟐𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
= .
√𝝁𝒓 ∈𝒓 𝟐𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
= .
√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎 √∈𝒓 𝟐𝒂
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
=
√𝟒 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛 Option (a)
6. Which one of the following does represent the electric field lines for the
TE02 mode in the cross – section of a hollow rectangular metallic
waveguide?
Y Y
(a) (b)
X X
Y Y
(c) (d)
X X
𝒄 𝒎 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) + ( )
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃
𝒄 𝟑
𝒇𝒄 = .
𝟐 𝒂
𝒄 𝟑
𝑺𝒐, 𝒂 = .
𝟐 𝒇𝒄
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟑
= .
𝟐 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟓
= 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Option (c)
𝜼𝟎
𝜼=
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐
𝑪 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟐𝟎 = √(𝟐) + 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑
𝒄 𝟐 𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
= × = =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝑮𝑯𝒛
So,
𝜼𝟎 𝟑𝟕𝟕
𝜼= =
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 /𝒇)𝟐 √𝟏 − (𝟏𝟎/𝟑𝟎)𝟐
𝜼
= ≅ 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟑
Option (c)
𝒄 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) + ( ) 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 × 𝑯𝒛
𝟏𝟐
= 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛
Option (a)
11. The magnetic field along the propagation direction inside a rectangular
waveguide with the cross section shown in the figure is
𝐻𝑧 = 3 cos(2.094 × 102 𝑥) cos(2.618 × 102 𝑦) cos(6.283 × 1010 𝑡 − 𝛽 𝑧)
The phase velocity vP of the wave inside the waveguide satisfies
1.2 cm
X
3 cm
𝝎 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇= = = 𝟏𝟎 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒎𝝅
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝒂
𝒎 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝒐𝒓, = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟓/𝒎
𝒂 𝝅
𝒏𝝅
= 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝒃
𝒏 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐
= = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑/𝒎
𝒃 𝝅
𝒄 𝒎 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
= √(𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑)𝟐
𝟐
= 16 GHz
The wave with frequency of 10 GHz will not propagate through the
waveguide
Thus phase velocity of wave inside the waveguide will be 0
𝒗𝒑 = 𝟎
Option (d)
12. For a rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions 𝑎 × 𝑏(𝑎 > 𝑏), the
cut – off frequency for the TE11 mode is the arithmetic mean of the cut –
off frequencies for TE10 mode and TE20 mode. If 𝑎 = √5 cm. the value
of b (in cm) is --------.
[GATE 2014: 2 Marks]
Soln. Cut off frequency is given by
𝟏/𝟐
𝒄 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = [( ) +( ) ]
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒃
For TE10 mode, m = 1 and n = 0
𝟏/𝟐
𝒄 𝝅𝟐 𝒄
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟎 = .[ ] =
𝟐𝝅 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂
𝒄 𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝒄
𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝟎 = . √( ) =
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒂
Where
𝟏
𝒄=
√𝝁𝟎 ∈𝟎
Given, 𝒂 = √𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Arithmetic mean
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄 𝟑𝒄
= ( + )=
𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝟒𝒂
𝟏/𝟐
𝒄 𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝟑𝒄
𝒇𝒄 𝟏𝟏 = [( ) + ( ) ] =
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒃 𝟒√𝟓
𝟏/𝟐
𝒄 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝒄
𝒐𝒓, [( ) + ( ) ] =
𝟐 √𝟓 𝒃 𝟒√𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑
𝒐𝒓, [ + 𝟐] =
𝟓 𝒃 𝟐√𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟗
𝒐𝒓, + 𝟐=
𝟓 𝒃 𝟒×𝟓
𝟏 𝟗 𝟏 𝟗−𝟒 𝟓 𝟏
𝒐𝒓, 𝟐
= − = = =
𝒃 𝟐𝟎 𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟒
Or, b = 2 cm
13. The longitudinal component of the magnetic field inside an air – filled
rectangular waveguide made of a perfect electric conductor is given by
the following expression
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 0.1 cos(25𝜋𝑥) cos(30.3 𝜋𝑦) cos(12𝜋 × 109 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) (𝐴/𝑚)
The cross – sectional dimensions of the waveguide are given as a = 0.08
m and b = 0.033 m. The mode of propagation inside the waveguide is
(a) TM12 (c) TE21
(b) TM21 (d) TE12
[GATE 2015: 2 Marks]
Soln. In the problem longitudinal component of magnetic field is given, so
the wave is transverse electric i.e. modes will be of TE type
𝑬𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝒛 ≠ 𝟎
So mode will be TEmn
Given,
a = 0.08m , b = 0.033m
From the given field equation
𝒎𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 𝝅𝒙
𝒂
𝒐𝒓, 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓𝒂
= 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒎
=2
𝒏𝝅
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝒚
𝒃
𝒐𝒓, 𝒏 = (𝟑𝟎. 𝟑) × 𝒃 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑
𝒐𝒓 𝒏=𝟏
So, the mode is
TE21
Option (c)
14. An air – filled rectangular waveguide of internal dimension a 𝑐𝑚 ×
𝑏 𝑐𝑚 (𝑎 > 𝑏) has a cut off frequency of 6 GHz for the dominant TE10
mode. For the same waveguide, if the cutoff frequency of the TM11 mode
is 15 GHz, the frequency of the TE01 mode GHz is ____________
[GATE 2015: 2 Marks]
Soln. Dimensions of waveguide
Wide dimension a cm
Narrow dimension b cm
Cut off frequency (𝒇𝒄 ) = 𝟔 𝑮𝑯𝒛 for dominant mode
For dominant mode cut off wavelength (𝝀𝑪 ) is by 2a
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝝀𝑪𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒐𝒓, 𝝀𝑪𝟏𝟎 = = = 𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝒇𝒄𝟏𝟎 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝝀𝑪𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎
So a = 2.5 cm
fc for TM11 mode is 15 GHz
𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝒊. 𝒆. √ 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃
𝟐. 𝟓
𝒐𝒓, 𝒃 =
√𝟓. 𝟐𝟓
Now fc for TE01 mode is
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 = = . √𝟓. 𝟐𝟓
𝟐𝒃 𝟐. 𝟓
= 13.75 GHz
Answer 13.75 GHz
15. Consider an air – filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.286
cm and b = 1.016 cm. At 10 GHz operating frequency, the value of the
propagation constant (per meter) of the corresponding propagation mode
is __________
[GATE 2016: Marks]
Soln. Given,
Air filled rectangular waveguide
a = 2.286 cm
b = 1.016
f = 10 GHz
Assume dominant mode of propagation in the waveguide i.e. TE10
mode cut off frequency for TE10 mode is given by (for m = 1 and n =
0)
𝒄 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐 𝒄 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 = √( ) +( ) = .
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 𝟐 𝒂
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 = = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐 × 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟔
Since cut off frequency is 6.56 GHz, the frequency of 10 GHz will
propagate in the waveguide
Propagation constant
𝜸 = 𝒂 + 𝒋𝜷
If 𝜶 = 𝟎
𝜷 is phase constant
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝜷= = = √𝟏 − (𝝀𝟎⁄ )
𝝀𝒈 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝑪
𝟐
√𝟏 − (𝝀𝟎⁄ )
𝝀 𝑪
𝟐𝝅
= √𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄⁄𝒇)
𝒄/𝒇
𝒇 𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 . √𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄⁄ )
𝒄 𝒇
𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 × √𝟏 − ( )
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟔 = × 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟔
𝟑 𝟑
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝒎−𝟏
𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
cut off frequency (𝒇𝒄 ) = √(𝒎) + (𝒎)
𝟐 𝒂 𝒃
𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆 = √ + = √ +
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟔)𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟔)𝟐
= 16.15 GHz
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆 = = = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝒃 𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆 = = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝒂 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟔
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒇𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆 = = = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝒂 𝟐 × 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟔
Thus we find
Cut off frequency is given by
𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟎 < 𝑻𝑬𝟐𝟎 < 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 < 𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟏
Thus, Option (c)