LiSt oF cONtENtS:

> CLiNiCaL CoNdiTiOnS cAuSed by DNA viRUsES:

> Herpes simplex.

> Chickenpox.

> Herpes zoster or shingles.

> Infectious mononucleosis.

> Genital warts.

> Cervical cancer.

> Smallpox.

> Molluscum contagiosum.

> Orf.
hErPeS siMpLex:
Herpes simplex (Ancient Greek: ἕρπης - herpes, lit. "creeping") is a viral disease caused by both herpes
simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Infection with the herpes virus is categorized into one of
several distinct disorders based on the site of infection. Oral herpes, the visible symptoms of which are
colloquially called cold sores or fever blisters, infects the face and mouth. Oral herpes is the most
common form of infection. Genital herpes, known simply as herpes, is the second most common form of
herpes. Other disorders such as herpetic whitlow, herpes gladiatorum, ocular herpes (keratitis), cerebral
herpes infection encephalitis, Mollaret's meningitis, neonatal herpes, and possibly Bell's palsy are all
caused by herpes simplex viruses.

Herpes viruses cycle between periods of active disease—presenting as blisters containing infectious
virus particles—that last 2–21 days, followed by a remission period, during which the sores disappear.
Genital herpes, however, is often asymptomatic, though viral shedding may still occur. After initial
infection, the viruses move to sensory nerves, where they become latent and reside as life-long. Causes
of recurrence are uncertain, though some potential triggers have been identified. Over time, episodes of
active disease reduce in frequency and severity.

Herpes simplex is most easily transmitted by direct contact with a lesion or the body fluid of an infected
individual. Transmission may also occur through skin-to-skin contact during periods of asymptomatic
shedding. Barrier protection methods are the most reliable method of preventing transmission of
herpes, but they merely reduce rather than eliminate risk. Oral herpes is easily diagnosed if the patient
presents with visible sores or ulcers. Early stages of orofacial herpes and genital herpes are harder to
diagnose; laboratory testing is usually required.

A cure for herpes has not yet been developed. Treatments with antivirals can reduce viral shedding and
alleviate the severity of symptomatic episodes. Vaccines are in clinical trials but have not demonstrated
effectiveness. It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae
family such as herpes zoster, which is caused by varicella zoster virus. The differential diagnosis includes
hand, foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin

cHiCkEn pOx:
Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster
virus (VZV).[1] It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the
periphery and become itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring.

Chicken pox is spread easily through coughs or sneezes of ill individuals or through direct contact with
secretions from the rash. Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from
further episodes of chickenpox.
Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more severe in adult males than in adult females or
children. Pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious
complications. Chicken pox is now believed to be the cause of one third of stroke cases in children.The
most common late complication of chicken pox is shingles, caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster
virus decades after the initial episode of chickenpox
Chickenpox is a highly infectious disease that spreads from person to person by direct contact or by air
from an infected person's coughing or sneezing. Touching the fluid blister can also spread the disease. A
person with chickenpox is infectious from one to five days before the rash appears.[5] The contagious
period continues until all blisters have formed scabs, which may take 5 to 10 days.[6] After the spots
have scabbed over, the sufferer is still highly contagious, from 10 to 21 days, meaning they can still
spread the virus through close contact, breathing, and even sleeping in someone's bed. It takes from 10
to 21 days after contact with an infected person for someone to develop chickenpox. Chickenpox
(varicella) is often heralded by a prodrome of anorexia, myalgia, nausea, fever, headache, sore throat,
pain in both ears, complaints of pressure in head or swollen face, and malaise in adolescents and adults,
while in children the first symptom is usually the development of a papular rash, followed by
development of malaise, fever (a body temperature of 38 °C (100 °F), but may be as high as 42 °C (108
°F) in rare cases), and anorexia. Rarely cough, rhinitis, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal distress has
been reported in patients with varicella. Typically, the disease is more severe in adults.[7

hErPeS zOsTeR Or ShINgLeS:

Herpes zoster (or simply zoster), commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease
characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a
stripe. The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness
chickenpox which generally occurs in children and young people. Once an episode of chickenpox has
resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body but can go on to cause shingles—an illness with very
different symptoms—often many years after the initial infection.
The earliest symptoms of herpes zoster, which include headache, fever, and malaise, are nonspecific,
and may result in an incorrect diagnosis.[5][10] These symptoms are commonly followed by sensations
of burning pain, itching, hyperesthesia (oversensitivity), or paresthesia ("pins and needles": tingling,
pricking, or numbness).[11] The pain may be mild to extreme in the affected dermatome, with
sensations that are often described as stinging, tingling, aching, numbing or throbbing, and can be
interspersed with quick stabs of agonizing pain.[12] Herpes Zoster in children is often painless.

In most cases, after 1–2 days (but sometimes as long as 3 weeks) the initial phase is followed by the
appearance of the characteristic skin rash. The pain and rash most commonly occurs on the torso, but
can appear on the face, eyes or other parts of the body. At first, the rash appears similar to the first
appearance of hives; however, unlike hives, herpes zoster causes skin changes limited to a dermatome,
normally resulting in a stripe or belt-like pattern that is limited to one side of the body and does not
cross the midline.[11] Zoster sine herpete describes a patient who has all of the symptoms of herpes
zoster except this characteristic rash.[13]
Later, the rash becomes vesicular, forming small blisters filled with a serous exudate, as the fever and
general malaise continue. The painful vesicles eventually become cloudy or darkened as they fill with
blood, crust over within seven to ten days, and usually the crusts fall off and the skin heals: but
sometimes, after severe blistering, scarring and discolored skin remain.[11]

InFeCtIOuS mOnONuCLeOsIS:
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) (also known as EBV infectious mononucleosis or Pfeiffer's disease or
Filatov's disease[1] and colloquially as kissing disease—from its oral transmission—or as mono in North
America and as glandular fever in other English-speaking countries) is an infectious, very widespread
viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one type of herpes virus, to which more than 90% of
adults have been exposed.[2] Most people are exposed to the virus as children, when the disease
produces no noticeable symptoms or only flu-like symptoms. In developing countries, people are
exposed to the virus in early childhood more often than in developed countries, which is why the
disease in its observable form is more common in developed countries. It is most common among
adolescents and young adults.[3]

Especially in adolescents and young adults, the disease is characterized by fever, sore throat and fatigue,
along with several other possible signs and symptoms. It is primarily diagnosed by observation of
symptoms, but suspicion can be confirmed by several diagnostic tests.

The syndrome was described as an infectious process by Nil Filatov[4] in 1887 and independently by Emil
Pfeiffer[5] in 1889.[1]
The classical symptoms of mononucleosis are a sore throat, fever, fatigue, weight loss, malaise,
pharyngeal inflammation, petechiae and loss of appetite. Common signs include lymphadenopathy
(enlarged lymph nodes), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), hepatitis (refers to inflammation of
hepatocytes - cells in the liver) and hemolysis (the bursting of red blood cells). Older adults are less likely
to have a sore throat or lymphadenopathy, but are instead more likely to present with hepatomegaly
(enlargement of the liver) and jaundice. Rarer signs and symptoms include thrombocytopenia (lower
levels of platelets), with or without pancytopenia (lower levels of all types of blood cells), splenic
rupture, splenic hemorrhage, upper airway obstruction, pericarditis and pneumonitis. Another rare
manifestation of mononucleosis is erythema multiforme.[9][10]

gEnItAL wArTs:
Genital warts (or Condyloma acuminata, venereal warts, anal warts and anogenital warts) is a highly
contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by some sub-types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It is
spread through direct skin-to-skin contact during oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner.
Warts are the most easily recognized symptom of genital HPV infection. They can be caused by strains 6,
11, 30, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52 and 54 of HPV; types 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts
cases.[1] Less than 1% of those infected develop clinically obvious warts, but those infected can still
transmit the virus,[2] although another source states that 70% of those who have sexual contact with an
infected partner develop genital warts
Genital warts often occur in clusters and can be very tiny or can spread into large masses in the genital
or penis area. In other cases they look like small stalks. In women they occur on the outside and inside of
the vagina, on the opening (cervix) to the womb (uterus), or around (or inside) the anus. They are
approximately as prevalent in men but the symptoms may be less obvious. When present, they usually
are seen on the tip of the penis. They also may be found on the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or
around (or inside) the anus. Rarely, genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person
who has had oral sex with an infected person [citation needed].

The viral particles are able to penetrate the skin and mucosal surfaces through microscopic abrasions in
the genital area, which occur during sexual activity. Once cells are invaded by HPV, a latency (quiet)
period of months to years (decades) may occur. HPV can last for several years without a symptom.[4]
Having sex with a partner whose HPV infection is latent and demonstrates no outward symptoms still
leaves one vulnerable to becoming infected. If an individual has unprotected sex with an infected
partner, there is a 70% chance that he or she will also become infected. The immune system eventually
clears the virus through interleukins, which recruit interferons, which slow viral replication.[5]

cErViCaL cAnCeR:
The most important risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection with a high-risk strain
of human papillomavirus. The virus cancer link works by triggering alterations in the cells of the cervix,
which can lead to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which can lead to cancer.
Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal
bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages.[1] Treatment consists
of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced
stages of the disease.
The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomatic.[1][8] Vaginal bleeding, contact
bleeding or (rarely) a vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. Also, moderate pain during
sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. In advanced disease,
metastases may be present in the abdomen, lungs or elsewhere.

Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain,
back pain, leg pain, single swollen leg, heavy bleeding from the vagina, leaking of urine or feces from the
vagina,[9] and bone fractures.

sMaLLpOx:
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola
major and Variola minor.[1] The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which
is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple". The term "smallpox"
was first used in Europe in the 15th century to distinguish variola from the "great pox" (syphilis).[2]
There are two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major is the severe and most common form of
smallpox, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. There are four types of variola major smallpox
based on the Rao classification:[15] ordinary, modified, flat, and hemorrhagic. Historically, variola major
has an overall fatality rate of about 30%; however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox are usually fatal.[16]
In addition, a form called variola sine eruptione (smallpox without rash) is seen generally in vaccinated
persons. This form is marked by a fever that occurs after the usual incubation period and can be
confirmed only by antibody studies or, rarely, by virus isolation.[17]

Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox, and a much less severe disease, with historical
death rates of 1% or less.[18] Subclinical (asymptomatic) infections with variola virus have also been
noted, but are not believed to be common.[17]

Child showing rash due to ordinary-type smallpox (variola major)The incubation period between
contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease is around 12 days. Once inhaled, variola virus
invades the oropharyngeal (mouth and throat) or the respiratory mucosa, migrates to regional lymph
nodes, and begins to multiply. In the initial growth phase the virus seems to move from cell to cell, but
around the 12th day, lysis of many infected cells occurs and the virus is found in the bloodstream in
large numbers (this is called viremia), and a second wave of multiplication occurs in the spleen, bone
marrow, and lymph nodes. The initial or prodromal symptoms are similar to other viral diseases such as
influenza and the common cold: fever (at least 38.5 °C (101 °F)), muscle pain, malaise, headache,
prostration, and as the digestive tract is commonly involved, nausea and vomiting and backache often
occur. The prodrome, or preeruptive stage, usually lasts 2–4 days. By days 12–15 the first visible lesions
—small reddish spots called enanthem—appear on mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, palate,
and throat, and temperature falls to near normal. These lesions rapidly enlarge and rupture, releasing
large amounts of virus into the saliva.[4]

Smallpox virus preferentially attacks skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples (called macules)
associated with the disease. A rash develops on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous
membranes appear. Typically the macules first appear on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the
whole face, proximal portions of extremities, the trunk, and lastly to distal portions of extremities. The
process takes no more than 24 to 36 hours, after which no new lesions appear.[4] At this point Variola
major infection can take several very different courses.

mOLLuScUm cOnTaGiOsUm:
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral infection of the skin or occasionally of the mucous membranes. It
is caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). MCV has no animal
reservoir, infecting only humans. There are four types of MCV, MCV-1 to -4; MCV-1 is the most prevalent
and MCV-2 is seen usually in adults and often sexually transmitted. This common viral disease has a
higher incidence in children, sexually active adults, and those who are immunodeficient,[1] and the
infection is most common in children aged one to ten years old.[2] MC can affect any area of the skin
but is most common on the trunk of the body, arms, and legs. It is spread through direct contact or
shared items such as clothing or towels.
The virus commonly spreads through skin-to-skin contact. This includes sexual contact or touching or
scratching the bumps and then touching the skin. Handling objects that have the virus on them
(fomites), such as a towel, can also result in infection. The virus can spread from one part of the body to
another or to other people. The virus can be spread among children at day care or at school. Molluscum
contagiosum is contagious until the bumps are gone-which, if untreated, may be up to 6 months or
longer.

The time from infection to the appearance of lesions can range up to 6 months, with an average
incubation period between 2 and 7 weeks.[3]

OrF:
Orf is an exanthemous disease caused by a parapox virus and occurring primarily in sheep and goats. It is
also known as contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, ecthyma contagiosum, and
sheep pox[1]:393, thistle disease[2] and scabby mouth. Orf virus can also infect humans.[2]
A thumb with two denuded orf lesions, following a bite by a sheepOrf is a zoonotic disease, meaning
humans can contract this disorder through direct contact with infected sheep and goats or with fomites
carrying the orf virus. It causes a purulent-appearing papule locally and generally no systemic symptoms.
Infected locations can include the finger, hand, arm, face and even the penis (caused by infection from
the hand during urination). Consequently it is important to observe good personal hygiene and to wear
gloves when treating infected animals.[2] The papule may persist for 7 to 10 weeks and spontaneously
resolves. It is an uncommon condition and not easily identified by most doctors. This affliction can be
contagious (passed from one human to another).

While orf is usually a benign self-limiting illness, it can be very progressive and even life-threatening in
the immune-compromised host. One percent topical cidofovir has been successfully used in a few
patients with progressive disease. Serious damage may be inflicted on the eye if it is infected by orf,
even among healthy individuals. The disease can live in the soil for at least six months.