QUARTER 3

Produce Vegetable Crops

MODULE: Direct Planting and Transplanting

1. Direct planting vegetable crops

2. Transplanting vegetable crops

Courtesy: Bukig National Agricultural and Technical School

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner independently performs

understanding of direct planting and direct planting and transplantingof
of transplanting vegetable crops. vegetable crops as specified in the
Vegetable Production Manual
(VPM).

Lesson 1 Direct Planting Vegetable

Crops

Introduction

This module deals with the knowledge, skills and attitude in direct
planting and transplanting of seedlings.
Learning Competencies/Objectives:

1. Identify plant parts which are directly planted.

2. Determine the methods of direct planting.
3. Discuss the methods of direct planting.
4. Follow the distance and depth of planting and the rate of seeding.

Diagnostic/Pre-assessment

A. Direction: Let us find out how much you already know. Read and
understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the correct
answer and write it in your test notebook.
1. Cropping season is considered when selecting a planting method to
follow. This method is simply placing the seeds in one spot at definite
intervals in the row. What is the best planting method for cucurbits or
vine crops?
a. Furrow-planting
b. Drill-planting
c. Hill-planting
d. Ridge-planting
2. Which of the following set of vegetables are directly planted in the
field?
a. Eggplant, lettuce, ampalaya
b. Pepper, snap beans, tomato
c. Spinach, pechay, mustard
d. Squash, patola, pole sitao
3. There are factors to consider in selecting seedlings of vegetable crops.
Which of the choices is not a consideration?
a. Seedlings should be free from insects and diseases.
b. Seedlings should come from productive mother plants.
c. Seedlings should be uniform in size and weak.
 d. Seedlings should come from a plant that is vigorous and of known
identity.
4. The rate of planting should be taken into consideration when planting
vegetables. When should more seeds be planted?
a. When there are possible ravages of insects in the area.
b. When the soil and weather condition are favorable.
c. When seeds are viable seedlings.
d. When seeds produce sturdy and vigorous seedlings.
5. Depth of planting is the most important factor in direct seeding. Which
is not considered in determining the depth of planting?
a. Shape of the seed
b. Types of soil
c. Size of the seed
d. Amount of moisture in the soil
B. Enumerate the advantages of direct planting. (5 points)

KNOW

Activity 1

Have you experienced planting seeds and seedlings of vegetable crops?

What were your considerations in selecting planting materials?

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Direct Planting

Direct sowing is a method of planting in which the seeds are directly planted
in the soil. This applies to large-seeded vegetables, including legumes. Direct
planting is commonly practiced in large farms. Where pest control and water
management are not problems, direct-seeded seedlings have better stand
due to continuous exposure to the natural environment since the start of
growth and subsequently do not experience root damage and transplanting
shock, so, growth is not disturbed.

According to Agustin et al. (2005), there are plant parts that can be directly
planted in the soil such as:

1. Seeds
Seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed
coat and usually with some stored food.

2. Cuttings

Cuttings are made from a vegetative portion of the plant such as

stems, modified stems (rhizomes, tubers, corms, and bulbs), leaves, or
roots.

Points to consider in selecting cuttings:

 The cuttings should be taken from sturdy plants.

 They should come from productive plants planted in
productive land.
 They should be free from diseases and insect pests.
 They should be stocky and uniform in size.
Kinds of Cuttings:

 Root cuttings like bread fruit

 Stem cuttings like sweet potato and cassava
 Leaf - bud cuttings like swamp cabbage
Planting Cuttings:

 Plant only one cutting per hill.

  Plant cuttings in a slanting position.
3. Runners and Suckers

Runners are long, thin, above the ground stems with few or no
leaves and suckers are young plants that enlarged beside the mother
plant and can be used for planting materials. The runners or suckers
are detached from the parent plants and then planted in the field
before they get dry. They are usually set in ridges and rows. Examples
of crops that produce runners and suckers are strawberry, arrowroots,
ginger, taro or gabi, gerbera, and many more.

4. Bulb

A bulb is composed of shortened branches that later develop

with thickened petioles as exemplified by onion. The bulb portion of the
plant is used as a planting material. Examples are garlic and onion.

5. Root and tuber

Some crops are best propagated or planted by the sections of

the roots or tubers. The root or tuber is cut into halves or quarters.
Each section of which should have at least two or three alive buds or
“eyes.”

Methods of Direct Planting

1. Ridge planting. Seeds are placed on top of the ridge. This is

usually practiced during wet season to prevent the stem and roots
from rotting.
2. Hill - planting. This is simply placing the seeds in one spot at
definite intervals in the row. This is the best method for cucurbits or
vine crops.
3. Drill - planting. In this method, the seeds are sown in individual
holes with a drill at the required spacing for growth. Sow two to
 three seeds in each hole and thinned down to one as seedlings
emerge.
4. Furrow planting. After land preparation, the seeds are planted at
specified depth at the bottom of the furrow and are covered with
fine soil.
5. Broadcasting. Using your hand, broadcast the seeds evenly in the
field. For small seeds, mix your seeds with a small amount of fine
sand or fine soil to add some weight and to help them scatter more
evenly. Thinning is done when necessary.
6. Raised beds. Make your bed at least one meter wide to a desired
length and raise to at last 15 cm high. Most vegetables benefit from
a raised bed during wet season, but smaller vegetables such as
lettuce, pechay, onions, radish, and spinach really thrive with this
type of planting.

Advantages of raised beds (http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/farming-

with-raised-beds-in-an-urban-environment.html)

 Solve soil problems. Garden soil can be amended with organic

matter if you have poor soil and drainage. And because you don’t step
on the beds as you work, the soil stays fluffy, providing the perfect
conditions for root growth.
 Reduce work. By growing your vegetables in raised beds, you can
maximize your fertilizing and watering so that more nutrients and water
are actually used by plants rather than wasted in the pathways.
 Attractive. For landscape vegetable gardens, you can make raised
beds in almost any shape you like – rectangle, square, circle and
triangle. Your garden can take on a whimsical design with a little
creativity.
Rate of Planting

As cited in the Competency Based Learning Material (CBLM) of

Tech-Voc in: Produce Vegetable Crops (2007), among the factors to be
considered with regard to the quantity or rate of seeds to plant are:

 The viability of the seeds. Seeds known to be low in viability

should be planted more thickly than those having high viability.
Seeds held over from one year to the next planting season should
be tested for germination. If the percentage of germination is low or
if the sprouts are weak, the seeds should not be planted.
 The condition of the soil. When the soil and weather conditions
are unfavorable, more seeds should be planted than when the
conditions are favorable.
 The size and vigor of the plants. Seeds that produce delicate
and weak plants such as carrots should be planted quite thickly to
ensure a good stand. Any excess of plants may be removed to
prevent crowding.
 The possible ravages of insects. In planting seeds, it is a
common practice to plant freely in order to have several times as
many plants that are needed to give allowance to ravages of
insects. Later on, you can practice thinning if you found out that
your plants are crowding.
Depth of Planting

The most important factor in direct seeding is the planting depth. Depth
of planting depends on the soil moisture and soil type. Soil particles should be
fine when small seeds are planted. For large-seeded crops, such as squash,
the need for thorough land preparation is less.

Seeds should be placed deeper in light (sandy) soils to prevent them

from drying up. Shallow planting is required in heavy soils. As a rule of thumb,
the soil cover after setting should be about five times the diameter of the
seed.

Planting Distance of Directly Seeded Vegetable Crops

Proper spacing between hills and rows is important to allow growth of plants,
ease of cultivation, and efficient use of space. Generally, the depth of planting
depends on the size of the seed. The recommended distance of planting,
depth of planting, and rate of seeding of selected vegetable crops are given in
the table below.

Table 8. Distance of planting, depth of planting, and rate of seeding of

selected vegetable crops according to Canare et. al (2012).

Distance of Depth of Rate of

Planting Planting Seeding
Crop (cm) (per hill)

Row Hill (cm)

(cm)
Squash 100 75 2-3 1-2
Dishrag gourd 150 100 2-3 1-2
Bottle gourd 150 100 2-3 1-2
Bitter gourd 100 75 2-3 1-2
Ladies finger 100 75 2-3 2-3
Cowpea 75 30 2-3 2-3
String beans 100 50 2-3 2-3
Winged bean 100 75 2-3 1-2
Pole Snap beans 100 50 2-3 2-3
Bush Snap beans 75 30 2-3 2-3
Pole Lima beans 100 30 2-3 2-3
Bush lima bean 75 30 2-3 2-3
Mungbean 75 30 2-3 2-3

PROCESS

Activity 2

Look at the pictures of different models of gardening. Draw ideas from

the pictures for the next Activity. Think of a concept that will give aesthetic
beauty to your vegetable garden.

Again, go to your original grouping.

REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND

Activity 3

From the previous activity, make a simple vegetable garden plan based on
your concept. Present your output in class for further evaluation.

Also prepare schedule of activities for monitoring purposes. This will tell
you how far have you gone with your activities.
 TRANSFER

Activity 4

You’re through with the garden plan and you have learned the different
parts of a vegetable crop that can be directly planted. You are now ready to
perform your next activity. The class will be divided into four (4) groups. Each
group will select a crop to be planted. Group assignments are as follows:

Group 1 – Seedlings

Group 2 – Stem cutting

Group 3 –Runners or stolons

Group 4 –Bulbs and tubers

Other suggested activity

Watch as the teacher will demonstrate the appropriate method of

planting in a given area within a given time.

Next you will do the actual planting in your respective areas.

Your performance will be evaluated using a rubric.

Rubric in Rating Direct Seeding

Performance Levels
4 3 2 1 W
Criteria WP
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Needs (%)
Satisfactory Improvement
1. Workmanship The whole About 1/2 of About 1/4 of About 1/8 of the 70
area was the area was the area was area was not
planted with not planted not planted planted with the
the required with the with the required seeding
seeding rate, required required rate, distance of
distance of seeding rate, seeding rate, planting, and
planting, and distance of distance of depth of planting.
depth of planting, and planting, and
planting. depth of depth of
planting. planting.
2. Cooperation All the 1 of the 2 of the 3 or more of the 20
members of members of members of members of the
the group the group did the group did group did not
cooperated in not cooperate not cooperate cooperate in the
the activity. in the activity in the activity. activity.
3. Time Work was Work was Work was Work was 10
management completed completed just completed 1- completed more
ahead of time. on time. 30 minutes than 30 minutes
late. after the time
frame.

Final Grade 100

Safety Reminders:

 Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Use appropriate tools
 Summative assessment

Directions: Read and understand the questions below. Write the letter of the
correct answer in your test notebook.

1. The rate of planting should be taken into consideration when

planting vegetables. When should more seeds be planted?
a. When there are possible ravages of insects in the area.
b. When the soil and weather condition is favorable.
c. When seeds are viable seedlings.
d. When seeds produce sturdy and vigorous seedlings.
2. What is not true about the rate of planting?
a. Less seeds are planted when there are possible ravages of
insects in the area.
b. Less seeds are planted when the soil and weather condition
are favorable.
c. More seeds are planted when seeds produce delicate and
weak seedlings.
d. More seeds are planted when seeds have low viability.
3. Depth of planting is the most important factor in direct seeding.
Which is not considered in determining the depth of planting?
a. Shape of the seed
b. Types of soil
c. Size of the seed
d. Amount of moisture in the soil
4. Which of the following set of vegetables are directly planted in the
field?
a. Eggplant, lettuce, ampalaya
b. Pepper, snap beans, tomato
 c. Spinach, pechay, mustard
d. Squash, patola, pole sitao
5. Cropping season is considered when selecting a planting method to
follow. This method is simply placing the seeds in one spot at
definite intervals in the row. What is the best method for cucurbits
or vine crops?
a. Furrow planting
b. Drill planting
c. Hill planting
d. Ridge planting
6. There are factors to consider in selecting seedlings of vegetable crops.
Which of the choices is not a consideration?
a. Seedlings should be free from insects and diseases.
b. Seedlings should come from productive mother plants.
c. Seedlings should be uniform in size and weak.
d. Seedlings should come from a plant that is vigorous and of
known identity.

II. Enumerate the advantages of direct planting (5 points)

Summary/Feedback

Many vegetable crops are best started by sowing their seeds directly into a
well-prepared soil. Generally, large seeded vegetables are commonly planted
directly in the field.

The amount of seeds needed per unit area depends on many factors:
the viability of the seeds, the condition for seed germination, and the types of
soil. More seeds should be planted when seeds have poor germination and
when the soil is clayey.

Direct seeding is done in several methods such as planting in a ridge,

hill, furrow, and raised beds. Consider the depth of planting as the most
important factor in direct planting. As a rule, smaller seeds are planted in
shallow holes. On the other hand, bigger seeds are planted a little bit deeper.
Recommended distance of planting for vegetables must be followed to
facilitate weeding, cultivation, and fertilizer application.
QUARTER 3

Produce Vegetable Crops

MODULE: Direct Planting and Transplanting Vegetable Crops

Courtesy of Bukig NATS - Aparri

Content Standards Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner independently performs

understanding of transplanting transplanting as specified in the
vegetable crops. Vegetable Production Manual
(VPM).

Transplanting Vegetable
Lesson 2
Crops

Introduction

The lesson deals with the steps of transplanting. It also includes

the characteristics of good quality seedlings, the purpose of, and tips for
transplanting.
Learning Competencies/Objectives:

1. Determine the characteristics of good quality seedlings.

2. Explain the objectives of transplanting.
3. Enumerate the rules in successful transplanting.
4. Perform the steps in transplanting vegetable seedlings.

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE- ASSESSMENT

Matching Type. Direction: Match the items in Column A with the items in
Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your test notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Transplanting time a. young plant that emerged from a seed

2. Hardening
3. Quality seedlings
4. Hand trowel
5. Temporary shade
6. Seedlings
7. Rate of seeding
8. Transplanted vegetable
crops
9. Principles of TLC
1. Advantage of transplanting
b. small-seeded vegetables
c. transplanting tool
d. 1-2 weeks before transplanting
e. eliminate diseased and weak seedlings
f. late in the afternoon
g. produced are handled with extra care
h. one seed per hill
i. healthy and sturdy
j. newly transplanted seedlings
 KNOW

Activity 1

What do you know about transplanting of vegetable seedlings?

The class will be divided into four equal number groups. Each group will pick
a topic to discuss for 5 minutes before presenting to the class.

Group 1 – When do you say that the seedlings are ready for transplanting?

Group 2 – How would you describe quality seedlings?

Group 3 – What are the materials needed in transplanting?

Group 4 – What are the steps in transplanting vegetable seedlings?

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Transplanting Vegetable Seedlings

After the soil has been prepared, the next activity is to transplant seedlings.
Seedlings are considered ready to be transplanted when they are sturdy
enough to withstand field conditions. While still in the seedbed or container in
a confined area, they are carefully guarded against environmental stresses.

The age or size of the seedling at the time of transplanting is very important.
Generally, the smaller the seedling, the easier it is to transplant and the
quicker its recovery.

When several seedlings are grown in seed boxes where root zone is shallow,
blocking is practiced one week before transplanting as a preparation for
transplanting. A knife is passed along the row and between plants so that a
seedling is confined to a block. The process cuts all the roots along the path
of the knife. Regeneration occurs mostly within the blocked area. Thereby, it
is expected that root destruction at transplanting will be less.

According to Bautista (1977), hardening can be done in several ways and

should be started 7-10 days before transplanting. It is a continuous process
ending when the seedlings are set in the field. One way of hardening is to
expose plants gradually to strong sunlight and to withhold water to make the
plant wilt temporarily but not allowing it to lapse into a state of permanent
wilting.

Characteristics of Good Quality Seedlings

1. Uniform in growth
2. Healthy and sturdy
3. Free from diseases
4. Free from off-types

Why transplant vegetable seedlings?

to allow sufficient space for stocky development of the plants

to select good, healthy and sturdy seedlings
to eliminate diseased and weak seedlings

When to Transplant Seedlings?

The best time to transplant seedlings is just before or after a rain, provided
the soil can be worked and during cloudy days. During sunny days,
transplanting should be done late in the afternoon to lessen transplanting
shock and to hasten seedling recovery.

Rules in Transplanting

Keep the newly uprooted seedlings from direct sunlight.

 Keep the roots moist and the tops dry while transferring the
seedlings.
Keep as much soil on the roots as possible.
Settle the soil around the roots when watering.
Handle seedlings carefully to avoid damage.
Transplant late in the afternoon or on a cloudy day and shade
the seedlings.

Steps in Transplanting Vegetable Seedlings

1. Water the seedlings a day before transplanting.

2. Uproot the desired number of seedlings to be planted.
3. Dig a hole big enough to receive the root system without bending it into
the space.
4. Plant one seedling per hill.
5. Cover the roots properly and the shoot apex should be higher than the
ground level of the bed or the soil should not cover the first leaves after
planting
6. Press the soil after planting to have better contacts of the roots with the
soil.
7. Irrigate the transplanted seedlings.
8. If necessary, provide the seedlings a temporary shade for at least 3 – 4
days for faster recovery.

Planting Distance of Transplanted Seedlings

Proper spacing between rows and hills is important to allow growth of plants,
ease of cultivation, and efficient use of space. Generally, the depth of planting
depends on the kinds of crop and size of the seedling. Recommended
distance of planting, depth of planting, and rate of seeding of selected
vegetable crops is shown in the table below.
Table 9. Distance of planting, depth of planting, and rate of seeding of
selected vegetable crops according to Canare et. al (2012).

Distance of Depth of Rate of

Crop Planting Planting Seeding
(cm) (per hill)
Row Hill (cm)
(cm)
Tomato 100 75 2-3 1
Eggplant 100 75 2-3 1
Pepper 100 75 2-3 1
Pechay 15 15 2-3 1
Cabbage 75 40 2-3 1
Carrot 15 15 2-3 1
Cauli flower 35 30 2-3 1
Radish 20 15 2-3 1
Onion 15 15 2-3 1
Mustard 15 15 2-3 1
Lettuce 20 20 2-3 1

PROCESS

Activity 2

Inspect your seedlings if they are ready for transplanting. Find out if the
number of seedlings ready for transplanting is enough to plant your area.

Discuss your findings in the class.

 REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND

Activity 3

Interview at least two farmers near your community who are engaged in
vegetable farming. Ask them about their practices in transplanting. Identify
their common practices. Share your findings with your classmates.

TRANSFER

Activity 4

Your eggplant seedlings which you raised previously are now ready for
transplanting. Follow the steps in transplanting correctly. Observe the
principles of TLC to avoid damaging the seedlings. Use appropriate tools in
your activity to do your work easier and faster.
 Rubric in rating transplanting of seedlings

Performance Levels
W
4 3 2 Satisfactory 1
Criteria (% WP
Outstanding Very Needs
)
Satisfactory Improvement
1. Workmanship Satisfies all the Satisfies only 3 Satisfies only 2 Satisfies only 1 50
following: of the following: of the following: or none of the
a.Proper a.Proper a.Proper following:
planting of planting of planting of a.Proper
seedlings seedlings seedlings planting of
b.Proper b.Proper b.Proper seedlings
alignment of alignment of alignment of b.Proper
seedlings seedlings seedlings alignment of
c.Proper c.Proper c.Proper seedlings
distance in distance in distance in c.Proper
transplanting transplanting transplanting distance in
seedlings seedlings seedlings transplanting
d.Even d.Even d.Even seedlings
distribution of distribution of distribution of d.Even
seedlings per seedlings per seedlings per distribution
hill hill hill of seedlings
a. per hill

2. Cooperation All the members 1 of the 2 of the 3 or more of 25

of the group members of the members of the the members
cooperated in group did not group did not of the group
the activity. cooperate in the cooperate in the did not
activity. activity. cooperate in
the activity.
3. Time Work was Work was Work was Work was 25
management completed completed just completed 1-30 completed
ahead of time. on time. minutes late. more than 30
minutes after
the time frame.
Final Grade 10
0
 Summative assessment

Matching Type: Directions: Match the items in Column A with the items in
Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your test notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Transplanting time a. young plant that emerged from a

seed
2. Hardening b. small-seeded vegetables
3. Quality seedlings c. transplanting tool
4. Hand trowel d. 1-2 weeks before transplanting
5. Temporary shade e. eliminate diseased and weak
seedlings
6. Seedlings f. late in the afternoon
7. Rate of seeding g. produce are handled with extra
care
8. Transplanted vegetable h. one seed per hill
crops
9. Principle of TLC i. healthy and sturdy
10. Advantage of transplanting j. newly transplanted seedlings
 Summary/Feedback

A well-prepared soil is not necessary in transplanting. However, a well

prepared soil ensures optimum growth and development of crops.
Transplanting allows a much better control of the environment during the
early stage of plant growth, thus giving the plant a head start.

The best time to transplant is just before or after a rain, provided the
soil is workable. During the hot or dry season, transplanting should be done
late in the afternoon. This will lessen transplanting shock of the seedling to
facilitate its recovery.

GLOSSARY

Bulb – is composed of shortened branches that later develop with thickened

petioles as exemplified by onion.

Cuttings – are made from the vegetative portion of the plant such as stems,
modified stems (rhizomes, tubers, corms, and bulbs), leaves, or roots.

Furrowing – is the final step in land preparation by making furrows or beds

for planting.

Hardening – is the process of gradually exposing the seedlings to direct

sunlight to prevent from transplanting stress/shock.
Harrowing – is breaking of large soil clods to further pulverize and level the
soil.

Runner – is a stem that grows horizontally along the ground as exemplified

by strawberry.

Seedling – is a young plant that emerged from a seed.

Suckers -– are new or secondary shoots that grow beside the old plant as
exemplified by pineapple, banana, and anthurium.

References

Agustin, M.B., J. DG. Canare, Jr., DF.P. Castro, D.T. Eligio, R.L.
Encarnacion, P.S. Nitural, R.T. Tapic and P.T. Vizmonte, Jr.
200. Fundamentals of Crop Science II. Laboratory Manual in Crop
Science 105. Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture,
Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija,
Philippines.
Anon. 2007. Training Manual in Horticulture NC II. Maddela Institute of
Technology.
Canare, J.G., P.S. Nitural, N.V. Tamayo, R.T. Tapic, P.T. Vizmonte, DF.P.
Castro and EJ M. Guittap. 2010. Practices in Crop Production.
Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon
State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Mabesa, R.C., O.K. Bautista and J.R. Novak. 1977. Planting Vegetable
Crops: In: Vegetable Production. University of the Philippines at Los
Banos, College of Agriculture, Laguna, Philippines.
CBLM of Tech-Voc Schools. Perform Direct Planting and Transplanting. In:
Produce Vegetable Crops.
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/farming-with-raised-beds-in-an-urban-
environment.html. Retrieved February 27, 2014.