Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 1

NEET
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
All India Pre Medical Test
Solved Paper 2013
Time : 3 Hrs M.Marks : 360
1. The test is of 3 hours duration and Test booklet contains 90questions. Each question carries 4 marks. For
Instructions

each correct response, the candidate will get 4 marks. For each incorrect response, one mark will be
deducted from the total scores. The maximum marks are 360.
2. No candidate, without special permission of the superintendent or invigilator, would leave his/her seat.
3. Use of Electronic/Manual Calculator is prohibited.
4. The candidates are governed by all rules and regulations of the board with regard to their conduct in the
examination hall. All cases of unfair means will be dealt with as per rules and regulations of the board.

1. Select the wrong statement. 4. Besides paddy fields, cyanobacteria

(a) Isogametes are similar in structure, function are also found inside vegetative part of
and behaviour (a) Pinus (b) Cycas
(b) Anisogametes differ either in structure, (c) Equisetum (d) Psilotum
function and behaviour
(c) In oomycetes female gamete is smaller and 5. Megasporangium is equivalent to
motile, while male gamete is larger and (a) embryo sac (b) fruit
non-motile (c) nucellus (d) ovule
(d) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and
anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy 6. Read the following statements (IV) and
answer the question which follows
2. Which one of the following is not a them
correct statement? I. In liverworts, mosses and ferns
(a) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and gametophytes are free living.
preserved plant specimens II. Gymnosperms and some ferns are
(b) Botanical gardens have collection of living heterospores.
plants for reference III. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and
(c) A museum has collection of photographs of Albugo is oogamous.
plants and animals IV. The sporophyte in liverworts is more
elaborate than that in mosses.
(d) Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of
How many of the above statements are correct?
specimens
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
3. Isogamous condition with
7. Among bitter gourd, mustard, brinjal,
non-flagellated gametes is found in
pumpkin, China rose, lupin, cucumber,
(a) Chlamydomonas (b) Spirogyra sunnhemp, gram, guava, bean, chilli,
(c) Volvox (d) Fucus plum, Petunia, tomato, rose, Withania,
2 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
potato, onion, aloe and tulip, how (c) a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid
many plants have hypogynous flower? esterified to a glycerol molecule to which a
phosphate group is also attached
(a) Six (b) Ten
(d) a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid
(c) Fifteen (d) Eighteen
esterified to a phosphate group, which is
8. Interfascicular cambium develops from also attached to a glycerol molecule
the cells of
15. Pigment-containing memberanous
(a) medullary rays (b) xylem parenchyma
extensions in some cyanobacteria are
(c) endodermis (d) pericycle
(a) heterocysts (b) basal bodies
9. In China rose the flowers are (c) pneumatophores (d) chromatophores
(a) actinomorphic, hypogynous with twisted
aestivation 16. A major site for synthesis of lipids is
(b) actinomorphic, epigynous with valvate (a) RER (b) SER
aestivation (c) symplast (d) nucleoplasm
(c) zygomorphic, hypogynous with imbricate
17. The complex formed by a pair of
aestivation
synapsed homologous chromosomes is
(d) zygomorphic, epigynous with twisted
aestivation called
(a) equatorial plate (b) kinetochore
10. Lenticels are involved in
(c) bivalent (d) axoneme
(a) transpiration (b) gaseous exchange
(c) food transport (d) photosynthesis 18. The three boxes in this diagram
represent the three major biosynthetic
11. Age of a tree can be estimated by
pathways in aerobic respiration.
(a) its height and girth Arrows represent net reactants or
(b) biomass products
(c) number of annual rings 1 5 9 10
(d) diameter of its heartwood
glucose Pathway A Pathway B Pathway A 11
12. Seed coat is not thin, membranous in
4 8 12
(a) maize (b) coconut 3
(c) groundnut (d) gram Arrows numbered 4, 8 and 12 can all
13. Transition state structure of the be
(a) NADH (b) ATP
substrate formed during an enzymatic
(c) H 2O (d) FAD + or FADH 2
reaction is
(a) transient but stable 19. The most abundant intracellular
(b) permanent but unstable cation is
(c) transient and unstable (a) Na + (b) Ca 2+
(d) permanent and stable
(c) H + (d) K +
14. A phosphoglyceride is always made up of
20. During seed germination its stored
(a) only a saturated fatty acid esterified to a food is mobilised by
glycerol molecule to which a phosphate
(a) ethylene
group is also attached
(b) cytokinin
(b) only an unsaturated fatty acid esterified to a
glycerol molecule to which a phosphate (c) ABA
group is also attached (d) gibberellin
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 3

21. Which of the following criteria does not 28. Monoecious plant of Chara shows
pertain to facilitated transport? occurrence of
(a) Requirement of special membrane proteins (a) antheridiophore and archegoniophore on
(b) High selectivity the same plant
(c) Transport saturation (b) stamen and carpel on the same plant
(d) Uphill transport (c) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on
the same plant
22. The first stable product of fixation of (d) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on
atmospheric nitrogen in leguminous the same plant
plants is
(a) NO −2 (b) ammonia 29. Perisperm differs from endosperm in

(c) NO −3 (d) glutamate (a) being a haploid tissue

(b) having no reserve food
23. Which of the metabolites is common to (c) being a diploid tissue
respiration mediated breakdown of (d) its formation by fusion of secondary nucleus
fats, carbohydrates and proteins? with several sperms
(a) Glucose-6-phosphate 30. Which of the following statements is
(b) Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate not true of two genes that show 50%
(c) Pyruvic acid recombination frequency?
(d) Acetyl Co-A
(a) the genes may be on different chromosomes
24. Which one of the following statement (b) the genes are tightly linked
is correct? (c) the genes show independent assortment
(a) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine (d) if the genes are present on the same
chromosome, they undergo more than one
(b) Sporogenous tissue is haploid
crossovers in every meiosis
(c) Endothecium produces the microspores
(d) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen 31. Variation in gene frequencies within
populations can occur by chance rather
25. Product of sexual reproduction than by natural selection. This is
generally generates referred to as
(a) longer viability of seeds (a) genetic flow (b) genetic drift
(b) prolonged dormancy (c) random mating (d) genetic load
(c) new genetic combination leading to variation
(d) large biomass 32. If two persons with ‘AB’ blood group
marry and have sufficiently large
26. Meiosis takes place in number of children, these children could
(a) Meiocyte be classified as ‘A’ blood group : ‘AB’
(b) Conidia blood group : ‘B’ blood group in 1 : 2 : 1
(c) Gemmule ratio. Modern technique of protein
(d) Megaspore electrophoresis reveals presence of both
‘A’ and ‘B’ type proteins in ‘AB’ blood
27. Advantage of cleistogamy is
group individuals. This is an example of
(a) higher genetic variability
(a) codominance
(b) more vigorous offspring
(b) incomplete dominance
(c) no dependence on pollinators
(c) partial dominance
(d) vivipary
(d) complete dominance
4 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
33. The process by which organisms with (b) Insertional inactivation of α-galactosidase in
different evolutionary history evolve non-recombinant bacteria
similar phenotypic adaptations in (c) Insertional inactivation of α-galactosidase in
response to a common environmental recombinant bacteria
challenge, is called (d) Inactivation of glycosidase enzyme in
(a) natural selection recombinant bacteria
(b) convergent evolution 40. Which of the following are likely to be
(c) non-random evolution present in deep sea water?
(d) adaptive radiation
(a) Archaebacteria (b) Eubacteria
34. The tendency of population to remain in (c) Blue-green algae (d) Saprophytic fungi
genetic equilibrium may be disturbed by
41. Natural reservoir of phosphorus is
(a) random mating
(a) sea water (b) animal bones
(b) lack of migration
(c) rock (d) fossils
(c) lack of mutations
(d) lack of random mating 42. Secondary productivity is rate of
formation of new organic matter by
35. Which of the following Bt crops is
being grown in India by the farmers? (a) producer (b) parasite
(c) consumer (d) decomposer
(a) Maize (b) Cotton
(c) Brinjal (d) Soyabean 43. Which one of the following is not used
36. A good producer of citric acid is for ex situ plant conservation?
(a) Aspergillus (b) Pseudomonas (a) Field gene banks (b) Seed banks
(c) Clostridium (d) Saccharomyces (c) Shifting cultivation (d) Botanical gardens

37. DNA fragments generated by the 44. Kyoto Protocol was endorsed at
restriction endonucleases in a chemical (a) CoP-3 (b) CoP-5 (c) CoP-6 (d) CoP-4
reaction can be separated by
45. Which of the following represent
(a) centrifugation maximum number of species among
(b) polymerase chain reaction global biodiversity?
(c) electrophoresis (a) Algae (b) Lichens
(d) restriction mapping (c) Fungi (d) Mosses and ferns
38. Which of the following is not correctly
46. Match the name of the animal
matched for the organism and its cell (Column I) with one characteristics
wall degrading enzyme? (Column II) and the phylum/class
(a) Bacteria — Lysozyme (Column III) to which it belongs
(b) Plant cells — Cellulase
(c) Algae — Methylase Column I Column II Column III
(d) Fungi — Chitinase (a) Petromyzon Ectoparasite Cyclostomata
39. The colonies of recombinant bacteria (b) Ichthyophis Terrestrial Reptilia
appear white in contrast to blue (c) Limulus Body covered Pisces
colonies of non-recombinant bacteria by chitinous
because of exoskeleton

(a) Non-recombinant bacteria containing (d) Adamsia Radially Porifera

β-galactosidase symmetrical
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 5

47. Which of the following are correctly 53. Which one of the following organelle in
matched with respect to their the figure correctly matches with its
taxonomic classification? function?
(a) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish — Pisces Nucleus
(b) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion
—Insecta
(c) House fly, butterfly, tse-tse fly, silverfish—
Insecta
(d) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber
— Echinodermata
Rough endoplasmic
48. Which group of animals belong to the reticulum
same phylum?
(a) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, mosquito Golgi apparatus
(b) Earthworm, pinworm, tapeworm
(c) Prawn, scorpion, Locusta
(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, formation of
(d) Sponge, sea anemone, starfish glycoproteins
49. One of the representative of (b) Golgi apparatus, protein synthesis
Phylum—Arthropoda is (c) Golgi apparatus, formation of glycolipids
(d) Rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein
(a) cuttlefish (b) silverfish
synthesis
(c) pufferfish (d) flying fish
50. The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre 54. Macromolecule chitin is
is due to (a) nitrogen containing polysaccharide
(a) the absence of myofibrils in the central (b) phosphorus containing polysaccharide
portion of A-band (c) sulphur containing polysaccharide
(b) the central gap between myosin filaments in (d) simple polysaccharide
the A-band
55. The essential chemical components of
(c) the central gap between actin filaments
extending through myosin filaments in the many coenzymes are
A-band (a) proteins (b) nuclei acids
(d) extension of myosin filaments in the central (c) carbohydrates (d) vitamins
portion of the A-band
56. A stage in cell division is shown in the
51. What external changes are visible after figure. Select the answer which gives
the last moult of a cockroach nymph? correct identification of the stage with
(a) Mandibles become harder its characteristics
(b) Anal cerci develop
(c) Both fore wings and hind wings develop
(d) Labium develops
52. The Golgi complex plays a major role
(a) in trapping the light and transforming it into
chemical energy
(b) in digesting proteins and carbohydrates
(c) as energy transferring organelles
(d) in post translational modification of proteins
and glycosidation of lipids
6 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
(a) Telophase — Nuclear envelope
reforms, Golgi complex
reforms A
(b) Late — Chromosomes move
anaphase away from equatorial
Bronchus
plate, Golgi complex not
present
Cut end of rib B
(c) Cytokinesis — Cell plate formed, heart
mitochondria distributed C
between two daughter Lung
cells
D
(d) Telophase — Endoplasmic reticulum
and nucleolus not
reformed yet (a) A–trachea-long tube supported by
complete cartilaginous rings for conducting
inspired air
57. Select the correct match of the
(b) B–pleural membrane-surround ribs on both
digested products in humans given in
sides to provide cushion against rubbing
column I with their absorption site and
(c) C–alveoli-thin walled vascular bag-like
mechanism in column II.
structures for exchange of gases
Column I Column II (d) D–lower end of lungs-diaphragm pulls it
down during inspiration
(a) Glycine and Small intestine and
glucose active absorption
60. Figure shows schematic plan of blood
(b) Fructose and Na + Small intestine passive circulation in human with labels A to
absorption D. Identify the label and give its
(c) Glycerol and fatty Duodenum and move as function/s
acids chilomicrons
(d) Cholesterol and Large intestine and A
maltose active absorption D

58. A pregnant female delivers a baby,

who suffers from stunted growth, C B
mental retardation low intelligence
quotient and abnormal skin. This is
the result of
(a) deficiency of iodine in diet
(b) low secretion of growth hormone (a) A–pulmonary vein–takes impure blood from
(c) cancer of the thyroid gland body parts, pO 2 = 60 mmHg
(d) over secretion of pars distalis (b) B–pulmonary artery-takes blood from heart
to lungs, pO 2 = 90 mmHg
59. The figure shows a diagrammatic view
(c) C–vena cava-takes blood from body parts
of human respiratory system with
to right auricle, pCO 2 = 45 mmHg
labels A, B, C and D. Select the option,
(d) D–dorsal aorta-takes blood from heart to
which gives correct identification and
body parts, pO 2 = 95 mmHg
main function and/or characteristic.
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 7

61. The diagram given here is the 64. The characteristics and an example of
standard ECG of a normal person. The a synovial joint in humans is
P-wave represents the Characteristics Examples
R
(a) Fluid cartilage between Knee joints
two bones, limited
movements
(b) Fluid filled between two Skull bones
T
P Q joints, provides cushion
(c) Fluid filled synovial cavity Joint between
between two bones atlas and axis
(a) contraction of both the atria
(d) Lymph filled between two Gliding joint
(b) initiation of the ventricular contraction bones, limited movement between carpals
(c) beginning of the systole
(d) end of systole
65. A diagram showing axon terminal and
62. Figure shows human urinary system synapse is given. Identify correctly at
with structures labelled A to D. Select least two of A–D
option, which correctly identifies them B
C
and gives their characteristics and/of
functions D
A
B
A
C Kidney

D (a) A–Receptor C–Synaptic vesicles

(b) B–Synaptic connection D–K +
(c) A–Neurotransmitter B–Synaptic cleft
Urinary bladder (d) C–Neurotransmitter D–Ca 2+

66. Parts A, B, C and D of the human eyes

(a) A–adrenal gland-located at the anterior part
of kidney. Secrete catecholamines, which are shown in the diagram. Select the
stimulate glycogen breakdown option, which gives correct
(b) B–pelvis-broad funnel shaped space inner identification along with its
to hilum, directly connected to loops of functions/characteristics
Henle
(c) C–mediulla-inner zone of kidney and C
contains complete nephrons
(d) D–cortex-outer part of kidney and do not Lens B
contain any part of nephrons Iris
63. Select the correct statement with
D
respect to locomotion in humans
A
(a) A decreased level of progesterone causes
osteoporosis in old people (a) A–retina–contains photoreceptors–rods
(b) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints and cones
causes their inflammation (b) B–blind spot–has only a few rods and cones
(c) The vertebral column has 10 thoracic (c) C–aqueous chamber–reflects the light,
vertebrae which does not pass through the lens
(d) The joint between adjacent vertebrae is a (d) D–choroidits anterior part forms ciliary body
fibrous joint
8 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
67. Which of the following statement is 71. Which one of the following is not the
correct in relation to the endocrine function of placenta? It
system? (a) facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients to
(a) Adenohypophysis is under direct neural embryo
regulation of the hypothalamus (b) secretes oestrogen
(b) Organs in the body like gastrointestinal (c) facilitates removal of carbon dioxide and
tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce waste material from embryo
any hormones
(d) secretes oxytocin during parturition
(c) Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the
body in trace amount that act as 72. One of the legal methods of birth
intercellular messenger are known as control is
hormones (a) abortion by taking an appropriate medicine
(d) Releasing and inhibitory hormones are (b) by abstaining from coitus from day 10-17 of
produced by the pituitary gland the menstrual cycle
68. Select the answer which correctly (c) by having coitus at the time of day break
matches the endocrine gland with the (d) by a premature ejaculation during coitus
hormone it secretes and its 73. Which of the following cannot be
function/deficiency symptom detected in a developing foetus by
Function/ amniocentesis?
Endocrine
Hormone deficiency (a) Klinefelter’s syndrome
gland
symptoms (b) Sex of the foetus
(a) Anterior Oxytocin Stimulates uterus (c) Down’s syndrome
pituitary contraction during (d) Jaundice
child birth
(b) Posterior Growth Oversecretion 74. Artificial insemination means
pituitary Hormone stimulates
(a) transfer of sperms of a healthy donor to a
(GH) abnormal growth
test-tube containing ova
(c) Thyroid Thyroxine Lack of iodine in
gland diet results in (b) transfer of sperms of husband to a test-tube
goitre containing ova
(d) Corpus Testostero Stimulates (c) artificial introduction of sperms of a healthy
luteum ne spermatogenesis donor into the vagina
(d) introduction of sperms of healthy donor
69. What is the correct sequence of sperm directly into the ovary
formation?
75. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a
(a) Spermatid, Spermatocyte, Spermatogonia, cross in which the F1 generation
Spermatozoa resembles both the parents?
(b) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, (a) Incomplete dominance
Spermatozoa, Spermatid (b) Law of dominance
(c) Spermatogonia, Spermatozoa, (c) Inheritance of one gene
Spermatocyte, Spermatid (d) Codominance
(d) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid,
76. The incorrect statement with regard to
Spermatozoa
haemophilia is
70. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of (a) it is a sex-linked disease
(a) progesterone (b) it is a recessive disease
(b) FSH (c) it is a dominant disease
(c) oxytocin (d) a single protein involved in the clotting of
(d) vasopressin blood is affected
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 9

77. If both parents are carriers for (c) analogous organs that have evolved due to
thalassemia, which is an autosomal convergent evolution
recessive disorder, what are the (d) analogous organs that have evolved due to
chances of pregnancy resulting in an divergent evolution
affected child? 82. Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by
(a) No chance (b) 50% (a) drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
(c) 25% (d) 100% (b) eating imperfectly cooked port
(c) tse-tse fly
78. The diagram shows an important (d) mosquito bite
concept in the genetic implication of
DNA. Fill in the blanks A to C 83. The cell-mediated immunity inside the
Proposed by
human body is carried out by
A B
DNA mRNA Protein C (a) T-lymphocytes (b) B-lymphocytes
(c) thrombocytes (d) erythrocytes
(a) A–transcription, B–replication, C–James
84. In plant breeding programmes, the
Watson
entire collection (of plants/seeds)
(b) A–translation, B–transcription, C–Erevin
Chargaff
having all the diverse alleles for all
(c) A–transcription, B–translation, C–Francis
genes in a given crop is called
Crick (a) selection of superior recombinants
(d) A–translation, B–extension, C–Rosalind (b) cross-hybridisation among the selected
Franklin parents
(c) evaluation and selection of parents
79. Which enzyme/s will be produced in a (d) germplasm collection
cell in which there is a non-sense
85. During sewage treatment, biogases are
mutation in the lac Y gene?
produced, which include
(a) β-galactosidase
(b) Lactose permease (a) methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon
(c) Transacetylase dioxide
(d) Lactose permease and transacetylase (b) methane, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide
(c) hydrogen sulphide, methane and sulphur
80. According to Darwin, the organic dioxide
evolution is due to (d) hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and methane
(a) intraspecific competition
86. A biologist studied the population of
(b) interspecific competition
rats in a barn. He found that the
(c) competition within closely related species
average natality was 250, average
(d) reduced feeding efficiency in one species
mortality 240, immigration 20 and
due to the presence of interfering species
emigration 30. The net increase in
81. The eyes of Octopus and eyes of cat population is
show different patterns of structure, (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 05 (d) Zero
yet they perform similar function. This
is an example of 87. Which one of the following processes
(a) homologous organs that have evolved due during decomposition is correctly
to convergent evolution described?
(b) homologous organs that have evolved due (a) Fragmentation—Carried out by organisms
to divergent evolution such as earthworm
10 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
(b) Humification—Leads to the accumulation
of a dark coloured substance humus, which
undergoes microbial action at a very fast
rate
(c) Catabolism—Last step in the
decomposition under fully anaerobic
condition
(d) Leaching—Water soluble inorganic
nutrients rise to the top layers of soil
88. A sedentary sea anemone gets
attached to the shell lining of hermit
crab. The association is
(a) ectoparasitism (b) symbiosis
(c) commensalism (d) amensalism
Answer with Explanations
1. (c) Oomycetes (egg fungus) include water
moulds, white rusts and downy mildews. In
these, female gamete is smaller and
motile, whereas male gamete is larger and
non-motile. Isogametes are found in algae
like Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra,
etc., which are similar in structure, function
and behaviour. Anisogametes are found
in Chlamydomonas in which one gamete is
larger and non-motile and the other one is
motile and smaller. Oogamy is the fusion
of non-motile egg with motile sperm. The
gametes, differ both morphologically as
well as physiologically. It occurs in
Chlamydomonas, Fucus Chara, Volvox,
etc.
2. (c) Museums have collection of preserved
plants and animal specimens for study and
reference specimens are preserved in the
containers in preservative solutions.
Herbarium is a store house at collected plant
specimens that are dried, pressed and
preserved on sheets. Botanical gardens
have collection of living plants for reference.
Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of
plants and animals based on the similarities
and dissimilarities.
3. (b) Isogamy is found in Spirogyra in which both
gametes are non-motile. In Chlamydomonas,
89. Global warming can be controlled by
(a) Reducing deforestation, cutting down use
of fossil fuel
(b) Reducing reforestation, increasing the use
of fossil fuel
(c) Increasing deforestation, slowing down the
growth of human population
(d) Increasing deforestation, reducing
efficiency of energy usage
90. The Air Prevention and Control of
Pollution Act came into force in
(a) 1975 (b) 1981
(c) 1985 (d) 1990
all three conditions, isogamy anisogamy and
oogamy are found. Both motile and non-motile
gametes are found. In Volvox and Fucus,
oogamy is present, where non-motile egg
fuses with motile sperm.
4. (b) Cyanobacteria within the coralloid roots of
Cycas are chemoheterotrophic and
specifically adapted to life in symbiosis. Only
a few species of cyanobacteria form
associations with Cycas. Pinus is a
gymnosperm. Equisetum belongs to vascular
plants and to horse tail family. Psilotum
belongs to division–Pteridophyta and is a fern
like plant.
5. (d) An ovule (megasporangium) generally
has a single embryo sac formed from a
megaspore through reduction division. It is a
small structure attached to the placenta by
means of a stalk called funicle.
Ovule → Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) by
meiosis → Megaspore
Each has one or two protective envelopes
called integuments. Nucellus is a mass of
cells enclosed with the integuments. Fruits
develop from the ovary of flower, other floral
parts degenerate and fall off.
6. (c) Statement I, II and III are correct. In
IV–sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 11

than in liverworts. V–Pinus is a monoecious e.g., China rose. Imbricate aestivation the
plant, producing male and female cones margins of sepals or petals overlap but not
every year. In Marchantia, plant body is necessarily in specific direction, e.g., Cassia.
strictly dioecious and isomorphic. Sex For further detail refer to ans. 97
organs are found in specialised sexual 10. (b) Plants have stomata and lenticles
receptacles called anthridiophore and involved in gaseous exchange. In stems the
archegoniophore. living cells are organised in thin layers inside
Flowers and beneath the bark. They have openings
7. (c)
called lenticles. Transpiration is the
Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous evaporative loss of water by plants. It occurs
Gynoecium Gynoecium Ovary enclosed mainly through stomata in leaves Food
present above present in the by thalamus transport occurs by the vascular tissue
all other floral centre. and gets fused
parts with it
phloem from a source to a sink.
Photosynthesis is a physico-chemical
Ovary is Other part Other parts
process by which they use light energy to
superior almost at above ovary
same level. derive re synthesis of organic compounds.
Ovary half Ovary inferior, 11. (c) Age of tree can be estimated by number of
inferior, e.g., e.g., Guava, annual rings. The two kinds of woods that
Plum, rose cucumber appear as alternate concentric rings,
constitute an annual ring heartwood
Plum, rose are perigynous and guava, comprises dead elements with highly
cucumber are epigynous. So, total remaining lignified walls that give mechanical support to
plants are hypogynous. the stem. The height and girth of a tree
8. (a) In dicot stems, the cells of cambium increases due to the activity of vascular
present between primary xylem and primary cambium.
phloem is the intrafasicular cambium. The 12. (b) Seed coat is thick in coconut seed and
cells of medullary rays, adjoining these thin, membranous in groundnut, gram and
intrafascicular cambium become maize seeds.
meristematic and form the interfascicular
13. (c) The substrate binds to the enzyme at its
cambium. Xylem parenchyma are living and
active site forming an enzyme substrate
thin-walled and their cell walls are made up of
complex. This complex formation is a
cellulose. In dicot roots the innermost layer of
transient and unstable phenomenon. Very
the cortex is called endodermis. Next to
soon, the product is released from the active
endodermis lies a few layers of thick-walled
site. It is the fact that all other intermediate
parenchymatous cells called as pericycle.
structural states are unstable. Stability is
9. (a) Actinomorphic (star-shaped) can be related to energy status of the molecule or the
divided into 3 or more identical sectors, structure.
which are related to each other by rotation
14. (c) A fat is formed of two kinds of smaller
about the centre of the flower, e.g., China
molecules, i.e., glycerol and fatty acids. In
rose. Zygomorphic flowers can be divided by
making a fat three fatty acid molecules each
only a single plane into two mirror image
join to glycerol by an ester linkage. A fatty
halves, e.g., orchids.
acid has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or
Valvate aestivation The sepals or petals in a 18 carbon atoms in length. It there are no
whorl just touch one another at the margin, double bonds between carbon atoms
e.g., Calotropis. composing the chain, then as many
Twisted aestivation One margin of the hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to
appendage overlaps that of the next one, the carbon skeleton. This is called saturated
12 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acid has one or
more double bonds. Phosphoglycerides are
esters of two fatty acids, phosphoric acid and
a trifunctional alcohal glycerol. The fatty acids
are attached to the glycerol at the 1 and 2
position on glycerol through ester bonds.
15. (d) Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll but the
chlorophyll is not located in chloroplasts,
rather it is found in chromatophores, infolding
of the plasma membrane, where
photosynthesis is carried out. Heterocysts
are specialised nitrogen fixing cells formed
by some filamentous cyanobacteria such as
Nostoc. A basal body is an organelle formed
from a centriole and a short cylindrical array
of microtubules. Pneumatophores are lateral
roots that grow upward for varying distance
and function as the site of oxygen intake for
the submerged primary roots.
16. (b) The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER) is the major site for synthesis of lipids.
RER is actively involved in protein synthesis
and secretion. Nucleoplasm is the site for
active ribosomal RNA synthesis. Symplast is
the system of interconnected protoplast
through, which water movement occurs.
17. (c) Homologous chromosomes pair up. This
process is called synapsis. Each pair is called
bivalent. Chromosomes line up around the
equator of the spindle, attached by their
centromeres to the spindle fibres, which are
microtubules. The microtubules forming
spindles can be of two types, i.e., kinetochore
microtubule and non-kinetochore microtubule.
Axoneme is the central core of a cilium or
flagellum consisting of a central pair of
filaments surrounded by nine other pairs.
Equatorial plate is the plane located midway
between the poles of a dividing cell during the
metaphase stage of mitosis or meiosis. It is
formed from the migration of the
chromosome to the centre of the spindle.
18. (b) Pathway A is glycolysis, pathway B is the
krebs’ cycle and pathway C is oxidative
phosphorylation
Arrow 1 — ADP or NAD +
Arrow 2 — Pyruvate
Arrow 3 — NADH
Arrow 4 — ATP
Arrow 5 — ADP, NAD + or FAD
Arrow 6 and 7 — FADH 2 and NADH (either
one can be 6 or 7)
Arrow 8 — ATP or CO 2
Arrow 9 and 10 — O 2 and ADP (either one
can be 9 or 10)
Arrow 11 and 12 — H 2O and ATP (either one
can be 11 or 12)
19. (d) Major intracellular cation is K + .
Major extracellular cation is Na + .
Ca + play major role in signal transduction
pathways.
H + is found in aqueous solution of all acids.
20. (d) Gibberellin induces aleurone cells to
secrete enzyme to break stored food in seed.
Cytokinines promote nutrient mobilisation,
which helps in the delay of leaf senescence.
ABA plays an important role in seed
development, maturation and dormancy.
Ethylene induces fruit ripening, breaks seed
dormancy,
21. (d) Facilitated transport is a form of passive
transport in which materials are moved across
the plasma membrane by a transport protein
down. Their concentration gradient. It requires
integral membrane proteins and highly selective
biological membranes to cross. Saturation
occurs in facilitated, diffusion because not
enough carriers may be available to handle all
the free solute molecules. The rate of movement
may reach a maximum. Uphill transport is a
process in which diffusion of a component
occurs from a less concentrated stream to a
more concentrated permeable stream.
22. (b) The process of conversion of nitrogen
(N 2) to ammonia is termed as nitrogen
fixation.
N 2 → N 2H 2 → N 2H 4 → 2NH 3
(Nitrogen) (Dimide) (Hydrazine) (Ammonia)
2NH3 + 3O 2 → 2NO −2 + 2H+ + 2H2O
2NO 2 + O 2 → 2NO −3

In reductive animation ammonia reacts with
α-ketoglutaric acid and forms glutamic acid
α-ketoglutaric acid + NH+4 + NADPH
Glutamate
→ Glutamate + H2O + NADP
Dehydrogenae
23. (d) Acetyl Co-A is common to respiration
mediated breakdown of fats, carbohydrates
and proteins. Glucose and fructose are
phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-
6-phosphate by the activity of the enzyme
hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate then
converts into fructose 6 phosphate and
further to fructose 1-6-bisphosphate. Pyruvic
acid is the end product of glycolysis.
24. (d) Tapetum is the innermost layer of
microsporangium. It nourishes the pollen
grains. The inner wall of pollen grain is called
intine. Endothecium is the wall around the
microsporangium, which provide protection
and help in dehiscence of anther to release
the pollen. Sporogenous tissue is diploid. It
undergoes meiotic division to form
microspore tetrads.
25. (c) Sexual reproduction leads to new genetic
combination leading to variation in new
products. Longer viability of seeds,
prolonged dormancy and large biomass are
not related to sexual reproduction.
26. (a) In diploid organisms, specialised cells
called meiocytes (gamete mother cell)
undergo meiosis. Conidia and gemmules are
asexual reproductive structures found in
Penicillium and sponge respectively.
Megaspores are female gametes in plants,
which undergo sexual reproduction.
27. (c) In cleistogamous flowers, anthers and
stigma lie close to each other. When anthers
dehisce in the flower buds, pollen grains
come in contact with the stigma to effect
pollination. Thus, these flowers produce
assured seed set even in the absence of
pollinators. The higher genetic variability and
more vigorous offsprings are the produced to
variations obtained by sexual reproduction.
Vivipary relates to the birth of young babies
from mammals.
Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 13
28. (d) Monoecious or homothallic condition in
Chara (green algae) is used to denote upper
oogonium and lower antheridium on the
same plant. The organisms, which possess
both the reproductive organs are called
bisexual. Unisexual condition represents
both male or female organs in same
organism.
29. (c) In some seeds like black pepper and beet,
remnants of nucellus are also persistent this
persistent nucellus is called perisperm. The
cells of endosperm tissue are filled with
reserve food materials and are used for the
nutrition of the developing embryo. The main
difference is perisperm is present in seeds
and endosperm is present in developing
embryo as its reserved food which is
completely consumed by is during
development.
30. (b) The tightly linked genes on
chromosomes show 100% parental types
and 0% recombinants. Two genes that
undergo independent assortment indicated
by a recombinant frequency of 50% are either
on non- homologous chromosomes are
located far apart in a single chromosome. As
the distance between two genes increases,
crossover frequency increases. More
recombinant gametes, fever parental
gametes.
31. (b) Genetic drift is a random change in allele
frequencies over the generations. It is
brought by chance alone. Gene flow or gene
migration is the physical movement of alleles
into and out of a population. The existence
within the population of disadvantages
alleles in heterozygous genotypes is known
as genetic code.
32. (a) In codominance both alleles of a pair
express themselves fully in F1 hybrid. It is
contrary to the situation seen in incomplete
dominance, where traits express themselves
only partially. This is not the example of
partial dominance or complete dominance
AB → IA IB → Antigen A
Genotype
+ Antigen B → Codominance
14 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
33. (b) Convergent evolution occurs in
unrelated group of organisms. It is the
development of similar functional structures
but in unrelated groups. The process of
evolution of different species in a given
geographical area starting from a point and
literally radiating to other areas of geography
is called adaptive radiation. Natural selection
is the basis of evolution.
34. (d) According to Hardy-Weirberg principle,
allele frequencies in a population are are
stable and is constant from generation to
generation allele frequencies in a population
will remain constant over generations only if
the following condition are met
(i) There is no mutation no gene flow and all
mating is random.
(ii) All genotypes reproduce equally well (i.e.,
no natural selection). But, all there
conditions rarely met in nature.
35. (b) Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Examples of Bt
crops are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato,
potato and soyabean, etc. In India Bt cotton is
grown by farmers extensively.
36. (a) A good producer of citric acid is
Aspergillus niger (a fungus). Clostridium
produces butyric acid, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae is used for bread baking
fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to
produce ethanol. Pseudomonas (a
bacterium) is used in vitamin-B 12 production.
37. (c) DNA fragments generated by the
restriction endonucleases in a chemical
reaction can be separated by
electrophoresis. The polymerase chain
reaction is simply DNA replication in a test
tube. Restriction mapping is the process of
obtaining structural information on a piece of
DNA by the use of restriction enzymes,
e.g., endonucleases that recognise specific
4 to 8 base regions of DNA.
38. (c) In algae, cell wall is made up of cellulose
degraded by cellulase enzyme. Bacteria have
lysozyme, plants cells have cell wall degraded
by cellulose and fungi have chitinase.
39. (c) The colonies of recombinant bacteria
appear white in contrast to blue calories of
non-recombinant bacteria because of
insertional inactivation of alpha
galactosidase in recombinant bacteria.
Alpha galactosidase is a glycoside
hydrolase enzyme that hydrolyse the
terminal alpha galactosyl moieties from
glycolipids and glycoprotein. It is encoded
by the GLA gene. β-galactosidase is an
exoglycosidase, which hydrolyzes the
β-glycosidic bond formed between a
galactose and its organic rhoiety.
40. (a) Archaebacteria flourish in hot springs and
deep sea hypothermal vents. Eubacteria are
true bacteria, characterised by the presence
or rigid cell wall and if motile a flagellum. Most
fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble
organic matter from dead substrates and hence
are called saprophyte. The cyanobacteria have
chlorophyll-a similar to green plants and are
photosynthetic autotrophs.
41. (c) The natural reservoir of phosphosus is
rock, which contains phosphorus in the form
of phosphates. Sea water, animal bones and
fossils are reservoir of carbon.
42. (c) Secondary productivity is the rate of
formation of new organic matter by
consumers. Primary productivity depends
on the producers inhabiting a particular
area. Decomposers breakdown complex
organic matter. Into inorganic substances
like carbon dioxide water and nutrients.
Parasitic species food on the body of other
organisms.
43. (c) Shifting cultivation results into
deforestation. Botanical gardens have
collection of living plants for reference. Seed
banks store seeds as a source for planting in
case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed.
Field gene banks are a type of biorepository,
which preserve genetic material.
44. (a) Kyoto protocol climate change
conference (CoP-3) held at Kyoto, Japan in
1997. The developed countries agreed to
specific targets for cutting their emissions of
green house gases. A general framework
 Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 15

was defined for this, with specifics to be 49. (b) Silverfish — Arthropoda
detailed over the next few years. This became Cuttlefish — Mollusca
known as the Kyoto Protocol.
Putterfish — Chordata (phylum),
45. (c) The following figure shows global
class — Pisces
biodiversity of fungi, mosses, ferns, algae,
lichens and angiosperms. Flying fish — Pisces.
Mosses 50. (c) H-zone in skeletal muscle is the central gap
between actin filaments extending through
Ferns and allies
myosin filaments in the A-band. Alternate
Fungi
arrangement of dark and light bands gives the
Angiosperm striated appearance to a skeletal muscle. At the
centre of A-band, a comparatively less dark
Algae zone called H-zone is present. In the centre of
Lichens
H-zone, M-line is present, formed by the threats
46. (a) Petromyzon (lamprey) is an ectoparasite that connect the myofilaments.
on fishes, which belongs to Cyclostomata. 51. (c) In cockroach, development is pauro
Ichthyophis is a limbless amphibian. Limulus metabolous. The nymph grows by moulting
(king crab) is a living fossil, which belongs to about 13 times to reach the adult form. The
Arthropoda. Admasia having polyp body form next to last nymphal stage has wing pads but
is a coelenterate. only adult cockroaches have wings. Anal
47. (c) Housefly, butterfly, tse-tse fly, cerci are a pair of jointed filamentous
silverfish–Insecta of phylum–Arthropoda. structures in 10th segment of both sexes.
Flying fish, class–Osteichthyes of Labium is a lover lip and a pair of mandibles
phylum–Pisces, cuttle fish (Sepia) of are present in mouthparts of cockroach.
phylum–Mollusca 52. (d) Golgi complex plays a major role in post
Silver fish, class–Insecta of translational modification of proteins and
phylum–Arthropoda glycosidation of lipids. Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll, which traps light and transform
Sea urchin and sea cucumber belong to into chemical energy. Lysosomes are
Echinodermata spider and scorpion belong to involved in digesting proteins, fats and
class–Arachnida of phylum–Arthropoda. carbohydrates. Mitochondria are energy
Centipede belongs to class–Chilopoda of transferring organelles.
phylum–Arthropoda. Millipede belongs
class–Diplopeda of phylum–Arthropoda. 53. (d) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) –
Spring anteater belongs to phylum–Mammalia. Protein synthesis

48. (c) Prawn, Scorpion, Locusta belong to Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) –
phylum–Arthropoda. Lipid synthesis.

Malarial parasite (Plasmodium vivax) and Golgi apparatus – Important site of formation
Amoeba belong to phylum–Protozoa. glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Mosquito—Phylum–Arthropoda 54. (a) Macromolecule chitin is a complex

polysaccharide containing amino sugars and
Earthworm — Phylum–Annelida chemically modified sugars (e.g.,
Pinworm and Tapeworm–Phylum– glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, etc).
Aschelminthes Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate
Sponge—Phylum–Porifera, Sea anemone - molecules of monosaccharide units joined
Phylum — Coelenterata together by glycosidic bonds. They have a
general formula C x(H2O)y .
Starfish — Phylum–Echinodermata
16 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
55. (d) Essential chemical components of many
coenzymes are vitamins, e.g., coenzyme
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
and NADP contain the vitamin niacin.
Proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates
are not enzymatic biomolecules.
56. (a) Telophase is reserve of prophase. The
chromosome that have reached their
respective polar decondense and their
individually. Late anaphase is characterised
by centromeres split and chromatid separate
and chromatid move to opposite poles.
Cytokinesis is process in which cell itself is
divided two daughter cells.
57. (a) Amino acids monosaccharides like
glucose, electrolytes like Na + are absorbed
into the blood by active transport. Fructose
and some amino acids are absorbed with the
help of the carrier ions like Na + by facilitated
transport. Fatty acid and glycerol cannot be
absorbed into the blood. They are first
incorporated into small droplets called
micelles, which move into the intestinal
mucosa.
58. (a) Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes
defective development and maturation of the
growing foetus leading to stunted growth.
Low secretion of GH results in stunted growth
resulting in pituitary dwarfism. Pars distalis or
anterior pituitary Produces Growth Hormone.
prolactin (PRL), Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH), Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
(ACTH), Lutenising Hormone (LH) and
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
59. (c) C–Alveoli are thin-walled vascular bag-like
structures for exchange of gases. A–trachea
or wind pipe is an air conducting tube through,
which transport of gases takes place.
B–pleural membrane is double layered, which
reduces friction on the lung surface.
D–diaphragm is involved in the inspiration and
expiration process of breathing.
60. (c) A–Pulmonary vein takes impure blood
from body parts, pO 2 = 60 mmHg.
B–Pulmonary artery-takes blood from
heart to lungs, pO 2 = 90 mmHg.
C–Vena cava-takes blood from body parts
to right auricle, pCO 2 = 45 mmHg
D–Dorsal aorta-takes blood from heart to
body parts, pO 2 = 95 mmHg.
61. (a) In ECG, P-wave represents the
depolarisation of atria, which leads to the
contraction of both atria. T-wave represents
the return of ventricles from excited to normal
state. The QRS complex represents the
depolarisation of the ventricles, which
initiates ventricular contraction. The
contraction starts shortly after Q and marks
the beginning of systole.
62. (a) A–Adrenal gland, B–Renal pelvis, C–
Medulla, D–Cortex.
63. (b) Inflammation of joints due to
accumulation of uric acid crystals is gout.
Fibrous joint are formed by the flat skull
bones, which fuse end-to-end with the help of
dense fibrous connective tissues in the form
of sutures to form cranium. The vertebral
column is formed by 26 serially arranged
units called vertebral. The less secretion of
progesterone causes aportion as it basically
supports pregnancy.
64. (c) Joint between atlas and axis is pivot joint,
which is an example of synovial joint
characterised by the presence of a fluid-filled
synovial cavity between the articulating surface
of the two bones. Knee joint (hinge joint) is a
synovial joint characterised by the presence of
fluid filled synovial cavity between the
articulating surfaces of the two bones. Fluid
cartilage between two bones having limited
movements is slightly movable joint. In freely
movable joints fluid filled between two joints
provides cushion In gliding joint, the articulating
bones can slide upon one another.
65. (a) A–receptor, B–synaptic cleft, C–synaptic
vesicles, D–Ca 2+ .
156. (a) A–Retina - contains photoreceptors - rods
and cones. The daylight vision is function of
cones and twilight vision is related to rods.
B–Blind spot-Photoreceptor cells are not
present in this part.

C–Aqueous chamber contains a thin watery
fluid called aqueous humour.
D–Sclera is the external layer of eye having
dense connective tissue.
67. (c) Hormones are non nutrient chemicals,
which act as intracellular messengers and are
produced in trace amounts. Endocrine cells
are present in different parts of the
gastrointestinal tract, e.g., gastrin, secretin,
GIP. Atrial wall of our heart secretes a peptide
hormone called ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor),
RH/IH are produced by hypothalamus.
Adenohypophysis is not directly under neural
control, it is under the control of hypothalamic
hormones, brought by portal system.
68. (c) Lack of iodine in diet results in goitre.
Oxytocin is produced by neurohypophysis,
which stimulates uterus contraction during
child birth. Anterior pituitary secretes Growth
Hormones (GH) its over secretion stimulates
abnormal growth. Testosterone is secreted
by Leydig cells of testes in males.
69. (d) Spermatogonia → Spermatocyte →
Spermatid → Spermatozoa
Spermatogonia are present on the inside wall
of seminiferous tubule multiplied by mitotic
division and increase in number.
Spermatocytes are some of the
spermatogonia, which periodically undergo
meiosis. The secondary spermatocytes
undergo the second meiotic division to
produce four, equal haploid spermatids. The
spermatids are transformed into
spermatozoa (sperm).
70. (a) Progesterone – Supports pregnancy.
FSH Stimulates gonadal activity called as
gonadotrophins.
Oxytocin Stimulates contraction in uterus
during childbirth.
Vasopressin Stimulate resorption of water
and electrolytes by the distal tubules, also
called as Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
71. (d) Pituitary secretes oxytocin during
parturition. The functions of placenta are
supply of oxygen and nutrients to embryo,
secretes oestrogen, facilitates removal of
Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 17
carbon dioxide and waste materials from
embryo.
72. (b) One of the legal method of birth contorl is
periodic in which couple abstain from coitus
from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle.
Abortion by taking medicine is not a legal
method. A day break coitus may increase the
changes of contraception.
73. (d) Amniocentesis is a foetal sex
determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid
surrounding the developing embryo.
Jaundice is a condition not based on
chromosomal pattern. It is a disease related
to liver dysfunctions.
74. (c) Infertility due to inability of the male to
inseminate the female or due to very low
sperm counts in the ejaculates can be
corrected by artificial insemination.
Ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms
from the husband/donor (male) are callected
and are induced to form zygote under
simulated conditions in the laboratory is called
test-tube baby programme. Introduction of
sperms of healthy donor directly into the ovary
is called Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(ICSI).
75. (d) In codominance, both alleles of a pair
express themselves fully in F1 hybrid, so, it
resembles both the parents. In incomplete
dominance, the two genes of allelomorphic
pair are not related as dominant or recessive,
but each of them express itself partially.
Law of dominance states that when a cross is
made between two homozygous individuals
considering contrasting trait of simple
character then the trait that appear in F1
hybrids is called dominant. Inheritance of one
gene is based on crossing between single
traits.
76. (c) Haemophilia is a sex linked recessive
disease. A single protein that is a part of the
cascade of protein is involved in the clotting
of blood is affected. The heterozygous
female for haemophilia may transmit the
disease to sons.
18 | NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test)
77. (c) Thalassemia is the disorder due to
reduced synthesis of either the α or β-chains,
likewise designated as α or β- thalassemias.
When this autosomal mutant gene is present
in double dose. The disease is severe called
as thalassemia major.
78. (c) Central dogma
Transcription Translation Francis Crick
DNA → mRNA → protein →
A B C Thrombocytes or platelets secrete factors
79. (a) β-galactosidase is a structural gene
present in segment of DNA, which carry lcdes
for the synthesis of protein. Mutation in the lac
Y gene of E.coli needs residues of cytoplasmic
enzyme β-galactosidase. Lactose permease
is a membrane protein, which is a major
facilitator superfamily. Transacetylase is an
enzyme transferring acetyl groups from one
compound to another.
80. (b) Darwin stated that, the organic evolution
is due to interspecific competition. It is the
competition between members of different
species. Intraspecific competition occurs
amongst members of the same species for
obtaining optimum amounts of their food,
shelter, mate, water, light, etc. Closely related
species if compete cannot cause evolution.
Reduced feeding efficiency in one species
due to the presence of interfering species is
due to strugle for existence.
81. (c) The analogous organs are not
anatomically similar structures through they
perform similar functions. Hence, analogous
structures are a result of convergent
evolution different structures evolving for the
same function and hence, having similarity.
Homologous organs developed along
different direction due to adaptations to
different needs. This is divergent evolution
and the structures are homologous.
82. (a) Infection of Ascaris occurs in a healthy
person due to contaminated water,
vegetables, fruits, etc. Mosquitos bite causes
malaria due to the entry to Plasmodium
parasite into the blood. Eating imperfectly
cooked pork causes trichinosis disease
(parasitic disease). Tse-tse fly causes
trypanosomiasis, on infection of the central
nervous system.
83. (a) T-lymphocyte receptors can recognise
only antigen that bound to cell membrane
proteins. These lymphocytes mediate CMI
(cell mediated immunity). B-lymphocytes are
the major effector molecules of humoral
immunity. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
that are involved in vascular repair.
84. (d) It is called germplasm collection or the
collection of variability. Selection of superior
recombinants means selection of the best
plant from the whole lot by visual examination
and collecting their seeds for growing in field.
Cross hybridisation is the method of
combining. The characters of different plants
together. The selection and evolution are the
main steps of hybridisation.
85. (a) Biogas is a mixture of gases (mainly
methane) produced by the microbial activity
and which may be used as fuel. During
biogas production, the bacteria called
methanogens digest the activated sludge
and produce a mixture of gases such as
methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide
and hydrogen.
86. (d) A population has birth rates and death
rates. The rates are expressed as change in
numbers (increase or decrease) with respect
to members of the population.
Immigration
+
Natality + Density – Mortality
Emigration
In this case, the net increases in population
will be
Birth rate (B) + Immigration (I) − Death rate (D)
+ Emmigration (I)
87. (a) Fragmentation is one of the steps during
decomposition, in which detritus is converted
into small fragments. Humification leads to

dark coloured amorphous substance called
humus that is highly resistent to microbial
action and undergoes decomposition at an
extremely slow rate. Catabolism is the set of
metabolic pathways that breaks down
molecules into smaller units to release
energy. Leaching refers to the loss of water
soluble plant nutrients from the soil due to
rain and irrigation.
88. (b) This type of mutualisn to called
protocooperation. In this type, the sea
anemone grows on the back of the hermit
crab. It protects the crab with the help of its
nematocysts. Ectoparasites live on the
outside of host, e.g., human body louse. In
this interaction, the parasite gets the benefit at
the expense of the host. Commensalism is an
assotiation between organisms in which one or
both the species are benefitted and neither
Biology l Solved Paper 2013 | 19
species is harmed. In amensalism one species
is harmed, whereas the other is unaffected.
Predation, parasitism and commensalism
share a common characteristic, the interacting
species live closely together.
89. (a) Global warming can be controlled by
reducing deforestation, cutting down use of
fossil fuel, which results into reduction into
one of the greenhouse gas, i.e., CO 2. The
other ways of reducing global warming are
slowing down. The growth of human
population, improving efficiency of energy
usage.
90. (b) Air prevention and control of pollution
protection act come into force in 1981.
Environmental protection act in 1986 and
water (Prevention and control of Pollution) act
in 1974.