Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
University of Baghdad – College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

A Project Submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department

College of Engineering at the University of Baghdad as a Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science ( B. Sc. ) in Mechanical
Engineering 2019 / 2020

By:
Ammar Majed Ahmad
Fourth Class

Supervised by:
Prof. Dr. Majid Habeeb Faidh-Allah

July 2020
‫الحمد رب العالمین الذي لھ ما في السموات وأالرض والشكر لھ على ما من‬
‫بھ علي من نعمة وافرة على كل مرحلة امر بھ‪NN‬ا فیعین‪NN‬ني ویخرج‪NN‬ني منھ‪NN‬ا باحس‪NN‬ن‬
‫حال ‪.‬والصالة والسالم على نبینا (محمد) الذي أتمم ﷲ بھ علینا نعمتة ‪,‬وأكم‪NN‬ل لن‪NN‬ا‬
‫معھ دینھ وجعلھ أس‪N‬وة حس‪N‬نة ال یزی‪N‬غ بھ‪N‬ا وال یظ‪N‬ل وعلى الھ الطی‪N‬بین الط‪N‬اھرین‬
‫وسلم تسلیمأ كثیرأ‪.‬‬
‫‪N‬ك ‪,‬و أعج‪N‬زني عن إحص‪N‬ا ِء ثنائ‪NN‬ك فیض‬
‫ش‪N‬كر َك تت‪N‬اب ُع طولِ ِ‬
‫الھي أذھلني عن أقا َم‪NN‬ة ُ‬
‫فضلك ‪,‬و شغلني عن ذكر محام‪NN‬دك ت‪NN‬رادف عوائ‪NN‬دك ‪,‬و أعی‪NN‬اني عن نش‪NN‬ر عوارف‪NN‬ك‬
‫توالي أیادیك‪..‬‬
‫فنعمك جمةً ضعف لساني عن إحصائھا و كثیرة قصر فھمي عن إدراكھا فضالً عن‬
‫استقصائھا‪ ,‬فكیف ل ّي بتحصیل‪ N‬الشكر‪ ,‬و شكري إیاك یفتقر إلى شكر‪...‬‬
‫الشكر و التقدیر إلى كل من أضاء مصباح العلم في دربي‪..‬‬
‫الى الذي اوقد الشموع لتنیر درب‪......‬والدي العزیز‬
‫إلى قمر الحنان الالمع ‪ ...‬إلى شعاع الطیبة الساطع ‪ ...‬إلى التي أك‪N‬ثرت لن‪N‬ا ال‪N‬دعاء‬
‫كلما نطقت ‪ ......‬والدتي العزیزة‬
‫إلى ك‪NNN‬ل من یتم‪NNN‬نى لي النج‪NNN‬اح و الموفقی‪NNN‬ة ‪ ...‬إلى ك‪NNN‬ل من أحب ‪.....‬أالھ‪NNN‬ل‬
‫واالصدقاء إلى الشموع المحترقة ‪ ...‬إلى مناھل العلم‪........‬أساتذتي األعزاء‬
 Table of Contents
Title Page
..……………………………………………………… Acknowledgment I
Abstract …………………………………………………………………. II
Contents …………………………………………………………………. V
Nomenclature …………………………………………………………… VIII

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 General …………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Two-Phase Flows ……….………………………………………... 2
1.3 Bubbly Flows …………………………………………………….. 3
1.4 Theory of Water Electrolysis …………………………………….. 3
1.5 Hydrogen Bubble Technique …………………………………….. 4

Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review ………………………………………………… 6
2.1.1 Air bubbles injection ……………………………………... 6
2.1.2 Hydrogen bubbles injection ……………………………… 15
2.2 ...……………………………………………………… Motivation 22
2.3 .……………………………………………………… Originalities 22
2.4 Objectives of the Present Work ………………………………….. 23

Chapter Three Mathematical Modeling

"
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 28
3.2 .……………………………… Geometry and Coordinates System 28
3.3 ..…………………………………………… Methodical Modeling 28
3.3.1 Laminar flow …………………………………………….. 28
3.3.2 Turbulent flow …………………………………………… 29
3.3.3 Multiphase flow (Turbulent flow with effect of air bubble) 30
3.4 ……………………………………………… Further Calculations 34
 3.4.1 ......……………………… Calculation of bulk temperature 34
3.4.2 Calculation of local Nusselt number ……………………... 34
3.5 Boundary Conditions and their Treatment ……………………….. 34
3.6 The General Form of the Governing Equations ………………….. 37

Chapter Four Numerical Solution

4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 38
4.2 ..……………………………… Geometry and Coordinate System 39
4.3 Gambit Software …………………………………………………. 39
4.4 Grid Generation …………………………………………………... 39
4.5 Treatment of Boundary Conditions……...………………………... 40
4.6 Fluent Software …………………………………………………... 41
4.7 Discretization Scheme ……………………………………………. 42
4.8 Pressure- Correction Equations …………………………………... 46
4.9 Method of Solution ………………………………………………. 47
4.10 Computer Program ……………………………………………….. 49

Chapter Five Experimental Apparatus and Procedures

5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 58
5.2 Heat Transfer Experimental Setup and Procedure ……………….. 58
5.3 Measuring and Control Systems ………………………………… 64
5.4 Experimental Procedures ………………………………………… 67
5.5 Heat Transfer Calculations ……………………………………….. 72
5.5.1 Heat flux ………………………………………………….. 72
5.5.2 Rate of bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen ………………… 73
5.5.3 Volume fraction ………………………………………….. 74
5.5.4 Measurement of air bubble diameter …………………….. 74
5.6 Error Analysis .…………………………………………………… 74
5.7 Repeatability ……………………………………………………... 75

Chapter Six Results and Discussions

"
6.1 General …..……………………………………………………….. 91
6.2 Turbulent Flow …………………………………………………… 91
6.2.1 Results of single-phase flow(Numerical & experimental)... 91
6.2.2 Results of the two-phase flow(Numerical &experimental). 94
6.3 Correlations of Average Nusselt Number ……………………….. 97
6.4 Verification of the Results ……………………………………….. 98
6.4.1 Comparison with previous results for single phase flow … 98
6.4.2 Comparison with previous work for two phase flow …….. 99
6.5 Laminar Flow …………………………………………………….. 100
6.5.1 Results of single-phase flow (Numerical & experimental) 100
6.5.2 Results of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles injection– water. 101
6.6 Correlations of Average Nusselt Number ………………………... 105
6.7 Verification of the Results ……………………………………….. 105
6.7.1 Comparison with previous studies for single phase flow ... 105
6.7.2 Comparison with previous work for two phase flow……... 106

Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations

"
7.1 Conclusions ………………………………………………………. 170
7.1.1 Conclusions from turbulent flow ………………………… 170
7.1.2 Conclusions from laminar flow …………………………... 171
7.2 Recommendation …………………………………………………. 172

..………………………………………………………… References 173

Appendixes
Appendix A:Design First Rig Experimental ……………………………. A1-A5
Appendix B:Measurement Devices Calibration ………………………… B1-B19
Appendix C:Calculation Procedures ……………………………………. C1- C5
Appendix D:Error Analysis …………………………………………….. D1-D4
Appendix E: Publication from Present Work …………………………… E1
 Nomenclature
Latin symbol

Latin
Symbols Description Unit

A Area of cross section m2

As Surface area m2
B Number of excess" electrons" (For H2=2 , O2=4) -
Bo Buoyancy parameter ( Bo=Gr ¿ ¿ ¿ ℜ3.425 Pr0.8 ) ¿ -
C,C1,C2 Constants in turbulence model -
CK3,C3 Constants in turbulence model -
CD Drag coefficient -
CL Lift force coefficient -
Cf Skin friction coefficient -
CP Specific heat at constant pressure J/kg.°C
C td Turbulent dispersion force constant -
Cw1 , Cw2 Constants in wall lubrication force -
 Di Tube inner diameter m
Do Tube outer diameter m
d airbubble Diameter of capillary tube of air bubble m
db Diameter of air bubble m
dc Diameter of capillary tube m
E Integration constant -
F Faraday constant, (F=9.65×104 A·s/mol) A·s/mol
fμ Damping function -
g Gravitational acceleration m/s2
Gr* Modify Grashof number, ¿ -
h Average heat transfer coefficient W/m2.ºC
hx Local heat transfer coefficient without bubble W/m2.ºC
hxo Local heat transfer coefficient with bubble W/m2.ºC
I Electrical current Am
K Turbulent kinetic energy -
k Number of phases -
kc Liquid turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass -
ko Von Karman’s constant -
L Length of pipe m
Mk The interface momentum transfer -
M kd Drag force N
M kL Lift force N
M kW Wall lubrication force N
M k td Turbulent dispersion force N
ṁ Mass flow rate kg/s
ṁ¿ Inlet mass flow rate kg/s
nw Outward unit vector is perpendicular to the wall -
Nu Average Nuesslt number , ( Nu=h D i / λ ) -
Nux Local Nusselt number without bubble -
Nuxo Local Nusselt number with bubble -
P Pressure Pa
p Permitted m
 Pe Peclet number, (Pe=Re Pr) -
Po Electrical power W
Pr Prandtl Number, ( Pr=μ C p / λ ) -
Qg Gas flow rate lit/min
Qair Air bubbles flow rate lit/min
Qtotal Total bubble flow rate lit/min
Qwater Water flow rate lit/min
Q(H2+O2) Total bubble of (hydrogen & oxygen ) lit/min
q" Heat flux per unit area of tube W/m2
Ra Rayleigh Number, ( Ra=Gr Pr)
¿
-
Re Reynolds Number, ( ℜ=ρu Di /μ ) -
Rer Relative Reynolds number,( ℜ=ρ c|ud −u c| d b /μ c ) -
Ro Universal gas constant, (Ro=8.31×109Pa·mm3/(K·mol)) Pa·mm3/K·mol
Ri Richardson number, (Ri=Gr ¿/Re2) -
Tin Inlet temperature ºC
Twall Wall Temperature ºC
Tbulk Bulk Temperature ºC
uin Inlet velocity m/s
u,v,w Mean velocity components in R,X, θ directions m/s
uc Air velocity through the capillary tube m/s
R,X,θ Cylindrical coordinates -
Vo Voltage Volt
X Axial distance along heat source m
yP Distance first node to the wall m

Greek Symbols

Symbols Description Unit

α Volume fraction -
β Coefficient of thermal expansion 1/K
 η Under relaxation factor -
 Diffusion coefficient -
 Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy -
 Laminar viscosity kg/m.s
t Turbulent viscosity kg/m.s
e Effective viscosity kg/m.s
 Density kg/m3
W Density of water kg/m3
H2 Density of hydrogen kg/m3
O2 Density of oxygen kg/m3
air Density of air kg/m3
φ Dependent variable -
2
υ Kinematic viscosity m /s
υ t Turbulent kinematic viscosity m2/ s
λ Thermal conductivity W/m.ºC
K, Constants for the K- model -
σ Laminar Prandtl number ( σ =μc p / λ ) -
σt Turbulent Prandtl number ( σ t =μ t c p / λ ) -
∅ conv
Convection heat loss W
∅ loss
Total losses W
∅ cond Conduction heat loss W
∆ r , ∆ x , ∆ θ Grid size in r,x,θ -
Δ Difference -
∇ Gradient operator -

Subscript

Symbols Description
air Air
c Continuous phase
d Dispersed phase
water Water
(H2+O2) Hydrogen &Oxygen
bulk Bulk
g Gas
in Inlet
wall Wall
w1,w2 Coefficient in wall lubrication force
x Local

Superscripts

Symbols Description
+ Normalization by wall unit
* Guessed values or values from last iteration
′ Correction values or fluctuating values in time
d Drag force
L Lift force
W Wall lubrication force
Td Turbulent dispersion force
r New under relaxed values.

Abbreviations

Symbols Description
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CV Control Volume
SIMPLE Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-linked Equations
TDMA Tri Diagonal Matrix Algorithm
VOF Volume Of Fraction
Chapter One
 Chapter One

Introduction 1.1

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer energy from two or

more fluids, from a solid surface and a fluid, or from solid particulates and
a fluid, at distinctive temperatures and which are in thermal contact. Heat
exchangers are one of the important engineering devices in process industries
since the efficiency and economy of the process largely depend on the
performance of the heat exchangers (Kvenumadhav et al ., 2017). Helical coil
heat exchangers are always preferred over the straight or shell type because
of its compact size and higher film coefficient. They are most commonly
used in industries like power generation, nuclear industry, process plant, heat
recovery system, chemical process industries etc. Temperature for
exothermic reaction of a reactor can be controlled by using these heat
exchangers. The design of helical coil exchanger is less expensive. Helical
geometry permits the powerful handling at higher temperatures and higher
temperature differentials without any exceptionally induced stress or
expansion of joints. Helical coil heat exchanger comprises of series of
stacked helical coiled tubes and the tube closures are connected by manifolds,
which additionally act as fluid in and out area. The objective behind
constructing a heat exchanger is to get an effective method of heat exchange
starting with one fluid then onto the next, by direct or indirect contact. Heat
transfer occurs in three ways: conduction, convection and radiation. In helical
coil heat exchangers the heat transfer by radiation is not taken into account as
it is much less and negligible as compared to conduction and convection.
Conductive heat transfer can be experienced with a minimum thickness if
wall of highly conductive material. In the performance of a heat exchanger,
convection plays a major role. In natural convection, heat transfer occurs by
density difference in a fluid due to temperature gradient, and hence doesn’t
require any external source like pump, fan or a suction device. Fluid
surrounding a heat source receives heat, becomes less dense and rises up. The
fluid that is surrounding the hot fluid is cooler and then moves in to replace
it. In forced convection, a heat exchanger exchanges the heat from one
moving stream to an alternate stream through the pipe wall. The cooler fluid
absorbs heat from the hooter one as the flow is counter flow. If the cold fluid
moves along the direction of hot fluid it is called parallel flow and if moves
opposite to it, we call that counter flow. (Lalit R. N., 2013)

1.2 Classification of Heat Exchangers

There are many types of heat exchangers. Some of them are. (Kvenumadhav et al
., 2017).
1. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of series of tubes figure (1). One set
of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. A set
of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of
tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc. Shell and tube heat exchangers are
typically used for high-pressure applications
 Fig (1) : shell and tube heat exchanger.

2. Plate Heat Exchangers

These exchangers are composed of many thin , show in figure (1). slightly
separated plates that have very large surface areas and small fluid flow
passages for heat transfer.In HVAC applications, large heat exchangers of
this type are called plate-and-frame.

Figure (2) : plate heat

exchanger.
3. Plate and Shell Heat Exchanger
This type combines plate heat exchanger with shell and tube heat exchanger
technologies figure (3). Plate and shell technology offers high heat transfer,
high pressure, and high temperature. In particular; it does completely
without gaskets, which provides security against leakage at high pressures
and temperatures.

Figure (3): plate and shell heat exchanger

4. Dynamic Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger

This is mainly used for heating viscosity products, crystallization fouling
applications show in figure.

5. Fluid Heat Exchangers

This is a heat exchanger
with a gas passing
upwards through a
shower of fluid (often
water), and the fluid is
then taken elsewhere
before being cooled.
 This is commonly used for cooling gases whilst also removing certain
impurities, thus solving two problems at once. It is widely used in espresso
machines as an energy-saving method of cooling super-heated water to use
in the extraction of espresso , Show in figure (4).

Figure (4): Heat Exchanger Based Espresso Machine

6. Pillow Plate Heat Exchanger

A pillow plate exchanger is
commonly used in the dairy industry
for cooling milk in large direct-
expansion stainless steel bulk tanks
show in figure . The pillow plate
allows for cooling across nearly the
entire surface area of the tank,
without gaps that would occur
between pipes welded to the exterior
of the tank.
7. Plate and Fin Heat Exchanger
 This type of heat exchanger uses "sandwiched" passages containing fins to
increase the effectiveness of the unit, figure (7). The designs include cross
flow and counter flow coupled with various fin configurations such as
straight fins, offset fins and wavy fins. Plate and fin heat exchangers are
usually made of aluminium alloys, which provide high heat transfer
efficieney.Plate and fin heat exchangers are mostly used for low temperature
services such as natural gas, helium and oxygen liquefaction plants, air
separation plants and transport industries such as motor and aircraft engines.

Figure (7) : plate fin heat exchanger

8. Spiral Heat Exchanger

The Spiral Plate Heat Exchanger is actually a family of heat exchangers
based on the basic Type A spiral core. A variety of spiral heat exchangers
can be created by adding or taking away weld-seams and head arrangements.
This versatility makes the spiral attractive to many services and applications.
Figure (8)
 Figure (8) : Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers

9. Concentric Tube Heat Exchangers

This is the simplest of the optional heat exchangers. It has two tubes, one
inside the other. One tube carries hot fluid, the other carries cold fluid. Heat
transfers between them. Figure (9)

Figure (9) : Concentric tube or Double pipe

1.3 Materials Used For Heat Exchangers
A variety of materials are used in the design of tube heat exchangers,
including carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, bronze, brass, titanium and various
alloys. Generally, the outer shell is made of a durable, high strength metal, such as
carbon steel or stainless steel. Inner tubes require an effective combination of
durability, corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity. Regular materials used in
their construction are copper, stainless steel, and copper/nickel alloy. Other metals
are used in device fittings, end bonnets and heads. (Kvenumadhav et al ., 2017).

1.4 Helical Coil Heat Exchanger

Recent developments in design of heat exchangers to full fill the exchanger as
helical coil has many advantages over a straight tube. (Mr. Ganesh B.
Mhaske ,.2015)

(a) Advantages of Coils

1. Heat transfer rate in helical coil are higher as compared to a straight tube
heat exchanger.
2. Compact structure. It required small amount of floor area compared to other
heat exchangers.
3. Larger heat transfer surface area.
(b) Disadvantages of coils : (Kvenumadhav et al ., 2017).
1. For highly reactive fluids or highly corrosive fluid coils cannot be used,
instead jackets are used.
2. Cleaning of vessels with coils is more difficult than the cleaning of shells
and jackets.
3. Coils play a major role in selection of agitation system. Sometimes the
densely packed coils can create unmixed regions by interfering with fluid
flow.
4. The design of the helical tube in tube type heat exchanger is also a bit
complex and challenging.

1.5 Applications of Helical coils

Use of helical coil heat exchangers in different heat transfer applications:

(Kvenumadhav et al ., 2017).

1. Helical coils are used for transferring heat in chemical reactors because the
heat transfer coefficients are greater in helical coils as compared to other
configurations.
2. The helical coils have a compact configuration, and because of that they can
be readily used in heat transfer application with space limitations, for
example, marine cooling systems, central cooling, cooling of lubrication oil,
steam generations in marine and industrial applications.
 3. The helical coiled heat exchangers are used widely in food and beverage
industries
4. Helical coil heat exchangers are often used as condensers in used in HVACs
due to their greater heat transfer rate and compact structure.
5. Helical coiled tubes are used extensively in cryogenic industry for the
liquefaction of gases.
6. Used in hydro carbon processing, recovery of CO2, cooling of liquid
hydrocarbons, also used in polymer industries for cooling purposes.

1.6 Objective of work

1. In the experimental work, a test rig is designed and built to conduct the
experiments. In the experimental analysis of tube in tube helical coil heat
exchanger find heat transfer rates, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient and
Reynolds number, Nusselt number ,for counter flow arrangement.
2. CFD (Ansys 19.2) simulation for helical coil tube in tube heat exchanger will
be carry out.
3. Comparison of experimental and CFD results of tube in tube helical coil heat
exchanger.
Chapter Two
 Chapter Two
Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
The literatures review in this chapter will cover and classify these researches study
flow in heat exchanger :
(Inagaki et al., 1998) studied the outside heat transfer coefficient for helically
coiled bundles for Reynolds numbers in the range of 6000 to 22 000 and
determined that the obtained results were compared and validated with existing
experimental results in the open literature. The results indicate that heat transfer
augments by increasing of the inner Dean number, inner tube diameter, curvature
ratio, and by the reduction of the pitch of the heat exchanger coil.

( Bai et al.,1999) experimentally studied turbulent heat transfer from horizontal

helical coils. They concluded that as the Reynolds number is increased, the
contribution of secondary flow to the heat transfer diminished and the heat transfer
approaches that of a straight tube. This is due to the fact that as the Reynolds
number increases the boundary layer becomes smaller. It is the large boundary
layer that is shed off into the center of the tube by the secondary flow that
increases the heat transfer coefficient, and this effect decreases with increasing
Reynolds number

(Timothy J. R ,2004) studied the heat transfer characteristics of a double pipe

helical heat exchanger for both counter and parallel flow. Both the boundary
conditions of constant heat flux and constant wall temperature were taken. The
study showed that the results from the simulations were within the range of the
pre-obtained results. For dean numbers ranging from 38 to 350 the overall heat
transfer coefficients were determined. The results showed that the overall heat
transfer coefficients varied directly with the inner dean number but the fluid flow
conditions in the outer pipe had a major contribution on the overall heat transfer
coefficient. The study showed that during the design of a double pipe helical heat
exchanger the design of the outré pipe should get the highest priority in order to get
a higher overall heat transfer coefficient

(Kumar et al., 2006) had investigated hydrodynamic and heat transfer

characteristic of tube in tube helical heat exchanger at pilot plant scale. They had
done the experiment in a counter flow heat exchanger. Overall heat transfer
coefficients were evaluated. Nusselt number and friction factor coefficient for
inner and outer tube was found and compared with numerical value got from CFD
package (FLUENT).They observed that the overall heat transfer coefficient
increase with inner coil tube Dean Number for constant flow rate in annulus region

(Jayakumar J.S et al ., 2008) observed that the use of constant values for the
transfer and thermal properties of the fluid resulted in inaccurate heat transfer
coefficients. Based on the CFD analysis results a correlation was developed in
order to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient of the coil. In this study, analysis was
done for both the constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux boundary
conditions. The Nusselt numbers that were obtained were found to be highest on
the outer coil and lowest in the inner side. Various numerical analyses were done
so as to relate the coil parameters to heat transfer. The coil parameters like the
diameters of the pipes, the Pitch Circle Diameters have significant effect on the
heat transfer and the effect of the pitch is negligible.
(Kharat et al., 2009) had done the experiments to study the heat transfer rate on a
concentric helical coil heat exchanger and develop the correlation for heat transfer
coefficient. Heat transfer coefficient has improved for the tube containing flue gas
of the heat exchanger by using CFD simulation and the experimental study. The
effect of different operating variables was studied. The variables they had
considered are gap between the concentric coils, diameter of tube and coil
diameter. The heat transfer coefficients are affected by the coil gap and the tube
diameter. They found that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with the increase
in coil gap. With increase in tube diameter the heat transfer coefficient increases.

( Harith , 2009) had done the experimental study on steady-state natural

convection heat transfer from helical coil tubes. Water was used as a bath liquid
without any mixing and air was used as a coolant fluid. A straight copper tube of
13 mm ID, 14 mm OD and 3 m length was bend to fabricate the helical coil. Two
coils are used in this experiment has a curvature ratio of 0.1101 and 0.0942.The
data were correlated using tube diameter as the characteristic length. The results
show that the overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are increased when
the flow rate of coolant and curvature ratio increase.

(Jayakumar et al., 2010) had done the numerical and experimental analysis to
find out the variation of local Nusselt number along the length and circumference
of a helical tube. They had changed the pitch circle diameter, tube pitch and pipe
diameter and their influence on heat transfer rate was found out. They have done
the prediction of Nusselt number. The of Nusselt number variation with respect to
angular location of the point was also predicted in this literature.
(Usman Ur R, 2011) studied the heat transfer and flow distribution in a shell and
tube heat exchanger and compared them with the experimental results. The model
showed an average error of around 20% in the heat transfer and the pressure
difference. The study showed that the symmetry of the plane assumption worked
well for the length of the heat exchanger but not in the outlet and inlet regions. The
model could be improved by using Reynolds Stress models instead of k-ε models.
The heat transfer was found to be on the lower side as there was not much
interaction between the fluids. The design could be improved by improving the
cross flow regions instead of the parallel flow.

(Daniel Flórez-Orrego et al ., 2012) have worked on the single phase cone shaped
helical coil heat exchanger. The study showed the flow and the heat transfer in the
heat exchanger. An empirical correlation was proposed from the experimental data
for the average Nusselt number and a deviation of 23% was found. For the cone
shaped helical coils an appreciable inclination of the velocity vector components in
the secondary flow was seen, even though the contours of velocity were similar.
The study showed that some of the deviations and errors were due to the no
uniform flame radiation and condensed combustion products which modified the
conditions of the constant wall heat fluxassumptions.The correlations for the
Nusselt number values were not totally reliable. There was no proper data available
for the effect of the taper in the local Nusselt number and also the effect of
curvature ratio, vertical position and the pitch of the heat exchanger.

(Patel and Makadia , 2012) A Review on Performance Evaluation and CFD

Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger” Double pipe heat exchanger is one of
simplest type of heat exchanger, generally used for the purpose of sensible heating
or cooling. In this paper it describes the different techniques which may help to
enhance the heat transfer rate. Heat exchangers are modified in space of annular,
also using Nano particle in water and compared with the conventional heat
exchanger. Double pipe heat exchanger is practically investigated and results are
validated with ANSYS CFX software. Results shows that heat transfer rate of
modified heat exchanger are higher than the conventional heat exchanger. As Nano
particles dispersed in water can significantly enhance heat transfer rate and also
heat transfer rate increase with increase of mass flow rate. From the above
literature survey it may conclude that heat transfer augmentation techniques is
successful to increase heat transfer performance of double pipe heat exchanger.
Heat exchanger with the modification of extended surfaces, twisted tape, and
louvered strips are resulted greater heat transfer rate as compared to heat exchanger
without modification. As Nanoparticles water can significantly enhance the
convective heat transfer and heat transfer rate increases with the increase of mass
flow rate.

(Ferng et al ., 2012) had done the numerical work in a helically coiled heat
exchanger. Numerical investigation was focused to predict the effects of Dean
number and pitch size of the tube on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of a
helical tube heat exchanger. They had considered three Dean numbers and four
sizes of pitch for their study.The turbulent wake around the rear of a coiled tube,
the secondary flow within the tube, and the developing flow and heat transfer
behaviours from the entrance region, etc was studied by them.

(Genic Srbislav et al ., 2012) had done the experimental work predict the
performances of heat exchangers with helical tube coils. In their work they had
presented the results of thermal performance measurements on 3 heat exchangers
with concentric helical coils. It was found that the shell-side heat transfer
coefficient was affected by the geometric parameters. Winding angle, radial pitch
and axial pitch are the geometric parameters which affect the heat transfer
coefficient. From the results it was concluded that the shell-side heat transfer
coefficient is based on shell side hydraulic diameter. Final form of shell-side heat
transfer correlation proposed by Srbislav et al. (in which Nusselt and Reynolds
numbers are based on hydraulic diameter) is given by,

Nu=0.5 ℜ0.55 Pr 1/ 3 (ᶯ / ᶯw )0.14

(C.A chaves et al,. 2014) had done the comparative performance study of two
different helically coiled heat exchanger with two and three helical coils through a
computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation for heat transfer characteristics.
Numerical study where performed with the assistance of a commercial
computational fluid dynamics package (ANSYS-CFX v12).Simulations were
performed using various temperatures(hot fluid inlet temperature 25,30,35,40°C)
and the inlet coil fluid temperature is 20°C.Results indicated that performance of
both heat exchanger for temperature 25°C (hot fluid inlet) was quit similar, but for
temperature 40°C (hot fluid inlet),the heat exchanger with three turn was more
efficient than another heat exchanger(two turn).It was shows that the

(Aly et al ., 2014) had done the numerical study to find the heat transfer and
pressure drop of nano fluid in coiled tube-in-tube heat exchangers for turbulent
flow condition. The numerical study was carried out by computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) analysis to find the heat transfer rate and pressure drop
characteristics of water-based Al2O3 nano-fluid flowing inside coiled tube-in-tube
heat exchangers. The overall performance the heat exchangers was assessed based
on the thermo-hydrodynamic performance index. Nanofluid flows inside inner tube
side. When he compared the result for the same Re or Dn, the heat transfer
coefficient or the rate of heat transfer was increased by increasing the coil diameter
and nanoparticles volume concentration. Also, he found that the friction factor
increases with the increase in curvature ratio and the pressure drop penalty is
negligible with increasing the nano-particles volume concentration up to 2%.For
the nano fluid the correlations for predicting average heat transfer and friction
factor in turbulent flow regime such as Gnielinski correlation and Mishra and
Gupta correlation, respectively, for helical tubes are also valid. In results they
found that nano fluids behave like a homogeneous fluid.

(Seyed Faramarz et al., 2014) had done a numerical investigation of the influence
of different parameters such as coil radius, coil pitch and diameter of tube on the
characteristics of heat transfer in helical double tube heat exchangers using the
well-known Fluent CFD software. Modelling of the study was implemented based
on principles heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and thermodynamics. By imposing
boundary conditions and selecting of an appropriate grid, whereby the results are
independent of meshing, obtained results were compared and validated with
existing experimental results in the open literature. The results indicate that heat
transfer augments by increasing of the inner Dean number, inner tube diameter,
curvature ratio, and by the reduction of the pitch of the heat exchanger coil.
Chapter Three
 Chapter Three
Experimental Apparatus

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter the details of the experimental setup and procedure are described
experiment study of double pipe heat transfer with helical tube

The experimental apparatus is shown photographically in Figure (3.1) and

diagrammatically in Figure (3.2).

Figure (3.1) The experimental apparatus in photographically

3.2 Experimental Set Up
It consists of test section and hot and cold water loop for counter flow . The hot
water streams flowing inside the inner tube side while cold water stream flowing in
the annulus tube side. Water was used as the hot and cold fluid. The hot water was
pumped to the inner tube, passing through the heater while the cold water was
pumped to annulus tube from the cold water tank . The temperature of the inlet hot
water to the heat exchanger was controlled by thermostat. Constant temperatures
(T=50°C) were considered for inlet hot water to inner tube. The cold water inlet
temperature to annulus tube was (30oC) . Temperatures were measured using two
thermocouples were located at inlets and outlets of heat exchanger to measure the
temperatures of the hot and cold fluids. Figure below shows the apparatus arranged
for heat exchanger experiments.

The test rig consists of the following items:

a. Test section (Tube-In-Tube Helical Coil Heat Exchange )
b. Cold fluid tank
c. Electric heater
d. Centrifugal pumps
e. Measuring tools
f. Pipes and valve

a) Test section (Tube-In-Tube Helical Coil Heat Exchange ) :

is a double pipe of circular cross section manufactured from steel . The
inside and outside diameters of the test section are (1.6cm) and (2.3cm)
 respectively.The test section is connected from its double lower end to water
flow meter for each pipe . Show test section in figure below .

figure (3.1) test section

b) Cold fluid tank

A water tank of, dimension (70x25x40) cm and (0.5 cm) plate thickness, was
placed at the same level of centrifugal pump and connected to the cold water
inlet which was supplied from the water line in laboratory. shown in the
figure below.
 figure (3.2) Cold fluid tank

c) pumps
The water flowing in the circuit is divided between the test section and the
pipes. The purpose of pump is to water arrives at the test section. Shows
pump specifications used for the present work as shown in Figure (3.3)
below.
 figure (3.3) pumps
d) Electric heater
is to supply the test section of hot water, and control to hot water by
automatic have different temperature, and supply the heater from the water
line in laboratory, shown in the figure below.
 Figure (3.4) electric heater

e) Measuring tools
In this experiment we are using flow meter, shown in the figure (3.5).
 figure (3.5) flow meter

f) Pipes and valve

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe was used to connect the parts of the system.
The system consists of two valves.

3.3 Basic Equations of Experimental work

Experiments were conducted with different inlet temperatures of hot water and
various flow rates of cold water. In the experiments, the system was allowed to
approach the steady state. This section describes the methods and basic equations
for determining the following parameters on the base of the experimental data:

Using the equation to find the value of velocity (m/s)

Q
V=
A
To find the heat transfer value of the cold water from the outer tube using equation:
m c =ρAV
Ac =π (r 2o−r 2i )
Q c =m c CPc ( T co−T ci )

Where:mc is the mass flow rate of cold water,CP c is the specific heat of water,T ci
AndT co , are the inlet and outlet cold water temperatures, respectively.

To find the heat transfer value of the hot water from the inner tube using equation:
m h=ρAV
Ah =π r 2i
Qh=mh CP h ( T hi −T ho )
Where:m h is the mass flow rate of hot water,CP h is the specific heat of water,T hi
AndT ho , are the inlet and outlet hot water temperatures, respectively

1) Heat transferred to the hot water in the inner tube, Q h can be given from by (P.
Holman, (2002)):

Q h=mh CP h ( T hi −T ho ) (3.1)
 Where:m h is the mass flow rate of hot water,CP h is the specific heat of water,T hi
AndT ho , are the inlet and outlet hot water temperatures, respectively.

2) Heat transferred from the cold water in the annulus tube, Qc is given by:
Q c =m c CPc ( T co−T ci ) (3.2)
Where: mc is the cold water mass flow rate,T ci and T co are the inlet and outlet Cold
water temperatures, respectively

3) The average heat transfer rate, Qavg

Qh +Qc
Q avg = (3.3)
2

4) The overall heat transfer coefficient can be determined from :

Q avg
U . A . F= (3.4)
LMTD
Where:
LMTD the logarithmic- mean temperature difference
∆ T 1−∆ T 2
L MTD=
∆T1 (3.5)
ln
[ ]
∆T2
Where:
¿
¿
LMTD
Q avg =
Rtotal
=UA LMTD=U i Ai LMTD=U o A o LMTD (3.6)
1 1 1 1 1
= =
UA U i Ai U o A o
=∑ R=
hi A i
+ Rwall +
ho A o
(3.7)

5) Reynolds Number (Re) :

VD ρVl
ℜ= = (3.9)
v μ

6) Heat exchanger effectiveness :

Effectiveness can be defined as the ratio of actual to maximum heat transfer of the
heat exchanger ,thermodynamically limited maximum possible heat transfer rate as
would be realized in counter flow heat exchanger of infinite heat transfer area this
means that (P. Holman, (2002)):
Qact
ε= (3.12)
Qmax
Where :
Qmax =C min (T h ,i−T c ,i ) (3.13)
And C min=( ṁCp ) is the minimum heat capacity of cold or hot fluid

6) Heat exchanger efficiency ξ

The heat exchanger efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual rate of heat
transfer in the heat exchanger to the optimum rate of heat transfer:
Q act
ξ= (3.14)
Q opt
Where
T hi−T ho
ξ= for parallel flow , and (3.15)
T hi −T ci
T hi−T ho
ξ= for counter flow (3.16)
T hi−T co

Using equation for The average heat transfer rate, Qavg

Qh +Qc
Q avg =
2
Using equation for Momentum Conservation
For counter flow
∆ T 1=T h ,∈¿−T c,out ¿ ∆ T 2=T h ,out −T c ,∈¿
¿
∆T − 1 ∆T 2
DTML =
∆T 1
nl
[ ]
∆T 2

Using equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)

Qgva
U=
DTML
Using equation for the efficiency of counter flow
T ih− Toh
ξ=
T ih− T oc

‫ الحافات النه تم نقلها من الفصل النظري‬p‫مراعاة ترتيب المعادالت وضبط‬

 ‫ االشكال مع كتابة العنوان‬p‫مراعاة ارقام‬
‫بداية كل فقرة الحرف كبير‬

‫هذه الفقرات مهم معرفتها من الناحية العلمية‬

‫ اليحسب من هذه المعادلة ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬p‫عدد نسلت االنبوب الحلزوني‬

‫احث‬p‫ذا الب‬p‫غلنا مثال من ه‬p‫ مبادل قريب من ش‬p‫وانما يحسب من معادلة اما نحن نفرضها او ايجاد عمل وتصميم‬
:

Kirpikov equation :
0.8 0.4 0.21
Nu=0.0456 ℜ Pr ( d / D )
D/d¿ 10,13 ,18 , 104 < ℜ< 4.5∗10 4

d‫ االنبوب‬p‫قطر‬
D‫قطر لفة المبادل‬

‫ القيمة التي اعطاه خطا‬p‫حتى برنامج االنسزز‬

7) Nusselt numbers (Nu) p‫هذا القانون ينطبق على انبوب مستقيم وليس حلزوني‬
Nusselt number can calculate as (P. Holman, (2002)).
h o Dh
Nu A= (3.8)
K
Where: Nu A the Nusselt number for annulus tube, Dh . Hydraulic diameter for
annulus tube k =thermal conductivity
‫احتمال تحذف هذه الفقرة‬

8) The Critical Reynolds number according to the research of (Ghorbani) for the
helical tube flow, which decides the flow is laminar or turbulent, is related to the
curvature ratio as follows:
 Recrit =2100 [ 1+12 ( di/ Dc )0.5 ] (3.10)

9) Dean Number ( De ¿
‫احتمال تحذف هذه الفقرة‬
De , is a dimensionless group in fluid mechanics ,which occurs in the investigation
of flow in curved tube, and is defined as :
Dt
D e =Re
√( Dc ) (3.11)
Chapter Four
 Chapter Four
Mathematical Modeling
4.1 Introduction
The mathematical model is arranging of continuity, momentum, and energy
equation with an assumption, coordinate system, and boundary condition. In the
present work, the mathematical model of the problem was solved numerically
using program ANSYS AIM 19.2 branch (FLUENT).
4.2 Governing Equations
The Mass Conservation (Continuity) Equation
∂(ρu) ∂(ρv ) ∂( ρw )
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

Momentum Conservation Equations

( ∂(ρu)
ρ u
∂x
+v
∂( ρu)
∂y
+w
∂( ρu)
∂z ) ∂ ρ 1 ∂ ∂u ∂ v ∂w
∂ x 3 ∂x (∂x ∂ y ∂z )
=ρx + + μ + + +μ∇ u 2

∂(ρv ) ∂(ρv ) ∂( ρv) ∂ ρ 1 ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂w

ρ (u ) ∂ y 3 ∂ y(∂x ∂ y ∂z )
2
+v +w = ρy+ + μ + + +μ ∇ v
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂(ρw ) ∂(ρw ) ∂( ρw) ∂ ρ 1 ∂ ∂u ∂ v ∂ w

ρ (u ) ∂z 3 ∂z(∂x ∂ y ∂z )
2
+v +w =ρz+ + μ + + +μ∇ w
∂x ∂y ∂z

Energy Conservation Equations

∂T ∂T ∂T ∂p ∂p ∂p
(
ρcp u
∂x
+v
∂y
+w
∂z
= u)(
∂x
+v
∂y
+w
∂z )
+k ∇2 T + μ ∅

Where:
2
∂u 2 ∂ v 2 ∂w 2
∂u ∂ v 2 ∂v ∂w 2 ∂ w ∂u 2
2 ∂u ∂ v ∂w
∅=2 [( ) ( ) ( ) ] [(
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
+ +
∂ y ∂x)(+ +
∂z ∂y
+)( +
∂ x ∂z )] [− + +
3 ∂ x ∂ y ∂z ]
‫معادالت بداللة‬
xy
‫انتي عندج‬r
‫شوفي مصدر ثاني وقبل التكتبين دزي صورة المعادالت‬

4.3 Computer program

The workbench fluid flow (Fluent) in ANSYS Aim 19.2 program is used to solve
the heat transfer problem to investigate the double pipe heat exchanger with helical
tubes

4.4 Steps of the program

The workbench in the ANSYS program used in present work has many branches for a
different field. These branches has five main steps.
1. Geometry
2. Mesh

3. Setup

4. Solution

5. Result

4.4.1 Geometry
In the first step, geometry of the problem can be drawn in several ways, but the
most famous ones are Design Modeler and Solid Work. In this step the problem in
its entirety must be drawn with all details before moving on to the second step. In
the present work, solid work was used to draw the problem geometry.
The following figure shows the dimension of the tubes taken.
 V

Figure (4.1)
4.4.2 Mesh
The studied domain is divided into finite small shapes (Mesh) like quadrilaterals
and triangles for two-dimensional domains and hexahedra and tetrahedral for
three-dimensional domains. Many different application areas need mesh strategy to
solve, which represent the key step of partial differential equations solution.
Shown below figure (4.2)
 Figure (4.2)
4.4.3 Setup
The third step is setup which consists of seven sections:
1. General
2. Model
3. Materials
4. Cell Zone Conditions
5. Boundary Conditions
7. Reference Value

In the setup step, the equation, the boundary condition, and the other important
.parameter are set. And they are shown in Appendix (A)

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The conditions of the inlet and outlet of test sections as inlet mass flow rate inlet,
temperature, and pressure outlet for counter flow of inner tube and annulus tube
are prescribed.

4.4.4 Solution:-
ANSYS (Fluent) program requires input parameters (solver settings) which tell it
how the solution can be calculated. By introducing the concepts of stability,
convergence, and accuracy, there is a purpose of each setting. Often the focus will
be on convergence, which is a very important parameter for the computational
fluid dynamic simulation.

4.4.5 Result:-

The final step in the ANSYS FLUENT to know the temperature, velocity, and
pressure at any location in the body

Appendix - A
steps of the ANSYS Aim 19.2 are shown in the figures belows

Figure (4.4)
Figure (4.5)

Figure (4.6)
Figure (4.7)

Figure (4.8)
 Figure (4.9)

Table of the Theoretical Results : ‫يوضع الجدول الذي في الورقة المستعرضة افضل‬
Hot water :
Thin = 50 °C
Thout= 34.7 °C
Q= 14 L/m
A= 4.142 ×10−4 ( m2)
V= 0.561 (m/s)
m = 0.23 (kg/s)
Re= 16669.14
Ch = 935.18
Qh= 14308.25 ( kwatt )

Cold water
Tcin Q(L/ Tcout(° A V(m/ m Re Qc Q avg LMTD U Nu ε
(°C) m) C) (m2) s) (kg/s (watt)
)

10 41.6 0.77 0.16 6973.1 7789. 10207 7.40 326.2 44.5 1.607
8 5 1 98 .4 8 5
12 37 0.99 0.21 8918.0 6011. 10019 8.37 478.8 70.7 1.153
5 1 5 39 .5 7 6
14 37.6 1.15 0.24 10387. 7609. 10958 7.93 422.3 61.2 1.23
30° 2.14 9 6 96 27 .7 8 9
C 16 35.3 ×10−4 1.32 0.28 11830. 6095. 10996 7.35 666.8 68.0 1.15
1 98 76 .9 2 1
18 36 1.49 0.31 13354. 7741. 13222 7.14 767.6 74.9 1.214
7 67 14 .3 7 3
20 35.4 1.65 0.35 14842. 7836. 11703 7.61 507.5 81.5 1.145
6 2 5 54 .6 6 4

Chapter Five
 Chapter
Results and Discussion

5.1 The Results

The numerical results of the present investigation have to be presented, discussed,
and analyzed for double pipe heat exchanger with helical tube, Contours of outlet
temperature and outlet temperature for the counter flow have been investigated
numerically. is studied numerically and experimentally at outlet and inlet the
double helical tube and also the Nusselt number to each case.
Three types of discharge number were studied in the numerical investigation, .
with constant thickness values of solid wall had been studied in the numerical
investigation and experimental part. Also, in the numerical investigation, the
influence of thermal conductivity of the wall was taken into consideration
5.2 Numerical Results
The simulation of the fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer characteristics of
double helical coil tube. The objective of the numerical investigation to deduce
information about the outlet temperature and streamline. ANSYS (Fluent) 19.2
program was used to check the results of the experimental work. The study has
been done by ANSYS for double helical coil tube.
5.2.1 Temperature Distribution
The temperature distributions for the double helical coil tube and thickness of the
copper wall are presented in this part. These temperature contours are drawn for
the three cases of double helical coil tube
A – for double helical coil tube
For double helical coil tube (QC=10 LPM), the inlet temperature for cold water is
(30℃ ) and outlet temperature for cold water is (41.6℃ ), and the inlet
temperature for hot water is (50℃ ) and outlet temperature for hot water is (36.5
℃ ) are shown in Figure (5.1).While, Figure (5.2) is drawn for (Q C=18 LPM), the

inlet temperature for cold water is (30℃ ) and outlet temperature for cold water is
(36℃ ), and the inlet temperature for hot water is (50 ℃ ) and outlet temperature
for hot water is (33℃ ) and while in figure (5.3) is drawn for (Q C=14 LPM), the
inlet temperature for cold water is (30℃ ) and outlet temperature for cold water is
(37.6℃ ), and the inlet temperature for hot water is (50℃ ) and outlet temperature
for hot water is (34.7℃ ) .Figure (5.4) show the inlet velocity of fluid and outlet
velocity at (QC=10 lpm) , figure (5.5) show the inlet velocity of fluid and outlet
velocity at (QC=18 lpm) and figure (5.6) show the inlet velocity of fluid and outlet
velocity at (QC=14 lpm) . From these figures, it can be seen that the Reynold
number is increased, the convection intensities become more intense within the
tube
Figure (5.1): Temperature contours for the case of hot water Flow 14 L/m and
cold water flow rate 10 L/m

Figure (5.2): Temperature contours for the case of hot water Flow 14
L/m and cold water flow rate 18 L/m
 Figure (5.3): Temperature contours for the case of hot water Flow 14
L/m and cold water flow rate 14 L/m

Figure (5.4): Velocity contours for the case of hot water Flow 14 L/m and cold
water flow rate 10 L/m
 Figure (5.5): Velocity contours for the case of hot water Flow 14 L/m and cold
water flow rate 18 L/m

Figure (5.6): Velocity contours for the case of hot water Flow 14 L/m and cold
water flow rate 14 L/m

From above CFD results, we were obtained the outlet temperature of hot and cold
Fluid. From temperature data, we find Nusselt number, Reynolds number, overall
heat transfer coefficient. After Calculation, We observed that overall heat transfer
coefficient is increases with increasing outer tube flow rate, for constant hot Water
Flow Rate 14 LPH.

Plot

efficiency and Re
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
efficiency

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000

Re

Figure (1) Relationship between the Reynold number with the efficiency .

LMTD &QC
8.5

8
LMTD

7.5

6.5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Inner mas flow rate (Lpm)

Figure (2) LMTD Vs Inner Tube Flow Rate (LPH)

 Q&U
900
800
700
600
500
U
400
300
200
100
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Inner mass flow rate (LPM)

Figure (3) overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo) Vs Inner Tube Flow Rate
(LPH)

m & efficiency
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
efficiency

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
m (kg/s)

Figure (4) efficiency Vs mass flow rate (kg/s)

 Re&Nu
90
80
70
60
50
Nu

40
30
20
10
0
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000
Re

Figure(5) Inner Tube Nusselt Number (Nui) Vs Inner Tube Reynolds

Number (Re)

5.3 CONCLUSION
1) By these theoretically and CFD results of double Tube Helical Coil Heat
Exchanger, we observed that as the outer tube flow rate (LPH) increases,
Velocity of cold fluid (VC) (m/sec) is also increases, So that Reynolds
Number, is increases with increasing outer tube flow rate, for constant hot
Water Flow Rate.
2) We observed that as the outer tube flow rate (LPH) increases, Temperature
difference (∆ T 1-∆ T 2) also increases, So Log mean temperature difference
(LMTD) is increases with increasing outer tube flow rate, for constant hot
Water Flow Rate.
3) We found that as the outer tube flow rate (LPH) increases, the heat gain by
hot water(J/sec) is also increases, So that overall heat transfer coefficient is
increases with increasing outer tube flow rate, for constant hot Water Flow
Rate.
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