ملخص جزء التكييف

Summer Training Course
FTR 231
Ahmed Shuhayb Office Engineering Consultant
Submitted to:
Dr / Moataz Abdel-Raouf
Dr / Mohamed El-Sayed
Eng / Mohamed Saad
Submitted by:
Youssef Augusto Dias Silva
20190814
Mechanical Engineering Department
May.2023
Ahmed Shuhayb Office Engineering Consultant
FTR 231
Higher Technological Institute - 10th of Ramadan
Report Subject: HVAC
Submitted to:
Dr / Mohamed El-Sayed
Eng / Mohamed Saad
Submitted by:
Youssef Augusto Dias Silva
20190814
Supervised by:
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
May 2023
Acknowledgement
At first, Thanks to ALLAH the most merciful the most gracious, for this
moment has come and this work has been accomplished.
Thanks to the Higher Technological Institute of 10thRamdan for
preparing me to be a successful Engineer and lifting me up to achieve this
training in an environment that's full of encouragement and motivation.
Deepest gratitude is to be delivered to Dr.Moataz Abdel-Raouf ,my role
model in engineering.He understood the nature of my thoughts and
guided me step by step till this work brought to light. Endless trust in
my potentials guided me till the end. Thank you.
Special thanks to Eng. Ahmed Shuhayb for his help and knowledge in
the field of training. There professional touches are sensed within every
phase of this summer training.
Last but never forgotten, Thanks to my dear family, for being supportive
and always by my side. No words can express my deepest and sincere
gratitude towards the love and care you have granted me in my hardest
times. May ALLAH fill your hearts with happiness when we share this
success together.
I
Abstract
HVAC systems became a must, not only for better human comfort and
health, but also for food safety, paramedical applications, hospital ACU
rooms cleanliness, controlling humidity in some fabric industries, to
understand air quality, a good foundation of the different properties of air
must be achieved, dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, equivalent
temperature, moisture, relative humidity, and dew point.
The report describes about some topics The basics of conditioning
Including Refrigeration Cycle and ASHRAE Psychometric Chart, HVAC
Equipment, Introduction to HVAC Systems, Refrigeration System
Components Cooling Heating Load Estimation, VAV Systems, Chilled
Water Systems Refrigerant Piping
The report describes about Air Terminal Types, Air Terminal Selection,
Duct Type, Plenum Box & EDL Duct Construction & Insulation, ESP,
Thickness & Mass & Hanger Pipe Size, Pump Head, NPSH, Hook Up OF
pump, Expansion Tank 2way and 3way.
II
List of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to HVAC ............................................................ 1
1.1 HVAC Concept ............................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Heating Concept in HVAC ............................................... 2
1.1.2 Ventilating and Cooling Concept in HVAC ..................... 3
1.2 Types of HVAC Equipment ..........................................................3
1.2.1 Direct Expansion Unit ...................................................... 4
1.2.2 Chilled Water / Air System ................................................4
Chapter 2 Psychometrics ..........................................................................5
2.1 Air Properties ................................................................................6
2.2 Summer Design Conditions ......................................................... 7
2.2.1 Modes of Psychometrics ................................................... 7
2.3 Difference between Latent heat and Sensible heat .................... 8
2.4 Difference between VAV & CAV ................................................. 8
2.5 Difference between supply air & return air ................................8
2.6 Psychometric Chart & Psychometry ........................................... 9
Chapter 3 Cooling and Heating Load Estimation ................................10
3.1 Principles of Heat Transfer ....................................................... 10
3.2 Methods of Heat Transfer ..........................................................10
3.2.1 Conduction Heat Transfer ..............................................10
3.2.2 Convection Heat Transfer ...............................................11
3.2.3 Radiation Heat Transfer .................................................12
3.3 Cooling Load Classification ...................................................... 12
3.3.1 Sensible Loads .................................................................12
3.3.2 Latent Load ......................................................................13
3.3.3 Cooling Load Description ...............................................13
3.4 External Loads ........................................................................... 17
3.5 Supply Air Determination .......................................................... 17
III
3.6 HAP Software ............................................................................. 18
3.6.1 HAP System Design Features ........................................ 18
3.6.2 Steps for estimating Loads at HAP Software ................ 19
3.7 HVAC System Design Criteria ...................................................35
3.8 Design Parameter .......................................................................36
3.8.1 Room ................................................................................ 36
3.8.2 Outdoor ............................................................................ 36
3.9 Units ............................................................................................ 36
3.10 HVAC Standards ...................................................................... 37
Chapter 4 Refrigeration Cycle ...............................................................38
4.1 Basic Refrigeration System ........................................................38
4.2 Refrigeration Cycle Components .............................................. 38
4.1.1 Evaporator ....................................................................... 38
4.1.2 Compressor ......................................................................39
4.1.3 Condenser ........................................................................39
4.1.4 Expansion Valve ..............................................................40
4.3 Refrigeration Cycle Process ...................................................... 41
4.4 HVAC Equipment Types ............................................................ 42
4.4.1 DX Unit ............................................................................42
4.4.2 Chilled units .................................................................... 49
Chapter 5 Air Terminal & Air Duct .......................................................51
5.1 Diffusers ......................................................................................51
5.2 Air Terminal Selection Factor: ..................................................52
5.3 Air Duct .......................................................................................53
5.4 Duct Design ................................................................................ 53
5.5 Duct Pressure ............................................................................. 53
5.6 Duct material: .............................................................................54
5.7 Duct System Components: ......................................................... 56
5.8 Duct Shapes ................................................................................ 56
IV
5.9 Standard Duct Size .....................................................................57
5.10 Duct Size by using equal friction method ............................... 57
5.11 Duct Size by using duct sizer software .................................... 58
5.12 Duct Hanger Estimation ..........................................................59
5.12.1 Duct Hanger Spacing ................................................... 59
5.12.2 Duct Hanger Estimation: ............................................. 60
5.13 Damper .....................................................................................61
5.14 Duct Design .............................................................................. 61
5.14.1 Duct Size ........................................................................ 61
5.14.2 External Static Pressure (ESP) .................................... 62
5.14.3 Duct Thickness according to maximum width and ESP62
5.14.4 Duct Mass and Insulation ............................................ 62
5.15 Insulation Duct .........................................................................63
5.15.1 Insulation Types ............................................................ 63
5.15.2 Benefits of insulating your duct work: ........................ 63
5.15.3 Duct Leakage Test: ........................................................63
Chapter 6 Chilled Water Pipe Design ....................................................64
6.1 Chiller ......................................................................................... 64
6.2 Cooling Tower .............................................................................65
6.3 Chilled Water System Types .......................................................65
6.4 Pipe Sizing .................................................................................. 66
6.4.1 Determining Pipe Size .....................................................66
6.4.2 Pump Selection ................................................................67
6.5 Pipe Fittings ................................................................................68
6.5.1 Elbow ............................................................................... 68
6.5.2 Tee Fitting ........................................................................68
6.5.3 Reducer ............................................................................ 68
6.5.4 Other Fittings .................................................................. 69
6.6 Hook-Up ......................................................................................70
V
6.6.1 Chiller Hook-Up: ............................................................ 71
6.6.2 AHU Hook-Up .................................................................71
6.6.3 Pump Hook-Up ............................................................... 71
Chapter 7 Hospital Room Consideration ..............................................72
7.1 ACH .............................................................................................72
7.2 Pressurization Room .................................................................. 72
7.3 Hospital Description ...................................................................73
7.4 Producer Room ...........................................................................74
7.4.1 Diffuser Selection ............................................................75
7.4.2 Duct Design ..................................................................... 75
7.5 Recovery Room ...........................................................................76
7.5.2 Duct Design ..................................................................... 77
7.6 Operation Room ......................................................................... 78
7.6.2 Duct Design ..................................................................... 79
VI
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 : HVAC Concept .............................................................. 1
Figure 1-2 : DX Units ........................................................................ 3
Figure 1-3 : Chilled System ............................................................... 4
Figure 2-1 : Psychometric Chart ......................................................5
Figure 2-2 : Adding and Removing Sensible Heat ...........................7
Figure 2-3 : Adding or Removing Moisture ..................................... 7
Figure 2-4 : Adding and Removing moisture and Sensible Heat ....8
Figure 3-1 : Heat Transfer Principles ........................................... 10
Figure 3-2 : Conduction Heat Transfer ..........................................11
Figure 3-3 : Convection Heat Transfer ...........................................11
Figure 3-4 : Internal Load Analysis at a room ............................. 13
Figure 3-5 : Infiltration .................................................................. 17
Figure 3-6 : Open Project in HAP Software ................................. 19
Figure 3-7 : Choosing Standard at HAP ........................................ 20
Figure 3-8 : General ........................................................................ 20
Figure 3-9 : Project .......................................................................... 21
Figure 3-10 : Title Bar Menu .......................................................... 21
Figure 3-11 : Weather Properties .................................................... 22
Figure 3-12 : Project Libraries ........................................................23
Figure 3-13 : Hourly Profile .......................................................... 24
Figure 3-14 : Assignment ............................................................... 24
Figure 3-15 : Wall Properties .......................................................... 25
Figure 3-16 : Roof Properties ..........................................................25
Figure 3-17 : Window Properties .................................................... 26
Figure 3-18 : Door Properties ......................................................... 26
Figure 3-19 : Space Properties (General) .......................................27
Figure 3-20 : Space Properties (Internals) .....................................28
Figure 3-21 : Wall Spaces ...............................................................28
VII
Figure 3-22 : Roof ...........................................................................29
Figure 3-23 : Infiltration ................................................................ 29
Figure 3-24 : Floor Spaces ..............................................................30
Figure 3-25 : Partition Properties ...................................................30
Figure 3-26 : Choosing System ...................................................... 32
Figure 3-27 : System Components .................................................. 33
Figure 3-28 : Zone Components ..................................................... 33
Figure 3-29 : System Sizing ............................................................34
Figure 3-30 : Zone Sizing Data .......................................................34
Figure 3-31 : System Design Report ............................................... 35
Figure 3-32 : HVAC Standards ....................................................... 37
Figure 4-1 : Refrigeration Cycle .................................................... 38
Figure 4-2 : Evaporator .................................................................. 39
Figure 4-3 : Compressor ..................................................................39
Figure 4-4 : Condenser ....................................................................40
Figure 4-5 : Expansion Valve ..........................................................41
Figure 4-6 : Refrigeration Cycle Process ....................................... 41
Figure 4-7 : Window Unit ................................................................42
Figure 4-8 : Other types of DX Unit System ...................................43
Figure 4-9 : AHU-System ............................................................... 44
Figure 4-10 : Pre Filter , Bag Filter & HEPA Filter .................... 44
Figure 4-11 : Mixing Box ................................................................ 45
Figure 4-12 : Cooling Coil ..............................................................45
Figure 4-13 : AHU - Fan ................................................................46
Figure 4-14 : AHU-Process ............................................................. 46
Figure 4-15 : Fan Coil Unit ........................................................... 46
Figure 4-16 : Packaged Air Conditioning ..................................... 48
Figure 4-17 : Chillers ......................................................................49
Figure 4-18 : Air and Water Cooled Chiller ................................... 50
VIII
Figure 5-1 : Diffuser Types according to its shapes ..................... 51
Figure 5-2 : Estimating diffuser dimension ................................... 52
Figure 5-3 : Duct Distribution ....................................................... 54
Figure 5-4 : Galvanized Steel Duct ................................................54
Figure 5-5 : Fabric Duct ..................................................................55
Figure 5-6 : Flexible Duct ............................................................... 55
Figure 5-7 : Fiber glass duct ........................................................... 56
Figure 5-8 : Duct Shapes .................................................................56
Figure 5-9 : Estimating Duct Dimensions by using duct sizer
software ....................................................................................59
Figure 5-10 : Hanger Spacing ........................................................ 60
Figure 5-11 : Damper Types ........................................................... 61
Figure 6-1 : Chiller Components .................................................... 64
Figure 6-2 : Cooling Tower ............................................................ 65
Figure 6-3 : Estimating Fitting Losses .......................................... 67
Figure 6-4 : Elbows (90o & 45o) ...................................................... 68
Figure 6-5 : Tee Fitting ...................................................................68
Figure 6-6 : Reducer ........................................................................69
Figure 6-7 : Chiller and AHU Hook Up ......................................... 70
Figure 7-1 : Pressurization Room ...................................................73
Figure 7-2 : Hospital Sample .......................................................... 73
Figure 7-3 : Producer Room ........................................................... 74
Figure 7-4 : Estimating Duct Size at Producer .............................. 75
Figure 7-5 : Recovery Room ...........................................................76
Figure 7-6 : Estimating duct size at Recovery ................................77
Figure 7-7 : Operation Room .......................................................... 78
Figure 7-8 : Estimating duct size at Operation Room ................... 79
IX
List of Tables
Table 5-1 : Duct Size according to Supply air flow ........................ 57
Table 5-2 : Duct Hanger Spacing ....................................................59
Table 5-3 : Hanger Dimensions .......................................................60
Table 5-4 : Duct Thickness .............................................................. 62
Table 6-1 : Comparison between Flow in Pipes ............................. 66
Table 6-2 : Pipe Dimensions according to GPM ............................ 67
Table 6-3 : Other Fittings ................................................................69
Table 7-1 : Estimating ACH for hospital rooms ............................. 72
X
Abbreviations
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
DX Direct Expansion Unit
AHU Air Handling Unit
FCU Fan Coil Unit
CFM Cubic eet Per Minute
GPM Gallon Per Minute
VRF Variable Refrigerant Flow
VRV Variable Refrigerant Volume
VAV Variable Air Volume
CAV Constant Air Volume
CLTD Cooling Load Temperature Difference
SC Shading Coefficient
SHGF Solar Gain Heat Factor
CLF Cooling Load Factor
ACH Air Change per Hour
DB Dry-Bulb Temperature
WB Wet-Bulb Temperature
DP Dew-Point
RH Relative Humidity
NC Noise Criteria
ASTM American Society of Testing & Materials
ISO International Standard Organization
SMACNA Sheet metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National
Association
XI
NEMA National Electrical and Manufacturing Association
ARI American Refrigeration Unit
UFC Uniform Fire Code
UPC Uniform Plumbing Code
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air
XII
Nomenclature
k Thermal Conductivity
A Surface Area
�� Temperature Difference
�� Distance
� Boltz-man Constant
� Emissivity
F Shape Factor
�� Surface Temperature
�∞ Universal Temperature
�� Diversity Factor
�� Ballast Special Allowance Factor
�� Pump Head
�� Static Head
�� Friction Head
�� Residual Head
∆�
Pressure Difference per 100 ft
�
�� Supply Air Flow
��ℎ�� Exhaust Air Flow
XIII
∆ �� Difference between Supply and
Exhaust Air Flow
�� Atmospheric Head
XIV
Chapter 1 Introduction to HVAC
1.1 HVAC Concept
HVAC is an acronym that stands for “Heating , Ventilation and Air

Conditioning” Often installed in a single system these three functions of
HVAC is to provide thermal comfort and maintain good indoor air quality.
HVAC is referred to as climate control because it provides heating ,
cooling , humidity control , filtration , fresh air , building pressure control
and comfort control.
Heating
HVAC Ventilation
Air
Conditioning
Figure 1-1: HVAC Concept
HVAC is one of the largest consumers of energy in the hospitality

industry , constituting approximately 30% of more of total costs.
HVAC systems that operate properly are essential in lodging facilities
and contribute to employee productivity and guest satisfaction because
HVAC systems account for so much electric energy use.
HVAC includes a variety of active mechanical/electrical systems
employed to provide thermal control in buildings. Control of the thermal
1
environment is a key objective for virtually all occupied buildings. For
thousands of years such control may have simply been an attempt to
ensure survival during cold winters.
In the modern architectural context, thermal control expectations go far
beyond survival and involve complex thermal comfort and air quality
concerns that will influence occupant health , satisfaction and
productivity.
The basic purpose of an HVAC system is to provide interior thermal
conditions that most occupants will find acceptable. Occasionally this
may simply require that air be moved in adequate velocity to enhance
convective cooling and evaporation from the skin. Much more commonly.
However , providing for occupant comfort will require that HVAC
system add or remove heat to or from building spaces. In addition , it is
normally necessary for moisture to be removed from spaces during
summer; sometimes moisture will need to be added during the winter.
The heat and moisture control functions in HVAC systems provide the
foundation for key system components. The additional functions of air
circulation and air quality control establish further component
requirements. In specific building situations , supplemental functions ,
such as controlling smoke from fires or providing background noise for
acoustic privacy may be imposed on an HVAC system along with
potential need for additional components.
1.1.1 Heating Concept in HVAC
A heating system (H) is designed to add thermal energy to a space or

building to maintain some selected air temperature that would otherwise
not be achieved due to heat flows to the exterior environment.
2
1.1.2 Ventilating and Cooling Concept in HVAC
A Ventilating system (V) is intended to introduce air or to remove air

from a space to move air without changing its temperature.
Ventilating systems may be used to improve indoor air quality or to
improve thermal comfort. A cooling system is designed to remove
thermal energy from a space or building to maintain some selected air
temperature that would otherwise not be achieved due to heat flows from
interior heat sources and the exterior environment. Cooling systems are
considered as a part of the “AC” in “HVAC”.
1.2 Types of HVAC Equipment
The HVAC are classified according to :

1) Direct Expansion (DX) units
Packaged Unit
 Window
 Central Package
Ducted Unit
 Concealed Unit
 Split AHU
DX
Split Unit
 Hi-Wall Split
 Ceiling Split
 Casette Unit
 Floor Stand
VRF & VRV

Figure 1-2: DX Units
3
2) Chilled Water System
Air Cooled
 FCU
 AHU
 Split Unit
Chilled
System
Water Cooled
 FCU
 AHU
 Split Unit
Figure 1-3: Chilled System
1.2.1 Direct Expansion Unit
A DX system has two types, Packaged and split type and are commonly
used for houses, offices, etc. which directly cools the air supplied to the
building as the evaporator is in direct contact with the air supply. It uses
refrigerant vapor (expansion /compression) cycle to directly cool the air
to and occupied room/office.
1.2.2 Chilled Water / Air System
These systems are commonly used for large cooling capacity such as
malls, factories, offices, hospitals, etc.
Here Refrigerant act as the primary system and Water / Air to as its
secondary refrigerant. Chillers are used to remove heat from the water/air
which is circulated through the system to absorb heat from the occupied
space or room.
4
Chapter 2 Psychometrics
The psychometric chart appears to be an imposing network of lines.

When properly used, it provides valuable information about the properties
of air. The psychometric Chart and it is used for solving many air
conditioning problems will be explained.
Figure 2-1: Psychometric Chart

To achieve a comfortable environment several air properties must be
carefully controlled, these properties include Dry-Bulb Temperature, Wet-
Bulb Temperature, Relative Humidity and Moisture, these properties are
combined in a chart called The Psychometric Chart.
Psychometrics is the science of studying the thermodynamic properties
of moist air. It is widely used to illustrate and analyze the change in
properties and the thermal characteristics of the air-conditioning process
and cycles.
5
2.1 Air Properties
1) Wet-Bulb Temperature
2) Dry-Bulb Temperature
3) Dew-Point Temperature
4) Relative Humidity
5) Humidity Ratio
Dry Bulb Temperature: Temperature measured by an ordinary

thermometer , it is indication of sensible heat.
Wet Bulb Temperature: Temperature measured by an ordinary
thermometer with bulb covered by wetted cloth , it is indication of latent
heat.
Dew-Point Temperature: It is the threshold temperature below which the
moisture starts condensing into liquid.
Specific Humidity or Moisture Content: The Weight of water vapor in
grains or pounds of moisture per pound of dry air.
Sensible heat factor: Ratio between sensible heat and total heat
Enthalpy: Thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air
above an arbitrary datum in BTU per pound of dry air. The datum for dry
air is 0oF and moisture content 32oF water.
Relative Humidity: Comparison of amount of moisture that a given
amount of air is holding to the amount of moisture that is same amount of
air can hold at the same dry bulb temperature
6
��
��

=
��
Humidity Ratio: describes the actual weight of water in an air - water

vapor mixture. In other words, if one pound of air were completely dry,
comparing to the weight of water to the weight of dry air would yield its
humidity ratio.
2.2 Summer Design Conditions
At 95oF Dry Bulb

78 oF Wet Bulb
2.2.1 Modes of Psychometrics
Figure 2-2: Adding and Removing Sensible Heat
Figure 2-3: Adding or Removing Moisture
7
Figure 2-4: Adding and Removing moisture and Sensible Heat
2.3 Difference between Latent heat and Sensible heat
Latent Heat: that causes a change in the air’s moisture content with no
change in dry-bulb temperature.
Sensible Heat: that causes a change in the air’s dry-bulb temperature
with no change in moisture content.
2.4 Difference between VAV & CAV
VAV: Type of air conditioning system that varies the volume at constant
temperature air supplied to meet the changing load conditions of the
space.
CAV: Type of air conditioning systems that varies the temperature at
constant volume air supplied to meet the changing load conditions of the
space.
2.5 Difference between supply air & return air
Supply Air: Air that is delivered to the conditioned space by mechanical

means for ventilation, heating, cooling, humidification, or
dehumidification.
8
Return Air: that is removed from the conditioned spaces and either
recirculated or exhausted.
2.6 Psychometric Chart & Psychometry
Psychometric Chart: Tool is used to determine properties of air

Psychometry: Science dealing with physical laws of air - water mixtures
9
Chapter 3 Cooling and Heating Load Estimation
3.1 Principles of Heat Transfer
The three basic principal of heat transfer are given:

1) Heat Energy cannot be destroyed but it can change from one form to
another
When the water needs to be boiled, the heat must be transferred to the
water “That is commonly be used according to energy conservation law”
As heat is transferred to water , the temperature of water increases.
2) Heat Energy transfer from high temperature substance to lower
temperature substance
Heat cannot normally transferred to another substance , for example as a
making boiled water, the temperature of wood is higher than that of water.
3) Heat Energy transferred from one substance to another by three
methods : Conduction, Convection , Radiation
Figure 3-1: Heat Transfer Principles
3.2 Methods of Heat Transfer
3.2.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction The process of transmission of energy from one particle of

the medium to another with the particles being in direct contact with each
other. An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal energy towards
10
the lower kinetic energy area. High-speed particles clash with particles
moving at a slow speed, as a result, slow speed particles increase their
kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat transfer and takes place
through physical contact. Conduction is also known as thermal
conduction or heat conduction. The mathematical formula for calculating
the quantity of heat is determined as:
��
� = ��
��
Figure 3-2: Conduction Heat Transfer
3.2.2 Convection Heat Transfer
The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to

lower temperature regions. As the temperature of the liquid increases, the
liquid’s volume also has to increase by the same factor and this effect is
known as displacement. The mathematical formula for calculating the
quantity of heat is determined as:
� = � � (�� − �∞ )
Figure 3-3: Convection Heat Transfer
11
3.2.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiant heat is present in some or other form in our daily lives. Thermal
radiations are referred to as radiant heat. Thermal radiation is generated
by the emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves carry away the
energy from the emitting body. Radiation takes place through a vacuum
or transparent medium which can be either solid or liquid. Thermal
radiation is the result of the random motion of molecules in matter. The
movement of charged electrons and protons is responsible for the
emission of electromagnetic radiation. The mathematical formula for
calculating the quantity of heat is determined as:
� = �� (�� − �∞ � )
3.3 Cooling Load Classification
There are two components for air conditioning loads:

1) Sensible Loads
2) Latent Loads
3.3.1 Sensible Loads
Sensible heat gain is the direct addition of heat to a space, which results
in increase of space temperature.
1) Solar heat gain through building envelope (Exterior walls, glazing,
skylights, roofs, floors over crawl space)
2) Partitions
3) Ventilation air and air infiltration through cracks in the building,
doors, and windows.
4) People in the building
5) Equipment and appliances in the summer.
6) Lights
12
3.3.2 Latent Load
A latent heat gain is the heat contained in water vapor. It is the heat that
must be removed to condense the moisture out of the air
1) People breathing
2) Cooking Equipment
3) Appliances
4) Ventilation air and air infiltration
3.3.3 Cooling Load Description
The cooling load is more complex than the heating load to calculate. In
the cooling load the walls and windows are to be calculated for each side
of the building. The heat transfer through the roof is to be determined.
The slab heating load is not be calculated because there is no heat gain
from the ground. The internal grains (People , Light . Equipment) are to
be considered. The weather data is based on ASHRAE Standard data.
Figure 3-4: Internal Load Analysis at a room
13
 Wall: The material for the walls is the same so the relative humidity is
the same for the cooling as in the heating. The area of the wall may be
also the same.
� = � ∗ � ∗ (��)
Where
A : Area of the wall
U : Heat Transfer Coefficient
CLTD: Cooling Load Temperature Difference for the wall
 Windows: The windows are calculated in two parts, for conduction
and radiation heat transfer that transmitted or absorbed by glass.
� = � ∗ � ∗ (��)
Where
A: Area of the windows
U: Inverse of Resistance through the windows
CLTD: Cooling Load Temperature Difference
The solar heat gain through the windows is to be calculated separately for
the different directions the windows are facing. A Shading Coefficient is
determined by type and thickness of glazing. The north latitude, the
direction facing and the month with the highest average temperature
determine the solar heat gain factor. The type of furnishings, the thickness
of slab, the room air circulation, the solar time and the facing direction
determine the cooling heat factor. The heat flow by solar heat gain is
determined according to the following equation:
� = � ∗ �� ∗ �� ∗ ��
Where A is area of windows
 Roof: The material of the roof is the same and the area is also the
same. The materials of the roof and the solar time are used to
determine the CLTD of the roof. The heat flow through the roof is
calculated by the following equation:
14
� = � ∗ � ∗ ��
Where
A: area of the roof
U: Internal Resistance of Roof Components
CLTD: Cooling Load Temperature Difference of the roof.
 Lights: The heat gain for the lights is dependant upon several factors.
The (CLF) for the lights is determined by the type of furnishings
inside the building, the slab construction thickness, the air circulation
rate, and the amount of time the lights are turned on. The total
wattage from all lights also needs to be known.The ballast special
allowance factor should be considered. Variations of actual wattage
are considered by diversity factor. The heat gain from the light is
calculated by the following equation:
� = �� (��) ∗ �� ∗ �� ∗ ��
Where
CLF: Cooling Load factor for the lights
 People: The heat gain by the occupants in the building is separated
into sensible and latent. The number of people , the type of activity
they are performing , and the CLF determine the sensible heat. The
CLF determined by the time the occupants come to the building and
for how long they stay in the building. The sensible heat is given by
the following equation:
� = � ∗ �� ∗ ��
Where
N : Number of People
QS : Sensible heat gain from person
CLF: Cooling Load Factor for occupants
The number of people and type of activity they are performing
determines the latent heat gain. The latent heat gain is assumed to
15
immediately translate onto the cooling load and for this reason there is no
CLF. The latent heat gain by the occupants is calculated by:
� = � ∗ ��
Where , N: Number of People
QL : Latent heat gain per person
 Equipment: The heat gain by the equipment is determined by wattage
and CLF for the equipment. The CLF is found by operational hours
and time equipment. The heat gain by each individual piece of
equipment is calculated by:
� = �� (��) ∗ ��
Where CLF: Cooling Load Factor of the equipment
The total heat gain by the equipment is the sum of heat gain by individual
pieces of equipment.
 Infiltration: Air that leaks into space from outdoors through small
cracks in the building envelope and around doors and windows.
The infiltration is separated into sensible and latent heat gains. The
sensible heat gain is calculated in the same manner as heating load. The
air change method is used to find the heat flow due to infiltration. The
mass flow rate of the air is calculated by the following equation
� = �� ∗ �� ∗ ��
Where
ACH: Estimated air changes per hour
Vol: Volume of the building
Pair : Air Pressure (Inwg)
16
Figure 3-5: Infiltration
Once the mass flow rate of air is considered then the heat flow is
calculated by the following formula:
Q = m ∗ Cp ∗ (TO − Ti )
Where
m: mass flow rate
Cp : Specific heat of air
TO : Outside Temperature
Ti : Inside Temperature
3.4 External Loads
For Calculation outdoor loads , The input information should include:

1. Orientation and dimensions of building components
2. Construction materials for roof , walls , ceiling , interior partitions ,
floors.
3. Size and use of space to be conditioned
4. Surrounding conditions , outdoors and in adjoining spaces.
3.5 Supply Air Determination
QS
Supply Air flow =
1.085 ∗ (room DB − Supply DB)
17
QS
[Supply Air flow = ]
1210 ∗ (room DB − Supply DB)
Where :
QS : Sensible heat gain in the space (Btu/hr) [W]
Room DB: Dry bulb temperature of the room (oF)[oC]
Supply DB: Dry Bulb temperature at the supply (oF) [oC]
1.085 : Product of density and Specific heat (Btu.min/hr.ft3 oF) [J/m3.K]
3.6 HAP Software
HAP is a software for PC formed by carrier, an organization which gives

answers for cooling and refrigeration. This software helps specialists to
plan HVAC frameworks for business structures. It combines two tools in
one: calculation of the loads and designing system, and simulation of the
energy use to estimate of energy costs.
3.6.1 HAP System Design Features
 HAP Energy Analysis Features

 HAP Can perform such programs:
1. Configuring cooling and heating loads for spaces and curls.
2. Estimating air flow rates for spaces, zones and frame work
3. Sizing cooling and heating loops
4. Sizing air course fans
5. Measuring chillers and boilers. During the vitality investigation, HAP
executes for accompanying assignments
6. Looking for schedule property of all heating and cooling unit
7. Simulating non HVAC Frame works according to its schedule.
8. Ascertaining the all-out vitality use and vitality costs dependant on
the past recreations.
18
9. Producing tabular and graphical reports of hourly, daily, monthly and
annual data (Schedule)
3.6.2 Steps for estimating Loads at HAP Software
Starting a new project:

Step (1) : After the program is installed as shown in the figure the old
projects that you retrieved it
Step (2) : Click (New) to start a project -- (Open) for Opening old project.
Figure 3-6: Open Project in HAP Software

Step (3) : After clicking (New) A new menu is appeared (Preferences)
and contains two categories: General and Project
19
Figure 3-7: Choosing Standard at HAP
General : Controls the units of the program (Imperial or SI)
Figure 3-8: General

Project: Control the standard that is used in the project.
20
Figure 3-9: Project
Step (4): After Editing the preferences click (OK) and the project is open
but you must rename the project and save it first by clicking (project) at
title bar menu and click (Save as)
Figure 3-10: Title Bar Menu

How to activate any project that you take from your classmate ?
By retrieving the project according to (Project) then click (Retrieve) but
in condition that you must have same version or newer version to make it
activated. If you want to retrieve a project from version 3.2 and your
version is 4.9 so you must convert your version to 3.2 and retrieve your
project.
How to activate any project that you send to your classmate ?
By archiving the project and send to your classmates by clicking (Project)
and click (Archive).
If you need any information about an old project click on (Import HAP
Project Data).
21
Step (5): Weather Selection
First Menu that start the project and the input that must be determined is
Location and Weather.
Atmospheric Clearance Number:
Purity of Atmosphere and is (1,0.85,1.15) and described according to the
degree of purity.
Summer Design (DB):
Dry Bulb Temperature at outermost day.
Summer Coincident (WB):
Wet Bulb Temperature at outermost day.
Summer Daily Range:
Difference between maximum and minimum temperature at outermost
day in a year
According to your location , you may enter the temperatures at the
outermost days and enter your values at design parameters
Figure 3-11: Weather Properties

Step (6) : Simulation
At this menu , determine the vacancies days throughout a year by clicking
on the determined day and add to holiday list.
22
Step (7) : Libraries
1. Schedules:
 Time Table used for building that consists of people , Working days ,
holidays , … etc.
 Contains three tabs:
a) Schedule type
b) Hourly Profile
c) Assignment
 Schedule type:
a) Friction : According to range (0% : 100%)
b) Fan Thermostat : According to binary system (0,1)
Figure 3-12: Project Libraries

Hourly Profile:
Contains 8 profiles at number of days at a week and one for holiday.
The day is determined as from midnight to 7:00 am there is no work.
Profile holiday: It can be determined according to peoples at the day and
so Profile Work is (1) ------ Profile Holiday is (2)
23
Figure 3-13: Hourly Profile
Assignment:
All days be determined according to dividing all days at profile views and
as shown in the figure as Friday is a holiday so it is put as (2) while the
rest made as (1)
Figure 3-14: Assignment

2. Walls:
Enter the type of fixation of walls and each type has an overall heat
coefficient different from other types , While entering the types and
thickness of walls the overall heat transfer is determined automatically.
If the wall is made of glass, don’t use it in walls but use it as any type of
wall but make a window its area equals to the wall area because the glass
is not determined as (U) only but it have (SC) that don’t used in windows.
Note: The names of walls must be considered for reducing distract
24
For Example: 00-01 Gypsum Wall
Figure 3-15: Wall Properties

3. Roof:
As it is considered as walls , the input is the same as the wall and the
program calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 3-16: Roof Properties

4. Window
By using (Default main window) the tab will be appeared according to
its figure , Enter the dimensions of the window and the program calculate
(U & SC).
25
Figure 3-17: Window Properties
In the case of glass facades, one window of 1 square meter is
determined and in double layer take U = 2.2 W/m2 .K while in single
layer take U = 6.4 W/m2 .K and SC for blue facades is 0.7
5. Door
Enter the area of the door and the program will calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient
If the door is glass , enter the value of area at the glass details and the
program concludes that it is a glass door.
Figure 3-18: Door Properties
26
6. Shading
The shading contains three regions:
1) Left Fin .
2) Right Fin
3) Overhang
By entering the dimensions the program will take shading in its
consideration.
Step (8) : Spaces
After entering the desired inputs at libraries , the spaces should be
determined according to its conditions:
1. General : Enter the area of the room and average ceiling height and
enter the weight according to its type , if contains glass facades it may
be light , if contains bricks it may be medium , if contains thick bricks
it may be heavy. After entering details , enter the type of ventilation
according to ASHRAE Standard.
Figure 3-19: Space Properties (General)

2. Internals : According to Electrical appliances load and people load
and all internal loads in the room , the inputs must be determined.
27
Figure 3-20: Space Properties (Internals)
3. Walls , Windows , Door : The directions of the walls must be
determined according to its compass and the inputs of windows and
doors must be considered according to its type that you entered in
Libraries.
Figure 3-21: Wall Spaces

4. Roofs , Skylights : At the same method of walls, doors and windows
but in direction of roof , The H-Horizontal must be determined at the
exposure menu.
28
Figure 3-22: Roof
5. Infiltration : The inputs must be determined according to its cases
Design Cooling: At Summer = 0.8
Design Heating : At Winter = 1.2
We Observe that we have two choices:
 Only when fan off: The infiltration is used when the AC is power off.
 All Hours: The infiltration is happened when AC is power on
Figure 3-23: Infiltration

6. Floors : We observe that we have 4 choices
 Floor above conditioned space: No inputs are considered
 Floor above unconditioned space: Determine the area of floor and (U)
29
 Slab Floor on grade
 Slab Floor below grade
Figure 3-24: Floor Spaces

7. Partitions : It is used for entering the internal sections if it is found
and the internal sections defines that separating the area from
unconditioned space and it is determined according to:
 Type of section
 Area of unconditioned section
 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Figure 3-25: Partition Properties
30
Step (9): System
Click (System) then choose (New Default System) and choose the
systems at the following:
1. Single Zone
2. Multi-Zone
3. CAV
4. VAV
 General: Choose the type of system according to:
a) Undefined
b) Packaged Rooftop Units
c) Packaged Vertical Units
d) Split Air Handling Units
e) Chilled Water Air Handling Units
f) Terminal Units and appears with two types of ventilation
1. Direct Ventilation: Total Fresh air
2. Common Ventilation System : The fresh air before entering the zone
must be treated by using cooling coil existed in FAHU and so the
fresh air don’t make load at FCU and the temperature can be
controlled at vent system components.
31
Figure 3-26: Choosing System
 System Component: The tab is used to describe the type of system

and every system type has many inputs must be determined and
considered such as:
1. Ventilation Air
2. Economizer
3. Vent.Reclaim
4. Precool coil
5. Preheat coil
6. Humidification
7. Dehumidification
8. Central cooling
9. Central Heating
10. Supply Fan
11. Duct System
12. Return Fan
32
Figure 3-27: System Components
 Zone Components:
The menu is changed by changing the type of AC if it is AHU or FCU
It contains:
1. Space
2. Thermostats
3. Supply Terminals (AHU)
4. Zone heating units (AHU)
5. Common Data (FCU)
6. Terminal Units (FCU)
By selecting type of AC , select the zone that you may put your AC in the
appropriate zone.
Figure 3-28: Zone Components
33
 System Sizing: The inputs of the chilled water and hot water delta
must be considered and so as cooling sensible and cooling latent
Figure 3-29: System Sizing

 Zone Sizing: The way for estimating the supply air must be
considered according to sum of spaces and peak of zone
Figure 3-30: Zone Sizing Data

Step (10): Printing the output results:
According to title bar menu determine the system that you may print then
click on and click print/view design results and check at the

parameters that you want and click preview and click save
34
Figure 3-31: System Design Report
3.7 HVAC System Design Criteria
 HVAC & Infection Control

 General Ventilation
 Air Change Rates
 Room Pressure Control
 Laminar Flow in Healthcare Facilities
 Air Filtration
 Local Exhaust Ventilation
 Temperature & Humidity Control
 Air Distribution
 Noise Criteria
35
3.8 Design Parameter
3.8.1 Room
� (��) = ��: �� °�
�� = ��: ��%
3.8.2 Outdoor
� (��) = ��. � °�
� (��) = �� °�
3.9 Units
 TR = Ton of refrigerant
 Btu = British Thermal Unit
 Cfm = Cubic feet per minute
 C = Total coil load
 1 TR = 12000 Btu/hr
 1 TR = 3.52 kW Cooling Load
 1 TR = 2.4 GPM
 1 TR = 1.7 kW Electrical Load
 1 HP = 8000 Btu/hr
 1 TR = 1.5 HP
 1 kW = 1.36 HP
 1 TR = 300:400 CFM (Exhaust)
 1 TR = 150 CFM (Supply at Hospital)
 1 TR = 300 CFM (Supply at General Spaces)
36
3.10 HVAC Standards
 ASHRAE
 ASTM
 ISO
 SMACNA
 NEMA
 ARI
 UPC
 UFC
Figure 3-32: HVAC Standards
37
Chapter 4 Refrigeration Cycle
4.1 Basic Refrigeration System
Figure 4-1: Refrigeration Cycle

This diagram illustrates a basic vapor-compression refrigeration system
that contains the described components. First, notice that this is a closed
system. The individual components are connected by refrigerant piping.
The suction line connects the evaporator to the compressor, the discharge
line connects the compressor to the condenser, and the liquid line
connects the condenser to the evaporator. The expansion device is in the
liquid line.
4.2 Refrigeration Cycle Components
4.1.1 Evaporator
At the inlet to the evaporator, the refrigerant exists as a cool, low-pressure

mixture of liquid and vapor. For the example , the evaporator is finned
tube coil used to cool air. Other types of evaporators are used to cool
water. The relatively warm air flows across this finned tube arrangement
38
and the cold refrigerant flows through the tubes. The refrigerant enters the
evaporator and absorb heat from warmer air causing the liquid refrigerant
to boil.The resulting refrigerant vapor is drawn to compressor.
Figure 4-2: Evaporator
4.1.2 Compressor
The compressor raises the pressure of refrigerant vapor to a pressure and

temperature high enough so that it can reject heat to another fluid such as
ambient air or water. There are several types of compressors. The type
shown in the figure is hermetic compressor. The hot and high pressure of
refrigerant vapor travels to the condenser.
Figure 4-3: Compressor
4.1.3 Condenser
The condenser is a heat exchanger used to reject the heat of the

refrigerant to another medium. The example shown is an air-cooled
condenser that rejects heat to the ambient air. Other types of condensers
39
are used to reject heat to water. The hot, high-pressure refrigerant vapor
flows through the tubes of this condenser and rejects heat from the cooler
ambient air that passes through the condenser coil.
Figure 4-4: Condenser

As the heat content of the refrigerant vapor is reduced, it condenses into
liquid. From the condenser, the high-pressure liquid refrigerant travels to
the expansion valve.
4.1.4 Expansion Valve
The primary purpose of the expansion device is to drop the pressure of

the liquid refrigerant to equal the pressure in the evaporator. Several types
of expansion devices can be used. The device shown is an expansion
valve
The high-pressure liquid refrigerant flows through the expansion device,
causing a large pressure to drop. This pressure drop reduces the
refrigerant pressure, and, therefore, its temperature, to that of the
evaporator.
40
Figure 4-5: Expansion Valve
At the lower pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant is higher than
its boiling point. This causes a small portion of the liquid to boil, or flash.
because heat is required to boil this small portion of refrigerant, the
boiling refrigerant absorbs heat from the remaining liquid refrigerant,
cooling it to the desired evaporator temperature. The cool mixture of
liquid and vapor refrigerant then enters the evaporator. to repeat the cycle
Placing each component in its proper sequence within the system, the
compressor and expansion device maintain a pressure difference between
the high-pressure side of the system and the low-pressure side of the
system.
4.3 Refrigeration Cycle Process
Figure 4-6: Refrigeration Cycle Process
41
Process (1-2): vapor refrigerant is composed to relatively high
temperature and pressure requiring work input
Process (2-3): vapor refrigerant condenses to liquid through heat transfer
to the cooler surroundings
Process (3-4): liquid refrigerant expands to the evaporator pressure
Process (4-1): two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of refrigerant is
evaporated through heat transfer from refrigerated space
4.4 HVAC Equipment Types
HVAC Equipment are classified in two categories:
4.4.1 DX Unit
1) Window Units: Window units are the simplest form of HVAC

systems, they are small, compact, and does not require special
installation or preparation. However, due to the compressor being
inside the conditioned space, they are noisy. Also, some older models
do not have a reversing valve, so they require to be physically moved
to heat the conditioned area in cold weather They consist of a simple
vapor compression cycle, and simple electrical control, all inside a
small enclosure.
Figure 4-7: Window Unit
42
2) Other types:
Figure 4-8: Other types of DX Unit System
3) Air Handling Unit:

Air handling units are very similar to rooftop units. However, they do
not cool air by blowing air across an evaporator, but they use chilled
water flowing through a heat exchanger to cool air.
The cold water is supplied by a chiller, which is a vapor expansion cycle
where its evaporator is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, taking heat
energy from water and its condenser either a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger giving water heat energy which is then cooled with a cooling
tower, or it could be a normal air-cooled heat exchanger.
Purpose of Air Handling Units:
The main purpose of Air Handling Unit (AHU) is to handle the air in
terms of cooling, heating, filtration, humidification’s etc. as part of a
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system.
The purpose of air handlers shall be as follows:
1) It controls the temperature of air.
2) It controls the humidity of air.
3) Filtrate air.
4) It circulates air.
5) Proper air distribution.
43
6) Process cooling
Figure 4-9: AHU-System
AHUs consist of some components:

Air intake: air handling units collect air from outside, which is treated
and distributed throughout the rooms; and/or indoor air that is recycled.
Filter: depending on the air purity requirements, the filter applied will
have a higher or lower particle, viruses, bacteria, odors, and other air
pollutants retention.
Filters or strainers are placed at the early air path in AHU. Filter type
used may depend on application type A pre-filter is, quite literally, a filter
that comes before your main filter. Meaning the air that your air purifier
is cleaning must travel through this pre-filter before it can get all the way
to your more delicate main filter, like a HEPA filter.
Types of Filter:
Figure 4-10: Pre Filter , Bag Filter & HEPA Filter
44
Mixing Box: It is place where fresh air is mixed with zone return air or
with fresh conditioned air. Mixing processes are performed to obtain the
desired air temperature and humidity or to maintain energy-efficient
performance.
Figure 4-11: Mixing Box

Cooling Coil: the air passing through this module is cooled. In this
process, water droplets can be generated, which are collected in a
condensate tray thanks to the built-in droplet separator
Figure 4-12: Cooling Coil

Fan: This is an electromechanical system that powers the air to expel it
from the AHU to the ducts that distribute the air throughout the rooms.
Centrifugal fan type is used to provide the conditioned air to various
zones. Electric motor is used to provide the rotating motion to the supply
fan.
45
Figure 4-13: AHU - Fan
Figure 4-14: AHU-Process

4) Fan Coil Units:
A fan coil unit is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil
and fan. The fan is a centrifugal type driven by electric motor with fan
mounted on the rotor shaft. FCU’s can be both ducted and without duct
work as required by its application. The capacity of an FCU ranges from
100-2000 CFM.
Figure 4-15: Fan Coil Unit

The chilled water from the Chillers is pumped into the coil of the FCU
which cools up the coils. The blower or fan blows the air thru the coils
46
thus reducing the temperature of the air as required. These are normally
placed in the false ceilings randomly as per the zones to supply
conditioned air.
Fan-coil units are normally small, single-zone, constant air volume air
handling units, commonly used in 2-pipe and 4-pipe systems and in
conjunction with split-system air- cooled condensing units or split-system
air-cooled heat pump units.
Fan-coil units are often used where little or no outdoor air ventilation is
required or where outdoor air ventilation is provided by a separate system.
However, they can also be used to serve larger areas if the HVAC loads
are within the capabilities of the standard equipment offered by the
manufacturer.
5) VRV & VRF:
The VRF system is similar in appearance to multi-split air conditioners
that makes the difference is the number of indoor units and the control
function. Multi-split system is generally limited to about 10 indoor units
whereas the VRF systems can connect to more than 50 indoor units on a
single outdoor condensing type.
VRF systems use proprietary temperature control devices for efficient
flow of refrigerant. The temperature control is available at every indoor
unit and the outdoor unit adjusts the compressor load based on the heat
load coming in from various units.
The VRF HVAC system’s compressor can detect the precise
requirements of each zone and send the precise amount of refrigerant
needed to do the job. As a result, each area of your space is consistently
comfortable with well-controlled humidity and no hot or cold spots.
Some of these systems are designed to be able to provide simultaneous
heating and cooling to different parts of the same building. The modern
VRF technology uses an inverter-driven scroll compressor and permits as
47
many as 48 or more indoor units to operate from one outdoor unit. The
inverter scroll compressors can change.
6) Packaged Air Conditioning System
The HVAC industry has its own language to identify different equipment
types. “Unitary” refers to equipment that contains all the components
necessary to heat, cool, dehumidify, filter, and move air in one or more
factory-made assemblies. Unitary equipment is available in packaged or
split system designs. The most common type of commercial system is the
packaged system design, which provides both heating and cooling to
about 70 percent of the commercial building floor space built over the last
30 years.
Figure 4-16: Packaged Air Conditioning

Packaged units are typically sized from five to 30 tons in cooling capacity.
They are generally mounted on the rooftop but can also be installed at
ground level. The evaporator and condenser are kept together in one
package, delivering conditioned air directly into a room or duct work.
Types of Package Units:
 Vertical package: Vertical package blow air horizontally or vertically
upwards. The lower section normally contains the compressor,
condenser and condenser fan, and the upper section the cooling coil
and blower.
48
 Horizontal package: Horizontal package blow air horizontally.
Typical cooling capacity product ranges between 3 and 20 tons.
4.4.2 Chilled units
Chillers:
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning chillers are refrigeration
systems that provide cooling for industrial and commercial applications.
Figure 4-17: Chillers

They use water, oils, or other fluids as refrigerants. HVAC chillers
include a compressor, condenser, thermal expansion valve, evaporator,
reservoir, and stabilization assembly.
Compressing the refrigerant creates a high pressure, superheated gas
that the condenser air-cools to a warm liquid. The thermal expansion
valve releases refrigerant into the evaporator, converting the warm liquid
to a cool, dry gas. Often, a hot gas bypass is used to stabilize the cooling
output by allowing the hot gas to warm up the evaporator. This causes a
reduction in cooling efficiency but stabilizes the chilled water
temperatures. When water is pumped from the reservoir to the
compressor, the chilling cycle begins again.
49
Types of chillers:
1. Air Cooled Chiller : have advantages over air cooled chillers
2. Water Cooled Chiller
Figure 4-18: Air and Water Cooled Chiller
50
Chapter 5 Air Terminal & Air Duct
5.1 Diffusers
Diffusers are the terminal units located in each space/room to be provided

with conditioned air. They are placed in the center of each room for
proper distribution of air to every corner. They are different types of
diffusers as per the directions of flow
Figure 5-1: Diffuser Types according to its shapes
51
Note: Square and Round Diffusers are used at height up to 4 m. While
Swirl Diffuser used up to 5 m, more than these we used the Jet Diffuser.
Perforated Diffuser used in Operations Room
5.2 Air Terminal Selection Factor:
1. CFM: The value of supply air leaving a single terminal

2. NC: The Value of noise criteria obtained from HVAC Code
3. Velocity: The value of velocity obtained from HVAC Code
4. Throw: The horizontal distance sent by air terminal
After doing all the calculation, We open the suitable catalogue and see the
performance data and select the suitable diffuser based on the area of the
neck not the face of diffuser.
1)Neck Size
2)Neck velocity
3)Pressure-drop
4)NC
For example: Selection diffuser has supply air 450 CFM by checking the
catalogue and selected 18x18” diffuser with throw 4-8 and light noise.
Figure 5-2: Estimating diffuser dimension
52
5.3 Air Duct
Ducts are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to deliver and
remove air The needed air flows include Supply air, Return air, and
Exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the
supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable
indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort
5.4 Duct Design
Duct system is also called duct work. Planning, sizing, optimizing,

detailing, and finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called
duct design the following basic terminology is extensively used in this
course.
 CFM: volume of air flow; cubic feet/minute
 FPM: velocity or speed of air flow; feet/minute
 sq. ft: duct size or cross-sectional area; square feet
5.5 Duct Pressure
Duct system is pressurized by three pressures:

Static pressure: It is the air pressure in the duct, which is used for fan
selection.
Dynamic pressure: It is the pressure generated by the velocity and weight
of the air, which is used for measuring the flow in a system.
Total pressure: It is used to find velocity pressure. Static pressure plus
velocity pressure equals total pressure.
53
Figure 5-3: Duct Distribution
5.6 Duct material:
1. Galvanized steel: It is a standard, most common material used in

fabricating duct work for most comfort air conditioning systems. The
specifications for galvanized steel sheet are ASTM A653, coating
G90.
Figure 5-4: Galvanized Steel Duct

2. Aluminum: It is widely used in clean room applications. These are
also preferred systems for moisture laden air, special exhaust systems
and ornamental duct systems. The specifications for Aluminum sheet
are ASTM B209, alloy 1100, 3003 or 5052.
3. Stainless steel: It is used in duct systems for kitchen exhaust,
moisture laden air, and fume exhaust. The specifications for stainless
steel sheet are ASTM A167, Class 302 or 304, Condition A (annealed)
Finish No. 4 for exposed ducts and Finish No. 2B for concealed duct.
54
4. Carbon Steel: It is widely used in applications involving flues, stacks,
hoods, other high temperature and special coating requirements for
industrial use.
5. Copper: It is mainly used for certain chemical exhaust and
ornamental duct work.
6. Fabric Duct: if the application would require an insulated metal duct.
If so, an air permeable fabric is recommended because it will not
commonly create condensation on its surface and can therefore be
used where air is supplied below the dew point. Material that
eliminates moisture may be healthier for the occupants
Figure 5-5: Fabric Duct

7. Flexible Duct: Flexible ducts are typically made of flexible plastic
over a metal wire coil to shape a tube. he insulation is usually glass
wool, polyester fiber and glass wool for thermal insulation
Figure 5-6: Flexible Duct
55
8. Fiberglass Duct: Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in
thermal insulation, and the interior surface absorbs sound, helping to
provide quiet operation of the HVAC system.
Figure 5-7: Fiber glass duct
5.7 Duct System Components:
1. Vibration isolators
2. Take-offs
3. Volume Control Dampers
4. Smoke and fire damper
5. Plenum Box
5.8 Duct Shapes
Ducts commonly used for carrying air are of round, square, or rectangular
shape. All have advantages and disadvantages, and find applications
where one is superior to the other
Figure 5-8: Duct Shapes
56
5.9 Standard Duct Size
A standard air conditioner moves 400 cfm of air per ton. One ton of
refrigeration equates to the heat extraction rate of 12,000 Btu’s per hour.
British thermal unit (Btu) is the measurement of heat. It takes one Btu to
raise the temperature of water to one degree Fahrenheit. A 6-inch duct
and an 8-inch duct carry about 100 cfm and 200 cfm of cool air,
respectively. Here are some sizes for the supply duct that can be used.
Table 5-1: Duct Size according to Supply air flow
5.10 Duct Size by using equal friction method
The equal friction method of duct sizing (where the pressure loss per foot
of duct is the same for the entire system) has been the most universally
used means of sizing low pressure supply air, return air and exhaust air
duct systems and it is being adapted by many for use in medium pressure
57
systems.
We used the equal friction method by the aid of “Duct Sizer” program.
While using the program the following are taken into consideration:
 Velocity of the air inside the duct (from SMACNA code)
 Friction loss is less than 0.1 ��. ��/100 ��.
 Aspect Ratio Recommended (1:4)
 Ceiling height
5.11 Duct Size by using duct sizer software
Step (1): Open the duct sizer program

Step (2): You have two inputs and two outputs the two inputs will
calculate the two outputs that are:
1. Flow Rate
2. Head Loss
3. Velocity Equivalent
4. Equivalent Diameter
Step (3): After putting inputs and calculating outputs, assume the length
of duct that gain from standard duct size and the width is calculated
automatically
For Example: At 400 CFM Supply air and head loss 0.07 inwg/100 ft
The velocity is calculated to be 656.6 FPM and the equivalent diameter
is calculated to be 10.6 in. And the duct length is assumed to be 14 in so
the width of duct is calculated as 7 in. But we use the dimensions of duct
as even number so the duct must be at 14x8’’ if the duct turned to be
14x6’’ the head loss increases so the temperature inside the duct increases
so we must choose the largest width.
58
Figure 5-9: Estimating Duct Dimensions by using duct sizer software
5.12 Duct Hanger Estimation
5.12.1 Duct Hanger Spacing
Table 5-2: Duct Hanger Spacing
59
Figure 5-10: Hanger Spacing
5.12.2 Duct Hanger Estimation:
Hanger’s function is to lift the duct and fix it up to the roof. Hangers
‘dimensions are selected according to the duct perimeter and mass maybe
used also. According to the Egyptian code:
Table 5-3: Hanger Dimensions
60
5.13 Damper
Figure 5-11: Damper Types
5.14 Duct Design
5.14.1 Duct Size
 Width, Height -- Aspect Ratio (1:4)

 CFM
 Pressure drop (0.06:0.15 Inwg)
 Velocity:
1. FCU (800:900 FPM)
2. AHU (1200:1500 FPM)
3. Exhaust Fan (1600:2000 FPM)
4. Fresh Fan (1400:1800 FPM)
61
5.14.2 External Static Pressure (ESP)
 The hardest path , not the longest but often it is longest

∆P
 ESP = Critical Path ∗ L
+ Fitting Losses + Accessories Losses
1. Reducer: (1:3 Pa)

2. Take off (10:20 Pa)
3. Elbow (1:8 Pa)
4. Volume Damper 5 Pa
5. Machine Connection: 15 Pa
6. Air Terminal : (2:8)Pa
7. Sand Trap : 100 Pa
8. Flex. Duct : 10 Pa
5.14.3 Duct Thickness according to maximum width and

ESP
Table 5-4: Duct Thickness

Gauge Thickness Max.Width
26 0.55 mm Up to 12’’
24 0.7 mm 13” to 30”
22 0.85 mm 31’’ to 54’’
20 1 mm 55” to 84”
18 1.25 mm 85” to over
5.14.4 Duct Mass and Insulation
Mass = 2 ∗ (Width + Height) ∗ Length ∗ Thickness ∗ Density

Density of duct according to the material that is fabricated.
Insulation Area = 2 ∗ (Width + Height) ∗ Length
62
5.15 Insulation Duct
Duct work insulation is an extremely high-performance thermal

insulation designed for use on either circular, rectangular, or flat duct
work in buildings or properties with a heating ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) services system. Fiberglass is the most common
insulation material for HVAC ducts. Flexible ducts are always insulated
by fiberglass material. Fiberglass insulations have a layer of shiny
aluminum foil on the outer surface to hold the fiberglass material together.
5.15.1 Insulation Types
1. Fiber glass
2. Rock Wool
3. Armflex
5.15.2 Benefits of insulating your duct work:
1. Energy Efficient
2. Reduces Noise
3. Prevents Condensation
5.15.3 Duct Leakage Test:
1. Smoke test
2. Light Test
3. Pressure Test
63
Chapter 6 Chilled Water Pipe Design
6.1 Chiller
There are a variety of water chiller types. Most commonly, they are
absorption, centrifugal, helical rotary, and scroll. Some reciprocating
chillers are also available. Chillers can be either air- or water-cooled.
Major vapor-compression chiller components include an evaporator, a
compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. This manual discusses
the chiller’s evaporator and condenser and their relationship to the
chilled-water plant.
Figure 6-1: Chiller Components

A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor compression or
absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a
building and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other
systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the building.
Chillers are of two types; air cooled or water cooled.
Water chillers produce chilled water to condition the air. The chillers are
classified according to the type of compressor they use. The major types
of compressors are:
64
1. Reciprocating compressors usually find applications in residential and
small commercial systems. Their capacity ranges between 10 through 200
tons.
2. Scroll compressors capacity ranges between 1 to 50-tons. Scroll
compressors require less maintenance than reciprocating compressors.
3. Rotary screw compressors capacity ranges between 70 to 500 tons.
These are much more efficient compared to the reciprocating compressors.
4. Centrifugal compressors capacity ranges between 100 to 7,000 tons.
Centrifugal chillers especially driven with variable speed
6.2 Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are heat rejection devices used to transfer process waste
heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-
bulb air temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near
the dry-bulb air temperature.
Figure 6-2: Cooling Tower
6.3 Chilled Water System Types
65
Table 6-1: Comparison between Flow in Pipes
6.4 Pipe Sizing
The Piping system in Centralized HVAC System is a closed type. The

Closed systems are made up of two components:
1. a supply system that ends at a terminal air conditioning equipment unit
2. a return system that starts at the terminal equipment

The calculation of size and the thickness of a pipe can be done based
on Hydraulic Design & Pressure Design. For HVAC Systems carrying
medium/atmospheric pressures, Hydraulic design is used. For higher
pressures the pipe requires higher thickness, so Pressure design based on
ASME codes will be applicable. Designation of Pipe Size: Nominal Pipe
Size Designation of Pipe Thickness: Schedule Number
6.4.1 Determining Pipe Size
�� ∗ ��
�� =
∆�
�� (��. ��/��) − (�� /�� )
�� (�� : �� ) − (�� )
66
According to the table , the pipe size will be determined:
Table 6-2: Pipe Dimensions according to GPM
Figure 6-3: Estimating Fitting Losses
6.4.2 Pump Selection
Pump Head = Static Head + Residual Head + Friction Head

�� = �� + �� + �� = 0 − �� = 0
∆� ∆�
�� = �� = �� ℎ ∗ + ��. ��ℎ �� ∗ +
� �
��
∆� 4 ��
Where : �
≈
100 ��
�� = �� ± �� − �� − ��
67
6.5 Pipe Fittings
6.5.1 Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or

tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle.
Figure 6-4: Elbows (90o & 45o)
6.5.2 Tee Fitting
It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe

fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90° to the connection to
the main line
Figure 6-5: Tee Fitting
6.5.3 Reducer
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow

requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different
size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used
when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level
68
Figure 6-6: Reducer
6.5.4 Other Fittings
Table 6-3: Other Fittings
69
6.6 Hook-Up
Figure 6-7: Chiller and AHU Hook Up
70
6.6.1 Chiller Hook-Up:
1. Gate Valve (Isolating Valve)

2. Flexible Connection
3. Thermometer
4. Pressure Gauge
5. Strainer
6. Drain Valve
7. DRV or Balancing Valve
8. Flow Switch
6.6.2 AHU Hook-Up
1. Gate Valve (Isolating Valve)

2. Flexible Joint
3. 3 Way or 2 Way Valve
4. Pressure Gauge
5. Strainer
6. Drain Connection
7. DRV or Balancing Valve
8. Air Vent
6.6.3 Pump Hook-Up
1. Flexible Joint
2. Gate Valve
3. Drain Valve
4. Balance Valve
5. Pressure Gauge
6. Strainer
71
Chapter 7 Hospital Room Consideration
7.1 ACH
Many hospital rooms require special design considerations because of

heightened infection concerns, high internal loads, special equipment,
unique processes and unique patients. Air change and pressurization
requirements for all such rooms are listed according to ASHRAE
Standard 2008.
Table 7-1: Estimating ACH for hospital rooms
7.2 Pressurization Room
According to ASHRAE Standard , the room is classified in

pressurization in which the area needs air to be supplied or exhausted.
If the pressure of any room is (+) , it is concluded that the supply air
flow is more than the exhaust air flow.
If the pressure of any room is (-) , it is considered that the exhaust air
flow is more than supply air flow.
72
Figure 7-1: Pressurization Room
7.3 Hospital Description
Figure 7-2: Hospital Sample
The Hospital contains many Operation Rooms and ICU and Producer and
Recovery that make the patient comfortable. Each room has separate
HVAC Design from each other according to Estimation Load, Duct
Design, Air terminal selection, and Neck size according to ASHRAE
Standard 2008.
73
7.4 Producer Room
Figure 7-3: Producer Room
The Producer Room area is 42 m2 , The Supply air flow can be calculated
as the following equation:
�� ∗ � �� ∗ ��. �
�� (��) = = = ��
�. � �. �
ACH is estimated according to ASHRAE Standard
V: Volume of Room 0
V = Area of room * Ceiling Height = 42*2.7 =113.4 m3
∆ �� = �� − �� = �� ∗ �� ∗ ∆�
= �� ∗ �. � ∗ �. �� = ��
Where
AL : Inflation Area = 0.3 m2
▲ P : Pressure Difference of Room (Inwg) = 10 Pa = 0.04 inwg
The CFM Exhaust is determined and according to Rule of thumb :
1 TR = 150 CFM Supply
�� = �� − �� = ��
74
7.4.1 Diffuser Selection
The air terminal will be used in producer room is perforated diffuser

because it gives supply air with 100 % Fresh air and gives low velocity
at the human level (1.8 m from ground).
7.4.2 Duct Design
According to supply air flow , The duct design can be determined

considering that the head loss is 0.07 inwg/100 ft.
According to duct sizer:
The Supply air duct size standard is 18x12’’
The Exhaust air duct size standard is 20x10’’
The supply air duct per diffuser is 8x6’’ and the flexible duct is 7.5 in.
The exhaust air duct per exit is 14x10’’
Figure 7-4: Estimating Duct Size at Producer
75
7.5 Recovery Room
Figure 7-5: Recovery Room
�� ∗ � �� ∗ ��. �
�� (��) = = = ��
�. � �. �
V = Area of room * Ceiling Height = 52*2.7 =140.4 m3
∆ �� = �� − �� = �� ∗ �� ∗ ∆�
= �� ∗ �. � ∗ �. �� = ��
Where
76
�� = �� − �� = ��
The air terminal will be used in producer room is Square diffuser. Each
diffuser gives 250 CFM Supply and 200 CFM Return
7.5.2 Duct Design

The Exhaust air duct size standard is 14x12’’
The supply air duct per diffuser is 10x8’’
The exhaust air duct per exit is 10x6’’
Figure 7-6: Estimating duct size at Recovery
77
7.6 Operation Room
Figure 7-7: Operation Room
�� ∗ � �� ∗ ��
�� (��) = = = ��
�. � �. �
V = Area of room * Ceiling Height = 40*2.7 =108 m3
∆ �� = �� − �� = �� ∗ �� ∗ ∆�
= �� ∗ �. � ∗ �. �� = ��
Where
�� = �� − �� = ��
78
The air terminal will be used in producer room is Perforated diffuser.

Each diffuser gives 150 CFM Supply.
7.6.2 Duct Design

The Exhaust air duct size standard is 18x12 ’’
The supply air duct per diffuser is 8x6 ’’
The exhaust air duct per exit is 14x10 ’’
Figure 7-8: Estimating duct size at Operation Room
79
Conclusion
HVAC systems are essential for food industry, paramedical industry,
some fiber industries, domestic use, office use, A good foundation of air
properties is a must, for understanding HVAC systems, air temperature
dry-bulb, and wet-bulb, moisture, relative humidity, equivalent
temperature, dew point.
Measuring the dew point is done using a chilled mirror hygrometer,
which is an expensive device, due to its operation principle, it cools a
reflective condensation surface until water begins to condensate on it, this
increases its weight, indicating dew point. However, dew point can be
calculated mathematically using air temperature and relative humidity.
The basic refrigeration cycle is the heart of every HVACR system.
Thus, a good understanding of its components is a must. The basic
refrigeration cycle consists of four main components, a compressor, a
condenser, an evaporator, and a metering device. However, these
components cannot function efficiently on their own, thus they need
additional components like filter driers, which catch any debris or
moisture in the refrigerant.
There are two main categories of HVACR systems, direct expansion
systems, and chilled water systems, then main difference is that DX units
doesn’t use chillers or cooling towers, which chilled water systems do use.
AHUs have a fan to produce air flow and static pressure, dampers to
control air flow, filters to filter air, a cooling coil, a heating element or a
heating coil, and a motor connected to the fan with a bully belt system.
For a split system, the outdoor unit must be tested for leakage,
electrically tested, and its performance tested to ensure safety and long
life of the unit.
80
Manufacturing process consists of sheet metal, coil, and insulation.
Sheet metal is used to produce the frame of the HVACR unit, and coil
fins. Coils are made from copper tubes, that are cut, bent, placed inside
aluminum fins, expanded, brazed, and tested for any leaks. Insulation is
important for not only thermal insulation, but also for noise insulation and
rigidity. Control is very important for the increased efficiency, safety, and
long-life for HVACR system. Control consists of many components,
timers, contractors, circuit breakers
81
References
 Cooling and Heating Load Estimation Air Conditioning Clinic (Trane
literature order number TRG-TRC002-EN)
 Refrigeration Cycle Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-TRC003-EN)
 Refrigeration Compressors Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-TRC004-
EN)
 Refrigeration System Components Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-
TRC005-EN)
 VAV Systems Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-TRC014-EN)
 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-
TRC015-EN)
 Chilled-Water Systems Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-TRC016-EN)
 HVAC System Control Air Conditioning Clinic (TRG-TRC017-EN)
 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment
 ASHRAE Bookstore at www.ashrae.org
 Althouse, A., Turnquist, C., Bracciano, A., Bracciano, D. and
Bracciano, G.,
 2017. Modern refrigeration and air conditioning. 20th ed. Tinley Park:
The Goodheart-Willcox Company
 WHITMAN, W., JOHNSON, W., TOMCZYK, J. and SILBERSTEIN,
E.,
 2013. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology. 7th ed. Clifton
Park: Cengage Learning.
 Hundy, G., Trott, A. and Welch, T., 2008. Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann.
 McDowall, R. and Montgomery, R., 2009. Fundamentals of HVAC
control systems. Burlington: Elsevier Science.
 Wang, S., 2001. Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration. 2nd
ed. Norwich, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies
82
Appendix
A.1. Bedaya Hospital Project Ground Floor

Duct Distribution
83
A.2. Bedaya Hospital Project Ground Floor Pipe
Distribution
84
A.3. Bedaya Hospital Upper Roof Duct & Pipe
Distribution
85
A.4. Villa Mousa Project Ground Floor
86

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Summer Training Course

Ahmed Shuhayb Office Engineering Consultant

Mechanical Engineering Department

Higher Technological Institute - 10th of Ramadan

Report Subject: HVAC

HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

1.1 HVAC Concept

HVAC is an acronym that stands for “Heating , Ventilation and Air

HVAC is one of the largest consumers of energy in the hospitality

1.1.1 Heating Concept in HVAC

A heating system (H) is designed to add thermal energy to a space or

A Ventilating system (V) is intended to introduce air or to remove air

1.2 Types of HVAC Equipment

The HVAC are classified according to :

VRF & VRV

1.2.1 Direct Expansion Unit

1.2.2 Chilled Water / Air System

The psychometric chart appears to be an imposing network of lines.

Figure 2-1: Psychometric Chart

Dry Bulb Temperature: Temperature measured by an ordinary

������ �� �������� ���� ����� �� ������ �� ��� �� �������

Humidity Ratio: describes the actual weight of water in an air - water

2.2 Summer Design Conditions

At 95oF Dry Bulb

2.2.1 Modes of Psychometrics

Figure 2-2: Adding and Removing Sensible Heat

Figure 2-3: Adding or Removing Moisture

2.3 Difference between Latent heat and Sensible heat

2.4 Difference between VAV & CAV

2.5 Difference between supply air & return air

Supply Air: Air that is delivered to the conditioned space by mechanical

2.6 Psychometric Chart & Psychometry

Psychometric Chart: Tool is used to determine properties of air

3.1 Principles of Heat Transfer

The three basic principal of heat transfer are given:

Figure 3-1: Heat Transfer Principles

3.2 Methods of Heat Transfer

3.2.1 Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction The process of transmission of energy from one particle of

Figure 3-2: Conduction Heat Transfer

3.2.2 Convection Heat Transfer

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to

Figure 3-3: Convection Heat Transfer

3.3 Cooling Load Classification

There are two components for air conditioning loads:

3.3.1 Sensible Loads

3.3.3 Cooling Load Description

Figure 3-4: Internal Load Analysis at a room

3.4 External Loads

For Calculation outdoor loads , The input information should include:

3.5 Supply Air Determination

3.6 HAP Software

HAP is a software for PC formed by carrier, an organization which gives

3.6.1 HAP System Design Features

 HAP Energy Analysis Features

3.6.2 Steps for estimating Loads at HAP Software

Starting a new project:

Figure 3-6: Open Project in HAP Software

General : Controls the units of the program (Imperial or SI)

Figure 3-8: General

Figure 3-10: Title Bar Menu

Figure 3-11: Weather Properties

Figure 3-12: Project Libraries

Figure 3-14: Assignment

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