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API 610 was first published in This article describes the changes The title changes show that the
1954 and is now running into its which are of interest to pump users scope was gradually expanded
11th Edition. It has grown from a and targeted to readers in the from an exclusive focus on
20-page document to a massive operating, maintenance, and safety refineries to the entire spectrum
220-page document. Earlier, engineering disciplines. It will of the hydrocarbon processing
mechanical seals were part of cover a brief history starting from industry, both upstream and
API 610, but are now issued as a the 5th Edition. Please see Table 1 downstream. API pumps now
separate document API 682 (4th for an outline of when each Edition cover oil & gas production,
Edition, 2014, 268 pages). If we of API 610 was released. refineries, petrochemicals,
add API 682 to API 610, it becomes chemicals, fertilizers, and power
a massive 452-page (220+268 = The first and foremost visible generation. For heavy duty pump
488) document, almost the size of change is in the title itself. Titles applications in non-petroleum
a design manual! API 682 itself has have changed as follows: industries, API 610 advises to
grown from 125 pages (1st Edition) refer to ISO 9905.
to 268 pages (4th Edition). 1st and 2nd Editions: “API
Specifications for Pumps for The efforts of consolidation are
The next revision, the 12th Edition, is General Refinery Services” perfectly understandable. API
due in early 2016. This edition will has taken massive efforts in the
have important additions, deletions, past 20 years to amalgamate and
3rd to 7th Editions: “Centrifugal
and editorial changes. Readers expand the scope of existing
Pumps for General Refinery
are advised to refer to a paper by documents, rather than creating
Services”
Roger L. Jones and Frank Korkowski2 new documents. This is a win-win
for details. Proposed changes may situation for all parties, including
8th Edition:“Centrifugal Pumps for
be divided into two parts: regulators, designers, and end
Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical
users. Fewer specifications allow
1 Changes concerning pump and Gas Industry Services”
for a better understanding of the
manufacturers and application subject, help reduce project costs,
engineers. 9th Edition to date: “Centrifugal reduces equipment and spares
Pumps for Petroleum, inventories, and most importantly
2 Changes concerning pump Petrochemical and Natural it helps plant operators and
end users and field personnel. Gas Industries” technicians operate plants
safely. Some examples of API
API Std 610 Year API Std 682 Year
consolidation efforts include:
1 EdiƟon
st
1954
2 EdiƟon
nd
1957 API 1110: This document
3 EdiƟon
rd
1960 previously covered testing of
liquid pipeline only. Now it also
4 EdiƟon
th
1965
covers gas pipelines.
5 EdiƟon
th
1971
API 6D: This document previously
6th EdiƟon 1981
covered valves meant for
7th EdiƟon 1989 cross-country pipelines only.
8 EdiƟon
th
1995* 1st EdiƟon 1994 Now, it also covers valves for
9 EdiƟon
th
2003 2 EdiƟon
nd
2002 in-plant piping.
10 EdiƟon
th
2004 3 EdiƟon
rd
2004 API 520: This document covered
11 EdiƟon
th
2011 4 EdiƟon
th
2014 pressure-relieving systems for
12th EdiƟon 2016 refineries only as late as 2008.
In the 2014 edition, the word
Table 1: Years of release for the different editions of API 610 and API 682. Please note ‘refinery’ was deleted, and
that mechanical seals are separate from the 1995 Edition.1 changed to ‘sizing, selection,
www.pumpengineer.net 31
APPENDIX E
MATERIAL CLASSES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
CAUTION: This table intended as a general guide. It should not be used without knowledgable review for the
specific services involved.
Table 3: Appendix E from the 5th Edition of API 610, showing material classes.
services.” This statement made Deletion of cast iron, API 610, clause 6.12.1.1 on
sense for first major revision of Ni-resist, and bronze materials, makes it clear that
this table when on-site and off-site materials alternative materials may be
metallurgies were merged. Cast iron, Ni-resist, and bronze recommended for a service,
components are proposed including materials that can
Readers were used to seeing to be removed from material improve life and performance in
separate columns for both in earlier groups I-1, I-2, S-1, and S-3. The service. However, this clause is
editions when pump scope was apparent reason is because North written to give the purchaser an
confined to refinery services alone. American foundries have stopped impression as to which material
With this standard now becoming pouring pressure castings in class from the API table they
universal for the entire hydrocarbon the above materials. API intends should try for first, but then the
processing industry, this statement recommending C-6, S-5, and S-6 vendor is able to offer an alternate,
is redundant now and should be group materials in lieu of the unlisted metallurgy if needed.
deleted. The terminology ‘on-plot deleted groups. The axe will fall Most vendors refrain from offering
process plants and off-plot for pressure casings. Some inner an alternate metallurgy for fear of
transfer and loading services’, case parts such as wear rings, receiving a rejection for the bid.
may be confusing in the upstream throat bushings, and sleeves
industry because generally all would continue to be supplied in This clause would remain
pumps are transfer pumps in cast iron for classes, such as S-4. unchanged in the 12th Edition. The
upstream industry. An abstract author believes that this clause
from the 11th Edition of API 610 An undesirable fallout due to the should be reworded to make it a
can be seen in Table 4. elimination of I-1, I-2, S-1, and S-3 is two-way street. It should effectively
that some engineers may assume say either the purchaser or seller
Major changes in the 12th existing pump sets with I-1, I-2, S-1, can choose an alternate unlisted
Edition and S-3 metallurgies are no longer metallurgy, as long as it is proven
So far, we have reviewed some of in conformity with API 610. It may in service. A majority of end users
the changes in past editions with an trigger projects to replace such would take this clause literally,
emphasis on mechanical seals and pumps with S-5 or C-6 metallurgy, instead of its true intention. They
pump metallurgy. We will now look as proposed in the 12th Edition. would insist on using the listed
into some of the proposed changes This would be unnecessary, since materials. The delisted materials
in the forthcoming 12th Edition. We API 610 does not prohibit using would be wasted.
will focus on changes that affect unlisted metallurgies. Also, revised
the end users. Design changes API specifications are not intended End users should understand
at higher levels, such as bearing to be applied retroactively. that API 610 does not provide
selection criteria, performance test
points, base-plates, pressure rating Table G.1 — Material class selecƟon guidance
changes, high-energy definitions Temperature range Pressure Materials Ref.
for certain pump types, structural/ Service
°C (°F) range class note
dynamic analysis changes, and
nozzle loads are not discussed in Fresh water, condensate, cooling tower water < 100 < 212 All I-1 or I-2 —
this paper. Such changes are not of Boiling water and process water < 120 < 250 All I-1 or I-2 a
major concern to end users and are 120 to 175 250 to 350 All S-5 a
best handled by manufacturers and > 175 > 350 All S-6, C-6 a
design engineers, as end users
do not play any role here. Table 4: Annex. G from the 11th Edition of API 610, showing pressure range.
any guidelines for strength A commentary on CA15 Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum,
calculations for pump metallurgy Petrochemical and Natural Gas
components, such as casings, As I-1 and I-2 metallurgies would Industries
impellers, shafts, or couplings. It is be withdrawn, the proposed ANSI/API STANDARD 610
solely the vendor’s responsibility. alternate is C-6 (12% Cr). Up until ELEVENTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2010
This is in contrast to static the 10th Edition, Grade CA15 was ERRATA, JULY 2011
machinery — like pressure the workhorse for both pressure ISO 13709:2009 (IdenƟcal), Centrifugal pumps
vessels, piping, and pipelines castings and general castings, for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
— wherein design checks for under the C-6 (12% Cr) group. industries
pressure components is the CA6NM was offered as an option.
purchaser’s responsibility. The In the 11th Edition, API removed Table
bl 5: The
h title h 11th edition
i l ffor the di i off
purchaser is liable to pay for all CA15 for pressure casting and API 610.
damages in case of equipment CA6NM became the sole option.
failures. Therefore, for static General castings continued For castings, which may require
equipment, using the materials as CA15. In the proposed 12th unlikely weld repairs, CA6NM
not listed in relevant design codes Edition, API suggests removing offers the additional advantage
becomes a bone of contention and CA15 for general castings as of not requiring preheating. A
is often discouraged, even though well. Therefore, CA6NM would major application of alloys has
they are permitted by codes in become the sole option. been in large hydraulic turbine
most cases. runners for power generation.
Complete removal of CA15 from Readers may refer to the “Steel
This variation in the approach all scenarios is indeed a very good Casting Handbook”3 published
to codes should be treated as move by API. CA15 is a difficult by the Steel Founders’ Society of
a big bonus by purchasers of metallurgy in terms of castings. America for details of both CA15
rotating machinery. To the best It has a high shrinkage rate and and CA6NM.
of the author’s knowledge, no higher rejection rates. In the
rotating machinery standard mid-1970’s and 1980’s, foundries Cost difference is marginal.
requires pressure design checks were often seen offering austenitic Considering rejection rates
by purchasers or their consultants. stainless steel (A-7) in lieu of CA15 of CA-15, CA6NM may in fact,
Therefore, they should not hesitate without any price implications. prove to be cheaper. There
using unlisted materials, and just The higher cost of CA15 rejections is yet another option. Those
use proven metallurgies. CI-Ni is paid off for CA15. CA6NM was not who intend to use I-1 and I-2
a trusted and proven metallurgy popular those days. metallurgies may opt to specify
for various water services. It ISO standard 13709:2009. It is
might become unlisted because A commentary on CA6NM identical to API 610 (11th Edition).
of commercial reasons rather than metallurgy API has decided to terminate
technical reasons. Hopefully, API I-1 and I-2 metallurgies largely the arrangement with ISO to co-
will restore this in future editions, covers the water services (fresh brand API 610 with ISO 13709.
knowing that API standards are water, condensate, cooling tower ISO would continue with their
used worldwide and CI-Ni-resist water, boiling water, and process 2009 edition and no changes are
castings are popular in other water), but they will now be proposed in near future. Please
regions. Representation from end served by CA6NM. CA6NM is refer to Table 5 for the current
users would also be useful. superior compared to CA15 in title of the 11th Edition.
all aspects. CA6NM is an iron-
It is the author’s opinion that chromium-nickel-molybdenum References:
existing users may continue with alloy that can be hardened (1) American Petroleum
I-1 and I-2 metallurgies (CI-Ni by heat treatment. It has an Institute, 1220, L Street, NW,
pumps). They may also continue improved resistance to attack Washington, DC 20005, USA,
to order replacement spares in by sea water due to the addition ANSI/API Standard 610,
the same metallurgy. Both are of nickel and molybdenum. The various editions.
excellent materials and offer impact strength is about twice as (2) 43rd Turbo-machinery &
lower NPSHr due to excellent high, as is resistance to damage 30th Pump Users Symposia
casting characteristics, meaning: from cavitation effects. This later (Pump & Turbo 2014)
property (resistance to cavitation September 23-25, 2014,
Fluidity: that is capability to fill
damage) is highly desirable for Houston, TX, pumpturbo.
small pores and cavities
most rotating machinery. Heavy tamu.edu, paper by Roger L.
Ability to cast thin sections sections and complex shapes Jones and Frank Korkowski.
without wrapping can be cast in CA6NM with less (3) Steel Founders’ Society
difficulty than CA15 — again a of America. 780 McArdle
Low shrinkage
highly desirable property for Drive, Unit G, Crystal Lake,
Excellent machinability rotating machinery components. IL 60014, USA
Special Topic:
Sealing Technology
In this issue of Pump
Engineer magazine:
Speaking with a PMO Coordinator
at BP’s Whiting Refinery | Page 14
Association Extra: Interview
with France’s PROFLUID | Page 24
Part 2: A brief history of
changes in API standard 610 for
centrifugal pumps | Page 32
Tech Article: Energy efficiency and
emissions reduction in wastewater
management | Page 36
www.pumpengineer.net 1
Volume 8, June 2016 www.pumpengineer.net
TECHNICAL ARTICLE: HISTORY OF API 610 — PART 2
PART TWO
A brief history of changes in API
standard 610 for centrifugal pumps
In Part 2 of 2 of his article series, D. Gopalkrishna Murti covers the safety concerns addressed
in the 12th Edition of API 610, plus a few concerns that are overlooked.
from the 12th Edition shall cover exposed shaft areas, This is something which requires rubber O-rings so that
including the area between pump bearing housing(s) the joint does not depend on thread contact alone to seal
and mechanical seal(s). Refer to Figure 2. It will not the pumped fluid (Figure 3).
simply be an extension of the coupling guard. A API insists on proper field installation practices, which
perforated or wire mesh guard is to be provided to is a good statement. However, proper manufacturing
prevent accumulation of seal emissions, liquid, or and installation practices are not the end of safety. Real
vapor. This additional safety feature may not necessitate safety starts in the operating field. We have seen, in
upgrading existing pump-sets. End users who want the absence of lifting hooks, technicians inadvertently
compliance can provide this using the company’s using seal piping to lift pumps, particularly small
existing Management of Change (MOC) procedures. pumps (Figure 4A). This is convenient and does the
job, but it causes untold damage to the seal piping joint.
Technicians, at times, use flange bolt holes for attaching
Coupling Exposed
Guard lifting hooks. This also causes damage to flange faces
Shaft
and adds to potential leak problems. Some vendors
provide hooks on pump casings, which is a good
practice (Figure 4B).
API should make lifting hooks mandatory. As per OSHA,
the maximum weight personnel is required to lift is
32 kgs (70 lbs) to avoid back injuries. So, for anything
above this weight, mechanical means are to be used.
The NIOSH limit is 23 kgs (51 lbs). This makes pumps as
small as 50mm (2”) inlet/outlet entitled for provision of
lifting hooks. This addition would have cost implications
as casting patterns have to be replaced.
Factory fitted
Guard for
exposed shaft
Rubber
O’Ring
Figure 3: Fragile screw joints using soft elastomers are not recommended.
www.pumpengineer.net 33
TECHNICAL ARTICLE: HISTORY OF API 610 — PART 2
latest ISO 7005-1 issued in 2011 (2nd Edition) is trimmed after 20 years. During this period ASME B16.5 has
to 22-pages. All dimensional and pressure-rating tables seen a minimum of four editions. Therefore, complete
have been removed from this edition and are now disassociation between API and ISO is desirable. They
included in EN 1092-1:2007 (126-page document). EN cannot keep pace with each other.
1092 does not have PN50. It has old DIN classes: PN2.5, The paragraph 6.4.2.2.2 has the statement: “ANSI/ASME
PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, PN160, B16.47 flanges with nominal outside diameter (O.D.) >
PN250, PN320, and PN400. Going by foregoing, it is 0.125 in (3.2 mm) shall be approved by the purchaser.”
clear API is still referring to ISO 7005-1, 1st Edition! It is There appears to be a slipup here. ANSI/ASME B16.47
apparent that ISO has a big gap between revisions of flange covers large diameter steel flanges, size
its standards. For instance, the 2 Edition was issued
nd
26-inches through 60-inches.
ISO 7005 1991 88 Includes dimensional tables and PN50 as referred by API 610.
Table 6: History of ISO 7005 & ASME-B16.5 | * ASME standards (unlike API) do not state Edition nos., like 1st, 2nd… 11th Edition.
They just state year of revision. It would be a good idea to state the revision number to facilitate tracking.
www.pumpengineer.net 35