UNIT-2 LAPLACE TRANSFORM (LECTURE-6)

First shifting Theorem for Inverse Laplace Transform

If 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)} = 𝑒 "01 𝑓(𝑡)

#
Example-1 Find 𝐿"# 2(345)67

Solution:
#
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = (345)6

1
∴ 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : >
(𝑠 + 2)=
#
= 𝑒 "51 𝐿"# 2367 { ∵ By First shifting theorem of Inverse L.T.

1@ # 1B
= 𝑒 "51 5! {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23BCD7 = E!

"51
t5
=𝑒
2
#
Example-2 Find 𝐿"# 2 7
√345

Solution:
#
Let 𝐹(𝑠) =
√345

1
∴ 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : >
√𝑠 + 2
#
= 𝑒 "51 𝐿"# 2 7 {∵ By First shifting theorem of Inverse L.T.
√3

D
H
1 @ # 1B
= 𝑒 "51 D {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23BCD7 = ⌈E4#
I
@

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 D
H
K @ #
= 𝑒 "51 {∵ Using I5 = √𝜋
√L

=
Example-3 Find 𝐿"# 23@ 4N34#O7

Solution:
= = =
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 3@ 4N34#O = (3@ 4N34P)4P = (34=)@ 4=@

3 3
∴ 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : 5 > = 𝐿"# : >
𝑠 + 6𝑠 + 18 (𝑠 + 3)5 + 35
=
= 𝑒 "51 𝐿"# 23@ 4=@7 {∵ By First shifting theorem of Inverse L.T.

0
= 𝑒 "51 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23@ 40@7 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

534=
Example-4 Find 𝐿"# 23@ "534V7

Solution:
534= 5(3"#)34V 5(3"#)34V
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 3@ "534V = (3@ "534#)4W = (3"#)@ 45@

2𝑠 + 3 2(𝑠 − 1)𝑠 + 5
∴ 𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : 5 > = 𝐿"# : >
𝑠 − 2𝑠 + 5 (𝑠 − 1)5 + 25
534V
= 𝑒 1 𝐿"# 23@ 45@7 {∵ By First shifting theorem of Inverse L.T.

2𝑠 5
= 𝑒 1 𝐿"# : 5 5
+ 5 >
𝑠 +2 𝑠 + 25
2𝑠 5
= 𝑒 1 Z𝐿"# : > + 𝐿"# : 5 >[
𝑠5 +2 5 𝑠 + 25
𝑠 1
= 𝑒 1 Z2𝐿"# 2 5 5
7 + 5𝐿"# : 5 >[
𝑠 +2 𝑠 + 25
V 3 # #
= 𝑒 1 \2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡_ {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

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Method of Partial Fraction Expansion
`(3)
Any function 𝐹(𝑠) can be written as a(3) , where 𝑝(𝑠) and 𝑞(𝑠) are polynomial in s.

𝑝(𝑠)
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑞(𝑠)

Assume that the degree of 𝑝(𝑠) is less than that of 𝑞(𝑠).So, the partial fraction expansion is
depending upon the factors of 𝑞(𝑠).

Case I Factors of 𝒒(𝒔) are linear and distinct

𝑝(𝑠)
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 𝑎)(𝑠 + 𝑏)

By partial fraction expansion

𝐴 𝐵
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = +
(𝑠 + 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑏)

Case II Factors of 𝒒(𝒔) are linear and repeated

𝑝(𝑠)
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 𝑎)(𝑠 + 𝑏)E

By partial fraction expansion

𝐴 𝐵# 𝐵5 𝐵E
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = + + + ⋯
(𝑠 + 𝑎) (𝑠 + 𝑏) (𝑠 + 𝑏)5 (𝑠 + 𝑏)E

Case III Factors of 𝒒(𝒔) are quadratic and distinct

𝑝(𝑠)
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 5 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)(𝑠 5 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑)

By partial fraction expansion

𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = +
(𝑠 5 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏) (𝑠 5 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑)

Case IV Factors of 𝒒(𝒔) are quadratic and repeated

𝑝(𝑠)
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠 5 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏)(𝑠 5 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑)E

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By partial fraction expansion
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶# 𝑠 + 𝐷# 𝐶5 𝑠 + 𝐷5 𝐶E 𝑠 + 𝐷E
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = 5 + 5 + 5 + ⋯+ 5
(𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏) (𝑠 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑) (𝑠 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑) 5 (𝑠 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝑑)E

#
Example 1 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of 3@ "V34N

Solution:
# #
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 3@ "V34N = (3"=)(3"5)

Here both factors of denominator are linear and distinct. Therefore, by partial fraction expansion

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝐹(𝑠) = = +
𝑠5 − 5𝑠 + 6 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 − 2

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 3) …(1)

Putting 𝑠 = 3 in Eq. (1),

𝐴=1

Putting 𝑠 = 2 in Eq. (1),

𝐵 = −1

1 1 1
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = = −
𝑠 5 − 5𝑠 + 6 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 − 2
1 1
𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : > − 𝐿"# : >
𝑠−3 𝑠−2
#
= 𝑒 =1 − 𝑒 51 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23"07 = 𝑒 01

3 @ 4#
Example 2 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of (34#)(3"5)@

Solution:
3 @ 4#
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = (34#)(3"5)@

By partial fraction expansion

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 𝑠5 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐹(𝑠) = = + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) 5 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2)5

𝑠 5 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)5 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1) …(1)

Putting 𝑠 = −1 in Eq. (1), we get,

2 = 𝐴(−1 − 2)5 = 9𝐴

2
∴𝐴=
9
Putting 𝑠 = 2 in Eq. (1), we get,

5 = 3𝐶

5
∴𝐶=
3
From Eq. (1),

𝑠 5 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 5 − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 5 − 𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)

𝑠 5 + 1 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑠 5 + (−4𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑠 + (4𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶)

Now, Equating the coefficients of 𝑠 5 ,

1=𝐴+𝐵
5 5
∴1=P+𝐵 {∵ Putting 𝐴 = P

7
∴𝐵=
9
𝑠5 + 1 2 1 7 1 5 1
𝐹(𝑠) = = + +
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)5 9 𝑠 + 1 9 𝑠 − 2 3 (𝑠 − 2)5

"# "#
𝑠5 + 1 2 "# 1 7 "# 1 5 "# 1
𝐿 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿 p q = 𝐿 : > + 𝐿 : > + 𝐿 : >
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)5 9 𝑠+1 9 𝑠−2 3 (𝑠 − 2)5

5 r V # # #
= P 𝑒 "1 + P 𝑒 51 + = 𝑒 51 𝐿"# 23@ 7 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23407 = 𝑒 "01 , 𝐿"# 23"07 = 𝑒 01 and first shifting

5 r V # 1B
= P 𝑒 "1 + P 𝑒 51 + = 𝑡𝑒 51 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23BCD7 = E!

V34=
Example 3 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of (3"#)(3@ 4534V)

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Solution:
V34=
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = (3"#)(3@ 4534V)

By partial fraction expansion

5𝑠 + 3 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
𝐹(𝑠) = 5
= + 5
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5) 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5

5𝑠 + 3 = 𝐴s𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 5t + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 − 1)

∴ 5𝑠 + 3 = 𝑠 5 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠(2𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶) + (5𝐴 − 𝐶)

Now, Equating the coefficients of 𝑠 5 , 𝑠 and 𝑠 u , we get,

𝐴+𝐵 =0

2𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 5

5𝐴 − 𝐶 = 3

Solving above Equations, we have,

𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶=2

5𝑠 + 3 1 −𝑠 + 2
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = = +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 5 + 2𝑠 + 5) 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 5 + 2𝑠 + 5

1 𝑠+1−3
= + 5
𝑠 − 1 (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1) + 4

1 (𝑠 + 1) − 3
= +
𝑠 − 1 (𝑠 + 1)5 + 25

1 (𝑠 + 1) − 3
𝐿"# {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿"# : > + 𝐿"# p q
𝑠−1 (𝑠 + 1)5 + 25

3"= #
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 "1 𝐿"# 23@ 45@ 7 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23"07 = 𝑒 01 and first shifting theorem

𝑠 3
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 "1 𝐿"# : − 5 >
𝑠5 +25 𝑠 + 25
𝑠 3
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 "1 Z𝐿"# 2 7 − 𝐿"# : 5 >[
𝑠5 +25 𝑠 + 25
= 3 # #
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 "1 x𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡y {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 and 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
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 3
Example 3 Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of 3z 4W0z

Solution:
3
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 3z 4W0z

Here it is clear that

𝑠 W + 4𝑎W = (𝑠 W + 4𝑎5 𝑠 5 + 4𝑎W ) − 4𝑎5 𝑠 5

= (𝑠 5 + 2𝑎5 )5 − (2𝑎𝑠)5

= (𝑠 5 + 2𝑎5 + 2𝑎𝑠)(𝑠 5 + 2𝑎5 − 2𝑎𝑠) {∵ 𝑥 5 − 𝑦 5 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝑠 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = = 5
𝑠W + 4𝑎 W (𝑠 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎 )(𝑠 5 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 )
5

By partial fraction expansion

3 }34~ •34€
𝐹(𝑠) = (3@ 4503450@)(3@ "503450@) = (3@ 4503450@) + (3@ "503450@ ) ...(1)

∴ 𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 5 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 ) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷)(𝑠 5 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 )

∴ 𝑠 = (𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑠 = + (−2𝑎𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝑎𝐶 + 𝐷)𝑠 5 + (2𝑎5 𝐴 − 2𝑎𝐵 + 2𝑎5 𝐶 + 2𝑎𝐷)𝑠 + (2𝑎5 𝐵

+ 2𝑎5 𝐷)

Now, Equating the coefficients of 𝑠 = , 𝑠 5 , 𝑠 and 𝑠 u , we get,

𝐴+𝐶 =0

−2𝑎𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝑎𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0

2𝑎5 𝐴 − 2𝑎𝐵 + 2𝑎5 𝐶 + 2𝑎𝐷 = 1

2𝑎5 𝐵 + 2𝑎5 𝐷 = 0

Solving above equations,

1 1
𝐴 = 𝐶 = 0 , 𝐵=− , 𝐷=
4𝑎 4𝑎
Putting these values in Eq. (1), we have,

1 1
𝑠 0𝑠 + x− 4𝑎 y 0𝑠 + x4𝑎y
"# { "# "#
𝐿 𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝐿 2 W 7=𝐿 • 5 + ‚
𝑠 + 4𝑎W (𝑠 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 ) (𝑠 5 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 )

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 1 "# 1 1 "# 1
=− 𝐿 : 5 > + 𝐿 : >
4𝑎 (𝑠 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 ) 4𝑎 (𝑠 5 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2𝑎5 )

1 "# 1 1 "# 1
=− 𝐿 : > + 𝐿 : >
4𝑎 (𝑠 + 𝑎)5 + 𝑎5 4𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑎)5 + 𝑎5
# # # #
= − W0 𝑒 "01 𝐿"# 23@ 40@7 + W0 𝑒 01 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 {∵ Using first shifting

# # # # # #
= − W0 𝑒 "01 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + W0 𝑒 01 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 {∵ Using 𝐿"# 23@ 40@ 7 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

1 "01 1 01
=− 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
4𝑎5 4𝑎5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑒 01 − 𝑒 "01
= ƒ „
2𝑎5 2

3…E01 Š ‹Œ "Š H‹Œ

= 50 @
sinh (𝑎𝑡) {∵ Using 5
= sinh (at)

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