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DĐB ÇÅĆM
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ŌN ÀÍIĔĮĒİÊ ĞĤĠĒĞİÊ Í ÊIİĞHĮĪĠĔĞĒÊN
ŎN ÁÊÌÍN
ŐN ÇĖĤÊĒĞÎI ĔĖ ĒÊĮĬÊĤĞĔÊĔN
ØN ÀĪĞİĖĪĞÍ ĔĖ ĞĦĨĮİÊĒĞÎI Í FÊĒİÍĪ ĔĖ ÊİĪĞËĮĒĞÎIN
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ÅÐN ÂĤ ĬĞIĞĖĬİĪÍ ĖI ĖĤ DĖGĮĪÍ ĔĖ ÇĖĬĨÍIĬÊËĞĤĞĔÊĔ ÀĞJĞĤN
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ŎN ĎĖÍĪĠÊ ĔĖ ĤÊ ǼĞÏĮĞĔÊĒĞÎI ĔĖ ĤÊ ÁĖĮĔÊN
ŐN ĎĖÍĪĠÊ ĔĖĤ ÇĖĖĦËÍĤĬÍ Í ČÊGÍ ĔĖ ĤÊ ÅIĔĖĦIĞĶÊĒĞÎI Ê ĤÊ ÐĠĒİĞĦÊN
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ŌN DĞIĞĖĬİĪÍM ÊĪİĠĒĮĤÍĬ ŌÖǾ K ŌÖQ ĨĪĞĦĖĪ ĨĚĪĪÊFÍ ĔĖ ĤÊ ǼÀDN :
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ŐN ÄĞHÊĒĞÎI ĔĖ ĤÊ ĞIĔĖĦIĞĶÊĒĞÎIM ÊĪİĠĒĮĤÍ ŌÖQ ĬĖGĮIĔÍ K İĖĪĒĖĪ ĨĚĪĪÊFÍ ĔĖ ĤÊ :
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ØN ÀÍËĖĪİĮĪÊĬM ÊĪİĠĒĮĤÍ ŌÖP ĔĖ ĤÊ ǼÀDN
ǾN ÁĖĪĖĒĜÍ ĔĖĤ ÊĬĖGĮĪÊĔÍ ĔĖ ĔĞĪĞGĞĪ ĬĮ ĨĪÍĨĞÊ ĔĖFĖIĬÊM ÊĪİĠĒĮĤÍ ŌÖŒ ĨĪĞĦĖĪ
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PN ĒĒĞÎI ĔĞĪĖĒİÊM ÊĪİĠĒĮĤÍ ŌÖP ĔĖ ĤÊ ǼÀDN ^
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ÐÅN ÇĖFĤĖĴĞÍIĖĬ FĞIÊĤĖĬN

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ȚÕ ǼFĻ ŦŪŪÙÛÕ
ŦÕ ǼFĻ ŦÛŨŤŦÕ
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ĄĴĮHĘĢĖË CŜ ŦŦŪÒ ĀËĖFJË ĄĴĮHĘĢĖËÕ ǼĢÍËÔ ŦŤȚŦÒ ĬÕ ŦŤÕ

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ii^j^alQbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfi*`rvlp
mofk`fm^ibp ^pmb`qlp v qo^q^j fbkql kloj^qfsl
^k^ifw^objlpbkbi mobpbkqb^oqÄ`ril,
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AljlbimobprmrbpqlabiQbdrolabPbpmlkp^+
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a^a Afsfi bk bi ^pbdro^al mloa^Ålp `^rp^alp
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ab rk abob`el* ibdÄqfj^ abcbkp^ v bpq^al ab
kb`bpfa^a', Qli^jbkqb bi a^Ål kl ^rqlofw^al
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obpfab bk nrb bk j^qbof^ ab Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a
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B Ĵ ĖĠÏ ĠË Ę ĢIJ Ė Ĵ JĢĘ Ï ÌË Ę Ï ĖJĮĢÎ Ë ĮF IJĬ F ĖJÏ ËÌ
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ȚŤÕ Ii* =bm*( ĬÕ ŦÚUÕ
1/. ? kdbi  @ b o a b g l  Kf oÇ O r b p ^ a ^
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a^Ålpl v `lk`roo^k qlalp ilp bibjbkqlp
ab i^ Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi* ^rk kl e^_o}
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abia^Ål,
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bi j lj bkql nrb prodb i^ l_ifd^`fÇk ab
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j lkqlabi^ fkabjkfw^`fÇk &nr^kqrj',
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mbol kl ^ i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab i^ l_ifd^`fÇk
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nrb bi j lkql iÄnrfal ab i^ fkabjkfw^`fÇk pb^
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ab kl `lkq^o`lk clkalp m^o^ m^d^o i^ fkabj +
kfw^`fÇklbk `lkaf`flkbpab^prjfopr molmf^
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i^ sÄ`qfj^* m^o^ abpmr~p mlabo obmbqfo `lkqo^
pr ^pbdro^alonrfbk ib mlaoÄ^l_gbq^obi e^_bo
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bi j lj bkql bk nrb prodb bk bi ^pbdro^al i^
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sÄ`qfj^*bpqlbp*abpabi^molar``fÇkabieb`el
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qlof^^`^odlabi^pbdro^al^c^sloabi^sÄ`qfj^,
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qbo_lv Blk^qf* v^ i^ `r^i pb ^aefbob* B~_fql O
ab Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a * q~oj fkl nrb `lkpfabol
booÇkbl* v^ nrb qfbkb `ljl crka^j bkql ^ i^
abklj fk^a^ RbloÄ^ abi B~_fql s i^ Pbpmlk+
p^_fifa^a * i^ `r^i e^ pfal prmbo^a^ bk i^ al`+
qofk^ l_ifd^`flk^i jlabok^, ?j_lp* a~_fql v
obpmlkp^_fifa^a*klplkc^pbpabi^l_ifd^`fÇk,
Ar^kale^_i^jlpaba~_fqlbpq^jlpe^_i^kal
ab i^ pfqr^`fÇk m^pfs^ abkqol ab i^ l_ifd^`fÇk
&obi^`fÇkgroÄaf`^ l_ifd^qlof^'*pb^bpq^ fkabj+
kfw^qlof^ &i^ nrb prodb ab i^ Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a
Afsfi' l `lkqo^`qr^i, Ck `lk`irpfÇk* biq~oj fkl
a~_fql ab obpmlkp^_fifa^a  l abra^ ab obp+
mlkp^_fifa^a  obpriq^ abpc^p^al v kl ^mloq^
k^a^ ^i ^k}ifpfp8 bpq^ qbloÄ^ ab_boÄ^ ii^j^opb
pfjmib v ii^k^jbkqb RbloÄ^ abi Qrodfjfbkql
ab i^ Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi ,
Ci prodfjfbkql ab i^ l_ifd^`fÇk ab Pbpmlkp^+
_fifa^a Afsfi fjmif`^ rk ofbpdl ab afpjfkr`fÇk
abi m^qofj l kfl  abi ^pbdro^al* nrfbk nrba^
l_ifd^al^i m^dlabi^ fkabjkfw^`fÇkabpabbi
jlj bkqlbk nrbpb molar`bbi eb`ela^Ålpl
bk binrb`lk`roobk qlalp ilpbibjbkqlp ab i^
Pbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfi*fkabmbkafbkqbjbkqbab
`r}kal i^ sÄ`qfj^ l_qbkd^ rk qÄqril nrb e^d^
bufdf_ib af`e^ l_ifd^`fÇk &pbkqbk`f^* qo^kp^`+
`fÇkgraf`f^ilbuqo^graf`f^i* ob`lkl`fjfbkqlab
i^l_ifd^`fÇk'lpbm^drbi^ fkabjkfw^`fÇk,
?i prodfo bk bi ^pbdro^al i^ l_ifd^`fÇk ab fk+
?SRMP L?AGML?J
abj kfw^o^i^sÄ`qfj^*prodbpfjriq}kb^jbkqb
i^ l_ifd^`fÇk abi ^pbdro^alo ab if_o^o ^i ^pb+
dro^al ab af`e^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a* bp ab`fo* pb
j^qbof^ifw^ bipfkfbpqolabi Qbdrolab Pbpmlk+
p^_fifa^aAfsfi*e^`f~kalpb`^odlbi^pbdro^alo
ab i^ l_ifd^`fÇk ab m^dlab i^ fkabjkfw^`fÇk
^ c^slo ab i^ sÄ`qfj^, Ci pfkfbpqol abi Qbdrol
ab Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi bp i^ l_ifd^`fÇk ab
;>PI = ;NO M /1/
fkabj kfw^o ^ i^ sÄ`qfj ^ nrb dbkbo^ bi a^Ål
molar`fal mlobi^pbdro^al,
1//
 M_p~osbpbnrbpfbia^Ålpbob`i^j^abpmr~pab
sbk`falbimi^wlabsfdbk`f^ abi^ mÇifw^`ljl
`lkpb`rbk`f^ ab rk eb`el l `roofal abkqol
ab af`e^ sfdbk`f^* bi pfkfbpqol pb bk`rbkqo^
`r_fboql, Nlobiil pb pbÅ^i^ nrb pf pb lmq^ mlo
bpq^ qbloÄ^* bi mi^wl mobp`ofmqlofl abofs^al abi
ÀÏ ÎJĮËJÏ ĘF DF Ğ Ĵ ĮÏ ÎÏ Ĭ Ĵ FĘ F IJFĮ Í Ĵ Ļ ÌËĮĞÏ
mlonrbpf klpbbumlkb^i ^pbdro^alo^ ob`f_fo
ob`i^jlp jr`elp ^Ålp abpmr~p ab qbojfk^a^
i^sfdbk`f^abi^mÇifw^,
Cp`i^olnrb`lkbpq^qbloÄ^bij^o`labmolqb`+
`fÇk^i m^qofj lkflabi^pbdro^alpb mi^pj^ab
j^kbo^ mibk^* v^ nrb abpab nrb pb molar`b
bi a^Ål ^ i^ sÄ`qfj^* bi ^pbdro^al `ljrkf`^o}
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^
,) L^c^Zhigd5VgitXjad ,+0,-n ,+4eg^bZg
erggV[dYZaV E<L)
Ciibdfpi^aloe^j^o`^almlpf`fÇk^ap`of_f~kal+
pb^ i^RbloÄ^ abi QrodfjfbkqlabPbpmlkp^_fif+
a^aAfsfiabi^pbdro^al*j^iii^j^a^abia~_fql
Ï ĘFĴĘË ĘF ĮFIJĬÏÎIJËĔĢÌĢĘËĘÒ IJFĨ ËÌËÎ Ę Ï İĴF FÌ
pfkfbpqolbkbiQbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi
pb j^qbof^ifw^ `r^kal prodb obpmlkp^_fifa^a
m^o^bi^pbdro^almlorkeb`ela^Ålpldbkbo^+
al^rkqbo`bolaro^kqbi^sfdbk`f^abi^mÇifw^,
M_p~osbpb nrb il nrb ob^ijbkqb `fo`rkp`of_b
^ i^ JAQabkqolab i^RbloÄ^abi B~_fqllQrodf+
jfbkqlabPbpmlkp^_fifa^a*bpilpbÅ^i^albkbi
^oqÄ`ril/.7pl_obi^`lkcfdro^`fÇkabipfkfbpqol*

bi eb`el ^i ^pbdro^alo* ^`ljm^Å^kal abpab
af`eljlj bkql^i^pbdro^al^bcb`qlabbsfq^o
i^afpjfkr`fÇk abpr m^qofjlkfl*cobkqb^`r^i+
nrfbo mlpf_ib ob`i^jl ab i^ sÄ`qfj^* mol`bpl
graf`f^i lcfg^`fÇk ab i^ fkabjkfw^`fÇk ^ qo^s~p
ab pbkqbk`f^ cfojb, ?abj}p bk ^nrbiilp `^plp
nrb i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a abi ^pbdro^al pb^ bsf+
abkqb pb a^ i^ lmloqrkfa^a ^i ^pbdro^alo ab
qo^q^oabfkabjkfw^o^i^sÄ`qfj^^qo^s~pabrk^
qo^kp^``fÇkbuqo^graf`f^i*bsfq^kalilp`lpqlpab
rk ifqfdfl fkkb`bp^oflv`rj mifbkal ^abj}pbi
QbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfirk^fjmloq^kqb
crk`fÇk pl`f^i,
O) MK:M:FB>GMH=>EL>@NKH=>
K>LIHGL:;BEB=:=<BOBE>G E:E<L
mrbpbi qbuqlabi ^oqÄ`ril /.3* ibÄalab j^kbo^
fkabmbkafbkqb* mlaoÄ^ `^iw^obk `r^inrfbo^ ab
i^pqbloÄ^pabi^`lkcfdro^`fÇk abipfkfbpqol,
?m^oqfoabbpqbj lj bkqlbjmbw^o}^`loobobi
mi^wlabmobp`ofm`fÇkabofs^alabiAlkqo^qlab
Qbdrolp* nrb bi ab /. ^Ålp `lkq^alp ^ m^oqfo
ab i^ l`roobk`f^ abi pfkfbpqol/1* bi `r^i obpriq^
bu`bpfslmrbp^rk`r^kalqboj fkbi^sfdbk`f^
ab i^ mÇifw^*vbk`^plnrbbpq^ klpb obkrbsb*
a ro^kqb mlo il jbklp ilp moÇufj lp 7 ^Ålp
mlaoÄ^ bi ^pbdro^alo ob`f_fo rk ob`i^jl ab
pfkfbpqolab Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi, J^ j^vloÄ^
ab i^p ibdfpi^`flkbp bk j ^qbof^ ab Qbdrolp*
e^k lmq^al mlo rk mi^wl ab mobp`ofm`fÇk ab
kl j}pab1 ^Ålp,

F^_fbkalobm^p^al_obsbjbkqbilpmofk`fm^ibp -) K^Zh\dVhZ\jgVWaZ5VgitXjad ,+3,/YZaV

crka^j bkqlp qbÇof`lp ab i^ Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a E<L)
AfsfivabiQbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfi*sb^+
jlp^`lkqfkr^`fÇkbiqo^q^j fbkqlnrbiba^ i^ Pbpmb`ql^i ofbpdl^pbdro^_ibi^kloj^pbÅ^i^
JAQ^i QbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfi, nrbbpqbQbdrolpÇil`r_obi^Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a

Ą0, ?oqÄ`ril /.3, ?i`^k`bp8 ?eZl^`nkZ]hkl^h[eb`ZZfZgm^g^kbg]^fg^ZeZl^`nkZ]h]^\nZgmh^lm^]^[^iZ`ZkZng

m^k\^kh(^gkZszg]^eZk^lihglZ[beb]Z]ik^oblmZ^g^e\hgmkZmh(Z\hgl^\n^g\bZ]^nga^\ah]ZyhlhZ\Z^\b]h^g^eieZsh
\hgo^gb]h *
;>PI=;NOM /1/

?oqÄ`ril/.7,Qfkfbpqol8 ?qblm^lbgb^lmkh^g^el^`nkh]^k^lihglZ[beb]Z]\bobe\nZg]hlnk`^eZ]^n]Z]^k^lihglZ[beb]Z]
iZkZ^eZl^`nkZ]h%**

/1, ?oqÄ`ril 56,R~ojfkl8RlpZ\\bhg^l_ng]Z]Zl^g^e\hgmkZmh]^l^`nkhik^l\kb[^g^g^eieZsh]^]b^sZyhl]^l]^jn^

h\nkkbz^elbgb^lmkh *
/2, ?oqÄ`ril /.6, Pfbpdl kl ^pbdro^_ib <Zch lZg\bzg ]^ gneb]Z]( gh in^]^ ZfiZkZkl^ ^g obkmn]]^ ^lm^ l^`nkh eZ
k^lihglZ[beb]Z]\bobeikho^gb^gm^]^Z\mhlnhfblbhg^l]hehlZl]^eZl^`nkZ]h *

1/0 ó k d b i  @ b o a b g l  Kf o Ç O r b p ^ a ^
Afsfi abi ^pbdro^al prodfa^ mlo kbdifdbk`f^
v kl mlo alil9 bp ab`fo* i^ ^``fÇk r ljfpfÇk
&`lkar`q^'abi^pbdro^alnrbdbkbo^bia^Ål
Ë ÌË LHĖJĢÍ Ë IJĢFÍ Ĭ ĮF Ę FĔ F ĮĒ IJFĮ Ï ĖË IJĢÏ Î Ë Ę Ë
mlokbdifdbk`f^*krk`^mlo^``fÇkfkqbk`flk^i
abi ^pbdro^al &^k}ifpfp abi `ofqb ofl  ab fj m r +
q^ `fÇ k ', Ck `^pl prodfbo^ P bpmlkp^_fifa^a
Afsfi abi ^pbdro^al mlo alil* kl bk`lkqo^o}
`l_boqro^ bk bi Qbdrol ab Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a
Afsfi, Qf pb m^`q^o} bk bi A lkqo^ql ab Qbdrol
i^ Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi abi ^pbdro^al abof+
s^a^ ab ^`qlp fkqbk`flk^ibp* af`el m^`ql pb
p^k`flk^ `lk krifa^a,
.) ?^_VX^vcYZaV ^cYZbc^oVX^vc5VgitXjad
,+4,0hZ\jcYdniZgXZgerggV[dYZaV E<L)
J^ fkabj kfw^`fÇk ^ c^slo ab i^ sÄ`qfj ^ abi
a^Ål mlao} pbo cfg^a^ ^ qo^s~p ab pbkqbk`f^*
qo^kp^``fÇk gr a f`f^ i l qo^kp^``fÇk b uqo^ gr a f+
`f^i, J^ l_ifd^`fÇk abi ^pbdro^alo `lkpfpqfo}
bk m^d^obij lkqlabi^ fkabj kfw^`fÇkafob`+
q^j bkqb^i^sÄ`qfj^abia^Ål*p^k`flk^kali^
Jbv`lkkrifa^a i^p`i}rpri^pnrbbpq^_ibw`^k
`lj l l _ ifd ^ ` fÇ k  m ofk ` fm ^ i abi ^pbdro^alo
Ékf`^j bkqb bi obbj_lipl ^i ^pbdro^al* rk^
sbw nrb bpqb e^v^ m^d^al i^ fkabj kfw^`fÇk
^ i^ sÄ`qfj^* mrbp pf bpbcrbo^ bi `^pl* pb n r f+
q^oÄ^^iQbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsfiabpr
mofk`fm^i crk`fÇk ab molqbdbo bi m^qofj lkfl
abi ^pbdro^al* abpab bi j l j b k ql  j fpj l
nrb prodb i^ l_ifd^`fÇk fkabj kfw^qlof^ bk bi :
^pbdro^al,
XX
I
2 , A l _ b o qr o ^ p 8^ o q Ä` r il  / . 5 /4a b  i^ JAQ, ED
M
l
Cpq^ kloj^ fkqolar`b rk^ fj m l oq^ kqb  mob`f+
pfÇk kloj ^qfs^*^ipbÅ^i^onrbbi iÄj fqbab i^p
`l_boqro^p* bp ab`fo* ab i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a
abi ^pbdro^alo* iibd^ pÇil e^pq^ bi iÄj fqb ab
i^ prj^ ^pbdro^a^ nrb e^v^ pfal m^`q^a^bk
i^ mÇifw^,
Ck`r^kql^i^p`l_boqro^pnrb`ljmobkabbpq^
`i^pbabQbdrol*qbkbjlpi^ppfdrfbkqbp8
^' J^fkabjkfw^`fÇkabilpa^Ålpvmbogrf`flp
nrb bi ^pbdro^al bpqb l_ifd^al ^ m^d^o^
i^sÄ`qfj^abi a^Ål,
_' J^p `lpq^p v `lpqlp abi mol`bpl* qlq^ibp
l m^o`f^ibp abmbkafbkal pf bi ^pbdro^al
ab_b plmloq^o qlal bi a^Ål `^rp^al ^ i^
sÄ`qfj^lpÇilm^oqbabbpqb,
`' Jlpelklo^oflpabi^_ld^alabi^pbdro^al*
pfbkal mlqbpq^a abi ^pbdro^alo i^ mobsf^
^mol_^`fÇkabilpjfpjlp,
a' J^p d^o^kqÄ^p `lkqo^ jbafa^p `^rqbi^obp v
bj_^odlpnrbpbmrba^kqo^_^oabkqolabi
mol`bpl`lkqo^ bi ^pbdro^al,

/3, ?oqÄ`ril /.76 JZkZ bg]^fgbsZk ehl lbgb^lmkhl gh l^ k^jn^kbkv ]^ l^gm^g\bZ _bkf^ Ze k^ZebsZk eZ Zl^`nkZ]hkZ ngZ
mkZglZ\\bzg lh[k^ ^e fhgmh ]^ eZ bg]^fgbsZ\bzg Zgm^l h ]nkZgm^ ^e ikh\^lh cn]b\bZe*
?SRMP L?AGML?J

Mhg gneZl eZl \evnlneZl ]^ k^^f[helh l^`{g eZl \nZe^l eZ h[eb`Z\bzg ikbg\biZe ]^e Zl^`nkZ]hk {gb\Zf^gm^ \hglblm^ ^g
k^^f[helZk Ze Zl^`nkZ]h ngZ o^s jn^ ^lm^ aZrZ Zlnfb]h r iZ`Z]h ehl ]Zyhl *

/4, ?oqÄ`ril/.58CuqbkpfÇkabi^`l_boqro^8 FZ \h[^kmnkZ ]^ eZ izebsZ \hfik^g]^6

-* ?e bf ihkm^ ]^ eZl lnfZl Z jn^ l^ ^g\n^gmkZ h[eb`Z]h ^e Zl^`nkZ]h ihk \hg\^imh ]^ bg]^fgbsZ\bzg ]^ ]Zyhl
si^kcnb\bhl h\ZlbhgZ]hl Ze m^k\^kh( fvl eZl \hlmZl o \hlmhl ]^e ikh\^lh( aZlmZ ^e exf bm^ ]^ eZ lnfZ Zl^`nkZ]Z*

.* FZ h[eb`Z\bzg ]^ ln_kZ`Zk ehl `Zlmhl jn^ ]^fZg]Z eZ ]^_^glZ ]^e Zl^`nkZ]h ^g ^e ikh\^lh cn]b\bZe( Zng
\nZg]h gh _n^kZ aZeeZ]h k^lihglZ[e^( lb^g]h ihm^lmZ] ]^e Zl^`nkZ]hk eZ Zikh[Z\bzg ]^e \hgmkZmh ]^ l^kob\bhl
ikh_^lbhgZe^l \hkk^lihg]b^gm^* Mb ^e Zl^`nkZ]h ]^[^ lhihkmZk iZkm^ ]^e ]Zyh \ZnlZ]h Ze m^k\^kh( ^e Zl^`nkZ]hk
;>PI = ;NO M /1/

\n[kbkv ehl `Zlmhl( \hlmZl r \hlmhl ]^e ikh\^lh lzeh ^g _hkfZ ikhihk\bhgZe* ?e Zl^`nkZ]h l^ ^g\n^gmkZ h[eb`Z]h
Z \hhi^kZk \hg ln Zl^`nkZ]hk ^g eZ ]^_^glZ ]^ lnl bgm^k^l^l( [Zch lZg\bzg ]^ k^i^mbk \hgmkZ ^lm^*

Jn^]^ Zlbfblfh( \hfik^g]^k eZ h[eb`Z\bzg ]^e Zl^`nkZ]hk ]^ ik^lmZk `ZkZgmxZ ln_b\b^gm^ iZkZ ikhm^`^k ^e iZmkbfhgbh
]^e Zl^`nkZ]h \hgmkZ f^]b]Zl \Znm^eZk^l o ^f[Zk`hl( aZlmZ ^e exfbm^ ]^ eZ lnfZ Zl^`nkZ]Z r ]^gmkh ]^ eZl \hg]b\bhg^l
^lmbineZ]Zl ^g eZ izebsZ *

Ci  Q b d r o l  a b  P b p m l k p ^ _ f i f a ^ a  A f s f i  bk  i ^ J b v  a b i  A l k q o ^ q l  a b  Q b d r o l  & J A Q '  1/1

 0) =ZgZX]dYZaVhZ\jgVYdYZY^g^\^ghj
egde^VYZ[ZchV5VgitXjad ,+1,2eg^bZg
erggV[d)
Ci^pbdro^alqbkao}abob`el^afofdfoprmolmf^
abcbkp^ bk bi mol`bplgraf`f^i ab fkabjkfw^+
`fÇk mloa^Ålpv mbogrf`flp nrb pb fkpq^robbk
pr `lkqo^9 bp ab`fo* mrbab lmq^o mlo `lkqo^q^o
^ pr molmfl^_ld^alv ifqfd^oab j^kbo^ fkab+
mbkafbkqb ^ pr ^pbdro^alo* l `^pl `lkqo^ofl
mlao} bk`^od^oib pr abcbkp^ ^i ^pbdro^alo* bk
bi bkqbkafal nrb bpqb bp rk bpmb`f^ifpq^ bk i^
j^qbof^ v `rbkq^ `lk j^vlo bumbofbk`f^ m^o^
i^ abcbkp^, ?kqbp ab i^ sfdbk`f^ ab i^ JAQ i^p
mÇifw^pabQbdrolabPbpmlkp^_fifa^aAfsficfg^+
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^
pr `lkqo^* mobpq^o ab`i^o^`flkbp* ^pfpqfo ^
^rafbk`f^p* kl ob`lkl`bo obpmlkp^_fifa^a
pfk^mol_^`fÇkmobsf^abi^pbdro^alo*bkqob
lqo^p,J^p^k`fÇknrbfjmlkbi^kloj^^kqb
bi fk`rjmifjfbkql ab bpq^ `^od^ mlo m^oqb
abi^pbdro^al*klbpi^`^ar`fa^alm~oafa^
abilpabob`elpbj^k^alpabi^mÇifw^*pfkl
pÇil bi ^pbdro^alo mlao} obmbqfo `lkqo^ bi
^pbdro^ali^pprj^pm^d^a^pmlo`lk`bmql
ab fkabjkfw^`fÇk ^ c^sloab i^ sÄ`qfj^*bk
^nrbiilp mol`bplp alkab bi ^pbdro^al kl
e^v^ `li^_lo^al bk i^ abcbkp^ mbograf`^k+
al ilp fkqbobpbp abi ^pbdro^alo, Alkpfabol
nrbi^ p^k`fÇk^ab`r^a^bk`^plabnrbbi
^pbdro^al kl `li^_lo~ `lk bi ^pbdro^alo

_^kkloj^ijbkqbbiabob`elabi^pbdro^aloab vmbografnrbprpfkqbobpbp*bpi^ m~oafa^ab

bk`^od^opbabi^abcbkp^graf`f^iabi^pbdro^al* ilpabob`elpfkabjkfw^qloflpbj^k^alpabi
mrbpbo^ rk^j^kbo^ab^pbdro^opbnrbpbob^+ Qbdrol*j}p^rk `r^kal^elo^ bpabob`el
ifw^oÄ^ rk^^ab`r^a^abcbkp^graf`f^i, abi^pbdro^al^prjfoprmolmf^abcbkp^,

1) <Vg\VhYZaVhZ\jgVYd5VgitXjadh ,+2,3 _' Ckqobd^ ab al`rjbkqlp s klqfcf`^`flkbp8

^cX)-n,+1,4hZ\jcYdniZgXZgerggV[dYZ
aV E<L)
Alkpqfqrvbk `^od^p abi ^pbdro^al* bpmb`Äcf`^p
m^o^bpq^`i^pbabQbdrol*^abj}pabi^p`^od^p
dbkbo^ibp m^o^ qla^p i^p `i^pbpab Qbdrolp* i^p
pfdrfbkqbp8
^' Allmbo^`fÇk `lk bi ^pbdro^alo bk i^ ab+
cbkp^8bi^pbdro^alpbbk`rbkqo^l_ifd^al
bk `li^_lo^o`lk bi ^pbdro^alo* bk il nrb
pb obnrfbo^ m^o^ pr abcbkp^*bk bi mol`bpl
ab fkabj kfw^`fÇk ab a^Ålp v mbogrf`flp
nrb i^ sÄ`qfj ^ ab ilp a^Ålp fkpq^rob bk
Ci ^pbdro^al pb bk`r b kqo^  l _ ifd ^ a l  ^
`ljrkf`^o v bkqobd^o ^i ^pbdro^alo qla^
k l qfcf` ^ ` fÇ k * ` fq^ ` fÇ k * abk r k`f^* `^oq^
klq^of^i* fksfq^`fÇk ^ `lk`fif^o* abj^ka^ l
`r^inrfbolqolal`rjbkqlobi^`flk^al`lk
biob`i^jlabi^sÄ`qfj^abia^Ål*bkbij}p
_obsbmi^wl*^bcb`qlabnrbbi ^pbdro^alo
mrba^qlj ^o^``fÇkfkjbaf^q^vbpq^_ib`bo
rk^bpqo^qbdf^ababcbkp^,
2) :XX^vcY^gZXiV5VgitXjad,,+-+YZaVE<L)
Bfgfjlp bk pr j lj bkql nrb bk bi Qbdrol ab
Pbpmlkp^_fifa^a Afsfi i^ sÄ`qfj^ ab ilp a^Ålp

Ą5, ?oqÄ`ril /.4, Bfob``fÇk ab i^ abcbkp^8 ?l!]^k^\ah!]^e!Zl^`nkZ]h!]bkb`bk!ln!ikhibZ!]^_^glZ!cn]b\bZe*! ?g!\Zlh!]^!jn^

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