Analytic

MATH 201

Geometry
Lecture 1:Lines

Engr. Adriano Mercedes H. Cano Jr.

University of Mindanao
College of Engineering Education
Electronics Engineering

1
Lecture Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be
able to:

 Learn basic concepts about cartesian plane

 Plot a coordinate in the cartesian plane

 Prove geometric theorems analytically

2
Outline
 Introduction

 Rectangular coordinate system

 Variable and functions

 Graph of an equations

 Intersection of graphs

 Directed line segment

 Distance between two lines

 Mid point formula

3
Outline
 Slope

 Parallel
lines
 Perpendicular lines

 Angle between lines

4
Introduction
 Euclid
 Greek mathematician
 Elements of Geometry
 Euclidian Geometry
 Rene Descartes
 French mathematician, philosopher
 La Geomtrie (1637)
 Analytic Geometry

5
Rectangular Coordinates

Cartesian plane
2nd
Quadrant
1st Quadrant

3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant

6
Rectangular Coordinates
ordinate

abscissa
(3,2)
coordinate

7
 Example
 Draw
the triangles
whose vertices
are
 (a) (2,-l), (0,4),
(5,1);
 (b) (2, -3),(4,4),
(-2,3).

8
Variable and functions
 DEF: If a definite value or set of values of a
variable y is determined when a variable x takes
any one of its values, then y is said to be a
function of x.
Dependent
variable

Dependent
variable
Independent Independent
variable variable 9
Useful notation for functions.

10
Graph of an equation
 DEF: The graph of an equation consists of all
the points whose coordinates satisfy the
given equation.
 Techniques in graphing
 Intercepts:
 x intercept, let y=0
 y intercept, let x=0
 Assign values to the independent variable

11
Examples

let

12
Intersections of graphs.
 Ifthe graphs of two equations in two
variables have a point in common, then, from
the definition of a graph, the coordinates of
the point satisfy each equation separately.
 Equation 1 = Equation 2

13
Directed lines and segments.
 DEF:A line on which one direction is defined
as positive and the opposite direction as
negative is called a directed line.
“the shortest
distance between
two points is a line”

14
The distance between two points.

15
Examples

16
Examples
1. Find the distance between P(-3,1)
and Q(2,4).

d ( P,Q ) = ( 2 − ( −3 ) ) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2

= 25 + 9
= 34

17
Examples
2. If the distance between P(-2,4) and
Q(1,y) is 5, find the value(s) of y.

( 1 − ( −2 ) ) + ( y − 4 )
2 2
5 =

25 = 9 + ( y − 4 )
2

16 = ( y − 4 )
2

y − 4 = ±4
y = 0 or y = −8
18
The mid-point of a line segment.

19
Examples
1. Find the midpoint of the line
segment whose endpoints are P(2,4)
and Q(6,3).

 2+6 4 +3 
M PQ = , ÷
 2 2 
 7
=  4, ÷
 2

20
Inclination and slope of a line.
 The inclination of a slant line is a positive
angle less than 180 degrees
 The slope of a line is defined as the tangent
of its angle of inclination.
 A line which leans to the right has a positive slope
 The slopes of lines which lean to the left are
negative.
 The slope of a horizontal line is zero.
 Vertical lines do not have a slope,

21
Inclination and slope of a line

22
Slope
 The slope m of a line passing through two
given points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) is equal
to the difference of the ordinates divided by
the difference of the abscissas taken in the
same order; that is

23
Examples
 Giventhe points A(-2,-l),B (4,0), C(3,3), and
D(-3,2), show that ABCD is a parallelogram.

Solution:

24
Examples
1. Find the slope of the line passing
through the points P(3,-2) and
Q(1,4) .

4 − ( −2 ) 6
m= = = −3
1− 3 −2

25
Examples
If the slope of the line joining B(4, 3)
and C(b, 2) is 6, find the value of b.

2−3
6=
b−4
6 ( b − 4) = 2 − 3
6b − 24 = −1
6b = 23
23
b= 26

6
Parallel lines
 Two non vertical lines are parallel if and only
if their slopes are equal.

27
Perpendicular line
 Two slant lines are perpendicular if, and only
if, the slope of one is the negative reciprocal
of the slope of the other.

28
Angle between two lines.
 Two intersecting lines form four angles.

29
Examples

30
Examples
2. If (2, 1) and (-5, 0) are endpoints of
a diameter of a circle, find the
center and radius of the circle.

 2 + ( −5 ) 1 + 0   −3 3 
center : M =  , ÷=  , ÷
 2 2   2 2

( 2 − ( −5 ) ) + ( 1 − 0 )
2 2
49 + 1 5 2
radius : r = = =
2 2 2
31
 Analytic
MATH 201

Geometry
Lecture 1:Equation of the
Line
Engr. Adriano Mercedes H. Cano Jr.
University of Mindanao
College of Engineering Education
Electronics Engineering

32
THE STRAIGHT LINE
 The straight line is the simplest geometric
curve.
 the graph of a first degree equation in x and y
is a straight line
 The locus of a first degree equation.

where A, B and C are constants and not

both A and B are zero.
33
Example
Determine if the given points lie on the
line given by x − 4 y + 2 = 0.
a. ( 1,0 ) b. ( 2 ,1)

a. (1, 0) is not on the given line.

b. (2, 1) lies on the given line.

34
Various Forms of an Equation
of a Line.

y = mx + b
Slope-Intercept Form m = slope of the line
b = y − intercept
Various Forms of an Equation
of a Line.

Ax + By = C
Standard Form A, B, and C are integers
A > 0, A must be postive
Various Forms of an Equation
of a Line.

y − y1 = m ( x + x1 )
Point-Slope Form m = slope of the line
( x1 , y1 ) is any point
Various Forms of an Equation
of a Line.

Intercept Form
Example
Find the intercept form and the general
equation of the line passing through the
points (2,0) and (0,1).

x y
+ =1
2 1
x + 2y = 2
x + 2y − 2 = 0

39
Various Forms of an Equation
of a Line.

Two point form

Example
Find the general equation of the line
passing through the points (3, 2) and
(-2,-1).
−1 − 2
y−2 = ( x − 3)
−2 − 3
3
y − 2 = ( x − 3)
5
5 y − 10 = 3x − 9
3x − 5 y + 1 = 0
41
Example
Find the general equation of the line
given a slope equal to -1 and x-intercept
equal to 6.

( 6 , 0) is on the line

y − 0 = −1 ( x − 6 )
y = −x + 6
x + y −6 = 0
42
The distance from a line to a
point.

43
Example
Find the general equation of line L
passing through the point (-7,-5) and
perpendicular to the line given by
3 x + 4 y − 19 = 0

44
The distance between two
parallel lines

45
Example

46
Family of lines through the
intersection of two lines.

47
References

Leithold, L., The Calculus, 7th Edition

Leithold, L., The Calculus with Analytic Geometry

Stewart, J., Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Cuaresma, G. A., et al., A Worktext in Analytic

Geometry and Calculus 1