Reviewer in Readings in the Philippine History (Prelim)

I. Meaning of History
 History is the documented study of the past.
 History is reserved for accounts of phenomena especially human affairs in chronological order.
 History is the past of mankind.
 History is the story of a nation’s rise, development and fall.
 History is the sharing of important narratives that involve the shaping of a society and its people.
II. Importance of History
 History gives us the capacity to understand and analyze issues and concerns of our
contemporary world.
 History enables one to participate in finding solutions of present-day problems in the society.
 History teaches us to see the world through different perspective.
 History enables us to analyze critically the present contexts of society and beings.
 History records and explains the events of the past which includes people, places, and dates.
III. Historical Method – it is the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survival of the past.
IV. Historical Criticism- it is the subjective writing that expresses the writer’s opinion or evaluation
of a text.
A. External Criticism- it is a kind of historical criticism that is concerned with establishing the
authenticity or genuineness of data.
 Tries to answer the problem of authenticity of the material.
 Authenticity- means a reliable or accurate representation of information.
Test of Authenticity
1. Anachronistic style
2. Orthography- the way in which the words of a language are spelled.
3. Determine the date of the document
4. Determine the author
5. Semantics- concerns on the determination of the meaning of a text.
6. Hermeneutics
7. Provenance or custody
8. Anachronistic reference to events
B. Internal Criticism- it is the attempt of the researcher to restore the meaning of the text.
 Tries to answer the problem of credibility of the material.
 Credibility- compromises the objective and subjective believability of a source.
Test of Credibility
1. Identification of the author
2. Determination of the approximate date
3. Ability to tell the truth
4. Willingness to tell the truth
5. Corroboration
V. Historical Sources- any objects from the past or testimonies of the eyewitness concerning the
past on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of the past.
Eyewitness- a person, who has personally seen, experienced and can give first-hand
description of what happened during an event.
Testimony- it is a form of evidence obtained from a person who has seen the actual event
under study.
Written Unwritten
A. Published Material A. Oral History
a. Books B. Artifacts
b. Travelogue C. Ruins
c. Transcription of Speeches D. Fossils
B. Manuscript E. Art Works
C. Archival Materials F. Audio Recordings
A. Primary Source- it is any source of information that was created, written or narrated
during the time under investigated.
Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
A. Written Sources such as diaries and memoirs, journals, minutes of meetings,
speeches etc.
B. Images
C. Artifacts And Fossils such as Human Remains
D. Oral Testimony
B. Secondary Source- it interprets and analyzes an original source.
Examples Secondary Sources
A. History Books
B. Periodicals
C. Serials
 Reviewer in Readings in the Philippine History (Prelim)
Magellan’s Voyage around the World
- Written by the Antonio Lombardo aka Antonio Pigafetta . Pigafetta’s account is the longest and
most comprehensive. It recounted the individual fates of the Magellan expedition. The social life,
religious beliefs and cultural practices of the native Filipinos were included in his account.
- Raia Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu) did not recognized the authority of the king of Spain, the chieftain of
Mactan, Cebu and the first Filipino native refused and resisted to imperial Spanish colonization.

Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan

- Before the creation of Katilya ng Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio first created Decalogo ng Katipunan; it was
regarded as the “Ten Commandments of the Katipunan”. Andres Bonifacio used his own blood in creating the
document.
- KKK or Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; was established by
Andres Bonifacio in Tondo, Manila, A revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for
the Philippines through force of arms.
- Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan was written by Emilio Jacinto, who was serves as the legal adviser of Andres
Bonifacio. Emilio Jacinto he was so called, “The Brain of the Katipunan”.
- He was belongs to the poor family hence he manage to studied law at the University of Santo Thomas but he
stop his studies when the Philippine Revolution began in 1896. When Emilio Jacinto joined the Katipunan he
used the symbolic name known as Pingkian.
- Kartilya served as the guidelines of all the members of the KKK, hence the Kartilya presents not only the
teachings for the neophyte Katipunero but also a guiding principle of the society. The Kartilya ends with a
document of affirmation by the member to the society’s teaching.

EDSA People Power Revolution

- The causes of the 1986 revolution were the killing of Benigno Aquino Jr.¸ a prominent opposition
leader during the Marcos administration.,
- The momentous days of the 1986 People Power Revolution were February 22- 25, 1986.
- The 1986 revolution happened for Pres. Marcos to oust him on his position as a president of the
country.
- Corazon Aquino was the first woman president of the Philippines who claimed to have revived
democracy and freedom of the Filipinos.
- Fidel Ramos was the acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces during the EDSA People Power
Revolution and He was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for breaking away from the Marcos
administration during the EDSA People Power Revolution.

- The Proclamation of Independence

- The declaration of Philippine independence took place in Kawit Cavite also known as Cavite El Viejo on June
12, 1898. Ambrosio Bautista read the declaration that was signed by 177 persons. After the reading of the
proclamation of independence the national anthem of the Philippines was heard, entitled Marcha Nacional
Filipina composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon and the
Philippine flag that was hoisted, was made by Teodora and Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Natividad.
- Emilio Aguinaldo becomes the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. And Apolinario Mabini the
first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

Magp.