Experiment No.

7
Objective:
To study the cut model of four stroke Diesel engines.
Apparatus:
Models of four stroke engine

Theory:
In a four-stroke compression ignition engine compression ratio is from 16 to20.
During suction stroke air is inducted. In CI engine pressure is high. Fuel pump and
injectors are provided to inject the fuel into combustion chamber and ignition
chamber system is not necessary.
Diesel engines may be designed as either two stroke or four stroke cycles. The four
stroke Diesel engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the
full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
Same as that of four stroke SI engine but at the compression stroke air fuel mixture
ignites by self-ignition of the diesel fuel. In Diesel engines when the air is
compressed to such a large extent its temperature rises well above 600 degree
Celsius. This temperature is above the self-ignition temperature of diesel fuel
which when injected into the compressed air explodes to create the power to drive
the crankshaft.

Engine working principle:

 Intake stroke – The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom
dead center (BDC). In this stroke the intake valve is open while the piston
pulls air (without a fuel) into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure
into the cylinder through its downward motion.
 Compression stroke – The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to
top dead center (TDC). In this stroke both the intake and exhaust valves are
closed, resulting in adiabatic air compression (i.e. without heat transfer to or
from the environment). During this compression, the volume is reduced, the
pressure and temperature both rise. At the end of this stroke fuel is injected
and burns in the compressed hot air. At the end of this stroke the crankshaft
has completed a full 360-degree revolution.
 Power stroke – The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom
dead center (BDC). In this stroke both the intake and exhaust valves are
closed. At the beginning of the power stroke, a near isobaric combustion
occurs. In this interval the pressure remains constant since the piston
descends, and the volume increases. The fuel injection and combustion are
complete, and the cylinder contains gas at a higher temperature than at
previous stroke. At this stroke hot gas expands, again approximately
 adiabatically. In this stroke the piston is driven towards the crankshaft, the
volume in increased, and the work is done by the gas on the piston.
 Exhaust strokes. The piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top
dead center (TDC) and the cycle passes through these stages. In this stroke
the exhaust valve is open while the piston pulls an exhaust gas out of the
chamber. At the end of this stroke the crankshaft has completed a second full
360-degree revolution.
Construction of four stroke Diesel engine
 Piston rings
 Connecting Rods
 Crankshaft
 Piston
 Valves
 Cylinder
 Fuel Injector
 Flywheel
 Engine Head