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tanh x = (ex - e-x)/(ex + e-x)
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csch x = 2/(ex - e-x)
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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

tanh x = sinh x/cosh x

coth x = 1/tanh x = cosh x/sinh x

sech x = 1/cosh x

csch x = 1/sinh x

cosh2x - sinh2x = 1

sech2x + tanh2x = 1

coth2x - csch2x = 1

FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ARGUMENTS

MENU sinh(-x) = -sinh x

Home cosh(-x) = cosh x

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tanh(-x) = -tanh x
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Practice csch(-x) = -csch x

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sech(-x) = sech x
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Tests coth(-x) = -coth x

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ADDITION FORMULAS
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Games sinh (x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y

cosh (x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y

tanh(x ± y) = (tanh x ± tanh y)/(1 ± tanh x.tanh y)

coth(x ± y) = (coth x coth y ± l)/(coth y ± coth x)

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS

sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x = 2 cosh2x — 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2x

tanh 2x = (2tanh x)/(1 + tanh2x)

HALF ANGLE FORMULAS

MENU x cosh x − 1
sinh =± [+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]
2 2
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x cosh x + 1
cosh =
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Problem Solver x cosh x − 1
tanh =± [+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]
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Algebra sinh(x) cosh(x) − 1
= =
1 + cosh(x) sinh(x)
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Tests MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS

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sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x
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cosh 3x = 4 cosh3 x — 3 cosh x

tanh 3x = (3 tanh x + tanh3 x)/(1 + 3 tanh2x)

sinh 4x = 8 sinh3 x cosh x + 4 sinh x cosh x

cosh 4x = 8 cosh4 x — 8 cosh2 x + 1

tanh 4x = (4 tanh x + 4 tanh3 x)/(1 + 6 tanh2 x + tanh4 x)

POWERS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh2 x = ½cosh 2x — ½

cosh2 x = ½cosh 2x + ½
MENU sinh3 x = ¼sinh 3x — ¾sinh x

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cosh3 x = ¼cosh 3x + ¾cosh x
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Problem Solver sinh4 x = 3/8 - ½cosh 2x + 1/8cosh 4x

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cosh4 x = 3/8 + ½cosh 2x + 1/8cosh 4x
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Geometry SUM, DIFFERENCE AND PRODUCT OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

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sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh ½(x + y) cosh ½(x - y)
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History sinh x - sinh y = 2 cosh ½(x + y) sinh ½(x - y)

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cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh ½(x + y) cosh ½(x - y)

cosh x - cosh y = 2 sinh ½(x + y) sinh ½(x — y)

sinh x sinh y =    ½(cosh (x + y) - cosh (x - y))

cosh x cosh y = ½(cosh (x + y) + cosh (x — y))

sinh x cosh y = ½(sinh (x + y) + sinh (x - y))

EXPRESSION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF OTHERS

In the following we assume x > 0. If x < 0 use the appropriate sign as indicated by formulas in the section "Functions

of Negative Arguments"

~ sinhx = u coshx = u tanhx = u cothx = u sechx = u cschx = u

MENU u 1 1 − u2 1
sinhx u u2 − 1
1 − u2 u2 − 1 u u
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1 + u2 u 1 1
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u u2 − 1 u 1 − u2
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1 1 u2 − 1 u
sechx 1 − u2 u
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cschx u2 − 1 u
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u u2 − 1 u 1 − u2

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GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

 
y = sinh x y = cosh x

 
y = tanh x
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y = coth x y = sech x y = csch x

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Tests INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

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History
If x = sinh y, then y = sinh-1 a is called the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. Similarly we define the other inverse hyperbolic

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functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are multiple-valued and as in the case of inverse trigonometric functions

we restrict ourselves to principal values for which they can be considered as single-valued.

The following list shows the principal values [unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic functions

expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued.

sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1)   −∞ < x < ∞

cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1)   x ≥ l [cosh−1 x > 0 is principal value]

1 (1 + x)
tanh−1 x = ln   −1 < x < 1
2 (1 − x)
1 (x + 1)
coth−1 x = ln   x > 1 or x < −1
2 (x − 1)

1 1
sech−1 x = ln( + − 1 )   0 < x ≤ l [sech−1 x > 0 is principal value]
x x2
MENU 1 1
csch−1 x = ln( + + 1)   x =
0
x x2
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RELATIONS BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
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Problem Solver csch-1 x = sinh-1 (1/x)

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sech-1 x = cosh-1 (1/x)

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coth-1 x = tanh-1 (1/x)
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College Math sinh-1(-x) = -sinh-1x

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tanh-1(-x) = -tanh-1x
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coth-1 (-x) = -coth-1x

csch-1 (-x) = -csch-1x

GRAPHS OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

 
y = sinh-1x y = cosh-1x

 
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y = tanh-1x

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y = coth-1x y = sech-1x y = csch-1x
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin(ix) = i sinh x cos(ix) = cosh x tan(ix) = i tanh x

csc(ix) = -i csch x sec(ix) = sech x cot(ix) = -i coth x

sinh(ix) = i sin x cosh(ix) = cos x tanh(ix) = i tan x

MENU csch(ix) = -i csc x sech(ix) = sec x coth(ix) = -i cot x

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PERIODICITY OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
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Problem Solver In the following k is any integer.

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sinh (x + 2kπi) = sinh x     csch (x + 2kπi) = csch x
Algebra

Geometry cosh (x + 2kπi) = cosh x     sech (x + 2kπi) = sech x

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tanh (x + kπi) = tanh x     coth (x + kπi) = coth x
College Math

History RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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sin-1 (ix) = isinh-1x sinh-1(ix) = i sin-1x

cos-1 x = ±i cosh-1 x cosh-1x = ±i cos-1x

tan-1(ix) = i tanh-1x tanh-1(ix) = i tan-1x

cot-1(ix) = -i coth-1x coth-1 (ix) = -i cot-1x

sec-1 x = ±i sech-1x sech-1 x = ±i sec-1x

csc-1(ix) = -i csch-1x csch-1(ix) = -i csc-1x

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