Elements of Engineering (ENGG111)

Module 1: Engineering Thermodynamics

Sirapa Shrestha
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
September 2019
Engineering Thermodynamics
❏ Branch of applied science which deals with energy interaction
❏ Thermodynamics = Therme (Heat) + Dynamis (Power) [Greek words]
❏ Deals with relation among heat, work and properties of a system which is in equilibrium
❏ Examples of application in different engineering disciplines:
❏ Mechanical engineering: Design of power plant systems, heating and ventilation
units, automotive engines, etc.
❏ Civil engineering: Choosing layout of building on a provided space such that
energy requirement for heating and lighting is minimum
❏ Electrical, electronics and computer engineering: Selecting proper cooling system
for different electronic and electrical devices
Thermodynamic System, Boundary and Surroundings
❏ System: Any component(s) performing certain task or
Surrounding
a prescribed region of space under study
❏ Surroundings: Region outside of system System
❏ Boundary: Actual/hypothetical, moving/stationary
Boundary
envelope enclosing the system
❏ Universe = System + Surroundings
❏ Example: If a room is a space under study with reference to thermodynamic
parameters, the room is a system, its walls, ceiling and floor are boundaries, and the
region outside the room is its surroundings.
Types of Thermodynamic System
Closed System Open System Isolated System

❏ Mass interaction (✗) ❏ Mass interaction (✓) ❏ Mass interaction (✗)

❏ Energy interaction (✓) ❏ Energy interaction (✓) ❏ Energy interaction (✗)
❏ Eg: Piston cylinder ❏ Eg: Air compressor ❏ Eg: A closed rigid and
device ❏ Control Volume (CV) insulated container
❏ Control Mass (CM) Air out ❏ Perfect isolated system
Boundary not possible
W
Air
Motor
Compressor
Ideal Gas Gas
(System) Surroundings Q
Air in
Q
Types of Thermodynamic Systems
❏ Adiabatic System
❏ Thermally insulated from surroundings
❏ Work interaction (✓)
❏ Eg: Vertical flow of air in the atmosphere
❏ Homogeneous System
❏ Same chemical composition and physical properties throughout the system
❏ Eg: Mixture of air and water vapour
❏ Heterogeneous System
❏ Different chemical composition and physical properties within the system
❏ Eg: Mixture of water and ice
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
❏ Condition such that there is no change in any property of a system if it is isolated from
its surroundings
❏ Condition satisfying all of the following equilibrium conditions:
❏ Thermal equilibrium: Same temperature throughout the system at all points and
time
❏ Mechanical equilibrium: No unbalanced force within or outside of the system
❏ Chemical equilibrium: No change in chemical composition within the system at
any point of time
❏ Metastable equilibrium
❏ Thermal equilibrium (✓); Mechanical equilibrium (✓); Chemical equilibrium (✗)
Thermodynamic Property
❏ Any parameter used to describe thermodynamic system
❏ Intensive property
❏ Independent of mass or part of the system
❏ Eg: Pressure, Temperature, Melting point, Boiling point, Colour, Hardness, etc.
❏ Extensive property
❏ Dependent of mass or part of the system
❏ Eg: Volume, Internal energy, Total energy, Heat capacity, Enthalpy, Entropy, etc.
❏ Specific property
❏ Extensive property per unit mass ⇒ Intensive form
❏ Eg: Specific volume (v), Specific total energy (e)
Temperature
❏ Degree of hotness or coldness of a system
❏ Proportional to average molecular kinetic energy
❏ Defines direction and magnitude of heat transfer
❏ Instrument to measure ordinary temperature: Thermometer
❏ Instrument to measure extreme temperature: Pyrometer (-40 - 35000C)
❏ Absolute zero temperature
❏ Temperature at which a gas does not occupy any volume
❏ Equals to 0 K or -273.150C
❏ Lowest possible energy
Entropy
❏ Degree of molecular disorder or randomness in a system
❏ Measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unable for doing
useful work
❏ State variable whose change is defined for a reversible process at temperature ‘T’ and
the heat absorbed ‘Q’:
❏ Tendency to move towards higher entropy for any spontaneous process; eg: solid wood
burns to become ash, smoke and gases, all of which spread energy outwards more easily
than solid fuel
❏ The more the microstates, the more the entropy;
Entropy of solid < entropy of liquid < entropy of gas; Mixing ⇒ increase in entropy
Thermodynamic State
❏ Each unique condition at which a thermodynamic system can exist
❏ Specified with the values of thermodynamic properties
❏ Features of thermodynamic properties:
❏ Must have single value at each equilibrium state
❏ Must be independent of path
❏ Path dependent variable: Work ⇒ Not a thermodynamic property
P 2 P 2 P 2

1 1 1
W W W

V V V
Thermodynamic Process
❏ Locus of states through which system passes while undergoing from one equilibrium
state to another
❏ Described with the help of property diagrams such as P-V, T-V, P-T, h-s, T-s, P-h, etc.

Process Property Held Constant

Isobaric Pressure

Isothermal Temperature

Isochoric/ Isometric Volume

Isentropic Entropy
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
❏ Any process which passes through a series of equilibrium states such that each

equilibrium state can be located on a property diagram is called a reversible process. It

is represented by a continuous line. (S1 = S2)

❏ Any process which passes through a series of equilibrium states such that each

equilibrium state can not be located on a property diagram is called an irreversible

process. It is represented by a broken line. (S1 <= S2)

Thermodynamic Cycle
❏ Initial state of a system restored by a number of different processes in series
❏ Identical initial and final states

P
2

1
W

V
Point and Path Functions
❏ Point Function (Exact Differential)
❏ When two properties locate a point on graph

❏ Path Function (Inexact Differential)

❏ When properties can not be located on graph but are given by area
P 2 P 2 P 2

1 W 1 W 1
1-2 1-2
W1-2

V V V
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
❏ Concept of thermal equilibrium
❏ If two thermodynamic systems (say A and B) are in thermal equilibrium with a third
system (say C) separately, the first two systems (A and B) are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
A

B C
First Law of Thermodynamics
❏ Relates to principle of conservation of energy: ‘Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.’
❏ Change in internal energy of a system is equal to heat added to the system minus work
done by the system. Work done on the system (+ve)

Heat added to the Internal Energy Heat given off by the

system (+ve) (U) of a System system (-ve)

Work done by the system (-ve)

❏ Total energy entering a system - Total energy leaving a system = Change in total energy
of the system i.e, or,
Special Cases of First Law of Thermodynamics
❏ Adiabatic Process:

❏ Isochoric Process:

❏ Cyclic Process:
Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
❏ According to first law of thermodynamics, for cyclic process net heat transfer is equal to
net work transfer. But any real device can not convert heat supplied to it completely into
work.
❏ State 1 to 2 is possible but the reverse is not possible though total energy remains
conserved.
Gas Vacuum Gas

State 1 State 2
❏ Work transfer occurs due to relative displacement between system and surroundings.
Whenever there is displacement, friction comes into play and some part of work is
converted into heat. Hence, work always produces some heat itself but the reverse is not
possible.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
❏ Kelvin-Planck Statement: “It is impossible TH
Impossible device
to construct a heat engine to work in a defined by Kelvin-
Q Planck Statement
cyclic process whose sole effect is to
convert all the heat supplied to it into an W
HE
equivalent amount of work.”
❏ Clausius Statement: “It is impossible to TH
construct a device to work in a cyclic Q Impossible device
process whose sole effect is the transfer of HP defined by Clausius
Statement
heat from a body at a lower temperature to Q
a body at higher temperature.” TC
 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
TH TH TH

Q QH + Q L QL
H
HE W = QH (+) Q HP HP
=
H
Violation of Kelvin-
Planck Statement QL QL

TL TL
Confirms to Clausius Violation of Clausius
Statement Statement
 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
TH TH TH

Q QL Q H- Q L
H
HE W = QH- QL (+) HP HE W = Q H - QL
=
Violation of Kelvin-
QL QL Planck Statement
TL TL
Confirms to Kelvin- Violation of Clausius
Planck Statement Statement
Third Law of Thermodynamics
❏ The molecules of a substance in solid phase continually oscillate, creating an

uncertainty about their position.

❏ When T → 0 K, oscillation ceases and the substance acquires minimum energy.

❏ Therefore, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature

is zero since there is no uncertainty about the state of the molecules at that instant.

This statement is known as the third law of thermodynamics.

❏ At 0 K, S = 0: The crystal is perfectly ordered with only one microstate.

Thermodynamic Cycles
Ideal Cycle Gas Cycles

Processes/Cycle Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Brayton Cycle

Compression Isentropic Isentropic Isentropic Isentropic

Heat Addition Isothermal Isochoric Isobaric Isobaric

Expansion Isentropic Isentropic Isentropic Isentropic

Heat Rejection Isothermal Isochoric Isochoric Isobaric

Carnot Cycle Processes/Cycle Carnot Cycle
Compression Isentropic
Heat Addition Isothermal
Expansion Isentropic
Heat Rejection Isothermal

S
S1 S4
Otto Cycle Processes/Cycle Otto Cycle
Compression Isentropic
Heat Addition Isochoric
Expansion Isentropic
Heat Rejection Isochoric

S
S1 = S2 S3 = S4
Diesel Cycle Processes/Cycle Diesel Cycle
Compression Isentropic
Heat Addition Isobaric
Expansion Isentropic
Heat Rejection Isochoric

S
Brayton Cycle Processes/Cycle Brayton Cycle
Compression Isentropic
Heat Addition Isobaric
Expansion Isentropic
Heat Rejection Isobaric