Professional Documents
Culture Documents
L39 PDF
L39 PDF
Stress
range of the material. b c
Beyond a certain stress level the
material reaches a plastic state,
and the strain increases with no
further increase in stress
(branch bc).
a Strain
Idealized stress-strain
diagram
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Normal and shear stresses in σzz
Cartesian coordinate system dx
τzy x
An elemental soil mass with sides dy τzx dz
measuring dx, dy, and dz:
τyx σyy
Parameters σxx σyy, and σzz
are the normal stresses τyz
acting on the planes normal y τxy σxx
to the x, y, and z axes τxz
(Considered positive when they
are directed onto the surface)
(If τij is a shear stress, it means the
stress is acting on a plane normal to the z
i axis, and its direction is parallel to the
j axis.)
For equilibrium:
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Equations of static equilibrium
dx
x
dy
dz
τxy +
z
Along y-direction:
Thus,
Elastic–perfectly
plastic model
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
If only the collapse condition in a practical problem
is of interest then the elastic phase can be omitted
and the rigid–perfectly plastic model
Non-hardening
behaviour
heterogeneity,
anisotropy and
If this expression is applied to soils over the initial part of the stress-
strain curve, then for un-drained conditions ∆V/V = 0, hence ν =
0.5 (E = 3G)
If consolidation takes place then ∆V/V > 0 and ν < 0:5 for drained
or partially drained conditions.
The stresses at a point due to more than one surface load are
obtained by superposition.
In practice, loads are not usually applied directly on the surface but
the results for surface loading can be applied conservatively in
problems concerning loads at a shallow depth.
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stresses due to point load
Bell shaped Variation of σz with r
e.g., Vertical for three different
load transferred values of z
to the soil from
an electrical
power line
Variation
of σz with z on
the vertical
through the
point of
application of
the load Q
Variation of vertical stress
due to point load ⇒
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stresses due to point load
Stresses at X due to a point load Q on the surface are
as follows:
As r/z ↑ Ip ↓ σz ∞
= 0.1Z2
Z IP r/z r σz
0.5 0.025 1.501 0.75 0.1Q
1 0.1 0.9332 0.832 0.1Q
1.5 0.255 0.593 0.890 0.1Q
2 0.40 0.271 0.542 0.1Q
2.185 0.4775 0 0 0.1Q
Geotechnical engineers
prefer to use
Boussinesq's solution as The value of Iw
this gives conservative =0.3183 at r/z = 0
results. (Which is 33% less
than Boussinesq IP)
y∞ x
z
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Vertical stress due to a line load
At x/z = 0 σz = 0.6366q/Z