States of matter

Everything is made of particles

✓ All substances are made of very tiny pieces (particles), far too small to see.
✓ In solids, the particles are not free to move around.
✓ In liquids and gases, particles move freely showing random motion because they collide
with each other, and bounce off in all directions.
✓ Evidence for particles:
1) Outside lab:
a) Smells (gas particles) can spread out into the air.
b) Seeing dust and smoke dancing in the air, in bright sunlight.
2) Inside lab:
a) The purple color of a crystal of potassium manganate (VII) K2MnO4 in a beaker
of water.
b) The red-brown color of drops of bromine in an open gas jar of air spreads
upwards even it is heavier than air.
✓ Diffusion (spreading out): Mixing process in which particles flow from where they are more
concentrated to where they are less concentrated until they are evenly by colliding with
each other and bouncing off in all directions.
✓ Atoms: The very smallest particles, that we cannot break down further by chemical means.
✓ Types of particles:
1) Single atoms: For example, Nobel gases like argon (Ar), a gas found in air.
2) Molecules: consist of two or more atoms joined together like water (H2O).
3) Ions: consist of atoms or groups of atoms that carry a charge like Potassium
manganate (VII) (KMnO4).
✓ We are now able to see the particles in some solids using very powerful microscopes like
tunneling electron microscope.
Solids, Liquids & Gases
✓ The states of matter:
1) Solid: fixed volume, fixed shape.
2) Liquid: fixed volume, take the shape of the container into which it poured.
3) Gas: spread out evenly within the container and take the volume and shape of it.
✓ Melting: Changing solid into liquid by heating. / Freezing
✓ Evaporating: Changing liquid into gas by heating only from the liquid surface. / Condensing
✓ Boiling: Changing liquid into gas by heating from all over the liquid (bubbles).
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✓ Melting and boiling points are clear and sharp for pure substances because when melting
starts, the temperature stays at fixed degree until all the substance has melted and the
same for boiling.

The particles in solids, liquids, and gases

✓ The particles in a solid:
1) are arranged in a fixed pattern close together in a lattice so it cannot be compressed.
2) are hold together by strong forces.
3) make tiny vibrations to and fro.
✓ The particles in a liquid:
1) are close together, but not in a lattice so it cannot be compressed.
2) are hold together by strong forces but weaker than in a solid
3) can move about and slide past each other.
✓ The particles in a gas:
1) are far apart so it can be compressed.
2) almost no forces holding them together.
3) move about very quickly collide with each other and bounce off in all directions.
✓ When a solid is heated: particles get more energy and vibrate more → solid expand →
particles vibrate more → break away from their positions.
✓ When a liquid is heated: particles get more energy and move faster → bump into each other
more often, and bounce further apart → liquid expand → get enough energy to overcome
the forces between them → break away to form a gas

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 The particles in solids, liquids, and gases
✓ Gas pressure: when we put a gas in a container its particles hit the sides of the container
while moving and exert pressure on the walls
✓ The pressure depends on:
1) temperature of the gas: when the temperature increases the pressure increases.
2) volume of container: when the volume decreases the pressure increases.

 The rate of diffusion of gases depends on:

1) The lower the mass of gas particles, the faster a gas will diffuse. (relative molecular
mass) NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(g) white gas.
2) The higher the temperature, the faster a gas will diffuse.

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