Scrap Magazine

in Electronics

Lesson 1: History and Evolution of Electronics

ANCIENT ERA

Democritus -He postulated a world made up of hard, indivisible

particles of matter moving through empty space.

-Proves that everything is made up of atoms

Titus Lucretius Carus -He theorize the atomic structure of matter

and the emergence and evolution of life forms.

HISTORICAL ERA

William Gilbert -the man who began the sci. of magnetism.

-he said that the earth is a giant magnet and did

many investigations of electrical phenomena.

Benjamin Franklin -published a proposal for an experiment to prove that

lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm.

Charles Coulomb -Invented the torsion balance, used to measure

the electrostatic force between charges.

Andre Ampere -gave a formalized understanding of the relationships

between electricity and magnetism using algebra.

Georg Simon Ohm -measure the motive force of electrical currents.

Alexander Graham Bell -he is credited as the inventor of the telephone

since he was awarded the 1st successful patent.

MODERN ERA

Jack Kilby -developed the integrated circuit

Ed Robert -he invented the 1st commercially successful personal computer.

-known as the “Father of Personal Computer”.

Lesson 2: What is Technology?

-compromised of the products and processes created

by engineers to meet our needs and wants.

TECHNOLOGY VS. SCIENCE

Technology -study of our human-made world. -deals with “what can be”.

Science -study of our natural world. -deals with “what is”.

TECHNOLOGY

Information Technology -allows us to send signals around the world.

Examples: TV, Internet, Satellite, GDS, Cellphones

Communication Technology -giving or exchanging information.

Examples: Magazines, DVDs, photography, video games

Bio-Related and Agricultural Technology

 Biotechnology -Transforms living things into product of new forms of life.

Examples: Genetic Engineering, Bionics

 Agritechnology -produces plants and animals for food, fiber, and fuel.

Examples: Irrigation, food preservation, weed, and Insect control

Both deal living things, plants, animals, and people.

Medical Technology -creates a tools to treat disease and injury.

Examples: lasers, Prostheses, ultrasound, medication

Environmental Technology -creates tools to minimize the effect of tech.

on the development of living things.

Examples: hybrid vehicles, conservation, waste management

Production Technology

 Manufacturing -changes natural or synthetic materials into usable products.

Examples: clothing, vehicles

 Construction -build structures that support loads and protect us from the envi.

Examples: house, bridges, roads

Materials Technology -the development of materials with outstanding combinations

of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties that make

other advance possible.

Examples: mosquito repellant, clothing, artificial skin grafts

Transportation Technology -provides a way for people, animals, products and materials,

To be moved from one place to the next.

Example: ships, airplane, train

Energy and Power Technology

 Energy-the ability or capacity to do work Examples: gasoline, steam, electricity

 Power-the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another.

Examples: provides a light, moves vehicles, uses water for electricity

Nanotechnology -manipulating materials on atomic or molecular level.

Examples: sensors, Nanobots

POSITIVE IMPACT

1.) Info. Stored for easy access 2.) Make it easier to diagnose injuries 3.)
Improves water and air quality
4.) Traveling long distances faster 5.) Continuously sense and adjust medical
treatment

NEGATIVE IMPACT

1.) Make forgery and plagiarism easier 2.) In X ray, too many use of it can cause
cancer

3.) Recycling is more complicated and time consuming 4.) Can cause accidents 5.)
Impede privacy

Lesson 3: 101 gadgets (10 examples only)

1. LAPTOP-a computer weighing more than a few pounds seems

like a desktop. The most successful early laptop was the 11 pound

GRiD Compass 1101, a clamshell computer that went on sale in 1982.

2. ELECTRIC GUITAR-Leo Fender designed the first mass-produced solid-body

electric guitar, the Telecaster, in 1951 when Keith Richards was 8.

3. DIGITAL CAMERA-introduced in 1990. Kodak retired its

Kodachrome film format in 2009, after 74 years.

4. GAMEBOY-among the most successful gaming systems

ever—118 million units and half a billion games sold.

5. HEARING AID-according to the National Institutes of Health, only one

out of five people who could benefit from a hearing aid actually wears one.

Lesson 4: Electrostatic

Electric charge

-as early as 6000BC, Thales of Miletus, a philosopher, noted that when

amber is rubbed with wool, it would be able to attract other objects.

William Gilbert

-1st made observations on electric forces and the

property to attract light objects after being rubbed.

-he called substance “Electric”, from the Greek word ELEKTRON,

 meaning AMBER. The origin of the modern word electricity.

Electricity

-collective term describing a phenomenon, associated with

the interaction between electrically charged objects.

Electrification

-the process of rubbing two materials together and then

separating them to produce the above affect. Also called

as charging by conclusion. The object are said to be electrified

or to aquire electric charge when rubbed.

Electric Charge

-associated with atomic particles electrons (negative charge) and

positive (positive charge) different combinations of positive and

negative charge can produce attractive or repulsive forces.

Lesson 5: law of charges

-like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

-different combinations of positive and negative (+)(+) (+)

(-) (-)(-)

charge can produce attractive or repulsive force.

Note: If 2 types of charge are not in balance, then there is a net charge that can

interact with other objects and this is the cause of static electricity.

Electrostatic Charging

-process by which an insulator or an insulated conductor receives a net charge.

-charging can be done by fridler, contact or conduction and by induction.

-electrostatic is used to emphasize the changes materials

 and depends on the nature of the materials.

Charging by Friction

-the transfer is due to the conduct between the materials

and depends on the nature of the materials.

Charging by Conduction

-the process of charging that requires contact between the neutral

body and the charged objects. It produces similar changes.

Lesson 6: Tribo Electric Series

Dry hands -scientist have come up with a ranking of some common materials
Leather
Based on their ability to hold or give up electron.
Glass

Human hair -the farther the materials from each other on the
Nylon
List, the greater the effect produced.
Wool

Fur Examples:
Silk
Glass(+) Silk(-)
Wood

Amber

Rubber

Polyester

Styrofoam Wood(+) Amber(-)

Polyurethane

PVC

Teflon Lesson 7: Coulomb’s Law

-formulated by Charles Augustine de Coulomb, French Physicist.

States that “the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged

object is directly proportional to the product of their charge magnitudes

and inversely proportional to the squares of the distance between them.”

Fe=kq1 q2/d2 where: k=electrical consyant-9x109Nm2/C2 , d= distance in M (meter)

q=charge in C or coulomb , Fe=electrical force in N (Newton)

 Fe=electrical force in N (Newton)

*It follows Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

Fg=Gm1m2/d2 where: G=constant (gravity) , M= mass , d= distance

Law of Electrostatic/Charges

 If q1 (+) and q2(-) or vice vice versa, ATTRACTIVE FORCE.

 If q1(+) and q2(+) or q1(-) and q2(-), REPULSIVE FORCE.

Conversion: 1uc = 1x10-6C, 1c = 6.25x1018e- , 1p & 1e- = 1.60x10-19C(-) or (+)

Sample Problem:

Determine the force between 2 free e- 1.60x10-19C spaced

0.05m apart. Give the force the e- experiences.

Given: q1= -1.60x10-19C, d= 0.06m, q2= -1.60x10-19C, k= 9x109Nm2/C2, Fe= ?

Solution: Fe=kq1 q2/d2

Fe= 9x109(-1.60x10-19) (-1.60x10-19)/ (0.05)2 Final Answer: 9.2x10-26N

Fe= 2.30x10-28/ .0025 Repulsive Forc

Lesson 8: Electric Field of force Electric Current and Electric forces

1.) Electric line of Force

-the line showing the direction followed by a change within the electric field.

F
q- q+ q- q-
= =

E q

Electric field-area or space where most of forces pass thru.

Note: the nearer the lines the greater the force.

Formula: E= F/q where: E= intensity (N/C) F= Force m N q= change in C

2.) Electric Current

 -free e- or e- loosely bound to atomic nuclei. q
w

-the number of charge q passing thru a perpendicular I t

V q

cross section of a conductor per unit time.

Formula: I= q/t where: I= current in A

or ampere

3.) Electric Voltage q= charge in C

-potential difference. For free e- to have a motion t= time in seconds

thru a material, work must be done on them.

Formula: V=w/q where: V= voltage in V or volts w= work in NM or J or Joules q=

charge in C

Power Source-device that applies work on the charge. Examples: generator, batteries

Power Sink-device that extracts work form the charges. Examples: light bulbs, appliances

Examples:

1. 2000N/C and 10 C, find N. F=E x q F-2000N/C x 10C

F= 20000N

2. .008C and .9Sec, find A. I= q/t I= .008C x .9Sec I=

8.89x10-3A

3. 3500Nm and 4.3C, find V V=w/q V= 3500Nm/4.3C

V=813.95V

Lesson 9: Ohm’s Law

-formulated by Georg Simon Ohm, a German Physicist

V

-he related voltage, current and resistance. I

R

Ohm’s law states that:

“Current is directly proportional to voltage and

is inversely proportional to resistance.”

Formula: I=V/R where: I= current in Ampere (A) – Andre Ampere, France

V= voltage in Volt (V) – Alessandro Volta, Italy

R= resistance in Ohm (Ω) – Georg Simon Ohm, Germany

Resistance-ability of the substance/ conductor Conductor-e- can pass through.

 to resist the flow of current.

Insulator-e- cannot pass through. Semiconductor-property between conductor and insulator.

Examples:

1. 1.9A and 220V, find Ω. R= V/ I R= 220V/ 1.9A R= 115.79 Ω

2. 1.2A and 410 Ω, find V V= I x R V= 1.2A x 410 Ω

V= 492V

Lesson 10: Law of Resistance

Resistance-electric circuit is not an “empty road”. There are atoms that serve as obstacle.

-amount of charge is determined by its impedance to the flow of

charge (smaller impedance, greater current or vice-versa)

Electric Circuit-any arrangement of materials that permits e- to flow.

1. Source-source of electricity. 2. Connecting Wires-serves as “highway of e-“.

3. Load-absorbs electrical energy like appliances. 4. Switch-regulate/control the flow of current.

Closed Circuits-e- are flowing (“On”) Open Circuits-e- cannot flow (“Off”)

1. Law of Lengths

R is directly proportional to L Formula: R1/R2 = l1/l2

L is directly
proportional to R but inversely proportional to I.

The longer the lengths, the greater the

resistance,

the lesser the current and vice versa.

Sample Problems:

The resistance of Cu wire is 2.06 Ω in a length of 1000m. Calculate

the resistance of the 2nd wire if it has a length of 175m.

R1/R2 = A1/A2  2.06/R2 = 1000/175  (1000R2 = 360.5)/1000  R2 = .36 Ω

2. Law of Diameter/Area

R is inversely proportional to d/A and vice versa

The greater the diameter/area, the

lesser the resistance,

the greater the current and vice

versa.

Formula: R1/R2 = A2/A1 or R1/R2 = (d2)2/ (d1)2

Sample Problem:

Compute the area of the first wire if it has a resistance of 50 Ω.

The 2nd wire has a R of 1500 Ω and an area of 0.5m2.

R1/R2 = A2/A1  (R1A1 = R2A2)/R1  A1 = R2A2/R1  A1 = 1500Ω (0.5m2)/50 Ω

A1 = 750m2/50 A1 = 15m2

3. Law of Nature of Materials Resistivity of Some Materials: (Ωm)

-wires offer different amount of resistance (R) Platinum= 0.000000106 Copper=
1.72x10-8
Resistivity-allow the abilities of different materials to conduct current.

-unit is Ωm (Ohm-meter) Iron= 9.71x10-8 Silver=

1.59x10-8
R=pl/A where: R= Resistance in Ω l = length in m
Tungsten= 5.65x10-8 Quartz=
p = resistivity Ωm A = area
7.5x10 17
in m2

Aluminum= 2.65x10-8 Glass=

Sample Problem:

What is the electric resistance of a silver wire R= pl/A  1.59x10-8 Ωm(0.50m)/.0127m2  R=

4.49x10-7 Ω

whose area is 0.0127m2 and a length of 0.50m?

4. Law of Temperature

-no simple relationship between resistance and temperature.

Note: “The higher the temperature, the higher the resistance, the lower the current and vice versa”.

*vibrations of molecules