Second Conditional

• 1% - 40% can happen, but probably won’t.

• Use I were instead of I was.
Modals:
- Would - USUAL FORM
- Might - NOT VERY SURE
- Could - IS POSSIBLE
- Should - SUGGESTION
Formulas:
(If + past tense), + (would + base infinitive)
OR
(Would + base infinitive) + (if + past tense)
Continuous forms in 2nd conditional:
(If + past tense), + (would + be + verb-ing)
OR
(Would + be + verb-ing) + (if + past tense)

Third Conditional
0% impossible, can’t happened because in the past.
Modals:
- Would - USUAL FORM
- Might - NOT VERY SURE
- Could - IS POSSIBLE
- Should - SUGGESTION
Formulas:
(If + past perfect tense), + (would + present perfect tense)
OR
(Would + present perfect tense) + (if + past perfect tense)
For example:
If it started to rain, the picnic would have been cancelled.
Continuous forms in 2nd conditional:
(If + past perfect tense), + (would + have verb-ing)
OR
(Would + have verb-ing) + (if + past perfect tense)
For example:
If it had been Friday, I would have been working.
Noun Clauses
Noun Clauses could be:
• Subject
• Predicate nominative
• Direct object
• Appositive
• Indirect object
• Object of the preposition
Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are:
• That
• Whether
• Who
• Why
• Whom
• What
• How
• When
• Whoever
• Where
• Whomever
Example:
Whoever said it is wrong. = He is wrong.
noun clause

Adjective Clauses
It will begin with:
Who
Whose
Whom
Which
That
When
Where
Example:
The student whose hand was up gave the wrong answer.
adjective clause

Adverb Clauses
Modifies:
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Introduced by subordinate conjunction:
After, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, and
while.
Example:
They arrived before the game had ended.
adverb clause
Gerunds - ING
Common verbs followed by the gerund:
• enjoy

• fancy
• discuss
• dislike
• finish
• mind
• suggest
• recommend
• keep
• avoid
• miss
• appreciate
• delay
• postpone
• practise
• consider
• can't stand
• can't help
• risk
• admit
• deny
• mention
• imagine
• tolerate
• understand
• involve
• complete
• report
• anticipate
• recall
Infinitives - TO + VERB
Common verbs followed by to + infinitive:
• agree
• ask
• decide
• help
• plan
• hope
• learn
• want
• would like
• promise
• can afford
• manage
• prepare
• demand
• choose
• offer
• wait
• would hate
• would love
• seem
• expect
• intend
• pretend
• refuse
• tend
• would prefer
• deserve
• appear
• arrange
• claim
Passive Voice
Emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject.