Lebanese International University

School of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering

Electric Circuits Lab
EENG301L

Section Id: O
Report Id: Report 3

Report Title: Induction, Principle of transformer and Short Circuited transformer,

Transformer under load, and Transformer losses experiments.

Submitted by:

Omar Srouji

Ibrahim Omeish

Lab Instructor: Dr. Lidia Mehyeddine

Date: 26/12/2019
 School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering
EENG301L – Electric Circuits Lab

Group- Experiments Report

Fall 2019-2020
26/12/2019

Student Name & ID Omar Srouji 11830576

Student Name & ID Ibrahim Omeish 11631717
Grade Weight
Objectives 20
Title 5
Cover 5
Equipment 10
and Roles
Experiment-1 10
Experiment-2 10
Experiment-3 10
Experiment-4 10
Conclusion 20
Total 100

Instructions
Report submission in group of 2 students
Each experiment includes: title (1 pts), description (3
pts), procedures (2pts), results (4 pts).

Conclusion should contain five points, four related to

each experiments+ Application point (4 pts/ each)
 I . Objectives of the Experiment (20points)

The aim of the four experiments is:

1- Induction: To test how the change in the magnetic field is due to the changing
position of the magnet with respect to the conductor loop using com3lab.

2- Principle of the transformer: To observe the two couples coils of the transformer
where the AC voltage is fed to the primary coil & the transformed one is tapped to the
secondary coil and how it changes if the secondary coil is short-circuited using
com3lab.

3-
a. Short circuited transformer: To investigate the relationship between the currents in
the primary and the secondary circuits using com3lab.

b. Transformer under loads: To test the power transfer conditions using com3lab.

4- Transformer losses: To measure the iron and copper losses using com3lab.

II. Equipment used in this Experiment (10 Points)

1-Computer to use com3lab and p-spice software.

2-Com3Lab to implement the first 3 experiments.

3- P-spice software to simulate circuits and extract key voltages and currents.

4-Jumping wires to connect the circuits.

5-Ground *3 to determine the reference point in the circuits.

6. Connecting wires to connect the components of the circuit.

7- Resistors *3, 1kΩ, to control the flow of current in a circuit.

8- Capacitor 1*1000uF to store electrical energy and give the energy again to the circuit.

9-Coil 1*10uH.

10- Voltage and currents markers to be able to draw the graphs.

11-Vsin power supply to generate the voltage.

 III. Experiment I: Induction (10 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description of Experiment I

5.1 How induction voltage arises

1
If a magnetic field permeating a conductor loop (e.g. the winding of a coil) changes, a voltage is induced in this
conductor.

Here the change in the magnetic field is due to the changing position of the magnet with respect to the conductor
loop.

The voltage is positive when the magnetic field strength increases and negative when it decreases. Thus an AC
voltage is produced.
 B. Procedure of Experiment I

1. Connect the COM terminal of the oscilloscope to the lower terminal of the transformer in the
experiment panel 2.

2. Remove the clip from the iron core of the transformer on experiment panel 2.

3. Remove the iron core.

The induction voltage is measured on the right coil of the transformer using the oscilloscope. The left coil is not
connected to the AC voltage source and is ignored.

1
The induction voltage triggers each respective recording of the oscilloscope (internal trigger signal ).

Trigger signal

The signal which triggers a recording on the oscilloscope is called a trigger signal. It can be taken from the
measurement signal itself (internal trigger) or it can be a separate signal (external trigger).
 C. Results

Induction: As a result we have induced voltage due to the magnetic field done and according to
the magnet position as shown: as we change the magnet position we produce an induced voltage
as a sinusoidal function.

In the generator the conductor loop is turned inside the magnet.

The magnetic field, in which the conductor is moved, and the movement of the conductor generate a voltage. The
amplitude of the voltage increases with the speed of the conductor.

The permanent magnet can be replaced by an electromagnet. This is supplied with the exciter current.
 IV. Experiment II: Principle of Transformer and Short-circuited
transformer (10 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description of Experiment II

6.1 Setup of the transformer

In the transformer AC voltage of one amplitude is transformed into an AC voltage of a different amplitude.

The transformer consists of two coupled coils. The AC voltage U1 is fed to the primary coil, the transformed AC
voltage U2 is tapped at the secondary coil.

Short circuited transformer: If the secondary side of the transformer is short-circuited, no

secondary voltage can be produced. However, current does flow in the secondary circuit.

B. Procedure of Experiment II
Principle of the transformer:

1-Remove the clip from the iron core & then remove the iron core.
2-Connect the ground terminal of the primary winding to the COM of multimeter 1 & the upper
terminal to the input V of multimeter 1.

The primary and secondary coil of the transformer on the experiment board are plugged together. In the first
experiment the transformer is operated without the iron core.

3-Connect the voltage source to the primary winding by short cable & then connect the lower
terminal of the secondary winding to the COM terminal of multimeter 2 & the upper terminal of
the secondary winding to input V of multimeter 2.
4- Click on the blue MM on the left side of the page and select v~ mode and then do the same for
the green MM.
5-Start adjusting U1 by the generator to have the first value in the table and then drag and drop
the value in U2 in the table, the other values will be automatically given with the graph.
6-Now insert the iron core into the transformer and fasten the iron core using the clip & move the
magnet in front of the coil many times.
7- Repeat the measurement with the iron core (measure the value of U1 and U2)
8- Find the relation between U1 and U2 (calculate U1/U2).
9-Add the values in the table.
10- Then connect the first ammeter in series with the first winding of the transformer and the
second ammeter in series with the second winding and make short circuit.
If the secondary side of the transformer is short-circuited, no secondary voltage can be produced. However, current
does flow in the secondary circuit.

Here the relationship between the current in the primary and secondary circuit should be investigated.

11- Measure the current I1 in the first winding and measure the current I2 in the second winding.
12-Measure the value of I1 and I2
13- Find the relation between I1 and I2 (I1/I2)

Short circuited transformer:

If the secondary side of the transformer is short-circuited, no secondary voltage can be produced. However, current
does flow in the secondary circuit.

Here the relationship between the current in the primary and secondary circuit should be investigated.
The induction occurring in the transformer's secondary winding leads to a short- circuit current.
The short-circuit current in the secondary winding has a linear dependency on the primary current fed in.
C. Results

Principle of the transformer:

Measurement with the iron core:

AC voltage from the function generator is fed into the primary coil.
The primary and secondary voltages are measured using the multimeters

Note:

A multimeter measures the so-called effective value U of the voltage and not the peak-to-peak oscillation V pp, which
is indicated on the function generator.

U=upp /(2•√2)

Example:
If a peak voltage of 1.5 Vpp is set on the function generator, then the multimeter display indicates a value of

1.5 V / (2 • 1.414) = 0.53 V ≈ 0.5 V.

Measurement without the iron core:

The primary coil of the transformer has 1000 turns, the secondary coil has 500 turns. The number of turns has a ratio
of 2 : 1.
The ratio is also reflected in the primary and secondary voltage.
The primary coil of the transformer has 1000 turns, the secondary coil has 500 turns. The number of turns has a ratio
of 2 : 1.

Primary voltage U1 and secondary voltage U2 are also in a fixed ratio t, which is referred to as the voltage
transformation ratio.

V1 / V2 = n1 / n2
The induction occurring in the transformer's secondary winding leads to a short- circuit current.

The short-circuit current in the secondary winding has a linear dependency on the primary current fed in.
The primary coil of the transformer has 1000 turns, the secondary coil has 500 turns. The number of turns has a ratio
of 2 : 1.

Primary current I1 and secondary current I2 are also in a fixed ratio t, which is referred to as the current
transformation ratio.

I1 / I2 = n2 / n1. Therefore the iron core increase the magnetic field in the coil and brings about
the transfer from the primary to the secondary side.
Short circuited transformer:

The primary coil of the transformer has 1000 turns, the secondary coil has 500 turns. The number of turns has a ratio
of 2 : 1.

Primary current I1 and secondary current I2 are also in a fixed ratio t, which is referred to as the current
transformation ratio.
 V. Experiment III: Transformer under load (10 pts for the whole
experiment)

A. Description of Experiment III

Transformer under loads:

The transferable power of a transformer is limited due to its size.

One significant restriction is the saturation of the iron core by the magnetic field.
B. Procedure of Experiment III

Transformer under loads:

The secondary power of the transformer is determined by the load with various working resistors (R 1 .. R5).

1- Connect to the voltage source to the primary winding by a short cable and then connect the
voltmeter parallel to the secondary winding into multimeter 1:

2- Choose the multimeter and adjust it to v~ operating mode and let it displays 3V.
3-Connect the ammeter 2 to the upper terminal of secondary winding and to the resistor.

4- Drag and drop the measured value of MM1 and MM2 to the corresponding boxes in the table.

5-Calculate P2 (U2*I2) & fill them in the table.

 C. Results

When the transformer is not under load, no power can be transferred because the secondary current equals zero.
Neither can power be transformed when the transformer is short-circuited, because the secondary voltage equals
zero.

Power is only transformed in the load range lying between these two levels.
 VI. Experiment IV: Transformer losses (10 pts for the whole
experiment)

A. Description of Experiment III

Power losses in the transformer arise because of the magnetization of the iron core, the induced eddy currents in the
iron core as well as the ohmic resistance of the coil windings.

The first two losses are described as iron losses because they are caused by the iron core.

The losses due to winding resistance are described as copper losses on account of the copper wire used there.

Losses generate heat in the iron core and in the coil windings.

B. Procedure of Experiment IV
A’:1-To measure the iron losses you must have no load to the transformer. Connect the ammeter
in series with the power generator and the voltmeter in parallel with the primary side as shown:

2- Choose MM1 to display mA~ & MM2 to display V~

3- Set the feed voltage so that MM2 indicates the first value of U1 in the table of measurement
table.

4-Calculate P (U*I) & fill them in the table.

A”: 5-To calculate the copper loses short circuit the secondary winding terminal & connect the
ammeter in series with the power generator & and the voltmeter in parallel with the primary side
as shown:

6- Choose MM1 to display mA~ & MM2 to display V~

7- Set the feed voltage so that MM2 indicates the first value of U1 in the table of measurement
table.

8-Calculate P (U*I) & fill them in the table.

The iron losses are measured when the transformer is operated under no-load. No power is tapped on the secondary
side. The power fed in at the primary side is predominantly the power loss in the iron core.
C. Results
The power fed in on the primary side is predominantly caused by the remagnetization of the iron core and by eddy
currents, which are induced in the iron core.

Calculate the iron losses PI.

The power fed in on the primary side is caused by the ohmic resistance of the copper windings on the primary and
secondary side.

A voltage drop occurs across them, which together with the short-circuit current results in power loss.