Chapter III.

THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT Week 3

Learning Competency 3.1 – 3.2
3.1 Recognize own limitations and possibilities.
3.2 Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their transcendence

WHAT I KNOW?

Direction: Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the root of the universe and everything that exists and it continues to hold
everything together?
A. Soul B. Aum C. Sound D. Brahman
2. What does samsara means?
A. God allots rewards and punishments to all beings according to samsara.
B. Humanity’s basic goal in life is a continuous cycle
C. Humanity’s life is a continuous cycle
D. Person’s soul passes into some other creature
3. According to Hinduism, human beings have a dual nature. What are they?
A. Empirical life and character
B. Spiritual and Immortal Essence
C. Immortal essence and soul
D. Immortal essence and character
4. It is a doctrine that adheres to the belief that a person’s soul passes into some other
creature, human or animal.
A. Moksha
B. Transmigration
C. Metempsychosis
D. Both Transmigration & Metempsychosis
5. Hindus generally believe that the soul is eternal but is bound by the law of______.
A. God B. Karma C. Universe D. Moksha
6. One is illuminated and liberated and most importantly finds release from the wheel of
existence.
A. Duty B. Wealth C. Enlightenment D. Pleasure
7. Which is false about Buddha?
A. Buddha explored Brahminic philosophies, then tried the rigors of asceticism,
and understands what he is looking for.
B. Buddha’s real name is Siddhartha Gautama
C. He turned away from Hindu polytheism and palace pleasures
D. Buddha is the highborn Prince Gautama of the Sakya clan in the kingdom of
Magadha.
8. In Buddha’s Eightfold path, the following are included except what?
A. Right mindfulness in choosing topics for thought.
B. Right means of livelihood, or earning one’s living by honorable means.
C. Right belief in and acceptance of eightfold path.
D. Right aspiration for one’s self and for others
9. This is a feeling of emptiness or hollowness inside you.
A. Loneliness B. Forgiveness C. Failure D. Vulnerability
10. They touch us deeply and the human heart is spontaneously lifted. During this
experience, we need to offer praise.
A. Beauty of nature B. Love C. Forgiveness D. Transcendence

11. Which is not true about vulnerability?

 A. People needs to acknowledge the help of other people in their lives.
B. To be vulnerable is to be a human.
C. To be invulnerable is somehow inhuman.
D. Such moments of poverty and dependence on others are signs of weakness.
12. This is a decision to let go of resentment and thoughts of revenge.
A. Vulnerability B. Failure C. Forgiveness D. Loneliness
13. The hardness of our heart is reinforced by whole series of irrational arguments.
A. True B. Partly True C. False D. Partly False
14. When we forgive, we are freed from our anger and bitterness because of actions
and/or words of another.
A. Partly False B. True C. False D. Partly True
15. It is one of the most profound emotions known to human beings.
A. Love B. Forgiveness C. Transcendence D. Beauty of Nature

WHAT IS IT?

A. Hinduism

What is Brahman?
At the heart of Hinduism lies the idea of human beings’ quest for absolute truth, so that
one’s soul and the Brahman or Atman (Absolute Soul) might become one. For the Indians,
God first created sound and the universe arose from it. As the most sacred sound, the Aum
(Om) is the root of the universe and everything that exists and it continues to hold
everything together.
According to Hinduism, human beings have a dual nature: one is the spiritual and
immortal essence (soul); the other is empirical life and character. Hindus generally believe
that the soul is eternal but is bound by the law of Karma (action) to the world of matter,
which it can escape only after spiritual progress through an endless series of births.
Hinduism holds that humanity’s life is a continuous cycle (samsara). While it is the spirit
is neither born nor does it die, the body, on the other hand, goes through a
transmigratory series of birth and death.

Transmigration or metempsychosis is a doctrine that adheres to the belief that a

person’s soul passes into some other creature, human, or animal.
There will be no end to the cycle unless the individual exerts real efforts to break away or
liberate one’s spirit from the monotonous cycle. Different Hindu schools and sects have
different views about the method of release (moksha) from this transmigration.
Moksha, thus, is an enlightened state wherein one attains one's true selfhood. Ultimate
moksha leads the spirit out of the monotonous cycle of life and death (samsara) to a state
of "nothingness” (i.e., in the context of physical being) where the bliss of being one with
Brahman compensates for all the sufferings the individual underwent in his erstwhile
existence in the physical world (Andres 1994).

What are the four primary values?

In order of increasing importance, they may be roughly translated as wealth, pleasure,

duty, and enlightenment.
Wealth and pleasure are worldly values, but when kept in perspective they are good and
desirable.
Duty. The spiritual value of duty, or righteousness, refers to patience, sincerity, fairness,
love, honesty, and similar virtues.
Enlightenment. The spiritual value, though, is enlightenment, by which one is
illuminated and liberated and most importantly, finds release from the wheel of existence.
Repeated existence is the destiny of those who do not achieve enlightenment.
B. Buddhism: From Tears to Enlightenment
Who is Buddha?
Another major Eastern tradition is Buddhism, contained in the teachings of its founder,
Siddhartha Gautama or the Buddha. Out of the life experience and teaching of highborn
Prince Gautama of the Sakya clan in the kingdom of Magadha, who lived from 560 to 477
B.C., sprang the religious philosophy we know as Buddhism. Turning away from Hindu
polytheism and palace pleasures, Gautama began searching for answers to the riddle of
life’s sufferings, disease, old age, and death. He explored Brahminic philosophies, then
tried the rigors of asceticism, but all to no avail.
Reduced to its simplest form, the teaching of Buddha has been set forth traditionally in
the “Four Noble Truths” leading to the “Eightfold Path" to perfect character or arhatship,
which in turn gave assurance of entrance into Nirvana at death.
In the Four Noble Truths, Gautama taught:
(1) life is full of suffering; (2) suffering is caused by passionate desires, lusts, cravings; (3)
only as these are obliterated, will suffering cease; (4) such eradication of desire may be
accomplished only by following the Eightfold Path of earnest endeavor.
Briefly, these eight steps are:
(1) right belief in and acceptance of the ”Fourfold Truth";
(2) right aspiration for one’s self and for others;
(3) right speech that harms no one;
(4) right conduct, motivated by goodwill toward all human beings;
(5) right means of livelihood, or earning one’s living, by honorable means;
(6) right endeavor, or effort to direct one’s energies toward wise ends;
(7) right mindfulness in choosing topics for thought; and
(8) right meditation, or concentration to the point of complete absorption in mystic ecstasy.
The way to salvation, in other words, lies through self-abnegation, rigid discipline of mind
and body, a consuming love for all living creatures, and the final achievement of that state
of consciousness which marks an individual’s full preparation for entering the Nirvana
(enlightened wisdom) of complete selflessness.
In this state, the effects of the Law of Cause and Effect (Karma) are overcome; the Cycle of
Rebirth is broken; and one may rest in the calm assurance of having attained a heavenly
bliss that will stretch into all eternity.
The Buddhist practice the four states of
The Buddhist practice the four states of sublime condition: love, sorrow of others, joy in
the joy of others and equanimity as regards one’s own joy and sorrows.
The freedom of thought and intellectual independence of Buddhism are unique in the
history of religions. The Buddha insisted that no one accepts his teaching merely out of
reverence for him, but that each human being subjects the teaching to rigorous reflection
and analysis and accept it only after all doubts and perplexities are overcome (Puligandla
2007).
C. St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas Aquinas
In the 5th century, Augustine’s writing is considered to be the most influential in the early
medieval period.
For Augustine (354-430 CE), philosophy is amor sapiential, the love of wisdom; its aim is to
produce happiness. However, for Augustine, wisdom is not just an abstract logical
construction; but it is substantially existent as the Divine Logos. Hence, philosophy is the
love of God: it is then, religious. Teachings of Christianity are based on the love of God,
which Augustine’s, Aquinas’, and Anselm’s arguments are basically rooted.
For Augustine, Christianity, as presenting the full revelation of the true God, is the only
full and true philosophy. However, we can love only that which we know. When comes this
knowledge of God? It begins with faith and is made perfect by understanding. All
knowledge leads to God, so that faith supplements and enlightens reason that it may
proceed to ever richer and fuller understanding. Indeed, without this enlightenment of
faith, reason invariably sooner or later, goes astray. It should be taken as a humble
acceptance of the fact that human beings alone, without God, are bound to fail.
As stated in John 15:5, l am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in
you, you will bear much fruit; apart from me, you can do nothing. Further, to quote Psalms
4: The thoughts are very deep! The dull man cannot know. The stupid cannot understand
this.
Only the pure in heart shall see God; the progress in knowledge and wisdom is not only
speculative, it is more fundamentally practical and moral.
Who is St. Aquinas?
For St. Thomas Aquinas, another medieval philosopher, of all creatures, human beings
have the unique power to change themselves and things for the better.
His philosophy is best grasped in his treatises Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa
Theologica. Aquinas considers the human being as moral agent. We are both spiritual and
body elements; the spiritual and material. The unity between both elements indeed helps
as to understand our complexity as human beings. Our spirituality separates us from
animals; it differentiates moral dimension of our fulfillment in action. Through our
spirituality, we have a conscience. Thus, whether we choose to be "good” or "evil" becomes
our responsibility

Based on the preceding section, let us evaluate our human limitations and how
we can also transcend them. Many of us would experience any of the following; for
emerging from deep within and felt a sense of being in tune with the mystery of our
own being, and with the mystery of life that transcends us. Let us consider the
following examples (Edwards 1983).
A. Forgiveness
When we forgive, we are freed from our anger and bitterness because of the actions
and/or words of another. On the other hand, the hardness of our heart is reinforced
by whole series of rational arguments.
B. The Beauty of Nature
There is perfection in every single flower; this is what the three philosophies believed.
For a hug, for every sunrise and sunset, to eat together as a family, are our miracles.
These kinds of experiences can be truly moments of grace. They touch us deeply and
the human heart is spontaneously lifted. During this experience, we need to offer
praise.
C. Vulnerability
To be invulnerable is somehow inhuman. To be vulnerable is to be human. Supermen
or superheroes are hiding from their true humanity. The experience that we are
contingent that we are dependent for our existence on another is frightening. To work
in the office or study in school, without acknowledging the help of others, is to live
without meaning and direction. We need to acknowledge the help of other people in
our lives. Such moments of poverty and dependence on others are not a sign of
weakness but being true with ourselves.
D. Failure
Our failures force us to confront our weaknesses and limitations. When a relationship
fails, when a student fails a subject, when our immediate desires are not met, we are
confronted with the possibility of our plans, and yet, we are forced to surrender to a
mystery or look upon a bigger world.
Such acceptance of our failures makes us hope and trust that all can be brought into
good. Even if we have sinned, as Augustine had, there is hope and forgiveness.
E. Loneliness
Our loneliness can be rooted from our sense of vulnerability and fear of death. This
experience is so common. However, it is our choice to live in an impossible world
where we are always ”happy" or to accept a life where solitude and companionship
have a part. With our loneliness, we can realize that our dependence on other people
or gadgets is a possessiveness that we can be free from.
F. Love
To love is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence. Whether in times of
ecstatic moments or struggles, the love for a friend, between family members or a
significant person, can open in us something in the other which takes us beyond
ourselves. Life is full of risks, fears and commitment, pain and sacrificing and giving
up thing/s we want for the sake of the one we love. In a Buddhist view, the more we
love, the more risks and fears there are in life (Aguilar 2010).

ASSESSMENT
Direction: Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. This is the capability of being physically or emotionally wounded or hurt.
A. Vulnerability B. Forgiveness C. Failure D. Love
2. It is out choice to live in an impossible world where we are always “happy”
A. False B. Partly False C. True D. Partly True
3. Even if we have sinned, as Augustine had, there is hope. This teaches us about_______.
A. Vulnerability B. Failure C. Forgiveness D. Love
4. It force us to comfort our weaknesses and limitations .
A. Failure B. Vulnerability C. Forgiveness D. Love
5. Which is false about Love?
A. Love is full of risks, fears and commitment, pain and sacrificing and giving up
things we want for the sake of the one we love.
B. In the Chinese view, the more we love, the more risks and fears there are in life.
C. Whether in times of ecstatic moments or struggles, the love for a friend , between
family members or a significant person, can open in us something in the other
which takes us beyond ourselves.
D. Love is an assurance of affection.
6.To love is to experience ____________.
A. Positivity B. Transcendence C. Richness D. All of these choices
7. According to Buddha, suffering is caused by which of the following?
A. Passionate Desires B. Lusts C. Cravings D. All of these choices
8. The Buddhist practices the four states of sublime condition. Among the following ,
which does not belong to the group.
A. Equality B. Love C. Sorrow D. None of these choices
9. Only the pure in heart shall see God .
A. Partly True B. Partly False C. True D. False
10. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit ; apart from me , you can
do nothing. This verse is stated in what chapter in the bible?
A. John 5 B. John 15 C. Psalms 4 D. Psalms 14
11. Teachings of Christianity are based on the love of God, which _____ arguments are
basically rooted.
A. Augustine B. Aquinas C. Anselm D. All of these choices
12. What elements helps as to understand our complexity as human beings?
A. Soul B. Material C. Spiritual D. Both Material and spiritual
13. Which is false about spirituality according to St. Thomas?
A. Our spirituality separates us from animals.
B. Through our spirituality, we have a conscience.
C. It helps us alone to understand our complexity as human beings
D. It differentiates moral dimension of our fulfillment in action.
14. _________ have the unique power to change themselves and things for the better.
A. Human beings
B. Both creatures and human beings
C. God
D. Creatures
15. Human beings alone ,without God, are bound to fail.
A. Partly True B. Partly False C. True D. False

Learning Competency 3.3 – 3.4

3.3 Recognize how the human body imposes limits and possibilities for transcendence.
3.4 Distingish the limitations and possibilities for transcendence.

WHAT I KNOW?
Direction: Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. For the Jains, there is nothing mightier in the world than _________.
A. Nirvana B. Brahmannism C. Upanishads D. Karma
2. The Buddhists see one who attained nirvana has ____________.
A. Perfect Knowledge C. Wisdom
B. Peace D. All of these choices
3. This is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being parts a
new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death.
A. Both Karma and Reincarnation C. Reincarnation
B. Hinduism D. Karma
4. Everything in this life, say the Hindus, is a consequence of actions performed in
previous existence.
A. True B. False C. Partly True D. Partly False
5. The nirvanic man is the giving testimony that the middleway is indeed the way to
___________.
A. Enlightenment B. Forever C. Perfection D.Peace
6. It means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering.
A. Reincarnation B. Brahmanism C. Karma D. Nirvana
7. When the Buddha was asked whether one who attains nirvana exists or ceases to exist
after death, he simply answer the question.
A. True B. False C. Partly False D. Partly True
8. ________is / are the material, efficient formal and final cause of all that exists and the
highest universal principle.
A. Brahman B. Buddha C. Both Buddha and Brahman D. Faith and reason
9. According to _______, Si comprehendis, non est Deus-“Whatever you understand cannot
be God”.
A. Both St. Augustine and St. Thomas
B. St. Aquinas
C. St. Augustine
D. St. Thomas
10. “God is honoured by ________ not because we cannot say or understand anything
about him.”
A. People B. Silence C. Love D. Humility
11. It arises with virtual inevitably from the inherent imperfections of the universe.
A. Natural evil B. Metaphysical Evil C. Evil D. Moral Evil
12. To understand nature and the universe, we must turn within.
A. Partly True B. Partly False C. True D. False
13. Which among the following is false about Indian philosophy?
A. There is a healthy respect for tradition and a slavish commitment to it.
B. The past can teach but never rule.
C. It is the spiritual that endures and is ultimately real.
D. There is an emphasis on the nonmaterial oneness of creation
14. It pertains to certain imperfections that are inevitable in a created and dependent
universe.
A. Evil B. Moral Evil C. Metaphysical evil D. Nature Evil
15. Natural evil is evil foe which “no non divine agent can be held morally responsible for
its occurrence. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Cancer B. War C. Tsunami D. Earthquake
 WHAT IS IT?

A. Hinduism
What is reincarnation?
Reincarnation or “metempsychosis”
It is an interesting Hindu belief; the transmigration of souls.
Essential Hinduism is based on the belief in karma and has its first literary expression in
Upanishads. Everything in this life, say the Hindus, is a consequence of actions
performed in previous existence. Only by building up a fine record, or “karma,” can final
salvation be achieved. This doctrine is a very old one. For the Jains, there is nothing
mightier in the world than karma; karma tramples down all powers, as an elephant to a
dump of lotuses (Puligandla 2007).
The Buddhists took it over in large part when they broke away from Brahmanism.
B. Buddhism
What is Nirvana?

Nirvana means the state in which one is absolutely free from all forms of bondage and
attachment. It means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering. It is also the state of
perfect insight into the nature of existence. The Buddhists see one who has attained
nirvana as one who is unencumbered from all the fetters that bind a human being to
existence (i.e., wealth). He has perfect knowledge, perfect peace, and perfect wisdom
(Aguilar 2010).
When the Buddha was asked whether one who attains nirvana exists or ceases to exist
after death, he simply refused to answer the question and instead maintained complete
silence.

The Buddha did not want his disciples to concern themselves with purely speculative
problems. Further, the Buddha’s silence is due to his awareness that nirvana is a state
that transcends every mundane experience and hence cannot be talked about; for all talk
is possible only within the perceptual-conceptual realm. Nirvana is beyond the sense,
language, and thought (Puligandla 2007).

Another false conception regarding nirvana is that one who attains it, cuts himself/herself
off from the world of toil, tears, and turmoil and spends his/her life in a state of total
inactivity and indifference to the world around him. This way of life conforms to Buddha’s
teaching that wisdom consists in treading the Middle Way, avoiding the extreme of
asceticism, inactivity, and indifference on the one hand and that of frantic activity and
mindless pursuit of pleasure on the other.

The nirvanic man, according to Puligandla (2007), is the true follower of the Buddha, in
that, he neither always sits absorbed in meditation nor is always involved in activity. He is
the giving testimony that the middle way is indeed the way to enlightenment
.
C. St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
What is Love?

For St. Augustine, physically we are free, yet morally bound to obey the law. The Eternal
law is God Himself. According to this law, humanity must do well and avoid evil, hence,
the existence of moral obligation in every human being. Christian life is not easy.
However, no human being should become an end to himself. We are responsible to our
neighbors as we are to our own actions.
Augustine’s definition of love states that: "What is not loved in its own right is not loved."
This statement describes the purity of love for itself not egotistical in its selfishness but
altruistic in its unselfishness.

When considering the purity of love, we cannot escape from the fact that originating with
the sin of Adam <Gen 3:6> we are all inherently sinners <Matt 15:19; Rom 5:12>. This
fact, as Augustine suggests, leads to three other primary emotions that create an
apprehensive emotional life. Desire, which is the love of material things, the loss of which
we fear; grief, which results in psychological pain caused by the realization of our fears;
and manic or baseless joy, which is rejoicing in those things that we know are subject to
loss though realizing our fear of such a loss. It is these emotions that constitute the
pathology of the soul from which Augustine concludes that love can only be measured in
relationship to its object.
The truth of St. Augustine’s message still rings true to this day. Despite Augustine's
period, which was decadent, are our times any less corrupt? Innocence of heart and
purity can only be gained by God's grace. God alone can give that gift to some instantly or
to others at the end of an entire life's struggle. That gift, in itself, is a major triumph.
Through prayer, modesty, fasting, and other sound measures that the Church
recommends, or God provides, can purity of heart, mind, and body be maintained and
daily lived (Johnston 2006).

What is Will according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

St. Thomas first of all believes, or rather assumes, that the will is free.
Generically, the will is an appetite, that is, a power of the soul by which we are inclined
toward something. By means of appetitive powers, we seek and desire things; we strive to
unite ourselves (in various ways) with them. They are consequent upon knowledge.
Aquinas saw the raw material data of theology as the written scriptures and traditions of
the Catholic church, which were produced by the self-revelation of God to humans
throughout history. Faith and reason are the two primary tools which are both necessary
together for processing this data in order to obtain true knowledge of God. He believed
that God reveals himself through nature, so that rational thinking and the study of nature
is also the study of God (a blend of Aristotelian Greek philosophy with Christian doctrine).

From his consideration of what God is not, Aquinas proposed five positive
statements about the divine qualities or the nature of God:

 God is simple, without composition of parts, such as body and soul, or matter and
form.
 God is perfect, lacking nothing.
 God is infinite, and not limited in the ways that created beings are physically,
intellectually, and emotionally limited.
 God is immutable, incapable of change in respect of essence and character.
 God is one, such that God's essence is the same as God's existence.

Distinguish the limits and possibilities of human beings common to all Indian thought: *
It ls the spiritual that endures and is ultimately real. ln Hinduism, the human aspiration
is to move to the divine. What we believe is how we live; if our beliefs are in error, then our
lives will be unhappy.
* There is the preoccupation with the inner life – the road to enlightenment that stretches
not outward but inward. To understand nature and the universe, we must turn within.
There is an emphasis on the nonmaterial oneness of creation. This means that there are
no polarities; a single spirit provides cosmic harmony. * There is the acceptance of direct
awareness as the only way to understand what is real. The Indians find this direct
perception through spiritual exercises, perhaps through the practice of yoga. Reason is of
some use but in the final analysis, it is only through inner experience of oneness with all
of creation.

* There is a healthy respect for tradition. but never a slavish commitment to it. The past
can teach but never rule. On the other hand, the great thinkers of medieval philosophy
emphatically affirm the principle of the conjunction of faith and reason, and embody it in
their writings. However, their special quality lies precisely in their rejecting any such
‘rationalistic" claim.

According to St. Augustine, Si comprehendis, non est Deus – “Whatever you understand
cannot be God” simply because you understand it. As St. Thomas would affirm in the
Summa Thelogica,” God is honored by silence not because we cannot say or understand
anything about Him, but because we know that we are incapable of comprehending Him."

Natural evil. St. Augustine of Hippo believes that tsunami, for instance, and other
calamities are part of natural evil. As opposed to moral evil, which arises with virtual
inevitability from the inherent imperfections of the universe as a created and dependent
order, natural evil does not come from human but that is natural. The root cause of both
natural and moral evil leads to metaphysical evil, which according to Augustine, pertains
to certain imperfections that are inevitable in a created and dependent universe and,
thus, inevitable imperfections are the source of many or all the other evils that occur in it.
However, the Indian’s concept of Brahman has similarity with Ludwig Feuerbach, a
German 19th century philosopher, who thinks that in the essence of Christianity, a
person is God and God is in the person. For Feuerbach (1980), there is no distinction
between God and human beings.
Brahman is the material, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists and the highest
Universal Principle, the Ultimate Reality in the universe.

What is evil and suffering?

Suffering is close to the heart of biblical faith. Buddha saw life in suffering and tried to
control it instead of cursing it. In a phenomenological perspective, all of us will continue
to assert our will against others, adding to the overall suffering of human experience.

In Christianity, suffering leads to the Cross, the symbol of reality of God's saving love for
the human being. Suffering, in Buddhism, gives rise to compassion for suffering
humanity. Compassion is the heart of religion, but compassion can disappear from it.
Religion, without compassion, becomes law and burden imposed in its adherents. If there
is no compassion, religion can start wars that destroy enemies. Jesus condemned religion
without compassion and constructed, thus, the parable of the Good Samaritan. Indian
thought recognizes the complimentary thought of all systems of belief. Hinduism is
neither rooted in any single doctrine, nor does it claim a monopoly on truth or wisdom.
Similarly, Buddhism preaches tolerance of all sincere viewpoints and includes many of
these within its own spiritual teachings (Shanley 2001).

For Christian faith, the power of change, cannot be done by human beings alone, but is
achieved with cooperation with God. Between humanity and God, there is an infinite gap,
which God alone can bridge through His power. Perfection by participation means that it
is a union of humanity with God. Change should promote not just any purely private
advantage, but the good of the community.
In this vein, the core of “loob” for Filipinos deepens and broadens the meaning of God in
the lives of the people. “Loob,” is a Christian perspective that is both individual and
societal. Filipinos normally encounter God during conflicts and sufferings.
Human being, therefore, has a supernatural, transcendental destiny. This means that
he/she can rise above one’s ordinary being or self to a highest being or self. For
St.Thomas Aquinas, in the plan of God, a human being has to develop and perfect one’s
self by doing his/her daily task. Hence, if a human being perseveringly lives a righteous
and virtuous life, he/she transcends
Human being, therefore, has a supernatural, transcendental destiny. This means that
he/she can rise above one’s ordinary being or self to a highest being or self. For
St.Thomas Aquinas, in the plan of God, a human being has to develop and perfect one’s
self by doing his/her daily task. Hence, if a human being perseveringly lives a righteous
and virtuous life, he/she transcends his/her mortal life and soars, to an immortal state of
life.

ASSESSMENT

Direction: Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. He thinks that the essence of Christianity, a person is God and God is in the person.
A.Ludwig German C. Ludwig Feuerman
B. Ludwig Feuerbach D. Ludwig Brahman
2. Which is true among the following?
A. The root cause of both natural and moral evil lead to suffering.
B. Natural evil comes from the natural ,like cancers and wars.
C. Inevitable imperfections are the source of many or all the other evils that occur
in it.
D. Metaphysical evil with virtual inevitability from the inherent imperfections of the
universe as a created and dependent order.
3. In ______suffering leads to the cross, the symbol of reality of God’s saving love gor the
human being.
A. Hinduism B. Christianity C. Buddhism D. Religion
4. _______ is the heart of religion, but it can disappear from it.
A. Compassion B. God C. Cross D. Church
5. Hinduism is rooted in a single doctrine.
A. Partly True B. Partly False C. False D. True
6. What is christian perspective that is both individual and societal?
A. Love B. Faith C. Compassion D. Loob
7. Which of the following is false about Nirvana?
A. Both is also the satae of imperfect insight into the nature of existence and it
means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering.
B. It maens the state on which one is absolutely free from all forms of bondage.
C. It is also the state of imperfect insight into the nature of existence.
D. It means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering.
8. Only by building up a fine record, ______can final salvation be achieved.
A. Nirvana B. Karma C. Both Karma and reincarnation D. Reincarnation
9. Which is false about Etrnal Law?
A. Humanity must do well and remove evil
B. We are responsible to our neighbors as we are to our oen actions.
C. God himself
D. Human being should become an end to himself
10.Which of the following is true about St. Augustine’s love?
A. God alone can give that give to some instantly or to others at the end of the
entire life’s struggle .
B. Through prayer, modesty, fasting that the church recommends can purity of
heart, mind and body be maintained and daily nlived.
C. Innocence of heart and purity can only be gained by God’s grace.
D. All of these choices
11. _____- is/ are the primary tools which are necessary together for processing the raw
material data inorder to obtain true knowledge of God.
A. Reason B. Faith C. Both reason and faith D. Faith, reason, scriptures
12.It is rejoicing in those things that we know are subject to loss though realizing our fear
of such a loss.
A. Baseless Joy B. Grift C. Love D. Desire
13. The _____ blank is an appetite, that is , a power of the soul by which we are inclined
toward something.
A. Conscience B. Love C. Will D. Desire
14. _______ first of all believes that the will is free.
A. Both St. Augustine and St. Thomas C. St. Augustine
B. St. Thomas D. None of these choices
15. It is the love of the materual things; the loss of which we fear.
A. Grief B. Grift C. Love D. Desire