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by L. Wuidart
1. INTRODUCTION
The majority of electronics designers do not the voltage of the capacitor. A single phase
worry about Power Factor (PF); PF is off-line supply draws a current pulse during
something that you learnt one day at school a small fraction of the half-cycle duration.
in your “electrotechnics course” as being Between those current peaks, the load draws
the cos οf ϕ, the phase angle between the the energy stored in the input capacitor.
voltage and current waveforms. However, The phase lag ϕ and also the harmonic
this conventional definition is only valid when content of the pulsed current waveform
considering ideal sinusoidal signals for both produce additional RMS currents, affecting
current and voltage waveforms, and in reality the real power available from the mains. So
most off-line power supplies draw a non- Power Factor is much more than cos ϕ!
sinusoidal current. The P.F. value measures how much the
Many off-line systems will typically have a mains efficiency is affected by both the
front end section consisting of a rectifier phase lag ϕ and the harmonic content of the
bridge and an input filter capacitor, which input current. In this context, the European
act as a peak detector - see figure 1. A Standard EN 60555 only defines the limit of
current flows to charge the capacitor only current harmonics in mains supplied
when the instantaneous AC voltage exceeds equipment.
AN523/1093 1/5
APPLICATION NOTE
VDC
LOAD
I mains
VDC Vmains
Vmains
t
I mains
T/2 T
2. THEORETICAL MEANING
The Power Factor is defined by: 2.2 Non-ideal sinusoidal current
2/5
APPLICATION NOTE
P = Real Power
P
ϕ1 = VRMS . IRMS . COS ϕ
θ Q
Q = Reactive Power
= VRMS . √ Σ I2nRMS
n=2
3/5
APPLICATION NOTE
Improving the Power Factor means reducing harmonic content of the current of mains
both elements: supplied equipment.
ϕ1 → 0 means COS ϕ1 → 1: 3.1.3 Reduction of component costs in the
reduction of the phase lag between I and V, downstream converter
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APPLICATION NOTE
Smaller
Ci
EMI filter
220µF
Larger Ci
EMI filter 0.1µF
PFC
4. CONCLUSIONS
For new designs, SMPS designers will have in the cost of components for the
to take into account the IEC 555-2 standard. downstream converter. The PFC also
In practice, this will require the use of a PFC provides additional functions such as
on the front end of much mains supplied automatic mains voltage selection and
equipment. The additional cost of the PFC constant output voltage.
is compensated by the significant reduction
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5/5
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