UNIT SIX

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Definition
Let R be the set of real numbers and m and n be positive integers.
A rectangular array of numbers in R of the form,

a 11 a12 … a1 n

(
A= a21
…
am 1
a22 … a2 n
…… …
a m 2… amn
) is called an m by n (m× n) matrix in R .

In matrix A above:

 m is called the number of rows of A.

 n is called the number of columns of A.
 a ijis called the ijth element or entry of A which is an element in the i th row and j th column of
A.
 m×n (read as m by n) is called the size or order of the matrix.

Example
Consider the matrix:

1 4
( )
B= −2 6
5 0
matrix B is 3×2 matrix with a 11=1 , a21=−2 , a31=5 , a12=4 , a22=6∧a32=0

TYPES OF MATRICES
Read some types of matrices from textbook of grade 11on page 232 .

Note:
In a square matrix, the diagonal containing the elements a11, a22, a33, a44, ……, ann is called the
principal or main diagonal.
The sum of all elements in the principal diagonal is called the trace of the matrix.

1
Example
Give the type(s) of each matrix below.
2 1 0 0 1 0 0
A=(2) B=( 1 0 7 ) C= −6
9 ( ) ( ) (
D= 0 2 0 E= 0 1 0
0 2 3 0 0 1 )
Solution
 Matrix A is column matrix, row matrix and also square matrix.
 Matrix B is a row matrix.
 Matrix C is column matrix.
 Matrix D is both square matrix and lower triangular matrix.
 Matrix E is square matrix, diagonal matrix, lower triangular matrix, upper triangular matrix,
scalar matrix and unit (identity) matrix

Equality of matrices
Definition
Two matrices of the same order are said to be equal, if their corresponding elements are equal.
Example
Find the values of x , y , z and a which satisfy the matrix equation
x+ 3 2 y + x = 0 −7
( z−1 4 a−6)( 3 2a )
Solution : By the definition of equality of matrices, we have
x + 3 = 0 ……………………………..(1)
2y + x = -7 ……………………………(2)
z – 1 = 3 ………………………………(3)
4a – 6 = 2a ……………………………(4)
From (1) x = -3
Put the value of x in (2) , we get y = -2
From (3) z=4
From (4) a=3
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

2
Definition: Two matrices of the same order can be added (subtracted) by adding (subtracting)
the corresponding elements of the two matrices.
Example
1 3 −2 1 0 9 −4 0 8
Let
(
0 7 3 6 2 −3 ) ( 11 2 3 ) ( )
A= 10 4 0 , B= 0 5 8 and C= 9 2 5 then,

1+1 3+ 0 −2+ 9 2 3 7
a) A+ B=
(
10+ 0 4 +5 0
0+6 7 +2 3+(−3)
= 10 9 0
6 9 0 )( )
−4−1 0−0 8−9 −5 0 −1

(
b) C−B= 9−0 2−5 5−8 = 9 −3 −3
11−6 2−2 3−(−3 ) 5 0 6 )( )
c) A+C exercise
d) A−C+ B exercise

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

If A and B are two matrices of the same order then,
1. A + B = B + A (Commutative property
2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative property)
3. A + 0 = A = 0 + A (Existence of additive identity)
4. A + (-A) = 0 (Existence of additive invers

Multiplication of a matrix
Definition : If a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar r, then rA is the matrix obtained from A by
multiplying each element of A by r.

Example:
−4 0 8
( ) 2 −1
Let A= 9 2 5 , then find 3A, 3 A and 3 A
11 7 3

−4 0 8 −4 × 3 0× 3 8 × 3 −12 0 24
Solution: 3A¿ 3 9 2 5
11 7 3
= 9
(×3 2× 3
)(
5 ×
11×3 7 × 3 3 × 3
3 = 27 6 15
33 21 9 )( )
−8 16
0

( )
3 3
−4 0 8
2
3
A=
2
3 (
11 7 3 )
9 2 5= 6
22
4
3
14
10

2
3

3 3
3
 −1
A=¿ ¿ (exercise)
3

Note:
 To multiply any two matrices the number of columns of the first matrix must equal to the
number of rows of the second matrix.
 The operation is done row by column in such a way that each element of the row is
multiplied by the corresponding element of the column and then the products are added.

Example:
a11 a12 a 13 b 11 b12 b13
1. Let A=
(
a21 a22 a 23 and
a31 a32 a 33
B=
) (
b21 b22 b23 then,
b31 b32 b33 )
a11 b 11 +a12 b21+ a13 b 31 a 11 b12+ a12 b 22+a 13 b32 a11 b 13+ a12 b23 +a 13 b33

(
AB¿ a21 b 11 +a 22 b21 +a23 b31 a21 b12+ a22 b 22+ a23 b 32 a21 b 13+ a22 b 23 + a23 b 33
a31 b 11 +a32 b21 +a33 b31 a31 b21+ a32 b 22+ a33 b 32 a31 b 13+ a32 b 23 + a33 b 33 )
7 1 −1 0 1 0 −7
2. Let A=( 1 −3 2 ), B= 2 ,
11
C=
0() (
−6 2 −5 and
2 3
D= 2 4 0 , then
7 0 8 ) ( )
7
i)
11 ()
AB=( 1 −3 2 ) 2 =( 1 x 7+(−3) x 2+2 x 11 )=( 7+ (−6 ) +22 ) =( 23 )

1 −1 0 7 1 x 7−1 x 2+0 x 11 7−2+0 5

0 2(3 11 )( ) (
ii) CB= −6 2 −5 2 = −6 x 7+2 x 2−5 x 11 = −42+ 4−55 = −93
0 x 7+2 x 2+3 x 11 0+ 4+33 37 )( )( )
iii) AD (exercise) V) CD (exercise)
iv) DA (exercise) Vi) BD (exercise)

Definition:
1. The Transpose of a matrix Α denoted by AT , is the matrix found by interchanging the rows
and c olumns of A.
2. A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix if AT = A .
3. A square matrix A is called a skew-symmetric matrix if AT + A=0

Exercise:
4
 2 5 4 3 7
Let A= 3 7
−1 4
,
( )
B= 1 2 0
−5 −4 3
and C= (
0 −6 5 , then
1 −2 3
) ( )
1 −5 4 0 1
AT = 2 3 −1
(
5 7 4 ) T
B = 2 −4
0 43( ) and
T

(
C = 3 −6 −2
7 5 3 )
Activity: Dear students try to solve questions on page 234 exercise 6.2 of number 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

DETERMINANTS OF MATRICES
The determinant of a matrix A, denoted by det ( A )=| A| , is a real number.
Example:

i) Let A= (ba dc )be a matrix of order 2 × 2, then the determinant of A is defined as:
det(A) ¿| A|= |ba dc|=ac−bd .
Let A= (62 −15 ) ,then
| A|= 2 −1 =2 x 5−6 x (−1 )=10+6=16 and
|6 5 |
| A |=| 2 6|=10+6=16
T
−1 5
ii) Determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in terms of
second order determinants. This is known as expansion of a determinant along a row (or a
column).
a11 a12 a 13

(
Let A= a21 a22 a 23 , then
a31 a32 a 33 )
a11 a12 a 13

|
a31 a32 a 33 |
| A|= a21 a22 a 23 =a11 a22 a 23 −a12 a21 a 23 + a13 a21 a22
a32 a33 | | |
a31 a 33 | |
a31 a32 |
Example:
4 3 7
(
Let A= 0 −6 5 , then
1 −2 3 )
4 3 7
| |
| A|= 0 −6 5 =4 −6 5 −3 0 5 +7 0 −6 =4 (−18+10 )−3 ( 0−5 )+7 ( 0+6 )
1 −2 3
|−2 3| |1 3| |1 −2|
5
 ¿−32+ 15+42=25

Minor and co-factors