PANELISTS’ COMMENTS

Title: MORAL STANDPOINTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF

SANTO TOMAS-LEGAZPI ON CONDOM DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMS

Venue: BLESSED CONSTANTIUS (T-105)

Date: 20 NOVEMBER 2019

Member: Benasa, Angel Joy D., Gonzaga, Eunice R., Laurio, Vic C., Ogao, Dorothy Faye M.,
Untalan, Summer Jan Forrest G.

RECOMMENDATION ACTION TAKEN

Edit/fix the introduction (Fix paragraph
organization in order to make way for
easier understanding of the research,
and add more references or citations to
further solidify statements made in the
introduction)
Change the methodology (either opt for
quantitative method and conduct a
survey, or do qualitative method with
Ethical Inquiry or Ethnography as an
approach and perform Focus Group
Discussions, may also perform Key
Informant Interviews)
Change the number of respondents
( add more respondents since 24 is too
few)
The researchers have edited the introduction and included
more citations and references to back up the statements in
the introduction, and fixed paragraph organization in order
to make way for easy understanding, see pages 2-5.
The researchers opted to switch to the Quantitative
method instead, with a descriptive approach. The
researchers will utilize a survey questionnaire as the
research instrument instead of an interview guide, and will
perform the survey on the Grade 12 students of UST-
Legazpi Senior High School, see pages 6-7.
With the change in methodology, the researchers will now
conduct a survey on the Grade 12 students of UST-Legazpi
Senior High School, as opposed to the previous method
which focused only on selected students per strand, see
page 7.

DITAS DELA ROSA JO MICHAEL LLAMELO

Panel Member Panel Member

ALVIN SARIO
Panel Chair

Noted:

JULIENE OLAÑO
Research Adviser

1
 MORAL STANDPOINTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
OF UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS-LEGAZPI ON
CONDOM DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMS
Benasa, Angel Joy D., Gonzaga, Eunice R., Laurio, Vic C., Ogao, Dorothy Faye M.,
Untalan, Summer Jan Forrest G.
Senior High School Department
University of Santo Tomas – Legazpi, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide statistics on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) show that infection rates are steadily increasing each
year, with over half of newly recorded infections are among 15 to 24 year olds (Department
of Health, National Epidemiology Center, 2008). Based on the study of Lucea et al. (2013),
Southeast Asia is an area with growing numbers of those infected with HIV. Data from the
Department of Health (DOH) states that from 1984 to October 2016, a total of 38,114 HIV
cases were recorded, 10,279 of which were recorded from people belonging in the 15-24 age
group. In June 2018, the DOH AIDS Registry in the Philippines has reported 56,275 cases of
infections since the year 1984. In the same year, 993 more people tested positive for HIV,
most of which were male. Recently, in June 2019, the DOH Epidemiology Bureau recorded
1,006 more cases of HIV infection, 54 of the individuals were 10 to 19 years old (The
Philippine Star, 2019). Teenage pregnancies in the Philippines are on the rise as well, as
about 500 teenage girls give birth in the Philippines every day, according to the Commission
on Population (POPCOM), 196,000 Filipino girls between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant
each year, according to POPCOM executive-director Juan Antonio Perez (ABS-CBN News,
2019). These statistics lead us to deduce that, more and more adolescents and young adults
are put at a higher risk for acquiring Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), such as
HIV/AIDS, and they are also at risk from unplanned pregnancies.
Since prevention is the primary response to these issues (UNFPA, 2004), the DOH
has recognized the need to quell the spread of HIV/AIDS infections and teenage pregnancies
among the youth, and according to Former Health Secretary Paulyn Ubial in an article from
CNN Philippines (2016), the government must adopt bolder moves to reverse the trend of
HIV/AIDS infections in the country. As such, the DOH sought to distribute free condoms in
public high schools in 2016, as part of the campaign against HIV/AIDS infections. In Albay,
the provincial government has also expressed its plan to distribute condoms to Grades 11 and
12 students in both public and private schools to put a stop to the rise in cases of HIV/AIDS
and teenage pregnancy among the youth, as mentioned in the article of Arguelles (2019).
Condoms are a form of contraceptive used as a barrier device. These are small, thin
pouches made of latex or plastic that cover the penis during sexual intercourse and collect
semen. Condoms prevent sperm from getting into the vagina, and correct and consistent use
of condoms have shown to be 98% effective at preventing both pregnancies and STDs, as it
covers the penis, which prevents contact with semen and vaginal fluids, and limits skin-to-
skin contact, and this stops the risk of spreading sexually transmitted infections (Planned
Parenthood, 2019).
In a country that is 85% Catholic (Goh & Studies, I. of S.A., 2005), condoms have
long been a cause of controversy in the country. The Catholic Bishops Conference (CBCP)
has released statements denouncing condoms and their distribution, stating that it would

2
promote promiscuity and encourage sexual activity among the youth (The Philippine
Inquirer, 2016). So it is no question as to why many religious groups and conservative
lawmakers have blocked the efforts of the DOH to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS infections
and teenage pregnancies by means of contraceptive methods (Lucea et al., 2013). According
to Fr. Jerome Secillano (2016), executive secretary of Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the
Philippines public affairs committee, the government should instead invest in educating
students about the consequences of premarital sexual activities than procuring and
distributing condoms. The Department of Education, under Secretary Leonor Briones (2017),
also opposed the DOH’s proposal. According to them, children under the age of 18 would
need parental consent to receive condoms and other contraceptives.
However, the DOH said that the move was done not to encourage students to engage
in premarital sex, but rather to educate the students about HIV/AIDS and to follow proven
strategies in reducing cases of the infection among the youth (Philstar.com, 2016). The
distribution was also said to be accompanied by counseling and sex education.
Current studies in the field frequently touch on topics about the perspectives of
students on the distribution of condoms in schools, but also evaluates students’ condom use
and sexual behavior, such as in the study of Wang et al. (2017), which assessed the impact of
school-based condom availability programs on the condom acquisition, use and sexual
behavior of students. Similarly, the study conducted by Schuster et al. (1998) recognized how
condom availability programs in schools provoke a lot of debate and sought to assess the
effects of said programs to the sexual attitudes and behaviors of students. Aside from
students’ perspectives, there are also studies such as those by Hlalele and Alexander (2011),
and Kapolo (2014) that evaluated the perspectives of other educational stakeholders on
condom distribution programs, such as those of the teachers’ in primary and secondary
schools. Other studies also identify students’ perspectives and awareness on condom
availability programs but are conducted in schools overseas that have or make use of condom
dispensers placed around school campuses, as exhibited by the study of Francis et al. (2016).
Studies conducted in the local context focus on the effects condom promotion and use on the
rates of HIV/AIDS infections, such as in the study by Lucea et al. (2013), which studies the
context of condom use among Filipinos and its implications to HIV prevention.
There are different types of contraceptives, as cited in the literature of Estella (2017)
and Planned Parenthood (2019). The most common among these are condoms, which are
small, thin pouches that may be made of latex, plastic, or even lambskin. These cover the
penis during sexual intercourse, which collects semen and stop sperm from entering the
vagina, preventing sperm from meeting up with an egg, thus preventing pregnancy.
Additionally, it is also stated that condoms are the only contraceptive methods that help
prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, as discussed by cdc.gov (2019) and
avert.org (2019) is a virus which attacks a type of white blood cell in the human immune
system, making the body prone to diseases, as the virus attacks the body’s defense
mechanism against illness. HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency virus or AIDS if not
treated. AIDS is the last and very advanced stage of HIV, where the body is too weak to fight
off infections, which, if left untreated, may lead to death.
The DOH HIV/AIDS Registry (2018) in the Philippines and Philstar.org (2019) both
described in their articles the steadily increasing rates of HIV/AIDS infections in the
Philippines, with 993 more people infected in 2018, and 1,000 new cases reported last June

3
2019, where a significant percentage of those infected were male, and statistics in 2019
include 5 pregnant women.
Domingo (2019) and Salvador et al. (2016) both discussed how teenage pregnancy
has been an increasingly alarming phenomenon throughout the years, and about 500 teenage
girls give birth in the country each day, which raises concerns about the occurrences of
unplanned pregnancies in the Philippines.
In response to the increasing rates of HIV/AIDS infections and unplanned
pregnancies, governments and schools in other countries have conducted condom distribution
and condom availability programs, which have been discussed in the literature or Brakman et
al. (2017), GiveWell (2019), Kirby et al. (1996), cdc.gov (2019), and
countryhealthrankings.org (2019), where they discussed how condom distribution and
availability programs increase condom use among students, as well as protect students from
the risk of HIV/AIDS infections and unplanned pregnancies.
In the Philippines, the Department of Health has expressed its desire to distribute
condoms to public schools to be accompanied by counseling and sex education. The Albay
provincial government has also planned to distribute condoms to high school students,
specifically those in Grade 11 and 12 to prevent the rise in cases of HIV/AIDS infections and
unplanned pregnancies. These have been highlighted in the articles of Arguelles (2019),
Cabato (2017), Serrano (2019), and Marlon (2018).
Against this background, condom distribution programs by the DOH have been met
with various contradictions by the Catholic Church and even the Philippine government, as
stated in two separate studies by hrw.org (2004&2016). It is cited how the country’s growing
problem on HIV/AIDS infections is affected by the government chiefly impeding measures
and interventions that prevent the spread of HIV, such as hindering access to condoms – the
only contraceptive method known to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. These
restrictions are also exacerbated by the Catholic Church’s opposition to sexual education
measures and use of contraceptives.
Francis (2016) and Francis et al. (2016) contributed their studies towards evaluating
the perceptions of students on a campus-wide condom distribution program through placing
condom dispensers on college campuses, while also identifying the effects of this program on
students’ beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
The studies of Kavinya (2011), Macabata et al. (2011), Mucugu et al. (2019), and
Wang et al. (2019) focused on assessing the effects of school-based condom availability and
distribution programs on students’ awareness, perceptions, and behaviors on condom use, as
well as their sexual behaviors and their opinions on the distribution of condoms in schools.
However, even as a significant number of current studies conducted in relation to the
study discuss the perspectives and awareness of students on condom distribution and condom
availability programs in schools, most of these studies are limited to public secondary
schools, and not on private Catholic secondary schools. Not many studies shine light on the
perspectives of private Catholic school students and faculty. Most of the studies done in the
Philippines focus on HIV, the disease itself, and not the preventive measures being done. The
reason why these condom distribution programs are only conducted in public schools was
also not expounded on. Also, only a few studies are conducted in settings or locales where the
predominant religion is Catholicism, as there are many religious organizations opposing

4
contraceptive distribution programs. Other studies also fail to account for condom
distribution programs conducted by the government, which is the focus of this study.
The presented literature and studies have direct bearing on the study since the use of
contraceptives such as condoms, their functions, and their role on preventing sexually
transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS were emphasized. Statistics of teenage pregnancies
and HIV/AIDS infections in the Philippines, as well as the disease’s effects on the human
body was also given utmost importance. Studies involving school-based condom distribution
programs in response to the increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases, its effects, and
people’s perceptions on these programs were also described. However, not many studies
involving students’ perceptions on condom distribution programs are conducted in the
Philippines, nor do they focus on evaluating the perceptions of students from private or
Catholic high schools. Moreover, only a few studies identify students’ moral standpoints on
these programs, and hardly any of them question how proper it is for agencies in the
government to spearhead these condom distribution programs. This somehow becomes the
gap the study wants to bridge.
The study is guided by the following objectives: First, to identify the moral evaluation
and perspectives of senior high school students of University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi on
condom distribution programs; second, to determine the basis for the students’ moral
evaluations (may it be religious, societal, environmental, political, etc.) and; third, to
formulate principles and guidelines on how to view condom distribution programs in schools.
The study is grounded in the following theories: The Theory of Reasoned Action by
Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen (1975) and the Information Integration Theory by Norman
Anderson (1971). Fishbein & Ajzen’s (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action emphasizes that
reasoned actions add another element in the persuasion process and behavioral intention. This
theory is concerned with behavior and explains that there are factors that limit the attitude on
behavior. It defines that reasoned action predicts behavioral intention. For example, if a
teenager was influenced by one’s friends to watch pornography, then, it might lead for one to
have an idea about sexual intercourse and might try to engage on it in the future. Another
instance is, if a teenager doesn’t have any knowledge about contraceptives such as condom
and will engage in a sexual intercourse, it will lead to the person having unprotected sex,
thus, will lack in preventive measures against teenage pregnancy or HIV/AIDS. Another
emphasis of this theory is that it uses two elements which are attitudes and norms to predict
the behavioral intent of one. This means that if an individual is set to do an action or decide
on something, they have certain attitudes towards it, but the norms or the standards that are
set by society or their expectations interferes with their attitude towards something ,and both
of these factors will have an influence to our resulted behavioral intent. For example, a
teenager who wants to engage in a sexual intercourse did not use contraceptives such as
condoms, but the norm in preventing the increase of teenage pregnancy or HIV/AIDS is to
use contraceptives, the attitude and the norm will affect the decision of one. Another
explanation of this theory is that reasoned action states that three factors affects whether
behavioral intent molds our behavior. The theory suggests that we must obtain control over
our behavior. For instance, when a high school student is given a box of condoms, the
student’s attitude will lead one into engaging to sexual intercourse. However, the norm is that
pre-marital sex shouldn’t be practiced, and that will influence his attitude but if one has
control over one’s behavior, one will know what to do. The theory of Fishbein & Ajzen will
be used in our study; given the importance of reasoned actions and behavioral intention.

5
 The Information Integration Theory by Anderson (1971) states that when people gain
new information about something, the newly obtained information will have an effect or
impact on our attitudes. It explores how people’s attitudes are formed and altered through
combining or adding new pieces of information with the existing thoughts and perception
which results to new attitude. For example, people have an initial attitude towards the idea of
using contraceptives. However, if they learn what it does, its benefits, and impact to others
who use it, the initial attitude will be influenced and will result to better understanding about
the use of contraceptives. In this theory, it explains that an attitude is composed of two
components which are evaluation and strength of belief. Another example is that, if one has
already knowledge about the term condoms, but doesn’t know its use. However, one has seen
at a local television that the Department of Health will be giving out condoms to high school
students, it will increase the chance that one will have new knowledge about it. Thus,
increasing the belief.
To further illustrate the relationship of the concepts of given theories to the study, the
conceptual framework is given below:

6
 In line with the theories that the study is anchored on, different psychosocial factors
such as the attitudes of an individual towards a certain action or behavior, social norms,
subjective norms, environmental factors, moral thinking and standards of moral conduct, and
new information obtained about a certain topic all play a role in influencing one’s awareness
and perceptions towards condom distribution programs. These perceptions will also give way
in determining their moral evaluations towards condom distribution programs, as well as the
basis for these moral evaluations, may it be religious, societal, political, environmental, or
coming from digital influence or from acquired knowledge and information. Analysis of the
moral evaluations of the students and the bases for these will aid the researchers in coming up
with principles that will provide and guidelines on how to view condom distribution
programs.
METHODS
This research is quantitative and will utilize a descriptive approach. The locale of the
study is in University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi. The researchers will use the descriptive
survey method. It involves data gathering procedures in answering the problems of the study.
The researchers will utilize a survey questionnaire design for this purpose.
Using the descriptive-survey design, the researchers have both primary and secondary
sources of data. The primary data comes from the answers of the respondents to the questions
provided in the survey questionnaire. In addition, the secondary data were generated from
books, unpublished materials, and other reading materials containing discussions on the
present study found in the internet.
The target respondents of this study are the Grade 12 students in the Senior High
School Department of UST-Legazpi, since the Department of Health’s plan to distribute
condoms are aimed towards senior high school students (Arguelles, 2019). The respondents
will be selected using the Slovin’s formula, given below:
N
n=
1+ Ne2
where:
n = sample size
N = total population
e = margin of error (5%)
There are 555 enrolled Grade 12 students in UST-Legazpi Senior High School in the second
semester of the school year 2019-2020. Using the Slovin’s formula, the study will cover 232
students.
In this study, the researchers will consider three main ethical considerations: informed
consent, confidentiality, and honesty. The researchers will ensure that the respondents

7
properly consent to participating in the study. Consent forms will be given which will state
the conditions set by the researchers. The consent form states that the respondents will be
taking part in research, it will fully disclose what the study is about, its objectives, and what
the research will require from the participants (their opinions, views, etc.). Identities of the
participants will also be kept confidential. Moreover, subjects will be given the right to
withdraw their participation in the study. In terms of honesty, the researchers will report the
results clearly, accurately, and honestly. Tampering and manipulation of data will be strictly
prohibited in the formulation of the study.

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 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondents,

Greetings! We are Grade 12 students of Bl. Peter Giorgio Frassati from University of Santo
Tomas-Legazpi conducting a study entitled “MORAL STANDPOINTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS-LEGAZPI ON CONDOM DISTRIBUTION
PROGRAMS”. We aim to ask of your opinion / perspective about condom distribution programs and
other sexual / reproductive health issues.

As our chosen respondents, we ask of your cooperation to answer our prepared survey
questionnaire. We ask that you answer each question seriously and carefully. We assure you that
we will keep your profile confidential and your responses will be used for academic purposes
only. Thank you!

Sincerely,
The Researchers

Directions: Please fill up the following information.

Name (Optional): ___________________________ Grade & Section:

_________________
Age: _______
Sex: ______
Religion: ___________________

The Department of Health, back in 2017, proposed that they would distribute condoms to high
schools as part of their campaign against HIV/AIDS and teenage pregnancy, and more recently, last
March 2019 in Albay, Antonio Ludovice, acting Albay provincial health officer, also expressed the plan
of the Albay Provincial Health Office to distribute condoms to Grade 11 and 12 students for the same
reason.

Below are certain statements or situations regarding condom distribution programs.

Using the scale, please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each
statement/situation by checking the column that corresponds to your answer.

Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
STATEMENT/SITUATION Disagree Agree
(2) (3) (4)
(1) (5)

The plan of the Department of Health

to distribute condoms to high schools.

Condoms are an effective method of

preventing pregnancy.

Condoms are an effective way of

protection against HIV/AIDS and other
STIs.
Distributing condoms to high school
students would mean that the DOH is
condoning teenagers to engage in
premarital sex.

9
 The distribution of condoms to high
school students can decrease the
rates of HIV/AIDS Infections.

The plan to distribute condoms will just

expose the youth to pre-marital sex
and risky sexual activity.

Distributing condoms to high school

students would encourage the youth to
practice safe sex.

Condom distribution programs will

lead the youth to make more
responsible decisions.
The distribution of condoms is an act
of immorality and interferes with my
religious beliefs.
Distributing condoms to students will
protect them from
unwanted/unintended pregnancy.

The rates of teenage pregnancies will

decrease because of condom
distribution programs.

Condom distribution programs take

away the rights of parents to decide
whether their children should have
access to contraceptives.

The condom use and distribution

should not be stigmatized.

Distributing condoms will increase the

frequency of sexual activity among
students.

The government should invest more in

educating students about the dangers
of premarital sex rather than procuring
and distributing condoms.

The distribution of condoms should

also be accompanied with counseling
sessions.

10
 Strongly Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
STATEMENT/SITUATION Disagree Agree
(2) (3) (4)
(1) (5)

Parents should be the ones to educate

their children about the matters of
sexual activities, so that they would
not be encouraged to practice them at
a young age.

The school should be a safe space for

students to feel that it is okay to talk
about sex and other sexual health
concerns.

The school, since it is a Catholic

institution, should not be teaching
sexual education to their students and
should just focus on strengthening the
Christian values of modesty, purity,
chastity, and morality among students.

The school should conduct a program

regarding sex education and the
proper use of contraceptives, so that
the stigma would be removed.

The school should provide counseling

services regarding sexual health
concerns.

11
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