2017 International Conference on Computer Science and Application Engineering (CSAE 2017)

ISBN: 978-1-60595-505-6

A Method for Wind Farm Reactive Power Controlling using

DIgSILENT and MATLAB

Qingsong Hua1,2, Yongzhi Ma1 and Jianxin Wei1,*

1
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, China
2
School of Transportation & Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology,
China

ABSTRACT

In order to regulate the voltages of Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and single
wind turbine in a wind farm, it is necessary to control the output of reactive power of
wind turbines, and in some case, it also need to control static var compensators (SVCs)
or static var generators (SVGs) of the wind farm to satisfy the voltage set-point
requirement. The accuracy of reactive power control system decides the control level
of grid voltage. In order to improve the accuracy, this paper introduces modeling and
simulation method of wind farm reactive power control system using DIgSILENT
and MATLAB. At first, it introduces the modeling process and co-calling principle of
the two kinds of software tools, and then emphasizes that it develops a kind of
advanced wind farm reactive power control logic to realize control accuracy
improvement in MATLAB, whereas the power quality and distribution logic of
reactive power among wind turbines are simulated and assessed. In the end, taking an
Inner Mongolia wind farm with 33 double-fed wind turbines as a test application, the
wind farm reactive power control model is verified by comparing real wind farm
operating data and simulation results, and the result shows that the accuracy of
reactive power control system is higher than traditional method.

INTRODUCTION

With the intensification of energy crisis and environmental problems, the study of
renewable energy power generation technology has received considerable attention in
recent years. The wind power is considered to be one of the cleanest and most
environmental-friendly ways to produce electricity. However, large scale wind farm
grid integration brings many challenges to the stable running of grid. In addition, the
volatility and unpredictability of the wind power also are viewed as the main
difficulties of the electric power system management [1, 2]. In order to reduce the
negative effects of grid connection, the grid code of all countries has introduced more
and more strictly requirements, such as high accuracy of wind farm power forecasting

907
system, multiple ways of active power regulation, fast and efficient reactive power
regulation like voltage control, power factor regulation and reactive power regulation
[3-5]. Meanwhile, high accuracy and complex wind farm and wind turbine model has
provided a strong basis for grid planning, dispatching, operation, scientific research
and other fields [6-8]. This paper will introduce a kind of method to realize advanced
wind farm reactive power control system, which contains a wind farm calculator,
transformer and feeder compensation, and wind turbine var distribution system, and
then it implement the advanced control system into the modeling platform using
DIgSILENT and Matlab to realize the function and performance; at last, we use the
optimized advanced control system in a wind farm which contains 33 sets of 1.5MW
wind turbines to compare the control result with simulation, where the parameter of
facilities and control system is almost the same.

ADVANCED REACTIVE POWER CONTROL STRATEGY

In the reactive power control strategy mentioned above, the wind farm reactive
power control process is consist of three parts: wind farm var calculator (WFVC),
transformer and feeder compensation, and wind turbine generator var distribution
(WTGVD). In WFVC part, the real-time active power ( Pwfmea ), reactive power ( Qwfmea )

and the voltage of low voltage side ( VLmea ) of main transformer in the wind farm are

measured, and the total wind farm reactive power requirement ( Qwfref ) then is

calculated according to voltage set-point ( Vref ) given by grid dispatch department and

the calculated voltage ( Vcal ) which represent the voltage of high voltage side of main

V
transformer. Vcal can be got by considering Lmea and parameters of the power
cables. In the second step, it will calculate the compensation of transformers and
feeders to improve the accuracy of reactive power control system. In WTGVD part,
the total reactive power requirement Qwfref is distributed to single turbines

( Q wg1_ ref ...Qwgn _ ref ) according to the measured active power ( P1...Pn ) and reactive

power ( Q1...Qn ), and which would changes each turbine reactive power output. As a

result, it changes voltage and reactive power of wind farm PCC and realizes a close
control loop of reactive power in wind farm.

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Wind Farm Var Calculator Module (WFVC)

The WFVC is a module used to calculate the reference value of reactive power
output of a wind farm. Generally, grid dispatch department want to control the voltage,
power factor or reactive power of a wind farm, In the case of controlling wind farm
voltage, the reference reactive power of wind farm is calculated by comparing the
actual measured voltage and reference voltage of PCC, and in the case of controlling
wind farm power factor, the reference reactive power of wind farm is calculated
according to the measured active power and power factor set-point of PCC, while in
the case of controlling wind farm reactive power, control system will use the this
reference value directly. Actually, bus voltage on low voltage side of main transformer
can be obtained by measurements, however, sometimes the voltage set-points are
given for the high voltage side of main transformer in wind farm, therefore, it need an
conversion. In order to achieve a high accuracy voltage control and reactive power
control, it is necessary to calculate PCC voltage according to bus impedance from
PCC to low voltage side of main transformer and the measured voltage from the low
voltage side. The control diagram is drawn in Figure 1.

PCC High Voltage Side Low Voltage Side

Wind
Grid
Farm
  
Vcal Zc I cal VLmea Pwfmea , Qwfmea

Figure 1. Wind farm voltage control diagram.

The impedance Z c between wind farm low voltage side bus and PCC can be get

according to the facilities in wind farm. Set Pwfmea and Qwfmea as active and reactive

power output of measurement in wind farm low voltage side bus respectively, and let

VLmea be the low voltage side bus voltage, then the equivalent current between low

I cal
voltage side and high voltage side of main transformer and the calculated

voltage of high voltage side Vcal are given as follows:

909
  Pwfmea  jQwfmea
I cal   (1)
VLmea
  
Vcal  VLmea  I cal Z c (2)

Where Qwfref denotes wind farm reference reactive power which is calculated by


comparing control point calculated voltage Vcal , and control point reference voltage

Vref see Figure 2.
,


Vref Wind Farm
Power Factor Upper Limit
Reactive Power Upper Limit

Vcal 1 Dead Kiv Power Factor 1 Qwfref
1  sTr Zone K pv  Limit
s 1  sTv

Wind Farm Power Factor Lower Limit

Reactive Power Lower Limit

Pwfmea 1
1  sTr

Figure 2. Wind farm reactive power control module.


The voltage deviation is obtained by comparing calculated voltage Vcal and
control point reference voltage after a delay control unit. If voltage deviation ∆𝑉 is
less than dead zone threshold value, no reactive power reference value calculation is
needed; if voltage deviation ∆𝑉 is larger than dead zone threshold value, PI
calculation is needed: the selection of parameter 𝐾𝑝𝑣 (P part for the regulation) and
𝐾𝑖𝑣 (I part for the regulation) should consider both voltage-reactive static linear
differential regulation characteristics and the voltage-reactive power of the district that
the wind farm is connected to. Additionally, the wind farm reference reactive power in
total Qwfref is affected by wind farm power factor limit. Let power factor leading and

lagging extreme values of wind farm in normal operation are i  and i 

respectively, then Qwfref is constrained as:

910
 1  i2 1  i2
Pwfmea ≤Qwfref ≤Pwfmea (3)
i  i 

With Qwfref in Formula (3), the wind farm reference reactive power can be

controlled within the limit and it prevents wind farm actual reactive power output from
exceeding reasonable range.

Reactive Power Characteristics of Transformer and Lines

Normally, in a wind farm, besides wind turbines and reactive power equipments,
the reactive power loss of collecting power lines and transformers will also influence
the control accuracy of the system. In order to improve regulating accuracy of reactive
power control system, the characteristics of collecting power lines and transformers
shall be further analyzed and the influence shall be fully considered during the
realization of system modeling, simulation and application. The reactive power loss of
feeders in wind farm Q fdrn _ loss can be calculated in equation (4) which is related to

active power flow and current flow in electric system. As the each feeder is consist of
collecting power line and transformer, it is necessary to fully consider the influence of
reactive power transformer loss QT _ loss according to measured active power and

collecting power line reactive power loss Qlinen _ loss , i.e.:

Q fdrn _ loss  QT _ loss  Qlinen _ loss (4)

Here, the reactive power loss of transformer for each wind turbine mainly includes
the following three parts: impedance branch loss, excitation branch loss and flux
leakage branch loss. It should be noted that the flux leakage branch loss is usually less
than and maybe 0.1% of the loss of impedance and flux leakage branch, therefore,
which is not considered during the calculation of transformer reactive power loss.
(1) Reactive power loss of transformer
The formula of transformer reactive power loss is [9]:

 I (%) VK (%) 
QT _ loss   0   (  2 )   Se (5)
 100 100 

In this formula, I 0 (%) is short-circuit current ratio, VK (%) denotes the

short-circuit voltage ratio, Se is transformer rated power, and  stands for the

transformer loading rate.

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 (2) Collecting power line reactive power loss [10]
The formula of collecting power line reactive power loss is:
Qlinen _ loss  QC _ loss  Q L _ loss  U 2Cl  3I 2Ll (6)

In Formula (6), the reactive power loss of collecting power line is divided into two
parts, capacitive reactive power QC _ loss and inductive reactive power Q L _ loss . U is

the rated voltage of the line, I is working current, l is the length of collecting
power line,  is grid frequency, C is unit impedance capacitive value, L is unit
impedance inductive value.
Based on reactive power loss compensation above, accurate reference reactive
power of all the turbines can be obtained, and then the reactive power output of single
turbine is further regulated to improve system accuracy.

Wind Turbine Generator Var Distribution Module (WTGVD)

The WTGVD distributes reference reactive power of wind farm to each turbine
according to the set-point value Qwfref which has calculated in the WFVC.

Actually, there are two kind of principle to distribute the reactive power reference,
average distribution mode and equivalent power factor mode. Compared to
distributing reactive power by average mode, equivalent power factor distribution has
the advantage of keeping equal power factor for each turbine which can further
prevent non coordination of active and reactive power or even over limit of reactive
power for some turbines in the wind farm.
In order to distribute reactive power control requirement to each single turbine, it
is assumed in this study that there are n feeder lines on the wind farm. The total active
power output of the wind turbines in each feeder line is taken to be Pfdrn . Considering

the reactive power loss of this feeder line which is mentioned in phase 2.2, the total
reactive power requirement of this feeder line Q fdrn _ ref is:

Pfdrn
Q fdrn _ ref Qwfref Q fdrn _ loss
N (7)
Pfdri
i 1

Based on the procedure described above, the reference power factor of all the wind
turbines on feeder line n can be expressed as:

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 Pfdrn
 fdrn  (8)
Pfdrn 2  Q 2 fdrn _ ref

And according to the equivalent power factor mode, we set:

k   fdrn (9)

So we get:
Pk
k  (10)
Pk  Q 2 wgk _ ref
2

Assume there are m turbines on feeder line n, the reactive power control demand
Qwgk _ ref of turbine No.k is:

Pk
Qwgk _ ref Q fdrn M
(11)
Pi
i 1

During reactive power distribution, wind farm reactive power demand is

distributed to the turbines that the feeder line is connected with. Reactive power
distribution between wind turbines uses equal power factor distribution [11], i.e., the
reference reactive power is distributed according to active power output proportion of
each turbine rated power. In this way, single turbine gets more reactive power
distribution when it has more active power output [12, 13]. The distributed reactive
power keeps no power factor over-limit for single turbine and the reactive power
regulation has no influence on wind turbine active power output.

SYSTEM MODELING

Power system simulation software is an essential tool for wind turbine system
modeling. Its function structure, operating efficiency and model library has direct
influence on simulation analysis result. DIgSILENT (Digital Simulation of Electrical
Networks) has rich grid component library and multiple functions which can make
transient fault analysis and long-scale analysis of power quality and control system
easier and more efficient [14, 15]. Also, it is well-known that MATLAB is featured by
excellent data processing, easy and simple linguistics structure and compatible to
different power system software. Therefore, this paper combines DIgSILENT and
MATLAB on the research of wind farm reactive power regulating system.
Only few references make explanation on simulation based on DIgSILENT and
MATLAB and there was no research on wind farm modeling based on these two
platforms [16-22], especially for large-scale wind farm, it is difficult to realize system

913
simulation because of large volume of data and complex logics. In order to take best
advantages of DIgSILENT and MATLAB, this paper takes a typical wind farm
(50MW, 33 sets of 1.5MW wind turbine) in China as example. This paper uses
DIgSILENT to build wind farm model and uses MATLAB to realize reactive power
control logics which distributes grid dispatching total reactive power requirement to
each double-fed wind turbine according to equivalent power factor mode bases on
comprehensive consideration of line reactive power loss, and then gives out the wind
farm total reactive power simulation result, additionally, it apply the model into a real
wind farm, and makes a deep analysis on errors comparing to the simulation result,
such as resources of wind farm reactive power loss.

DIgSILENT
Matlab Power Control Frame:

Q1_ref
0 0

Q2_ref
1 1

Q3_ref
2 2
Qdisp Qrate
Dispatch Com Dispatch Ra.. 0
* *
.
1
Power Refer.. Qgive .
*
Control stragety of Matlab
0

* .
Q31_ref
3 3

Pi Q32_ref
1 4 4

Q33_ref
5 5
Qwf
Power Meas
*

WTG PQ meas
*

Project:
Graphic: Matlab Power Co
Date: 11/17/2016
PowerFactory 15.1.7 Annex:

Figure 3. Control system combination model.

Generally, we build wind farm reactive power control system with DIgSILENT/Power
Factory15.1.7, and the calling process interface between two kinds of software must
be built [23, 24]. As shown in Figure 3, there are several sub blocks, Dispatch block
get the set-point of wind farm reactive power Qdisp , and Dispatch Ratio Limit block
considers the regulation rate limit and give out the result Qrate , and the Control
strategy of Matlab block applies the WFVC and WTGVD control logic, and creates
the interface between the two kinds of software, which is called control system

914
combination model and its input variable is reactive power Qwfref and actual active
power Pi of each wind turbine. DIgSILENT/Power Factory imports these input
signals as global variables into MATLAB work area [11]. The output variable of
MATLAB is the reference reactive power Qwgi _ ref of each wind turbine.

Modeling with DIgSILENT

Accurate wind farm modeling is the precondition of simulation analysis and

control strategy research. Figure 4 is the simulation example of 33 sets of 1.5MW
double-fed wind turbines. Since double-fed wind turbine itself has certain reactive
power compensation capability, additional reactive power compensation device is
unnecessary. In this paper the wind turbine is modeled by dividing 33 sets of turbines
into 3 groups with 11 sets of turbine for each group. Build the wind turbine model for
each group in the main grid. 11 sets of wind turbines in each group are connected to
main grid medium voltage bus with feeder line. The rated voltage of each wind turbine
is 690V and each wind turbine is connected to grid bus with a 35kV-0.69kV
transformer.

Modeling with MATLAB

In order to realize the control system efficiently, we adopt the M-file and the S-
Function in this study to apply the reactive power control logics. In the M-file of
workspace of MATLAB 2015a, we use the ‘global’ statement to claim all the variables,
for example the input variables, parameter variables and status variables, involving a
block subsystem of S-Function called Pallotstrategy. Usually, we use the following
statement to run the S-Function in the M-file [25]:
function[sys,x0,str,ts]=Pallotstrategy(t,x,u,flag) (12)
Where the main function includes four output parameters sys, x0, str, ts, in which, the
vector sys denotes the return values of the function, x0 is the initialization vector, str
stands for retention parameter and usually sets to be an empty matrix of str=[], and ts
is a parameter returning the sampling time value. The S-Function, named as
Pallotstrategy in this study, includes four input parameters t, x, u, flag, in which, t is
the time taken for sampling, x is known as the system state variable, u denotes the
input data of the Simulink module, and flag stands for enable status in the simulation
process. In the S-function, all the input variables are input by u with then form of u(i)
and all return variables are output by sys with the form of sys(i).

915
 Figure 4. Simulation diagram.

In the process of dynamic system simulation, we usually use the S-Function model
to call a S-Function and to realize the graphics display of the procedures. Therefore,
one needs to package a S-Function into the S-Function model and we call this
procedure the modularization of the S-Function. It is worth noting that the S-Function
model itself is a single input and output module, therefore, we should use Mux and
Demux module to combine and separate the signals since the program in this study
involves multiple input and output signals. Finally S-Function module outputs the
reactive power reference value of each wind turbine to DIgSILENT/PowerFactory.
Figure 5 is the flow chart16 of calling process for both software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Considering different terrains of each wind turbine, the input wind speed given for
each wind turbine is different. In this simulation model, DIgSILENT automatically
calls text files storing wind speed where the time interval of wind speed is set to 1s.
Figure 6 shows actual wind speed curve of wind turbine WTG0101, WTG0201 and
WTG0301.

916
 PowerFactory Initial Running

Call Matlab.m

Call Simulink.mdl

Computing and Storage

No
Finish

Yes

Data Analysis

End

Figure 5. Software running flow chart.

DIgSILENT
13.00

11.00

9.00

7.00

5.00

3.00
-0.1000 5.9200 11.940 17.960 23.980 [s] 30.000
WTG0101 Wind Turbine Model: WTG0101 Wind Speed(m/s)
WTG0201 Wind Turbine Model: WTG0201 Wind Speed(m/s)
WTG0301 Wind Turbine Model: WTG0301 Wind Speed(m/s)

Figure 6. Actual wind speed curve (x-axis: simulation time).

Figure 7 shows the change of reactive power reference value as the measured
actual active power value changes. As shown in single turbine reactive power
distribution curve, the more active power it has at certain moment, the more

917
corresponding reactive power reference it would get. Figure 8 illustrates simulation
curve of the total reactive power on large-scale ramp when the turbines of wind farm
are in normal power generation. As shown in wind farm measured reactive power
curve, reactive power at wind farm point of common coupling can track total reactive
power dispatching requirement in a rapid and accurate way which proves the accuracy
of control system.

DIgSILENT
0.90
0.70
0.50
0.30
0.10
-0.10
-0.1000 5.9200 11.940 17.960 23.980 [s] 30.000
WTG0101 PQ Measurement: P1
Power Allot Control: Qwg1_ref

0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
-0.1000 5.9200 11.940 17.960 23.980 [s] 30.000
WTG0201 PQ Measurement: P2
Power Allot Control: Qwg2_ref

0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
-0.1000 5.9200 11.940 17.960 23.980 [s] 30.000
WTG0301 PQ Measurement: P3
Power Allot Control: Qwg3_ref

Figure 7. Wind turbine reactive power distribution curve.

DIgSILENT

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

-10.00

-20.00
0.0000 11.000 22.000 33.000 44.000 [s] 55.000
WF Power Rate Control: Qdisp
PCC PQ Measurement: Reactive Power in p.u.

Figure 8. Total reactive power simulation ramp curve with large scale.

918
 In order to verify the performance of the control logic, after the simulation, the
logic is realized in software and the testing is also carried out on actual wind farm in
Inner Mongolia. This wind farm comprises of 33 sets of 1.5MW wind turbines. Its grid
structure mode and parameter of facilities in wind farm is the same as the simulation
system. The wind farm also contains a power station and output power of the turbines
is transmitted to grid through 3 feeder lines.
Large-scale reactive power ramp curve of wind farm in the power generation test
of 33 sets of wind turbines is shown in Figure 9. Since reactive control system uses
close-loop control and single turbine also uses close-loop control while receiving
control demand, and there’s no dead zone, control system has a fast regulating speed
and high regulating accuracy. As shown in Figure 8, actual reactive power ramp curve
under step control is smooth with no obvious fluctuation. Meanwhile, since the
regulation is done in the mode of equivalent power factor, the reactive power output of
each wind turbine differs as active power actual value. But it can basically keep the
consistency of power factor on wind turbine and make use of reactive power capacity
of wind turbine effectively. It also reduces current distortion caused by different power
factors between wind turbines and improves the power quality of turbine output.

Reactive Power Target Value

10000
Reactive Power Measuerment Value
5000

0
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551
-5000

-10000
Figure 9. Total reactive power test ramp curve with large scale for 33 sets of wind turbines
Tips: X-axis in Figure 9 stands for collector data point, and time interval is 200ms.

We can see the actual application data and the simulation data has close tendency
and the control accuracy, regulating time is also similar, which basically verifies the
correctness of wind farm and wind turbine model we mentioned above. But it is
necessary to point out that in the test results the actual reactive power response curves
have certain time lagging.
The reason for the lagging is:
1) As choosing equivalent power factor mode in control system, when the active
power differs a lot between single turbines, the error between the actual reactive power
output and set-point value may be big sometimes.
2) When reactive power control system collects the variable such as wind turbine
active power, reactive power, or sends demand to wind turbines, it is necessary to

919
build the communications, however, network communication has a time delay.
3) Grid dispatching department also uses remote communication to get and send
information with wind farm work station, which is similar with 2) and has time delay
as well.

CONCLUSIONS

With the development of wind power technology, simulation and modeling of

large-scale wind farm has become hot topics among current power system researchers.
In order to process complex simulation models and get accurate simulation results,
selection and modeling method for power system simulation software is especially
important.
This paper makes full advantages of DIgSILENT and MATLAB and realizes
co-simulation of these two simulation software. The integration of these two kind of
software will be widely applied in the test and analysis of wind farm power controller.
Moreover, in order to control wind farm grid-connected voltage and reactive power, it
uses effective reactive power control strategy and compensation of wind farm reactive
power loss which fully considers the characteristics of wind farm power generation
and transmission facilities, it also makes reasonable reactive power distribution and
considers the improvement of power quality and wind farm operation stability.
Regarding reactive power control of doubly-fed wind turbine, wind farm simulation
model is built and each turbine gets different wind speed as the input value, therefore,
the actual output power of each turbine is different and the reactive power demand is
distributed according to equivalent power factor mode based on the actual power
output of single turbine. In the end, the testing was carried out on wind farm and the
operating results were compared with the simulation data. At last, it verifies fast and
accurate response of reactive power demand and proves well accuracy of the model.

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APPENDIX

Symbol Description Symbol Description

Calculated voltage for high
Measured voltage for low voltage
VLmea Vcal voltage side of main
side of main transformer
transformer
Vref Reference voltage for high voltage Pwfmea Measured power of wind farm
side of main transformer
Qwfmea Measured reactive power of Qwfref Reference reactive power of
wind farm wind farm
Qwgi _ ref Reference reactive power of wind Active and reactive power of
Pi , Qi
turbine i wind turbine i
Pfdri Q fdri _ ref Reference reactive power of
Active power of feeder (line) i
feeder (line) i
Reactive power loss of feeder Reactive power loss of
Q fdri _ loss QT _ loss
(line) i transformer
Qlinei _ loss Reactive power loss of feeder line
i
i  Lagging power factor limit of
wind farm

921
i  Leading power factor limit of
wind farm
 fdri
k Power factor of wind turbine k
I cal Current of wind farm low voltage
side of main transformer
Power cable unit impedance
C capacitive
922
Power factor of feeder (line) i
Impedance of power cable
Zc between high voltage side and
how voltage side of main
transformer
 Grid frequency
Power cable unit impedance
L inductive