Experiments.1 12

Government College University, Faisalabad
Department of Electrical Engineering & Technology
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization

Lab Manual
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

I
Prepared by:
Muhammad Umair Arshad

Roll NO. 8009
Session: ( 2019 - 2023 Morning )
Checked by:
Engr. Muhammad Saad Sharif

(Lecturer)
Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology

II
Verified by:
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farhan

(Assistant Professor)
Approved by:
Dr. Abdul Rauf Bhatti

Chairman/ Associate Professor
Government College University Faisalabad

III
TABLE OF LAB EXPERIMENTS
Sr.No. Experiment Page
1. Introduction to Matlab Simulink and Simulink Power System. 1
2. Voltage and Current measurement of single phase and three phase system. 8
3. Single line diagram. 18
4. Calculation of sending end voltage, active power, reactive power and efficiency 24
of transmission line.
33
5. How to make a Load Curve on Matlab.
6. Calculation of units generated per day with the help of load curve. 41
7. Estimation of tariff based on load curve. 48
8. Economic load dispatch without generator limits and losses. 57
9. Economic load dispatch including generator limits and ignoring losses. 62
10. Economic load dispatch including generator limits and losses. 68
11. Matlab simulation of single phase transformer including step up, step down 75
& isolation transformer.
12. Matlab simulation of three phase transformer. 85

IV
General Lab Instructions:
 Each student group consists of a maximum of 2-4 students. Each group member is
responsible in submitting lab report upon completion of each experiment on their
practical Note book.
 Students are to wear proper attire i.e shoe or sandal instead of slipper. Excessive
jewelleries are not advisable as they might cause electrical shock.
 A permanent record in ink of observations as well as results should be maintained by
each student and enclosed with the report.
 The recorded data and observations from the lab manual need to be approved and
Signed by the lab instructor upon completion of each experiment.
 Before beginning connecting up, it is essential to check that all sources of supply at the
bench are switched off.
 Start connecting up the experiment circuit by wiring up the main circuit path, then adds
the parallel branches as indicated in the circuit diagram.
 After the circuit has been connected correctly, remove all unused leads from the
experiment area, set the voltage supplies at the minimum value, and check the meters are
set for the intended mode of operation.
 The students may ask the lab instructor to check the correctness of their circuit before
switching on.
When the experiment has been satisfactory completed and the results approved by the instructor,
the students may disconnect the circuit and return the components and instruments to the locker
tidily. Chairs are to be slid in properly.

V
Eperiment # 1:
Introduction to Matlab Simulink and Simulink Power System.
OBJECTIVE:
• MATLAB commands.
• How to use MATLAB & SIMULINK help.
• Programming techniques in SIMULINK.
• How to debug SIMULINK programs.
• How to plot the results, input and output in MATLAB and SIMULINK.
• How to handle and represent graphs MATLAB/SIMULINK.
• Handling properties of simulation in SIMULINK.
• How to apply and solve the problems in SIMULINK.
EQUIPMENT:
 Computer System Software: Matlab.
What is Simulink?
Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic
systems. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled
time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multirate, i.e., have different parts that
are sampled or updated at different rates. Simulink encourages you to try things out. You
can easily build models from scratch, or take an existing model and add to it. Simulations
are interactive, so you can change parameters on the fly and immediately see what
happens. You have instant access to all the analysis tools in MATLAB, so you can take
the results and analyze and visualize them. A goal of Simulink is to give you a sense of
the fun of modeling and simulation, through an environment that encourages you to pose
a question, model it, and see what happens. With Simulink, you can move beyond
idealized linear models to explore more realistic nonlinear models, factoring in friction,
air resistance, gear slippage, hard stops, and the other things that describe real-world
phenomena. Simulink turns your computer into a lab for modeling and analyzing systems
that simply wouldn't be possible or practical otherwise, whether the behavior of an
automotive clutch system, the flutter of an airplane wing, the dynamics of a predator-prey
model, or the effect of the monetary supply on the economy. Simulink is also practical.
For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building models as
block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. With this interface, you can draw
the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or as most textbooks depict them).
This is a far cry from previous simulation packages that require you to formulate
differential equations and difference equations in a language or program. Simulink
includes a comprehensive block library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear
components, and connectors. You can also customize and create your own blocks. For
information on creating your own blocks, see the separate Writing S-Functions guide.

1
Models are hierarchical, so you can build models using both top-down and bottom-up
approaches. You can view the system at a high level, then double-click blocks to go
down through the levels to see increasing levels of model detail. This approach provides
insight into how a model is organized and how its parts interact. After you define a
model, you can simulate it, using a choice of integration methods, either from the
Simulink menus or by entering commands in the MATLAB Command Window.Using
scopes and other display blocks, you can see the simulation results while the simulation is
running. In addition, you can change parameters and immediately see what happens, for
"what if" exploration. The simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for
post processing and visualization. Model analysis tools include linearization and
trimming tools, which can be accessed from the MATLAB command line, plus the many
tools in MATLAB and its application toolboxes. And because MATLAB and Simulink
are integrated, you can simulate, analyze, and revise your models in either environment at
any point.
Starting Simulink:
To start Simulink, you must first start MATLAB. Consult your MATLAB
documentation for more information. You can then start Simulink in two
ways:
• Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar
• Enter the Simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

2
• On Microsoft Windows platforms, starting Simulink displays the Simulink
Library Browser.
• Simulink library browser helps us to select any required component by

expanding the main element.

3
Simulink Windows:
Uses separate windows to display a block library browser, a block library, a model,
and graphical (scope) simulation output. These windows are not MATLAB figure
windows and cannot be manipulated using Handle Graphics commands.

4
Simulink Window
Opening Models:
To edit an existing model diagram, either
• Click the Open button on the Library Browser's toolbar (Windows only) or
select Open from the Simulink library window's File menu and then choose or
enter the file name for the model to edit.
• Enter the name of the model (without the .mdl extension) in the MATLAB
Command Window. The model must be in the current directory or on the
path.
Simulink Power System:

In Sim Power System the most common used blocks are shown in the figure.

5
Sim power system is a category in which we can take different electrical
components such as transformers, sources, meters and other required
components.
Display:
Show the value of the input.
Library:
Sinks

6
Description:
The Display block shows the value of its input on its icon.
Scope, Floating Scope, Signal Viewer Scope
Display signals generated during a simulation
Library
Sinks
PROCEDURE:
Starting Simulink to start Simulink, you must first start MATLAB. You can then start
Simulink in two ways: Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar. Enter the
Simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

7
Experiment # 2:
Voltage and Current measurement of single
phase and three phase system.
OBJECTIVE:
To understand:
Voltage and Current measurement of single phase and three phase system.
APPARATUS:
 Computer System.
 Software: Matlab.
THEORY:
Short Transmission Line:
When the length of an overhead transmission line is up to about 50km and the line voltage is
comparatively low (< 20 kV), it is usually considered as a short transmission line.
The important considerations in the design and operation of a transmission line are the
determination of voltage drop, line losses and efficiency of transmission. These values are
greatly influenced by the line constants R, L and C of the transmission line. For instance, the
voltage drop in the line depends upon the values of above three line constants. Similarly, the
resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important cause of power loss in the line
and determines the transmission efficiency.
A transmission line has three constants R, L and C distributed uniformly along the whole
length of the line. The resistance and inductance form the series impedance. The capacitance
existing between conductors for 1-phase line or from a conductor to neutral for a 3-phase line
forms a shunt path throughout the length of the line.

8
Important terms:
Voltage regulation:
When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line
due to resistance and inductance of the line.
The result is the receiving end voltage (Vr) of the line is generally less than the
sending end voltage (Vs). This voltage drop (Vs-Vr) in the line is expressed as a
percentage of receiving end voltage Vr and is called voltage regulation.
Mathematically:
%age voltage regulation =
Transmission efficiency:
The power obtained at the receiving end of a transmission line is generally less than the
sending end power due to losses in the line resistance.
The ratio of receiving end power to the sending end power of a transmission line is known as the
transmission efficiency of the line.
Mathematically:
%age Transmission efficiency =

9
PROCEDURE:
 Just double click on Matlab icon to open it.
 Then click on the Simulink icon .And open a new model.
 To design the transmission line model, first we need a grid voltage source.
 To get this, go to Simulink library, and go to simscape, click on power system, click on
specialized technology, now click on fundamental blocks, then on electrical source,
 Three phase source block is available, just right click on the block and click on add block to
model .It will appear in model.
 Just double click on it, a window will open, we have to put the values. It ask phase to phase
RMS voltage, which is sending end line voltage in this case.
 The sending end line voltage as calculated is 250kv.Therefore, put 250kv , put phase angle to
zero and frequency to 60Hz .As we are not perform short circuit analysis, therefore, uncheck
the internal resistance icon.
 Click on the load flow and if it is swing then keep it same otherwise change it to swing and
click on ok.
 Now we have to measure the sending end voltage and current, so we need three phase
measurement block which will be available in library, just right click on it and click on add to
your model.
 Connect it with the three phase source, just click below the icon and delete this three phase
measurement and write sending end measurement.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. It shows that voltage measurement is phase to
ground, keep it same and ask about current measurement, as we also to calculate the current,
so keep if yes and click ok.
 Now we need transmission line for this purpose, three phase RLC series branch can be used
to represent the short transmission line.
 To get three phase series RLC branch, go to Simulink library, and follow the same procedure.
Just right click on the block and click on add block to model .It will appear in model and
connect it.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. Branch type shows you the various type of RLC
branches only. We need RL type because short transmission line consists of resistance and
inductance.

10
 The resistance of transmission line is given 6ohms and inductance of the transmission line is
given 0.53052Henry. Now put these values in the transmission block and click ok.
 Now we again need three phase measurement block to measure voltage and current at the
receiving end station.
 Just copy this block by right clicking on it and select copy and then paste it where you want
and connect it with transmission line. Change the name to receiving end measurement.
 Now, we need three phase load block to put the load values which is available here. and
connect it.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. We have to put the values for receiving end
voltage, frequency, and other parameter of the load.
 The receiving end voltage is 220kv and frequency is 60Hz in example. Now put the receiving
end active and reactive power of the load. And put capacitive reactive power to zero.
Because our load is inductive.
 We need to connect the measurement blocks to display so that voltage and current
measurement can be seen. Before this, it may be noted that meters usually measure RMS
voltage. Therefore, first we need RMS block to convert this AC peak voltage into RMS
voltage. Take this RMS block and put it in the model and connect it with the three phase
measurement block.
 Now connect display with it to measure the voltage. Now Double click on the RMS block
and change the initial RMS value to zero and press ok.
 For current measurement, just copy the RMS block by pressing Ctrl +c and pasting it here by
pressing ctrl + v. Repeat the same procedure for display too and connect it.
 Delete the word display and write Sending End current and sending end voltage. Now, we
can run the simulation to see the measurement on sending end side. Before running the
simulation, we need, Powergui block to run it. Otherwise it will give error.
 To get the powergui block, just write it in search term of Simulink library, and enter, it will
show the Powergui block. Copy this block and paste it in your model. Set the simulation time
to 1 second. Now, you can run the simulation. It is giving three measurements due to the
reason that we are measuring all three phase voltages and currents.
 Now we need to measure the sending end active and reactive power. For this purpose, we
need three phase power instantaneous block. Take this block and put it in the model and
connect it with the RMS voltage and current measurement wires.
 Now connect the display with the P and Q icon in order to measure the Active and Reactive
Power. Write down here Qs as Sending End Reactive Power and Ps as Sending End Active
Power.

11
 Now we have to measure Apparent Power at the Sending End Side. We know that
S= So far this purpose, we need product block to multiply V and I. And then we need
a summer block. And now connect the display to measure the Apparent Power at Sending
End Side.S= V x I and here S = 3 x V x I because it is measuring all three phase voltages and
currents. Write here Sending End Apparent Power. Now you can run the simulation and note
down the value.
 Now we have to perform all these voltage current power measurements at the receiving end
side. The blocks in order to avoid the repetition and save the time. Now you can run the
simulation.
 Replace the sending end with receiving end voltage and current, receiving end active power
and reactive power. Similarly, receiving end Apparent Power. Now we need to measure the
voltage regulation of the transmission line. The mathematical formula for percentage voltage
regulation is given here.
 We know that three phase measurement block is giving three voltages and three current
measurements. And one measurement is sufficient for the calculation purpose. Therefore, we
need de-multiplexer to convert these three readings into one. Now, we need a subtract block.
Put the same de-multiplexer block with the receiving end voltage.
 Now, connect both sending end and receiving end voltage measurements with the subtraction
block. Now we use divide block and to multiply it with 100, we need a gain block. put the
value of the gain from 1 to 100. And connect the display for measurement. Now you can run
the simulation and note down the value.
 Now, we are going to perform transmission efficiency given by the Pr / Ps x 100. Take the
divide block. Copy and paste here. Connect it with the receiving end Active Power. Divide it
with the sending end Active Power. Multiply it with 100 by using the gain. And connect it
with the display for measurement. Change the display name to transmission efficiency.
 Now you can run the simulation and note down the value .At this stage, we have modelled
short transmission

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN SIMULINK:

13
14
15
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Short Transmission Line
Lagging power factor 0.8 at 220 Kv
Sending end line

voltage 250Kv Receiving end voltage 220Kv
ending end 60 Hz Receiving end 60 Hz

frequency frequency
1.44e+04 1.268e+04
Sending end 1.436e+04 Receiving end measured 1.262e+04
measured voltages 1.454e+04 voltages 1.279e+04
100.6 100.6
Sending end 99.24 Receiving end measured 99.24
measured current’s 99.76 current’s 99.76
(Qs) Sending end (Qr) Receiving end

reactive power 2.885e+06 reactive power 2.285e+08
(Ps) Sending end (Pr) Receiving end

active power 3.228e+06 active power 3.048+08
Sending end Receiving end Apparent

Apparent power 4.324e06 power 3.804e+08
S=
Transmission Percentage voltage
efficiency regulation
= 94.42 %VR 12.63

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CONCLUSIONS:
 In this experiment, I have discussed how to design short transmission line in MATLAB
Simulink software. And I have discussed how to measure the Voltages, Currents, Active,
Reactive and Apparent Power at both sending end and receiving end stations and I have
discussed how to measure the voltage regulation and transmission efficiency in the
Matlab Simulink.

17
Experiment # 3:
Single line diagram/ Load flow analysis in matlab.

OBJECTIVE:
How to design load flow analysis in Matlab.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
In this, modeling of the major components of an electric power system
was discussed. This chapter deals with the steady-state analysis of an in-
terconnected power system during normal operation. The system is assumed to
be operating under balanced condition and is represented by a single-phase
network. The network contains hundreds of nodes and branches with
impedances specified in per unit on a common MVA base.
Network equations can be formulated systematically in a variety of forms. However,
the node-voltage method, which is the most suitable form for many power system analyses, is
commonly used. The formulation of the network equations in the nodal admittance form results
in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in terms of node currents. When node
currents are specified, the set of linear equations can be solved for the node voltages. However,
in a power system, powers are known rather than currents. Thus, the resulting equations in
terms of power, known as the power flow equation, become nonlinear and most be solved by
iterative techniques. Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are the backbone
of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic
scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. In addition, power flow analysis is
required for many other analyses such as transient stability and contingency studies.

18
In the bus admittance matrix of the node-voltage equation is formulated, and a
MATLAB function named ybus is developed for the systematic formation of the bus
admittance matrix. Next, two commonly used iterative techniques, namely Gauss-Seidel and
Newton-Raphson methods for the solution of nonlinear algebraic equations, are discussed.
These techniques are employed in the solution of power flow problems. Three programs
lfgauss, Itnewton, and de-couple are developed for the solution of power flow problems by
Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and the fast decoupled power flow respectively.
PROCEDURE:
 Frist we need to save it.
 To design Load flow analysis we need voltage source, three buses, three transmission
lines, three phase loads and three phase measurements blocks.
 At first, we just bring all the components from the Simulink library, these blocks are
available in the library, and just right click on the block and click on add block to model .It
will appear in model.
 And then we connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
 Just double click on the three phase source, a window will open, it ask about the three phase
voltage, keep the voltage as it is and multiply it 1.05, keep the frequency 60Hz and phase
angle 0.
 As we are not going to perform short circuit analysis, therefore, uncheck the internal
resistance icon. Click on the load flow if it is swing then keep it same otherwise change it to
swing and click ok.
 Then double click on load flow bus1, base voltage by default is 25 kV, per unit voltage of
slack is 1.05, and angle is zero and click ok.
 Now double click on three phase measurement block and window will open. Change the
voltage measurement to phase to phase. It shows other options, just click on voltage in per
unit because we are measuring voltage in per unit.
 Click no for current measurement. To convert the voltage in per unit, it ask again the base
voltage. Put 25 kV as the base voltage and click ok.
 Now double click on RMS block and change the initial RMS value to zero. And press ok.
 Now double click on three phase RLC series block 1 and window will open. Change the
branch type to RL. Put the resistance value is 0.02, and inductance 0.04. And click ok.
 Now double click on three phase parallel RLC load block 1 and window will open. Put phase
to phase voltage 25 kV, frequency is 60Hz, inductive power is 110.2, capacitive power is
0.Go to load flow tab and change the load type to PQ and click ok.

19
 Then double click on load flow bus2, base voltage by default is 1.0 kV per unit voltage and
click ok.
 Now double click on three phase parallel RLC load block 1 and window will open. Put phase
to phase voltage 25 kV, frequency is 60Hz, inductive power is 138.6, capacitive power is
45.2 .Go to load flow tab and change the load type to PQ and click ok.
 Then double click on load flow bus3, base voltage by default is 1.0 kV per unit voltage and
click ok.
 Now double click on the Powergui block. You can see, it is fixed. To make it flexible so that
we can change the settings, we have to change to solver. To do this, go to simulation, and
click on model configuration parameters. A new window will open. At solver tab, change the
auto solver to ode45 and click ok. Now double click on powergui block. You can see, now
you can change simulation type from continuous to phasor. Now go to tools click on load
flow settings, it will show you the max iterations, frequency, basemva, pq tolerance, voltage
units and power units. Keep as it is and press ok.
 Now double click on three phase measurement block and window will open. And change all
the complex into magnitude and press ok.
 Now you can run the simulation to check the results.
 Now double click on the powergui block and go to tools and click on load flow to perform
the load flow analysis.

20

21
Results:

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Conclusion:
No. Parameters values

1 Input voltages 1.05*25kv
2 Slack bus voltage 1.05v
3 Bus 3 voltage 1.002v
4 Bus 2 voltage 0.9837
5 Frequency 60Hz
6 BUS 2 P, Q, S 256MW,110MW,22OKW
7 BUS 3 P, Q, S 138MW,45.20MW,220KW
8 Resistance 0.02*6.25
9 Inductance (0.04*6.25)/(2*pi*60)

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Experiment # 4:
Calculation of sending end voltage, active power, reactive
power and efficiency of transmission line.
OBJECTIVE:
To understand:
Calculation of sending end voltage, active power, reactive power and efficiency of
transmission line.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
The important considerations in the design and operation of a transmission line are the
determination of voltage drop, line losses and efficiency of transmission. These values are
greatly influenced by the line constants R, L and C of the transmission line. For instance, the
voltage drop in the line depends upon the values of above three line constants. Similarly, the
resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important cause of power loss in the line
and determines the transmission efficiency.
A transmission line has three constants R, L and C distributed uniformly along the whole
length of the line. The resistance and inductance form the series impedance. The capacitance
existing between conductors for 1-phase line or from a conductor to neutral for a 3-phase line
forms a shunt path throughout the length of the line.
Long Transmission Lines:

When the length of an overhead transmission line is more than 150km and line voltage is
very high (> 100 kV), it is considered as a long transmission line.

24
Important terms:
Voltage regulation:
Mathematically:
%age voltage regulation %VR
Transmission efficiency:
Mathematically:
%age Transmission efficiency η =
PROCEDURE:
 To design the transmission line model, first we need a grid voltage source.
 To get this, go to Simulink library, and go to simscape, click on power system, click on
specialized technology, now click on fundamental blocks, then on electrical source,
 Three phase source block is available, just right click on the block and click on add block to
 Just double click on it, a window will open, we have to put the values. As we know that this
three phase source is working as grid station or generator at the Sending end station.
 Therefore, here it asks phase to phase RMS voltage, which is sending end line voltage in this
case. The sending end line voltage as calculated is 617.53 kV with 16.1 degree .Therefore,
write 617.53 kV here and write phase angle to 16.1 degree here.Now it asks about frequency.
As the given frequency is 60Hz. Therefore put 60 Hz here.
 As we are not perform short circuit analysis, therefore, uncheck the internal resistance icon.
 Click on the load flow and if it is swing then keep it same otherwise change it to swing and
click on ok.
 Now we have to measure the sending end voltage and current, so we need three phase
measurement block which will be available in library, just right click on it and click on add to
your model.
 Connect it with the three phase source, just click below the icon and delete this three phase
measurement and write sending end voltage and current here.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. It shows that voltage measurement is phase to
ground, keep it same and ask about current measurement, as we also to calculate the current,
so keep if yes and click ok.

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 Now we need long transmission line. For this purpose, this distributed parameters line block
can be used to represent the long transmission line. Bring it to the model and connect it.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. Now double click on it, a window will open. As
our system consists of three phase and 60 Hz frequency, therefore keep this 3 and 60 Hz as it
is.The resistance in the given is zero. Therefore, write zero two times here.
 The inductance given is 0.97mH/km. Furthermore, it may be noted that here you must write
0.99 mH. It is necessary to get the correct results. Otherwise, it gives error.
 Now the capacitance given in the example data is 11.5 Nano F/km. Therefore, write here
11.5 Nano F/km two times.
 We know that the length of the transmission line is 300 km. Therefore, write 300 here and
press ok.
 Now we again need three phase measurement block to measure voltage and current at the
receiving end station. Therefore, copy this block by right clicking on it and then paste it
where you want and connect it with the transmission line. Change the name to receiving end
voltage and current.
 Now we need three phase load block to put the load values. For this purpose, bring this three
phase series RLC load block from here in the model. You can rotate it by pressing CTRL+R
to change its direction in order to connect it with other components.
 Now double click on it, a window will open. We have to put the values for receiving end
|voltage, frequency and other parameters of the load The receiving end voltage is 500 kV and
frequency is 60 Hz as shown here in the example data.
 Therefore, write here 500 kV and frequency as 60 Hz. The receiving end active and reactive
power of the load is given as 785.72 MW and 600 Mvar. Therefore, write here 785.72 MW
and here 600 Mvar and put capacitive reactive power to zero. Because our load is inductive.
 Now we need to connect the measurement blocks to display so that voltage and current
measurement before this, it may be noted that meters usually measure RMS voltage. Take
this RMS block from here and bring it in the model Connect it with the three phase
measurement block.
 Double click on this RMS block. Change the initial RMS value to zero and press OK. Now
bring the display block from here in to the model. Connect this display block with the RMS
block in order to measure the voltage.
 Change the name from display to sending End Voltage. For current measurement, just copy
the RMS block and display block by pressing CTRL+C and pasting it here by pressing
CTRL+V. Now connect this with the current measurement port.
 Change the name of the display block to Sending End Current. Now, we can run the
simulation to see the measurement on sending end side.Before running the simulation, we
need, powergui block to run it. Otherwise, it will error. To get this block, just write it in
search term of Simulink library and enter. Copy this block and paste it in your model. Set the
simulation time to 1 second.
 Now you can run the simulation by clicking on this play button. It may be noted that
measurements blocks are showing three measurements due to the reason that we are
measuring all three phase voltages and currents.

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 Now we need to measure the sending end active and reactive power. For this purpose, we
need three phase power instantaneous block. Take this block from here and bring it in the
model. Connect the voltage and current ports of this block with the voltage and current
measurement wires.
 Now connect the display blocks for active and reactive power measurements. To do this,
copy this block and paste it here. Contact it here.
 Similarly, repeat the same procedure to connect this block for reactive power measurement.
Change the name of the both display blocks to sending end active and reactive power. Now
you can run the simulation again to check these values. Now we need to measure the sending
end apparent power.
 For this purpose, we need the product block as well as gain block. Now we need to measure
the sending end apparent power. Therefore, bring both these blocks from here and bring it in
the model.
 As we know that the apparent power is the product of voltage and current. Therefore, connect
the RMS voltage and current measurements with the product block to get the apparent power.
 Change the name of the product block to S = VI. Now connect this gain block with this
product block. As we need three phase sending end apparent power, therefore, double click
on this gain block and write here 3 and press ok.
 Now copy this display block, paste it here and connect it with this gain block. Change the
name to sending end apparent power. Now you can run the simulation again to check the
results. Now we need to measure all these parameters at the receiving end side.
 In order to save the time, just select this whole section, copy it and paste it here at the
receiving end side. Now just connect these two wires with the three phase measurement
block. Now change the names of all these measurements from sending end to receiving end
voltage, current, active, reactive and apparent power respectively.
 Now you can run the simulation again to check the results for the receiving end side. Now we
are going to design the model for voltage regulation of the transmission line. We know that
the formula for voltage regulation is shown here, which consists of sending end voltage
divided by this factor.
 It may be noted that this factor is only used for long transmission line. For this purpose, we
need subtract block and divide block. First bring both these blocks from here in the model.
Bring the divide block here.
 Connect the first port with the sending end voltage. o divide it with 0.9295, we need constant
block. Connect this constant block here. Double click on it. Write 0.9295 here and press OK.
 Connect the output of this block with the positive terminal of the subtract block. Connect the
negative terminal with the receiving end voltage measurement. Now copy this divide block
again. Connect the output of the subtract block with this point and connect the other port with
the receiving end voltage.
 Now copy this gain block, paste it here and connect it with this divide block. Double click on
this gain block and write here 100 to get the voltage regulation in percentage.
 Now copy this display block, paste it here and connect it with this gain block to measure .
Now you can the simulation again to check the results. Now we are going to design the last
part of this experiment that consists of transmission efficiency.

27
 We know that the formula for transmission efficiency is equal to the ratio of the output active
power to the input active power. For this purpose, we again need the divide block. Therefore,
just copy this divide block, paste it here. Connect the first port with the sending end active
power. Connect the second port with the receiving end active power.
 Now copy this gain block again, paste it here and connect it with the output of the divide
block to convert it into percentage. Similarly, repeat the same procedure to connect the
display block here in order to measure the transmission efficiency.
 Change the name of this block to transmission efficiency. Now you can run the simulation
again to check the results.

28

29
30
Long Transmission Line
Lagging power factor 0.8 at 500 Kv
Sending end line 617.53Kv

voltage Receiving end voltage 500Kv
ending end 60 Hz Receiving end frequency 60 Hz

frequency
3.564e+05 2.878e+05
Sending end 3.564e+05 Receiving end measured 2.877e+05
measured voltages 3.568e+05 voltages 2.881e+05
888.8 1143
Sending end 887.6 Receiving end measured 1142
measured current’s 888.6 current’s 1142
Sending end 5.3e+08 Receiving end reactive 6.006e+08

reactive power power
Sending end active 7.882e+08 Receiving end active 7.879e+08

power power
9.502e+08 9.872e+08
Sending end 9.49e_08 Receiving end Apparent 9.853e+08
Apparent power 9.512e+08 power 9.87e+08
S=
Transmission Percentage voltage

efficiency 100 regulation 33.26
η= %VR

31
CONCLUSIONS:
 In this experiment, I have discussed how to design long transmission line in MATLAB
Simulink software. And I have discussed how to measure the Voltages, Currents, Active,
Reactive and Apparent Power at both sending end and receiving end stations.
 I have discussed how to measure the voltage regulation and transmission efficiency in the
Matlab Simulink.

32
Experiment # 5:
How to make a Load Curve on Matlab.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn
1. How to build a load curve, load duration curve and integrated load duration for a given
data.
2. Valuable information extracted from these load curves.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
The demand for power has increased exponentially over the last century. This has increased
the emphasis on the performance and efficiency of power supplies used in everyday
electronics as well as sophisticated electronic and communication systems. A power
supply is a component, subsystem, or system that converts electrical power from one form
to another. In power system, it is important to know the daily-load curve that consists of
demand pattern by various classes of users.
Load Curve:
A graphical plot showing the variation in demand for energy of the consumers on a source of
supply with respect to time is known as the load curve. If this curve is plotted over a time
period of 24 hours, it is known as daily load curve. If it’s plotted for a week, month, or
a year, then it’s named as the weekly, monthly or yearly load curve respectively. From out of
the load connected, a consumer uses different fractions of the total load at various times
of the day as per his/her requirements. Since a power system has to supply load to all such
consumers, the load to be supplied varies continuously with time and does not remain
constant.

33
Important terms and factors:
The variable load problem has introduced the following terms and factors in power plant
engineering
(i) Connected load: It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to supply
system. A power station supplies load to thousands of consumers. Each consumer has certain
equipment installed in his premises. The sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipment in
the consumer’s premises is the “connected load” of the consumer. For instance, if a consumer
has connections of five 100-watt lamps and a power point of 500 watts, then connected load of
the consumer is 5 × 100 + 500 = 1000 watts. The sum of the connected loads of all the
consumers is the connected load to the power station.
(ii) Maximum demand: It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given
period. The load on the power station varies from time to time. The maximum of all the demands
that have occurred during a given period (say a day) is the maximum demand. Thus referring
back to the load curve of Figure below the maximum demand on the power station during the
day is 6 MW and it occurs at 6 P.M. Maximum demand is generally less than the connected load
because all the consumers do not switch on their connected load to the system at a time. The
knowledge of maximum demand is very important as it helps in determining the installed
capacity of the station. The station must be capable of meeting the maximum demand.
(iii) Demand factor:

It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load i.e.,
Demand factor = Maximum demand/Connected load
The value of demand factor is usually less than 1.It is expected because maximum demand on
the power station is generally less than the connected load. If the maximum demand on
the power station is 80 MW and the connected load is 100 MW, then demand factor = 80/100 =
0·8.The knowledge of demand factor is vital in determining the capacity of the plant equipment.
(iv) Average load: The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or
month or year) is known as average load or average demand.

34
(v) Load factor: The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period
is known as load factor i.e.,
The load factor may be daily load factor, monthly load factor or annual load factor if the
time period considered is a day or month or year. Load factor is always less than 1 because the
average load is smaller than the maximum demand. The load factor plays a key role in
determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor of the power station,
lesser will be the cost per unit generated.
(vi) Diversity factor: The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the
maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor i.e.,
A power station supplies load to various types of consumers whose maximum demands
generally do not occur at the same time. Therefore, the maximum demand on the power station is
always less than the sum of individual maximum demands of the consumers. Obviously,
diversity factor will always be greater than 1.The greater the diversity factor, the lesser is the cost
of generation of power.
(vii) Plant capacity factor: It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum
possible energy that could have been produced during a given period i.e.,
Thus if the considered period is one year,

35
The plant capacity factor is an indication of the reserve capacity of the plant. A power
station is so designed that it has some reserve capacity for meeting the increased load demand in
future. Therefore, the installed capacity of the plant is always somewhat greater than the
maximum demand on the plant.
Reserve Capacity = Plant capacity − Max. demand
It is interesting to note that difference between load factor and plant capacity factor is an
indication of reserve capacity. If the maximum demand on the plant is equal to the plant capacity,
then load factor and plant capacity factor will have the same value. In such a case, the plant will
have no reserve capacity.
(viii) Plant use factor: It is ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and
the number of hours for which the plant was in operation i.e.

36
PROCEDURE:
 Then click on the new script. And open a new model.
 Put the data in the form of matrices.
 First Column of the data is Initial Time.
 Second Column of the data is Final Time.
 Calculate the time difference.
 Subtract Column 1 from Column 2 of data.
 Column 3 is the Power in data. Power in MWH.
 Power multiplying power with the transpose of time difference.
 Calculate average power if required, by dividing MWH with 24.
 Here we are finding Maximum Demand.
 Finding the Load Factor.
 Finding length of the data.
 Finding the total time.
 By joining both Column 1 & Column 2 of data.
 Now sort the time data in Ascending order And Reshape it.
 Now apply for loop for 1 to L entries to get Power corresponding to the entries of the data.
 Plot the Load (pp) and time t.
 Label x-axis, (time).
 Label y-axis, (Load).
 Give title to the Graph (Load Curve).
 Click Run.
 Load Curve Plotted.

37
PROGRAM:

38
Graph:
OBSERVATIONS:
Duration (hrs) Loads( MW)
0am – 5am 40
5am – 10am 50
10am – 12pm 60
12pm – 16pm 30
16pm – 20pm 45
20pm – 24pm 70

39
CONCLUSIONS:
Population and economic size drive base load electricity demand at annual
to decadal timescales; climate drives seasonal variability; and human physiology and
meteorology drive diurnal patterns. This paper makes an effort to analyze and evaluate
climatic and other diurnal factors to gauge its impact on the consumption pattern of the
population at large. As shown all the factors considered are very well able to explain
the variations in the demand met pattern which hitherto appeared to be random or
unpredictable. Although, many of the factors are localized but since it is an integrated
grid hence affects the overall demand patterns and that needs to be addressed properly
while doing forecasting. Forecasting of demand control area wise is must in a current
complex power system and would also help the operators to manage it in secure manner by
taking necessary action in advance.

40
Experiment # 6:
Calculation of units generated per day with the help of
load curve.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
How to calculate units generated for a given data.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Load Curve and Load Duration Curve:
Load curve is the variation of load with time on a Power Station. As the load on a Power
Station never remain constant rather it varies time to time, these variations in load is plotted on
half hourly or hourly basis for the whole day. The curve thus obtained is known as Daily Load
Curve.
Therefore, by having a look at the Load Curve, we can check the peak load on a Power
Station and its variation. From the figure below, it is quite clear that the peak load (6 MW) on a
particular Power Station is at 6 P.M.

41
The monthly load curve can be plotted using the daily load curve for a particular month.
For this purpose the average load for different time for the whole month is calculated and the
value thus obtained is plotted against time to get the Monthly Load Curve. Monthly Load Curve
is used to fix the rate of energy.
In the same manner Yearly Load Curve can be obtained using the 12 monthly load curves.
The Yearly Load Curve is used for calculation the Annual Load Factor.
Importance of Load Curve:
 From the daily load curve we can have insight of load at different time for a day.
 The area under the daily load curve gives the total units of electric energy generated.
Units Generated / day = Area under the daily Load Curve in kW:
 The peak point on the daily load curve gives the highest demand on the Power Station for
that day.
 The average load per day on the Power Station can be calculated using the daily load
curve.
Average load = Area under the daily Load Curve (kWh)/ 24 hrs:
 Load curve helps in deciding the size and number of Generating Units.
Load Factor = Avg. Load / maximum Load = Avg. Load x24 / 24xmaximum Load
= Area under daily Load Curve/Area of Rectangle having Daily Load Curve
 Load curve helps in the preparing the operation schedule of the generating units.
Load Duration Curve:
Load Duration Curve is the plot of Load versus time duration for which that load was persisting.
Load Duration Curve is obtained from the Daily Load Curve as shown in figure below.

42
From the above Load Duration Curve, it is clear that 20 MW of Load is persisting for a
period of 8 hours, 15 MW of Load for 4 hours and so on.
It is also quite clear that, the area under the load duration curve is equal to the daily load
curve and gives the number of units (kWh) generated for a given day. The load duration curve
can be extended for any period of time i.e. it can be drawn for a month or for year too.

43
PROGRAM:

44
RESULTS:
data =
0 6 40
6 10 50
10 12 60
12 16 50
16 20 70
20 24 40
Units_ gen = 1200000

45
PROCEDURE:
 Clc;
 Clear all;
 Close all;
 data=[0 6 40; 6 10 50; 10 12 60; 12 16 50; 16 20 70; 20 24 40]
 ST Write starting time.
 st=data(:,1);
 ET Write end time.
 et=data(:,2);
 load m=data(:,3);
 load=load m*10^3;%load in kw
 time=et-st;%time in hours
 units_gen=sum(time*load)%units generated kwh
 Click Run.
 Note the value.

46
0am – 6am 40
6am – 10am 50
10am – 12pm 60
12pm – 16pm 50
16pm – 20pm 70
20pm – 24pm 40
No. of units gen/day = Area (in kwh)

=
]
=
=
= kwh

47
Experiment # 7:
Estimation of tariff based on load curve
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
How to Estimate of tariff for a given data.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Electricity Tariffs
The amount of money frame by the supplier for the supply of electrical energy to
various types of consumers in known as an electricity tariff. In other words, the tariff is the
methods of charging a consumer for consuming electric power. The tariff covers the total cost of
producing and supplying electric energy plus a reasonable cost.
The actual tariffs that the customer pay depends on the consumption of the electricity.
The consumer bill varies according to their requirements. The industrial consumers pay more
tariffs because they use more power for long times than the domestic consumers. The electricity
tariffs depends on the following factors.
 Type of load
 Time at which load is required.
 The power factor of the load.
 The amount of energy used.
The total bill of the consumer has three parts, namely, fixed charge D, semi-fixed charge Ax and
running charge By.
where, C – total charge for a period (say one month)

x – maximum demand during the period (kW or kVA)
y – Total energy consumed during te period (kW or kVA)
A – cost per kW or kVa of maximum demand.

48
B – cost per kWh of energy consumed.
D – fixed charge during each billing period.
This is known as three-part electricity tariff, and it is mainly applied to the big consumer.
Factors Affecting the Electricity Tariffs.
The following factors are taken into accounts to decide the electricity tariff:
 Types of Load :
The load is mainly classified into three types, i.e., domestic, commercial, or industrial.
The industrial consumers use more energy for a longer time than domestic consumers, and
hence the tariff for the industrial consumers is more than the domestic consumers. The tariff
of the electric energy varies according to their requirement.
 Maximum demand :
The cost of the electrical energy supplied by a generating station depends on the installed
capacity of the plant and kWh generated. Increased in maximum capacity increased the
installed capacity of the generating station.
 The time at which load is required:
The time at which the maximum load required is also essential for the electricity tariff. If
the maximum demand coincides with the maximum demand of the consumer, then the
additional plant is required. And if the maximum demand of the consumers occurs during
off-peak hours, the load factor is improved, and no extra plant capacity is needed. Thus, the
overall cost per kWh generated is reduced.
 The power factor of the load :
The power factor plays a major role in the plant economics. The low power factor
increases the load current which increases the losses in the system. Thus, the regulation
becomes poor. For improving the power factor, the power factor correction equipment is
installed at the generating station. Thus, the cost of the generation increases.
 The amount of energy used :
The cost of electrical energy is reduced by using large amounts of energy for longer
periods.
Types of Electricity Tariff:
Some of the most important types of tariff are as follows:
1. Flat Demand Rate tariff

2. Straight-line Meter rate tariff
3. Block meter Rate tariff
4. Two-part tariff
5. Power factor tariff
6. Seasonal rate tariff

49
7. Peak load tariff
8. Three-part tariff
1. Flat demand rate tariff :

The flat demand rate tariff is expressed by the equation C = Ax. In this type of tariff, the bill
of the power consumption depends only on the maximum demand of the load. The generation
of the bill is independent of the normal energy consumption. This type of tariff is used on the
street light, sign lighting, irrigation, etc., where the working hours of the equipment are
unknown. The metering system is not used for calculating such type of tariffs.
2. Straight-line meter rate tariff :
This type of tariff is given by the equation C = By. The generation of the bills depends on
the energy consumption of the load. Thus, different types of bills are generated by the
consumers.
The charges for different types of consumption depends on the load and diversity factors of
the load. For example, the tariff for small devices is less as compared to the power loads. Hence
different meters are used for measuring the power consumption.
3. Block meter rate tariff :
In this type of tariff, the energy consumption is distinguished into blocks. The per unit
tariff of the individual block is fixed. The price of the block is arranged in the decreasing order.
The first block has the highest cost, and it goes on decreasing accordingly.
The price and the energy consumption are divided into three blocks. The first few units of energy
at a certain rate, the next at a slightly lower rate and the remaining unit at a very lower rate.

50
4. Two-part tariff :
In such type of tariff, the total bill is divided into two parts. The first one is the fixed
charge and the second is the running charge. The fixed charge is because of the maximum
demand and the second charge depends on the energy consumption by the load.
The factor A and B may be constant and vary according to some sliding.
5. Power factor tariff :
The tariff, which depends on the power factor of the load, is known as the power factor
tariff. The power factor tariff is mainly classified into two types.
a. kVA maximum demand tariff – This is also a two-part tariff.
The low power factor increases the KVA rating of the load.
b.kWh and kVarh tariff:

The bill is calculated by the sum of the kVarh and Kwh rating of the load.
The kVarh is inversely proportional to the power factor of the load.
c. Sliding Scale or Average power factor tariff :

In Average power factor tariff, the particular value of the power factor is taken as
reference. If the power factor at the consumer end is low, then the consumer has to pay
the additional charges. Similarly, if the power factor of the load is above from the
reference value, then the discount will be given to the consumer.
6. Seasonal rate tariff :

Such type of tariff measures the high price in kWh used by the consumer in one
complete year. It is also known as the on peak season tariff. If the low consumption occurs
in the year, then it called the off-peak season tariffs.

51
7. Peak-load tariff:
Such type of tariff is similar to peak load tariffs. The only difference is that the seasonal
tariff measures the peak hour of the year and the peak tariff calculates it for the day. If the
power consumption is high, then it is known as the on-peak tariff, and for low power
consumption, it is called off-peak load tariffs.
The peak load and seasonal tariffs both are used for reducing the idle or standby capacity of
the load.
8. Three-part tariff:
The three-part tariff is in the form of,
And it is applied to the big consumer.

52
PROCEDURE:
 Clc;
 Clear all;
 Close all;
 data=[0 6 40; 6 10 50; 10 12 60; 12 16 50; 16 20 70; 20 24 40]
 ST Write starting time.
 st=data(:,1);
 ET Write end time.
 et=data(:,2);
 load m=data(:,3);
 load=load m*10^3;%load in kw
 time=et-st;%time in hours
 units_gen=sum(time*load)%units generated kwh
 Then write .Title('Daily Loard Curve')
 Disp('Two part tariff calculation')
 Fixed_charge=input('center cost of fixed charge');
 Running_charge=input('center cost of running charge');
 Units_gen_monthly=units_gen*30;
 Bill=(fixed_charge*max(load)+ Running_charge*units_gen_monthly)
 Click Run.
 Note the value.

53
PROGRAM:
RESULTS:

54
Graph:

55
0am – 6am 40
6am – 10am 50
10am – 12pm 60
12pm – 16pm 50
16pm – 20pm 70
20pm – 24pm 40
No. of units gen/day = Area (in kwh)

=
]
=
=
= kwh
Two- part tariff = a kw + b kwh
Where, a kw (100) is Charge for max.demend and b kwh (0.1) is Running cost
Tariff =Rs [( a kw ) + ( b kwh )]

= Rs [( 100 70000 ) + ( 0.1 )]
= Rs [ 70,00,000 + 36,00,000 ]
= Rs 1,06,00,000

56
Experiment # 8:
Economic load dispatch without generator limits and losses.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
How to calculate Incremental cost, optimal dispatch of generation, total generation cost
without generator limits and losses.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
The power output of any generator should not exceed its rating nor
should it below that necessary for stable boiler operation. Thus, the generations
are restricted to lie within given minimum and maximum limits. The problem is
to find the real power generation for each plant such that the objective function
{i.e., total production cost) is minimum, subject to the constraint and the
inequality constraints given by.
i = 1, ... ,ng
Where Pi(min) and {ma:x) are the minimum and maximum generating limits re-
spectively for plant i.
The Kuhn-Tucker conditions complement the Lagrangian conditions to

include the inequality constraints as additional terms. The necessary conditions
for the optimal dispatch with losses neglected becomes
for (min) < Pi < Pi(max}
for J'i = !'i(min}

57
The numerical solution is the same as before. That is, for an estimated >., Pi
are found from the coordination. Equation iteration is continued until E P1 = PD.
PROCEDURE:
 Clc;
 Clear all;
 Close all;
 cost = [500 5.3 0.004
400 5.5 0.006
200 5.8 0.009];
 Put the total demand.
 pdt = 800;
 dispatch
 gencost
 Click Run.
 Note the value.

58
PROGRAM:

59
RESULTS:

60
The cost function variables for the first power plant
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004
The cost function variables for the second power plant
Input data C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006
The cost function variables for the third power plant
C3 = 200 + 5.8 P2 + 0.009
The total power demand = 800 MW
Incremental cost = 8.5 $/MWh
Optimal dispatch of generation
P1 = 400 MW
Output
P2 = 250 MW
P3 = 150 MW
Total generation cost = 500 + 5.3 400 + 0.004 4002 + 400 + 5.5 250 +
0.006 2502 + 200 + 5.8 + 0.009 1502
CT = 6682.50 $/h

61
Experiment # 9:
Economic load dispatch including generator limits and
ignoring losses.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
including generator limits and ignoring losses.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
The power output of any generator should not exceed its rating nor
should it below that necessary for stable boiler operation. Thus, the generations
are restricted to lie within given minimum and maximum limits. The problem is
to find the real power generation for each plant such that the objective function
{i.e., total production cost) is minimum, subject to the constraint and the
inequality constraints given by.
i = 1, ... ,ng
Where Pi(min) and {ma:x) are the minimum and maximum generating limits re-
spectively for plant i.

62
The Kuhn-Tucker conditions complement the Lagrangian conditions to
include the inequality constraints as additional terms. The necessary conditions
for the optimal dispatch with losses neglected becomes
for (min) < Pi < Pi(max}
for J'i = !'i(min}
The numerical solution is the same as before. That is, for an estimated >., Pi
are found from the coordination. Equation iteration is continued until E P1 = Pd.
As soon as any plant reaches a maximum or minimum , the plant becomes pegged at the
limit. In effect, the plant output becomes a constant, and only the unviolated plants must
operate at equal incremental cost.

63
PROCEDURE:
 Clc;
 Clear all;
 Close all;
 cost = [500 5.3 0.004
400 5.5 0.006
200 5.8 0.009];
 Put all limits.
 mwlimits = [200 450
150 350
100 225];

 pdt = 975;
 dispatch
 gencost
 Click Run.
 Note the value.

64
PROGRAM:

65
RESULTS:

66
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004
Input data C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006
C3 = 200 + 5.8 P3 + 0.009
The total power demand = 975MW
Generator limits 200 P1 450
150 P2 350
100 P3 225
P1 = 450 MW
Output
P2 = 325 MW
P3 = 200 MW
Total generation cost = 500 + 5.3 450 + 0.004 4502 + 400 + 5.5 325 +
0.006 3252 + 200 + 5.8 200+ 0.009 2002
CT = 8236.25 $/h

67
Experiment # 10:
Economic load dispatch including generator limits and losses.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
including generator limits and losses.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
When transmission distances are very small and load density is very high,
transmission losses may be neglected and the optimal dispatch of generation
is achieved with all plants operating at equal incremental production cost.
However, in a large interconnected network where power is transmitted over
long distances with low load density areas, transmission losses are a major
factor and affect the optimum dispatch of generation. One common practice
for including the effect of transmission losses is to express the total
transmission loss as a quadratic function of the generator power outputs.
The simplest quadratic form is.

68
The economic dispatching problem is to minimize the overall generati ng cost
C; w hi ch is the function of plant output?
Subject t o the con strai nt that generation should e q u a l t otal demands plu s losses, i.e.
Satisfying the i nequality c o n s t r a i n t s , expressed as follows:
Using the langrange multiplier:
Min imum of this function isfountat the points where the partials of the
function to itsvariablesare zero.

69
70
PROCEDURE:

 Clc;
 Clear all;
 Close all;
 cost = [200 7.0 0.008
180 6.3 0.009
140 6.8 0.007];
 Put all limits.

 mwlimits = [10 85
10 80
10 70 ];
 pdt = 150 ;
 Put the real power loss.
 Put loss coefficients.
 B = [0.0218 0 0
0 0.0228 0
0 0 0.0179]
 Put the loss coefficients.

 basemva = 100;
 dispatch
 gencost
 Click Run.
 Note the value.

71
PROGRAM:

72
RESULTS:

73
C1 = 200 + 7.0 P1 + 0.008
Input data C2 = 180 + 6.3 P2 + 0.009
C3 = 140 + 6.8 P 3 + 0.007
The total power demand = 975MW
Generator limits 10 P1 85 MW
10 P2 80 MW
10 P3 70 MW
P1 = 35 MW
Output
P2 = 64 MW
P3 = 52 MW
Total generation cost = 200 + 7.0 (35.0907) + 0.008 (35.0907)2 + 180+ 6.3
(64.1317) + 0.009 (64.1317)2 + 140 + 6.8 (52.4767) + 0.007
52.4767)2
CT = 1592.65 $/h

74
Experiment # 11:
Matlab simulation of single phase transformer including step up,

step down & isolation transformer.
OBJECTIVE:
How to work:
Single phase transformer including step up, step down & isolation transformer.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
 It is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical
power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field, without a change in
frequency. It can be either to step-up or step down.
 It can be either to step-up or step down.
 There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are coupled magnetically.
 Transformers provide much needed capability of changing the voltage and current levels
easily. It is a static machines.
 They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate voltage level for power
transfer.

75
STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER
Step-up transformer:
If (Ns greater than NP) and (Vs is greater Vp) such a transformer in which voltage across
secondary is greater than the primary voltage is called a step-up transformer.A step-up
transformer has more turns in its secondary winding than its primary winding and is used to
increase the ac voltage.
The turns ratio for a step-up transformer is always greater than 1 because the number of turns in
the secondary winding is always greater than the number of turns in the primary winding.

76
Step down transformer:
If (Ns is less then NP) the number of turns in the secondary is less than the number in
primary, and (Vs is less then Vp) , such transformer in which voltage across secondary is less than
the primary voltage is called a step-down transformer. The turns ratio for a step-down
transformer is always less than 1 because the number of turns in the secondary winding is always
fewer than the number of turns in the primary winding.
Isolation transformer:
A transformer is a static electrical device which transfers power from one voltage level to
another while keeping the frequency same. And, if the primary and secondary windings are
coupled through a common iron core, they are considered as the Isolation Transformer.
The secondary winding, as usual in transformers, is physically and electrically isolated from the
primary winding.
There is no literal electrical link between the two windings. They are magnetically coupled, not
electrically linked.
This “line isolation” is a very desirable characteristic for various applications. As there is no
electrical connection between the load and source, the transformer behaves like a filter between
the two windings by segregating them from each other.
The Isolation Transformers significantly block the voltage spikes, switching transients and noise
that originate in the supply side from being getting transferred to the load side.
Some isolation transformers are built with a turn ratio of 1:1. Such transformers are exclusively
built to have the same input and output voltage and are used for isolation only.

77
All transformers except autotransformers provide isolation.
When used with a switching power supply, an Isolation Transformer prevents higher-order
harmonic signals from degrading the performance of adjoining circuitry.
It is especially crucial in computers or other equipment incorporating microprocessors. Improper
isolation can cause interference to other functions of the system and can cause excess ripples at
the output voltage waveform.

78
PROCEDURE:

 Then save the file.
 Go to Simulink library, and go to simscape, click on power system, click on specialized
technology, now click on fundamental blocks, then on electrical source.
 AC voltage source block is available, just right click on the block and click on add block to
 We need linear transformer which will be available in library, just right click on it and click
on add to your model.
 We need ground and series RLC load which will be available in library, just right click on it
and click on add to your model.
measurement will be available in library, just right click on it and click on add to your model.
 Take this RMS block from library and bring it in the model
 We need Scope and Display .scope and display block is available, just right click on the
block and click on add block to model .It will appear in model.
 And we need Power gui block. Power gui block is available, just right click on the block and
click on add block to model .It will appear in model.
 Then connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
 Now double click on RLC load block, a window will open. Here we will change the
resistance value put 100 and then click ok.
 Now double click on AC voltage source block, a window will open. Here we will change the
Peak amplitude value put 220 and change frequency 50 Hz then click ok.
 Now double click on Transformer block, a window will open. Here we will change the
nominal power and frequency value put 250 frequency 50 Hz then put the value of primary
voltages 220 and secondary voltage 400 then click ok.
 Now double click on RMS block, a window will open. Here we will change the frequency
put 50Hz and then click ok.
 Now double click on Series RLC load block, a window will open. Here we will change the
resistance value, put 100 and click ok.
 Then set the simulation time 0.5 sec.
 Now you can run the simulation and note down the values.
 And stop the simulation. You can see that, the first case we are saying is step up hence the
output voltage is larger there have a input voltage.
 Then the next case we have to see is step down transfer order the transform would change the
early as step up it will change input us 440 primary is 440 and secondary voltage is 57.
 The last configuration we have to seize isolation in isolation input and output have value.

79
Step up transformer
Graph:

80
Step down transformer
Graph:

81
Isolation transformer
Graph:

82
Step up transformer
Input AC voltage source Peak amplitude 220

Frequency 50HZ
Input voltage for Step up Peak voltage 250

transformer
Frequency 50HZ
Resistance load
100
Transformer primary voltage 220V
Step down transformer

Frequency 50HZ
Input voltage for Step down Peak voltage 250

transformer
Frequency 50HZ
Resistance load
100

83
Isolation transformer

Frequency 50HZ
Input voltage for Isolation Peak voltage 250

transformer
Frequency 50HZ
Resistance load
100
CONCLUSIONS:
 The method could possibly used for the transfer of electricity across the country via the
power lines. the circuit was not supplying the most efficient or maximum efficiency,
due to the core losses not equaling the copper losses.
 So if you increases the voltage out, then the current out must decreases. If you step up
the voltage, so that voltage output is double the voltage input.

84
Experiment # 12:
Matlab simulation of three phase transformer.
OBJECTIVE:
To learn:
How to work three phase transformer.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Three Phase Transformer
Usually power is generated and distributed in three phase system, and therefore it is obvious
that we would need three phase transformers to step up and step down voltages. Although, it is
practically possible to use three suitably interconnected 'single phase transformers' instead of one
'three phase transformer', the following advantages of three phase transformers encourage their
use -
 One 'three phase transformer' occupies less space than a gang of three 'single phase
transformers'.
 Single 'three phase' unit is more economical
 The overall bus-bar structure, switchgear and installation of ’three phase transformer' is
simpler.

85
Core Type Construction
The construction of a core type three phase transformer is as shown in the figure.
The core consists of three legs or limbs. As usual, the core is made up of thin laminated sheets to
reduce eddy current losses. Each limb has primary and secondary windings in cylindrical shape
(former wound) arranged concentrically. The construction is well illustrated in the figure.
Shell Type Construction
In a shell type three phase transformer, three phases are more independent than they are in
core type. Each phase has its individual magnetic circuit. The construction of shell type three
phase transformer is illustrated in the figure at right. The construction is similar to that of three
single phase shell type transformers kept on the top of each other.

86
PROCEDURE:

 Then save the file.
 Go to Simulink library, and go to simscape, click on power system, click on specialized
technology, now click on fundamental blocks, then on electrical source.
 AC voltage source block is available, just right click on the block and click on add block to
 We need 3 phase transformer which will be available in library, just right click on it and click
on add to your model.
 We need ground and series RLC load which will be available in library, just right click on it
and click on add to your model.
measurement will be available in library, just right click on it and click on add to your model.
 Then we need Mux .Mux block is available, just right click on the block and click on add
block to model .It will appear in model.
 Then connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
 Now double click on AC voltage source1 block, a window will open. Here we will change
the Peak amplitude value put 440 and change frequency 50 Hz and phase angle is 0 then
click ok.
the Peak amplitude value put 440 and change frequency 50 Hz and phase angle is + 120
then click ok.
the Peak amplitude value put 440 and change frequency 50 Hz and phase angle is - 120 then
click ok.
 Now double click on Series RLC1 load block, a window will open. Here we will change the
 Then set the simulation time 0.25 sec.

87

88
Input Graph:
Output Graph:

89
OBSERVATIONS:
Input AC voltage source 1 Peak voltage 440 Resistance load 1 220

Phase Angle 0
Input AC voltage source 2 Peak voltage 440 Resistance load 2 220

Phase Angle +120
Peak voltage 440 Resistance load 3 220

Input AC voltage source 3
Phase Angle -120

90

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Government College University, Faisalabad

Department of Electrical Engineering & Technology

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Muhammad Umair Arshad

Engr. Muhammad Saad Sharif

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Farhan

Dr. Abdul Rauf Bhatti

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Sr.No. Experiment Page

1. Introduction to Matlab Simulink and Simulink Power System. 1

3. Single line diagram. 18

7. Estimation of tariff based on load curve. 48

8. Economic load dispatch without generator limits and losses. 57

9. Economic load dispatch including generator limits and ignoring losses. 62

10. Economic load dispatch including generator limits and losses. 68

12. Matlab simulation of three phase transformer. 85

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

• Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar

• Enter the Simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

• Simulink library browser helps us to select any required component by

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Simulink Power System:

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Short Transmission Line

Lagging power factor 0.8 at 220 Kv

Sending end line

ending end 60 Hz Receiving end 60 Hz

(Qs) Sending end (Qr) Receiving end

(Ps) Sending end (Pr) Receiving end

Sending end Receiving end Apparent

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Single line diagram/ Load flow analysis in matlab.

How to design load flow analysis in Matlab.

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

No. Parameters values

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Long Transmission Lines:

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Manual

Lagging power factor 0.8 at 500 Kv