REFERENCE

CONVERSION TABLE

482
 REFERENCE

SI UNIT

ELECTRICAL DATA

483
 REFERENCE

COMMONLY USE PUMP FORMULAS

484
 REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

485
 REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

II CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO PUMPS

Turbo pumps are loosely grouped into the following three types.

Centrifugal Pump
Pump head caused primarily by the centrifugal force of impeller rotation.
This type pump is widely used for its high head capability.

Mixed Flow Pump

Here pump head is derived partly from rotation of the impeller, partly from
impeller lift.

Axial Flow Pump

Head produced by this pump is primarily a result of impeller action on water.
It is used extensively when a large flow with low head is required.

These three kinds of pumps are also classified according to types of casing
and impellers.
CASING
Volute Pump & Diffuser Pump
Water flows from impeller at high speed, which must be efficiently converted
into pressure. In a diffuser pump, this conversion is performed by a guide
vane installed in contact with the impeller. In a volute pump, conversation is
by a volute casing not provided with a guide vane. Because of its high
efficiency in handling a wide flow of water, simplicity of construction and
compactness, a volute pump is universally used, except for such special
use, as with a deep well.

SUCTION TYPES
Single Suction & Double Suction
When single suction is insufficient to move a large volume of water, two
impellers are used back to back, and suction occurs on both sides. This,
then, is the double suction type. Double suction improves efficiency, and the
axial thrust is, in theory, balanced. However, because of structural
complications, double suction is not used in other volute type pumps.

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 REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

MULTI-STAGES
When a single impeller fails to produce the required head, several
impeller are arranged on as many stages on the principle of series
operation of pumps. Most high-head pumps are multi-stage type.

NON-SELF-PRIMING &
SELF-PRIMING PUMPS
It is necessary to prime a conventional pump prior to operation to
create a water channel from the pump through the suction piping.
A self-priming pump can be started without the need for water in
the suction pipe. Self-priming pumps works as follows:
i) Prior to operation, water is in the casing and the impeller is
immersed in water.

ii) With the start of operation, the impeller creates a vacuum in

the pump, and air in the suction pipe is gradually drawn into the
pump. On the outlet side, air alone is discharged and water
circulates within the impeller.

iii) With the complete removal of air from the suction pipe, the
pump commences regular watering.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
Submersible pumps have enjoyed fast progress in recent years
because:
1) No installation space is necessary
2) Priming is not required
3) There is no worry about cavitation
Another reason for the popularity of submersible pumps is the
new reliability of submersible motors and their mechanical seals,
plus the availability of these pumps at moderate cost.

OTHER PUMPS
In addition to the various types of turbo pumps mentioned above,
there are others such as regenerative, reciprocating, rotary,
vacuum, jet and air lift pumps. These pumps, however, have
special applications. Most widely used among pumps are turbo
pumps, and particularly, centrifugal volute pumps.

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 REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD & STATIC HEAD

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
The total head is obtained by the following formula

SURFACE PUMPS

Besides the static head, it is necessary to include the friction loss (head) that is generated when water flows through pipes,
bends and valves in the calculation of the total head.

In case of non-submersible pumps (mainly horizontal

pumps), it is advisable that it be installed at a place as
near as the water level of suction side, for the prevention
of cavitation.

STATIC HEAD
Has : suction actual head
Had : discharged actual head

In case the water level In case the water level

(in suction tank) is above the pump: (in suction tank) is below the pump:
Ha = Had – Has Ha = Had = Has

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 REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD AND PIPE FRICTION LOSS

HEAD
The water heights that pump lift up is called head. In the case of transfer pump, the differential head Ha
between discharge water level and suction water level is called actual head which is shown in Fig.1.
The actual head consists of suction actual head, Has and discharge actual head, Had.
Pump total head H means actual head Ha plus pipe friction loss Hf (this consists of suction loss
Hfa & discharge loss Hfd)

For transfer pump For circulating pump

Discharge
(Discharge friction loss) water level (Discharge friction loss)

(Actual head)

(Discharge (Suction friction loss)

actual head)

(Actual head) (Discharge

(Suction positive actual head)
Fig.1 head) Fig.2
(Suction
actual
head)

(Suction friction loss)

Remark: Positive head

Total head H = Ha + Hf Total head H = Ha + Hf

Actual head Ha = Had - (- Has) = Had + Has Actual head Ha = Had - Has
Pipe friction loss Hf = Hfs + Hfd Pipe friction loss Hf = Hfs + Hfd

FRICTION HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE

1) Head loss for straight pipe
a. To find head loss by calculation method:
Calculate using the following equation:
2
Hf(m) = . L . υ
D 2g

L : overall length of pipe (m)

D : diameter of pipe (m)
υ : velocity of flow in pipe (m/s)
g : gravity acceleration (9.8m/s2)
: value variable with fluid viscosity and flow velocity, pipe diameter and inside roughness,
being found, in the case of water, by the following formula:
= 0.02 + 1
2000D
b. To find head loss by graphical method
The head loss for a vinyl choloride pipe and that for a steel pipe (the head loss for a cast iron pipe being
1.3 times that for a steel pipe) are as shown in Fig 3 & 4. These graphs however, indicate the head loss
per meter for a new pipe, and therefore the results obtained must be translated into the length as desired.
Moreover, from a practical viewpoint, the resultant length must be multiplied by 1.5, allowing for aging.
Example:
For 100mm diameter, 80m lengths straight steel pipe and flow rate 1.2m3/min, pipe friction loss should
be calculated as follows:
New pipe loss given as 60mm (=0.06m) from fig.4, so that actual pipe loss is
Hf = 0.06m x 80 x 1.5 ( design coefficient ) = 7.2(m)

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 REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS TABLE

490
 REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE & FITTINGS

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 REFERENCE

PUMP SYSTEM CURVE

Fig.6 Pipe system curve & flow rate

Pump
performance curve
Pipe system curve

Hf’
Hf
Total head

H
Ha

Flow rate

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 REFERENCE

PUMP SERIES & PARALLEL OPERATION

Series operation
pump performance

Pipe system curve

Total head

Fig.7

Pipe system curve

S
pe ingle Parallel operation
rfo p pump performance
rm um
an p
ce

Flow rate

Pipe system curve

S
Total head

pe ingle
rfo p Parallel operation
Fig.8 rm um
an p pump performance
ce

Flow rate

493
 REFERENCE

PUMP SIZE & FLOW RATE

Discharge reducer
* Suction reducer

Fig.9

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 REFERENCE

SUCTION TOTAL HEAD

For transfer pump For circulation pump

Discharge water level
Fig.10 Fig.11

Suction
side friction
loss head

Suction Suction head

Suction Suction total head
total head actual
head

Suction side
friction
loss head

Suction total head Hs = – Has – Hfs Suction total head Hs = Has – Hfs
= – ( – Has + Hfs) (Positive)

(at R. NPSH 4m)

Water Temperature (ºC)

Fig.12

Negative suction(m) Positive suction(m)

Suction total head
Remark: Some margin should be added to this chart for actual use.

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 REFERENCE

SUCTION CONDITION

Elbow

Fig.13
Foot valve

496
 REFERENCE

CALCULATING PUMP HEAD

497
 REFERENCE

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

498
 REFERENCE

PRESSURE DROP TABLE

499
 REFERENCE

REGULATING FLOW RATE

A. Employing a throttle valve

Gradually closing a throttle valve installed in a conduit gradually
increases frictional losses on the conduit, continuously altering its
characteristic curve as shown in the figure at left, in which a
pump’s Q-H operating point is progressively displaced from B to
BIV.

B. Varying pump speed

The best method for regulating flow rate from the standpoint of
energy-conversion efficiency is varying pump speed. In the figure
at left, varying a pump’s speed, n, displaces its operating point
along a curved line segment bounded by B and B II.

C. Employing impellers of differing diameters

Employing impellers of differing diameter alters the output power
(flow rate x discharge head) of centrifugal pumps for a given drive
speed. In the figure at left, altering impeller diameter, D, displaces
a pump’s operating point along a curved line segment bounded
by B and B II.

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 REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

501
 REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

502
 REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

503
 REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

504
 REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

505
 REFERENCE

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

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 REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN

Fig.14

Air pocket

Fig.15

Fig.16

Shut-off valve

Fig.17

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 REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN

Ball tap

Water supply

Water supply tank

Fig. 18
Foot valve

Air trap Gate valve Gate valve

Fig. 19 Fig. 20

Manhole

Flow entrance

Fig. 21

Lifting Chain

Guide rail

Submersible
pump
Discharge

Fig. 22

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 BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA

Unit Conversion tables [* refers to International System of Unit (SI)]

• Unit of kg NOTE: In the past there was also a time when “kg” was used
Force is expressed in unit of “kgf” (kilogram-force), as the unit of force.
and mass (quantity of meter) in “kg”; thus, since both
use “kg”, they are easily confused (see NOTE). As • Weight
units, however, they are completely different things. “Weight” sometimes refers of force (or gravity, the force of
Both have coexisted in this manner for some time now the earth’s pull on a given mass) and sometimes refers to
and for the time being will continue to do so. mass (the quantity of matter itself). The former is expressed
by either the unit “kgf” or “n”, while the latter by “kg.”
The unit of force, “kgf”, however, will eventually come
into disuse and the newton, “N,” will become the only
unit used to represent force in both industrial circles
and in ordinary use. The unit “kg” will continue to be
used as the basic unit of mass in both industrial circles
and in ordinary use.

(1) Length Conversion Table

Meters Centimeters Millimeters Inches Feet Shaku Yards
(m)* (cm) (mm) (in [“]) (ft [‘]) (30.3cm) (yd)
0.01 1 10 0.3937 0.032808 0.033 0.01094
1 100 1000 39.37 3.2808 3.3 1.0936
0.001 0.1 1 0.03937 0.0032808 0.0033 0.001094
0.0254 2.54 25.4 1 0.083333 0.08382 0.02778
0.3048 30.48 304.8 12 1 1.0058 0.3333
0.30303 30.303 303.03 11.939 0.9942 1 0.3314
0.9144 91.44 914.4 36 3 3.0175 1

Miles Kilometers Metric

(mil) (km) Nautical Mile
1 1.6093 0.8690
0.6214 1 0.5400
1.151 1.852 1

(2) Area Conversion Table 1

Square Meters Square Square Inches Square Feet Tsubo Tan Cho
(m2)* Centimeters (cm2) (in2) (ft2) (3.31 m2) (1,000 m2) (2.451 acres)
0.0001 1 0.155 0.0010764 0.043025 0.061008 0.071008
1 10000 1550 10.764 0.30250 0.001008 0.0001008
0.0364516 6.4516 1 0.0069444 0.03195 0.0665 0.0765
0.092903 929.03 144 1 0.02811 0.04937 0.05937
3.3058 33058 5124.38 35.584 1 0.003333 0.000333
991.736 9917360 =1537314 10675.2 300 1 0.1
9917.36 99173600 15373140 106752 3000 10 1
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.04937 = 0.0000937.

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BASIC DATA

Area Conversion Table 2

Square Meters Ares Hectares
(m2)* (a) (ha)
1 0.01 0.0001
100 1 0.01
10000 100 1

(3) Volume Conversion Table

Cubic Meters Cubic Decimeters Cubic Inches Cubic Feet English Gallons American Gallons Koku
(m3)* (dm3, l) (in3) (ft3) (UK gal) (US gal) (180)
0.001 1 61.024 0.035317 0.21998 0.26418 0.0055435
1 1000 61024 35.315 219.98 264.19 5.5435
0.0416 0.0016 1 0.03579 0.00360 0.00433 0.0491
0.028317 28.3153 1728 1 6.22786 7.4006 0.15696
0.0045465 4.5465 277.46 0.16057 1 1.20114 0.025204
0.0037852 3.7852 233.5 0.13368 0.83254 1 0.020983
0.18039 180.39 11009.2 6.3707 39.676 47.656 1
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.03579 = 0.000579.

(4) Mass Conversion Table

Kilograms t Grains Pounds Kan
(kg)* Metric Tons UK Tons US Tons (gr) (Ib) (3.75kg)
1 0.001 0.039842 0.0011023 15432 2.2046 0.26667
1000 1 0.9842 1.1023 15432000 2204.6 266.67
1016 1.0160 1 1.12 1568912 2240 270.95
907.185 0.90719 0.89286 1 13999073 2000 241.908
0.04648 0.07648 0.07638 0.07714 1 0.031429 0.041728
0.4536 0.034536 0.034464 0.0351 7000 1 0.12095
3.75 0.00375 0.0036906 0.004134 57870 8.2672 1

Kilograms Kilogram-Force
Second Squared
per Meter
(kg)* (kgf•s2/m)
1 0.10197
9.807 1

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.034464 = 0.0004464.

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BASIC DATA

(5) Flow Conversion Table

Liters per Second Cubic Meters Day Cubic Meters Hour Cubic Meters Minute Cubic Meters Second Cubic Feet Second
(l/s) (m3/d) (m3/h) (m3/min) (m3/sec) (ft3/sec)
1 86.4 3.6 0.060 0.001 0.3532
0.2778 24 1 0.16667 0.0002778 0.009810
16.6667 1440 60 1 0.16667 0.588608
1000 86400 3600 60 1 35.3165
28.3152 2446.44 101.934 1.6989 0.02832 1

(6) Force Conversion Table

Newtons Kilogram-Force
(N)* (kgf)
1 0.10197
9.807 1
1N = 1kg•m/s2

(7) Pressure Conversion Table

Megapascals Pascals Bars Kilogram-Force Pound-Force Standard Millimeters Meters of
per Square per Square Atmospheric of Mercury Water
Centimeter Centimeter
(MPa)* (Pa)* (bar) (kgf/cm2) (psi, Ibf/in2) (atm) (mm) (m)
0.1 105 1 1.0197 14.50 0.9869 750.1 10.197
0.09807 9.80665x104 0.9807 1 14.22 0.9678 735.6 10.000
0.006895 6.895x103 0.06895 0.07031 1 0.6805 51.71 0.7031
0.10133 1.01325x105 1.0133 1.0332 14.70 1 760 10.33
0.0313332 133.32 0.0013332 0.0013595 0.01934 0.0013158 1 0.01360
0.009807 9.807x103 0.09807 0.10000 1.422 0.09678 73.55 1
10-6 1 0.00001 0.0410197 0.03145 0.059869 0.007501 0.0310197
1 Pa = N/m2, 1 mbar (millibar) = 1 hPa (hectopascal)
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.0410197 = 0.000010197.

(8) Stress Conversion Table

Megapascals Newtons per Square Kilogram-Force per
Millimeter Square Millimeter
(MPa)* (N/mm2)* (kgf/mm2)*
1 1 0.10197
9.807 9.807 1

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BASIC DATA

(9) Work, Energy and Quantity of Heat

Joules Kilogram-Force Foot-Pound-Force Kilowatt-Hours Kilocalories
(J) Meters (ft’lbf) (kWh) (kcal)
1 0.10197 0.7376 0.062278 0.032389
9.807 1 7.233 0.02724 0.02343
1.356 0.1383 1 0.063766 0.03239
3.6x106 3.671x105 2.655x106 1 860.0
4186 426.9 3087 0.001163 1
1 J = 1 N•m
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.032389 = 0.0002389.

(10) Power Conversion Table

Kilowatts French/Metric British Kilogram-Force Foot-Pound- Kilocalories British Thermal
Horsepower Horsepower Meters per Second Force per Second per Second Units per Second
(kW)* (PS) (HP) (kgf•m/s) (ft•lbf/s) (kcal/s) (BTU/s)
0.7355 1 0.9859 75 542.5 0.1757 0.6973
0.746 1.0143 1 76.07 550.2 0.1782 0.7072
1 1.3596 1.3405 101.97 737.6 0.2389 0.9480
0.009807 0.01333 0.1315 1 7.233 0.002343 0.009297
0.001359 0.001843 0.001817 0.1383 1 0.033239 0.001285
4.186 5.691 5.611 426.9 3087 1 3.968
1.055 1.434 1.414 107.6 778.0 0.2520 1
1 W = 1 J/s
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.033239 = 0.0003239.

(11) Viscosity Conversion Table

Pascal-Seconds Millipascal- Poise Centipoise Kilogram-Force-
Second Seconds per Square
(Pa•s)* (mPa•s)* (P) (cP) (kgf•s/m2)
1 1000 10 1000 0.10197
0.001 1 0.01 1 0.0310197
0.1 100 1 100 0.010197
9.807 9807 98.07 9807 1
1 W = 1 J/s
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.0310197 = 0.00010197.

(12) Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Table

Square Meters Square Millimeters Stokes Centistokes
per Second per Second
(m2/s)* (mm2/s)* (St, cm2/s) (cSt)
1 1000000 10000 1000000
0.000001 1 0.01 1
0.0001 100 1 100

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BASIC DATA

(13) Temperature Conversion Formulas SI Prefixes

Kelvin (K) = Degrees Celsius (°C) + 273.15 Multiple Prefix Prefix

Degrees Celsius = Kelvin (K) - 273.15 Abbreviation
= 5/9 (Degrees Fahrenheit [°F] - 32) 109 Giga G
Degrees Fehrenheit = 9/5 x Degrees Celsius (°C) + 32 10 6
Mega M
= 9/5 x Kelvin (K) - 459.67 3
10 Kilo k
102 hecto h
(14) Temperature Interval Conversion Table
10 deka da
Kelvin Deg Celsius Deg Fahrenheit 10-1 deci d
(K)* (°C) (°F) 10 -2
centi c
1 1 1.8 10-3 milli m
0.55556 0.55556 1
10-6 micro 
NOTE: Recognize the difference between the temperature (warmth) and the 10-9 nano n
temperature interval.
-12
10 pico p

(15) Specific Heat/

SH Capacity Conversion Table
Joules per Calories per Kilocalories per
Gram-Kelvin Gram-Deg Kilogram-Deg
Celsius Celsius
(J/[g•K])* (cal/[g•°C]) (kcal/[kg•°C])
1 0.2389 0.2389
4.186 1 1

(16) Heat Capacity Conversion Table

Kilojoules per Kelvin Kilocalories per Deg
(kJ/K)* Celsius (kcal/°C)
1 0.2389
4.186 1

(17) Thermal Conductivity Conversion Table

Watts per Meter-Kelvin Kilocalories per Hour-
Meter-Deg Celsius
(W/[m•K]) (kcal/[h•m•°C])
1 0.86001
1.1628 1

(18) Heat Transfer Coefficient Conversion Table

Watts per Square Meter-Kelvin Kilocalories per Sq
Meter-Hour-Deg Celsius
(W/[m•K]) (kcal/[m2•h•°C])
1 0.86001
1.1628 1

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PRACTICAL DATA

(1) Physical Properties of Water

Temperature Density Steam Specific Viscosity Kinematic Thermal Thermal Prandti

Pressure Heat Viscosity Conductivity Diffusivity Number
t p P Cp  v=/p Ko  = Ko/Cpp 
Pr = v/
(°C) (g/cm3) (MPa) (J/[g•K]) (mPa•s) (cm2/s) (W/[m•K]) (cm2/s)
0 0.99987 0.000611 4.2174 1.789 0.01789 0.558 0.00132 13.6
10 0.99973 0.001227 4.1919 1.306 0.01307 0.577 0.00138 9.46
20 0.99823 0.002338 4.186 1.005 0.01006 0.597 0.00143 7.04
30 0.99568 0.004245 4.1782 0.8019 0.008054 0.615 0.00148 5.45
40 0.99225 0.007381 4.1783 0.6533 0.006584 0.633 0.00153 4.30
50 0.98807 0.012345 4.1804 0.5497 0.005564 0.647 0.00157 3.55
60 0.98324 0.019934 4.1841 0.4701 0.004781 0.658 0.00160 2.99
70 0.97781 0.031179 4.1893 0.4062 0.004154 0.667 0.00163 2.55
80 0.97183 0.047377 4.1961 0.3556 0.003659 0.673 0.00165 2.22
90 0.96534 0.70121 4.2048 0.3146 0.003259 0.678 0.00167 1.95
100 0.95838 0.101325 4.2099 0.2832 0.002944 0.681 0.00169 1.74
120 0.9434 0.19849 4.2312 0.232 0.00246 0.685 0.00171 1.44
140 0.9264 0.36120 4.2559 0.196 0.00212 0.684 0.00173 1.23
160 0.9075 0.61766 4.2840 0.174 0.00192 0.680 0.00175 1.10
180 0.8866 1.0019 4.3953 0.153 0.00173 0.673 0.00173 1.00
200 0.8628 1.5536 4.5000 0.136 0.00158 0.665 0.00171 0.923
220 0.837 2.3179 4.6046 0.126 0.00151 0.652 0.00169 0.894
240 0.809 3.3447 4.7302 0.117 0.00145 0.634 0.00166 0.874
260 0.785 4.6892 7.9813 0.109 0.00139 0.613 0.00157 0.885
280 0.750 6.4127 5.2325 0.101 0.00135 0.558 0.00150 0.900
300 0.714 8.5832 5.6930 0.095 0.00133 0.564 0.00139 0.957
1 MPa = 10.2 kgf/cm2

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PRACTICAL DATA

(2) Density, Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Conductivity of Metallic Materials

Material Density Young’s Modulus Rigidity Modulus Thermal Conductivity

(g/cm3) (GPa) (GPa) (W/[m•K])
Cast iron (FC) 7.2 - 7.3 78 - 130 28 - 38 23 - 41
Steel casting and steel sheet (SC, SS) 7.85 - 7.9 175 - 210 70 - 84 27 - 45
18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel 7.93 195 - 202 - 25 - 33
13 chrome stainless steel 7.75 205 - 210 - 12 - 15
Bronze (BC) 8.4 - 8.7 80 - 90 28 - 30 Approx. 35
Brass bar (BsBM) 8.3 - 8.6 70 - 100 27 - 38 Approx. 60
Zinc (Zn) 7.13 80 - 130 Approx. 40 -
Aluminium (AI) 2.7 62 - 74 23 - 27 -
Chromium (Cr) 7.19 - - -
Nickel (Ni) 8.9 200 - 220 76 - 84 -
Mercury (Hg) 13.55 - - -
Lead (Pb) 11.34 10 - 17 Approx. 5.5 -
Tin (Sn) 7.30 45 - 55 Approx. 18 -
Tungsten (W) 19.3 - - -
NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2
NOTE 2 : 1 W/(m•K) = 0.86001 kcal/(h•m•°C)
NOTE 3 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the heat treatment method, type and other factors.

(3) Density, Modulus of Elasticity of Nonmetallic Materials

Material Density Young’s Modulus Material Density Young’s Modulus
(g/cm3) (GPa) (g/cm3) (GPa)
Sand, clay, muck 2 - 2.9 - Chestnut/teak 0.6 4 - 10
Lime 1.3 - 2.0 - Japanese cypress/lauan 0.5 4 - 10
Limestone 2.7 - 3.0 - Oak 0.9 4 - 10
Diatomite 1.92 - 2.17 - Paper 0.52 - 0.8 -
Cement 2.7 - 3.2 - Hemp 1.5 -
Concrete 2-3 Approx. 20 Cotton 1.5 -
Glass 2.2 - 4.3 48 - 90 Wool 1.3 -
Anthracite 1.5 - Leather 0.53 - 1.3 -
Sulfur 2.07 - Rubber 0.9 - 1.5 -
Ore (copper/iron) 2.5 - 6.0 - Ceramics 2.7 - 6 200 - 400
Bauxite 2.5 - Phenol resin 1.25 - 1.5 0.08 - 0.15
Salt 2.16 - Silicon resin 1.3 - 1.8 0.11 - 0.18
Wax 0.96 - 1.0 - Acrylic resin 1.19 0.03
Japanese cedar 0.4 4 - 10 Teflon 2.1 - 2.3 0.004 - 0.006
Japanese red/black pine 0.6 4 - 10 Polyethylene 0.92 - 0.93 0.003

NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2

NOTE 2 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the temperature, humidity, place of production, manufacturing method,
sample size, deterioration and other factors.

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PRACTICAL DATA

(4) Fluid Density

Fluid Density (g/cm3)
Air 0.001293
(0°C, 760 mmHg)
Liquid oxygen 1.14
Gasoline 0.65 - 0.75
Light oil 0.83 - 0.88
Heavy oil 0.90 - 0.98
Lube oil Approx. 0.9
Vegetable oil 0.9 - 0.97
Animal oil 0.86 - 0.94
Water 1.0
Seawater 1.025
10% solution of salt 1.07
20% solution of salt 1.15

(5) Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Various Solids and Liquids J/(g•K)

Metal Various Solids Liquid

Aluminium 0.92 Wood (ordinary) - 13 Ammonia 4.2
Copper 0.50 Polythylene 1.3 - 1.8 Seawater 3.93
Iron 0.48 Rubber 1.1 - 2.0 Volatile oil 2.93
Nickel 0.46 Silt (includingmoisture) 1.89 Hydrochloric acid 2.51
Constantan - 0.4 Ebonite 1.38 Alcohol 2.43
Phosphor bronze 0.40 Lime 1.30 Ether 2.26
Nickel silver 0.40 Concrete - 0.84 Paraffin oil 2.13
Zinc 0.39 Earthenware 1.09 Acetic acid 2.13
Brass 0.39 Marble - 0.9 Petroleum 2.09
Solder 0.19 Brick 0.88 Nitrogen (liquid) 1.80
Tin 0.23 Asbestos - 0.84 Turpentine 1.76
Antimony 0.21 Charcoal 0.84 Aniline 1.67
White alloy 0.17 Coke 0.84 Olive oil 1.97
Mercury 0.19 Granite 0.80 - 0.84 Benzol 1.67
Stainless steel 0.47 Graphite 0.84 Machine oil 1.67
(18Cr/8Ni) Gypsum 0.84 Oxygen (liquid) 1.47
Stainless steel 0.47 Glass - 0.67 Sulfuric acid 1.42
(18Cr/12Ni)
Stainless steel 0.46 Sulfur 0.75 Mercury 0.14
(24Cr/20Ni)

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 PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA

(6) Constant-Pressure Specific Heat (8) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Capacity of Gas J/(g•K) Miscellaneous Solids (Avg within 0-100°C)
Gas Temperature (°C) Cp Metal  x 10-4
Air (dry) 20 1.006 Rubber 0.77
Oxygen 16 0.922 Ebonite 0.64 - 0.77
Nitrogen 16 1.034 Concrete 0.10 - 0.14
16 1.034 Slate 0.104
Hydrogen
100 1.038
Glass 0.088
0 14.191
Granite 0.083
Hydrogen 100 14.358
Wood (perpendicular to fiber) 0.08 - 0.05
400 14.777
Brick 0.055
Carbon dioxide 16 0.837
Building stone 0.04 - 0.07
Methane 15 2.210
Nitrogen oxide (NO) 13 - 172 0.971 Marble 0.035 - 0.044

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 15 0.636 Earthenware 0.036

(7) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of (9) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Metals (Avg within 0-100°C) Liquids (At Normal Temperature)
Metal  x 10-4 Metal  x 10-4
Zinc 0.263 - 0.528 Ether 16.0
Lead 0.276 Pentane 15.9
White alloy 0.25 Chloroform 12.6
Cast aluminium 0.222 Benzine 12.5
Tin 0.214 Carbon tetrachloride 12.3
Aluminium 0.207 Methanol 12.2
Brass bar 0.193 Alcohol 11.0
0.19 Acetic acid 10.7
Silver 0.188 Petroleum 10.0
Cast brass 0.187 Turpentine 10.0
Copper 0.167 Aniline 8.5
Gold 0.139 Paraffin oil 7.6
Nickel 0.128 Olive oil 7.2
Wrought iron 0.119 Coal tar 6.0
Antimony 0.110 Sulfuric acid 5.5
Steel 0.105 - 0.110 Glycerin 5.0
Cast iron 0.102 Water 1.8
Platinum 0.089 Mercury 1.8
18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel 0.171
(10) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of
13 chrome stainless steel 0.09 - 0.1
Gases
A uniform coefficient of 1 applies to all gases.
273

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 PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA

(11) Contraction of Casting Compared to Mold (%)

Casing Material Contraction (%) Casing Material Contraction (%)
Zinc 1.60 Lead 1.1
Aluminium 1.7 - 1.8 Bismuth + 0.12% tin 0.3 - 0.4
Aluminium bronze 1.65 White alloy 0.55
Antimony 0.3 - 0.7 Molten steel 1.60
Brass 1.54 Gray cast iron 1 - 1.1
Tin (sand mold) 0.225 Chilled cast iron 1.5
Tin (chilled) 0.695 1.5
Cast steel
Bronze + 10% zinc 0.77 0.8 - 2.0

(12) Industrial Viscosity Diagram

Note : The density is found by reading the viscosity at the same temperature.

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