Electrónica de Potencia en la

Generación de Energía Renovable

(Parte 1)
Luis Torres Herrera
ltorres@uninorte.edu.co

10 Junio 20177
@CECUninorte /CECUninorte
 Contenido
● Propósito de la Electrónica de Potencia
● Cálculos de Potencia
● Conversiones entre AC y DC
● Baterías
● Ejercicio: Diseñe, Seleccione y Cotice
● Aplicaciones en Generación Solar, Eólica, FACTS, HVDC
● Extra: Guía de solución de problemas
● Conclusiones

10 Jun 2017 2
Propósito de la Electrónica de
Potencia
 Conversión de potencia

Types of conversion:
● AC-DC: Rectification
● DC-DC: Regulation
● DC-AC: Inversion
● AC-AC: Cycloconversion

10 Jun 2017 4
 Circuitos contínuos vs. conmutados

← Disadvantages?

10 Jun 2017 5
 Circuitos contínuos vs. conmutados

Improvement by using
Low-Pass filter

Added switching control according to

output level

10 Jun 2017 6
 Interruptores implementados

10 Jun 2017 7
 Interruptores implementados

10 Jun 2017 8
 Interruptores implementados

10 Jun 2017 9
 Interruptores implementados

10 Jun 2017 10
 Interruptores implementados

10 Jun 2017 11
Cálculos en Potencia
 Relaciones básicas
Device V-I relation Energy stored “W”

Not able to store

These devices do follow the general Ohm's law!

10 Jun 2017 13
 Dispositivos no lineales
Take the diode as an example:

Rules for ideal device:

Rule for realistic device:

Non-linear devices do not follow the general Ohm's law!

10 Jun 2017 14
 Potencia instantánea
Instantaneous power:

In the passive sign convention:

● p(t) > 0 : device consumes or stores energy

● p(t) < 0 : device produces or releases energy
● p(t) = 0 : no energy change in device

This is the model to use with general devices.

Later, we will find out if this device behaves more as
a load, or as a source.

10 Jun 2017 15
 Potencia instantánea
Instantaneous power:

If v(t) or i(t) are periodic waveforms, p(t) will result periodic, and we can define
an average value called “active power”
10 Jun 2017 16
 Potencia Activa (Promedio)
For periodic p(t), the active or average power is:

Note that “P” does not change in time. It is a fixed value, representing the long
term behavior of the device.

There are three possible cases for the sign of P

● P > 0

● P<0
● P=0

10 Jun 2017 17
 Potencia Activa (Promedio)
● If P > 0 → “Consumer” of energy.

It takes electrical energy from the circuit and gives it to the

“external world” in the form of heat, work, etc.
Example: resistor, motor.

● If P < 0 → “Supplier” of energy.

It takes energy from the “external world” and puts it into the
circuit in the form of electrical energy.
Example: solar panel, chemical battery, etc.

10 Jun 2017 18
 Potencia Activa (Promedio)
● If P = 0 → Two cases:

1) Not energetically active: p(t) = 0

Example: ideal wire, ideal switch.

2) “Reactive” device: p(t) ≠ 0

Stores and releases energy, sometimes p(t) > 0 and sometimes p(t) < 0.
Example: Inductors and capacitors.

10 Jun 2017 19
 Energía y Potencia Activa

Energy: Energy per period:

(active power)

10 Jun 2017 20
 Dispositivos multi-terminal
A general multi-terminal device:

Setting voltages: Node voltages:

10 Jun 2017 21
 Dispositivos multi-terminal
Setting currents: It doesn't matter if one
terminal is ground itself:

The choice of current entering the device is called: “passive sign convention”.

10 Jun 2017 22
 Potencia en dispositivos
multi-terminal

Note: pay attention to the signs of voltages and direction of currents!

10 Jun 2017 23
 Ejemplo
Find the instantaneous power
(absorbed or supplied) by the
box.

Apply the model to our situation,

and solve it.

10 Jun 2017 24
 Valores promedios
Definition:

Average values enjoy Kirchoff's laws! → Great!

10 Jun 2017 25
 Valores RMS

10 Jun 2017 26
 Ejemplos
Sinusoid

10 Jun 2017 27
 Medidas en RMS (!)
Definition:

→ RMS values do not follow Kirchhoff's laws.

10 Jun 2017 28
 Ejemplo – RMS – Sea cuidadoso

Two real cases. What happens if we apply Kirchhoff's laws?

10 Jun 2017 29
 Superposición con RMS
When signals are orthogonal:
0

10 Jun 2017 30
 Ejemplo – Superposición RMS

● Non-linear load
● The RMS current in
each phase is 20A

Determine the RMS value

of the neutral current.

10 Jun 2017 31
 Descomposición AC + DC
The DC component is the average value.

Offset

The DC and the AC components are

orthogonal, so the total RMS value is:

10 Jun 2017 32
 Ondas generales
Names for several cases:

Which of them are periodic? What value would a multimeter

show in each case?

10 Jun 2017 33
 Descomposición
Fourier representation of periodic signals

The signal is understood

as a sum of harmonic
sinusoidal components.

Harmonics

10 Jun 2017 34
 Análisis FFT
Select a coherent amount of data! Remember: FFT will assume periodicity!
-repeat- -original- -repeat- -repeat- -original- -repeat-

In our lab measurements, choose ONE (FULL) period!

10 Jun 2017 35
 Potencia instantánea

10 Jun 2017 36
 Potencia instantánea y activa

RMS of
sinusoid is
peak value
over √2.

Superposition:

10 Jun 2017 37
 Ejemplos
Exercise:
● Find p(t) and tell when the device is storing energy or releasing it.

● Find P and tell if the device is a consumer or a source of energy.

p(t) > 0 always,

P>0 p(t) < 0 always,
→ Consumer P<0
→ Source

Sometimes p(t)>0
sometimes p(t)<0,
Sometimes p(t)>0
P≈0
sometimes p(t)<0,
→ Purely reactive
P>0
→ Consumer
(with some
reactive
component)

10 Jun 2017 38
 Potencia aparente

S2 = P2 + Q2

U2 = P2 + Q2 + D2

10 Jun 2017 39
 Factor de Potencia
Power Factor (PF)
Measures the amount of active power consumed or supplied with respect to the
full apparent power at the device.

Definition:

● Low power factors could be due to:

a) Very inefficient circuit (high Q)
b) Too much harmonic power (high D), not necessarily Q, and not necessarily
inefficient!

P > 0, Q = 0, D > 0, PF < 1 P > 0, Q = 0, D = 0, PF = 1

10 Jun 2017 40
 Inductores y Capacitores (Ideales)
● Inductores
Energy in inductor: Power dissipation:

For periodic currents, average voltage is zero

● Capacitores
Energy in capacitor: Power dissipation:

For periodic voltages, average current is zero

10 Jun 2017 41
 Recuperación de Energía
Energy is
dissipated in R

10 Jun 2017 42
 Recuperación de Energía
Energy is returned
to the source

10 Jun 2017 43
Conversión AC-DC
 Rectificador (AC-DC)
● Carga resistiva

10 Jun 2017 45
 Rectificador
● Carga resistiva-inductiva

Current is commuted among the diodes

10 Jun 2017 46
 Rectificador
● 3-fases
Six-Pulse Rectifiers

10 Jun 2017 47
 Rectificador
● 3-fases

10 Jun 2017 48
 Rectificador
● 3-fases
When load has inductances which make output current almost
constant:

Harmonics of order: 6k ± 1, k = 1, 2, strongest

3... harmonics
10 Jun 2017 49
 Rectificador
● 3-fases

10 Jun 2017 50
 Rectificador Controlado

10 Jun 2017 51
 Transmisión de Potencia DC

10 Jun 2017 52
Conversión AC-AC
 Controladores AC
● Carga resistiva

Similar to half-wave
rectifier, but adding
bidirectionality.

10 Jun 2017 54
 Controladores AC
● Carga resistiva-inductiva

During ON periods:

Be careful! High |dv/dt| can fire S2! … and S1! Solution:

10 Jun 2017 snubber-circuits 55
 Controladores AC (AC-AC)
● 3-fases

10 Jun 2017 56
 Controladores AC
● 3-fases

10 Jun 2017 57
 Cicloconvertidores
● AC en una frecuencia a AC en otra frecuencia

10 Jun 2017 58
 Cicloconvertidores
● 3-fases

10 Jun 2017 59
 Ejemplo – control simple
● Control de velocidad en motores de inducción

10 Jun 2017 60
 Ejemplo – control simple
● Control de velocidad en motores de inducción

Control demasiado simple. No adecuado para baja velocidad

10 Jun 2017 61
Conversión DC-AC
 Inversores – Básico, Cuadrado

10 Jun 2017 63
 Inversores
● Medida de calidad de la salida:

Distorsión Armónica Total

(%, pero puede ser mayor que 1)

THD for voltage

THD for currents.

10 Jun 2017 64
 Inversor Multi-nivel
With independent DC
sources.

10 Jun 2017 65
 Inversor Multi-nivel

10 Jun 2017 66
 Inversor PWM
● Pulse Width Modulation

10 Jun 2017 67
 Inversor PWM - Armónicos

Contenido armónico corrido a

frecuencias superiores

“mf” es el cociente de la frecuencias de portadora sobre referencia.

→ “razón de switching”
10 Jun 2017 68
 Inversores 3-fases

Six-step inverter

60°

10 Jun 2017 69
 Inversores 3-fases
Load line voltages (to neutral)

This ladder waveform is the origin of the name “six-step converter”.

10 Jun 2017 70
 Ejemplo
● Control de velocidad en motor de inducción

10 Jun 2017 71
 Ejemplo
● Control de velocidad en motor de inducción

10 Jun 2017 72
Conversión DC-DC
 Linear Regulators
● Usan transitores que juegan el papel de
resistores variables
→ Baja eficiencia

10 Jun 2017 74
 Solución de eficiencia
● Use el transistor como switch
→ Buena eficiencia

10 Jun 2017 75
 Conversor Step-Down (Buck)

10 Jun 2017 76
 Conversor Boost

10 Jun 2017 77
 Conversor Boost

10 Jun 2017 78
 Conversor Combinado (Buck-Boost)

10 Jun 2017 79
 Conversores DC-DC
Consideraciones

● Frecuencia de conmutación (switching)

● Tamaño de inductores
● Pérdidas por conmutación y calor
● No idealidad del capacitor (Resistencia de fuga)
● No idealidad del inductor (Resistencia de conductor)
● Uso de MOSFETs incrementa la eficiencia

10 Jun 2017 80
Entendamos las Baterías
 Baterías
● A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into
electrical energy and vice versa.

10 Jun 2017 82
 Aplicaciones
Portable devices

● Sensors, watches, keys, etc.

● Smart phones, notebooks, tablets

Power Electronics
● UPS

● Large Storage systems

● Non-continuous alternative

sources

10 Jun 2017 83
 Preguntas comunes
● How can I understand batteries as to select the most
convenient?

10 Jun 2017 84
 Preguntas comunes
● What battery do I need to make that a UPS can last for one
hour?

10 Jun 2017 85
 Preguntas comunes
● What battery do I need to store energy from the a
photovoltaic panel on top of a fast-food car and then use it to
cook some hot-dogs?

10 Jun 2017 86
 Trade-off en Baterías

Power

Ultra High Energy Density

D sized Primary Lithium
Thionyl Chloride battery

Trade-off

Battery Life Energy Density

10 Jun 2017 87
 Definiciones
● C- and E- ratings
Way to express discharge rates. It is the current that would discharge the
battery in one hour. Example: for a 100 Amp-hrs battery, 1C=100A.
Similarly, E describes the discharge power. 1E is the discharge power to
discharge the battery in one hour.
● SOC: State of charge: current battery capacity as % of the maximum capacity.
● DOD: Depth of discharge. % of the battery capacity that has been discharged
with respect to its maximum. A discharge >= 80% is known as deep discharge
● Internal resistance
The resistance within the battery. Different for charging than for discharging. It
also depends on the state of charge. As it increases, more energy is converted
into heat.

10 Jun 2017 88
 Definiciones
● Nominal and Cut-off voltage
Nominal is the reported voltage of battery. Cut-off is the voltage at which the
battery is considered empty.
● Capacity or Nominal Capacity (Ah)
The total Amp-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain
discharge current (C-rate), from 100% SOC to the cut-off voltage. Capacity
decreases with increasing C-rate.
● Energy or Nominal Energy (Wh)
The total Watt-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain
discharge current (C-rate), from 100% SOC to the cut-off voltage. Energy
decreases with increasing C-rate.
● Cycle life (number for a specific DOD)
The number of charge-discharge cycles the battery can experience before
failing.

10 Jun 2017 89
 Recomendaciones
● Cuidados

10 Jun 2017 90
 Recomendaciones
● Daños o accidentes: Thermal Runaway

10 Jun 2017 91
 Baterías de auto

AF: arranque en frío (CA: cold amps)

CR: Capacidad residual (RC: reserve

capacity)
Time to deliver 25 A down to 10.5 Volts

10 Jun 2017 92
 Batería AA recargable

10 Jun 2017 93
 Batería AA recargable

10 Jun 2017 94
 Baterías para UPS

10 Jun 2017 95
 Baterías para UPS

10 Jun 2017 96
 Ejercicio – Hot Dog Hut
●
Grupos de 2 personas
● Problema: Abastecer con energía solar el carrito de
perros calientes presentado en una ciudad como
Barranquilla
● Actividad: Proponga la solución con paneles, inversor y
baterías (tipo y cantidad). Muestre el diagrama de
conexiones general y estime los costos iniciales y de
mantenimiento/reemplazo.
● Presente sus resultados a la clase. ¿Qué le recomienda
al Hot Dog Hut?
● Tiempo: 1 hora.
10 Jun 2017 97
 (Continúa)

@CECUninorte /CECUninorte