RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (MIDTERM)

Surface Anatomy

 A branch of gross anatomy that examines shapes and markings on the

surface of the body as they relate to deeper structures.
 Essential in locating and identifying anatomic structures prior to studying
internal gross anatomy.
 Health-care personnel use surface anatomy to help diagnose medical
conditions and to treat patients.
Thorax

Landmarks of Thorax

Jugular Notch corresponds with

The 2nd thoracic vertebra in male, the 3rd thoracic vertebra in female

Sternal angel corresponds with

Connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally

The lower border of 4th thoracic vertebra

The bifurcation of trachea in the adult

The beginning of aortic arch which ends posteriorly at the same level

The esophagus is crossed by the left main bronchus

Xiphoid process

xiphisternal synchondrosis lies opposite the body of the 9h thoracic vertebra

Clavicle

Inferior fossa of clavicle

Coracoid process

Ribs and intercostal spaces

Costal arch

Infrasternal angle

Xiphocostal angle

Papillae

PARTS AND REGIONS OF THE THORAX

Boundaries

Superiorly-jugular notch, sternoclavicular joint, superior border of clavicle,

acromion, spinous processes of C7

Inferiorly-xiphoid process, costal arch, 12th and 11th ribs

Regions

Thoracic wall

Thoracic cavity

Quadrants of Abdomen
Extremity

SPINE
LANDMARKS
Pelvis

 Right Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney,

pancreas, and the right adrenal gland.
 Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and the
left adrenal gland.
 Right Lower Quadrant: appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter.
 Left Lower Quadrant: left ureter, reproductive organs
 NOTE: All four quadrants contain portions of the small and large intestines.
 Right Hypochondriac Region: You’ll find organs such as the liver,
gallbladder, right kidney, and portions of the small and large intestine in this
region.
 Epigastric Region: This region contains portions of the liver, as well as the
stomach, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, and adrenal glands.
 Left Hypochondriac Region: This contains the spleen, large/small intestines,
left kidney, pancreas, stomach, and tip of the liver.
 Right Lumbar Region: You’ll find portions of the ascending colon, small
intestine, and right kidney in this region.
 Umbilical Region: Here you’ll find the duodenum, the small intestine, as well
as the transverse colon.
 Left Lumbar Region: You’ll find parts of the descending colon, small
intestine, and left kidney in this region.
 Right Iliac Region: Here you’ll find the appendix, cecum, ascending colon,
and small intestine.
 Hypogastric Region: You’ll find the bladder, portions of the sigmoid colon,
small intestine, and reproductive organs in this region.
 Left Iliac Region: You’ll find parts of the sigmoid colon, descending colon
and small intestine in this region.
HUMAN ANATOMY

Study of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the physical
structure of a human body.

Structure Levels of Organization

Chemical- Combination of atoms to form molecules

Cell- Basic living units: have common characteristics, differ in structure and
function.

Tissue- A group of cells with similar structure and function: epithelial, connective,
muscle, nervous

Organ- Two or more tissues work together perform one or more common
function: eye, skin, stomach, heart

Organ System- A group of organs of a common function: skeletal, muscular,

nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive.

Anatomical Terminology

A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections.

The three major anatomic planes of reference are the Coronal (Frontal),
Transverse (Axial), and Sagittal planes,

Coronal Suture- Anterior and Posterior

Transverse Suture- Superior and Inferior

Sagittal Suture- Right and Left

Anatomical Position

Standing position with the body erect facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms
hanging and palms also facing forward.

Directional Terms

Explain and locate precisely where the body structure and its relation to
another.
Term Definition
Superior (cranial) Toward head end, above
Inferior (caudal) Away head end, below
Anterior (ventral) Front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) Behind the body
Medial Midline of the body, inner
Lateral Away from the midline, outer
Intermediate Between medial and lateral
Proximal Close to body origin
Distal Away from body origin
Superficial (external) Toward body surface
Deep (internal) Away body surface

Regional Terms

Axial Region- 1

Axis of our body

Comprise three parts: head, neck and trunk

Appendicular- 2

Limbs, or appendages

Body parts that attached to the axis

Body Planes and Sections

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane divide body into right and left

Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle called midsagittal or median plane

Sagittal plane that offset from median line called parasagittal plane

Frontal Plane

Vertical line that divide the body to anterior and posterior parts

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane which divide body into superior and inferior.

Terms of Motion

Flexion and Extension

 Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation

Supination and Pronation

Supine and Prone

Abductions and Adduction

Body Cavity

Dorsal Cavity- protects nervous system

Two subdivisions

1. Cranial Cavity- brain

2. Spinal Cavity- spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Two subdivisions

1. Thoracic Cavity- pleural (lungs), mediastinum (heart, esophagus, trachea

and etc…)
2. Abdominopelvic cavity- abdominal (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver
and etc…), pelvic (bladder, reproductive system, rectum)