Republic of the Philippines

Calamba City Schools Division

CALAMBA CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Chipeco Avenue, Barangay 3, Calamba City, Laguna 4027

Paste out of Banana (Musa acinibita) and Jackfruit (Artocarpos heterophyllus)

An Investigatory Project
Presented to the faculty of Calamba City Science High School
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Research IV

By
John Kenneth L. Fulgencio
Halyn Lunel A. Gamboa
Ella Marie B. Inciong
Ryan P. Javier
Researchers

Ruth Anne B. Ramos

Research Adviser

October 2014
 Abstract

The research was conducted at Calamba City Science High School located at Chipeco
Avenue, Barangay 3, Calamba City, Laguna. The aim of this study was to produce an organic
paste from the exocarps of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and Banana (Musa acinibita).
Specifically, to know the type of surfaces the product can bind, how fast and strong it binds, and
if the bond strength is dependent on the drying duration. The study use the exocarps of the said
fruits to lessen waste in the environment. The product was made by obtaining the exocarps,
mixing, boiling, blending and finally pounding them to form a paste-like texture. The
effectiveness of the product was tested by applying the paste on different kinds of paper which
are bond paper, manila paper, art paper, glossy paper and oslo paper. Then, the drying duration
was timed. The bond strength of the pasted papers was also tested by using winds of different
levels. Three trials were done on both tests. Spearman Rank and Order Correlation was used as
the statistical treatment to know the degree of relationship between the bond strength and drying
duration. The computed value of p is 0.825 which displays a positive above high relationship
between the said given sets of data. The product takes eight to twelve minutes to dry and its bond
strength is dependent on the drying duration. It is recommended to find further ways to prevent
spoilage of the product as well as the utilization of the fruit parts used.
 Acknowledgement

This research paper is made possible through the help and support from everyone,
including: parents, teachers, family and friends. The researchers wish to express their deepest
gratitude and warmest appreciation to the following people, who have contributed and inspired
them for the completion of this research:
First of all to the Almighty God who never cease in loving them and for the guidance and
protection that he gave to them and making these things possible.
Their research adviser, Ms. Ruth Anne B. Ramos who guided them, gave them advice
whenever they were confused and shared her knowledge in making the research paper.
They would also like to thank their parents who support them both financially and
emotionally all throughout the study. And lastly, they would like to thank their classmates who
helped them in doing the procedures in the activity.
 Introduction
Background of the Study
Paste is a term for any very thick viscous fluid. (Wikipedia) In this study, it refers to an
adhesive. It can be called an adhesive if it wets the surface, adheres to them, develops strength
once applied, and finally, remains stable after sticking the materials. (Packer, John) The
researcher aims to produce paste out of Jackfruit exocarp and Banana starch.
Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) or also known as jack tree or simply jak is a species
of Artocarpus genus and is widely abundant in the parts of South and Southeast Asia but is
believed to have originated in the Southwestern rainforests in India. It is cultivated in tropical
regions - that including the Philippines. Studies have proven Jackfruit sap has the ability to
become glue for it contains a substance which is required to form adhesive, called latex.
(Wikipedia) However, this study has yet to prove if the exocarp has the ability to become a
potential adhesive as well.
Banana is a fruit which is categorized in the genus Musa. Musa species are native to
tropical Indomalaya and Australia but are known to have been first organized in Papua New
Guinea. However, a species of wild banana which is native to Southeast Asia is Musa acunintia.
(Wikipedia) Banana, on the other hand, contains starch which is also vital to form a paste.
Statement of the Problem
To produce an adhesive paste out of Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) and Banana
(Musa acinibita) starch. The researchers will try to answer the following questions:
1. What type of surface of paper can the product bind?
2. How fast does the product dry?
3. How strong can the product bind?
4. Does the product’s bond strength depend on its drying duration?

Statement of the Hypotheses

1. The product can bind materials such as bond papers, manila papers, etc.
2. The glue dries for approximately a minute.
3. The bond strength is the same for all the paper surfaces tested.
4. The bond strength depends on the product’s drying duration.
Significance of the Study
This study is important to the following:
To citizens.This study will benefit citizens especially students because adhesives are
commonly used in school to bind materials such as paper and cardboards. Citizens also include
businessmen and craftsmen who work on different projects that involve the use of adhesives.
Businessmen who invest on cheap materials with large quantities will surely benefit from the
product.
To the environment.The mere use of Jackfruit and Banana exocarps can already
contribute to the cleanliness of the environment, knowing that the part of the fruits to be used is
generally considered as wastes.

Scope and Delimination

The focus of this tudy is to prove the efficacy of Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) and
Banana (Musa acinibita) as an adhesive by producing a paste out of Jackfruit exocarp and
Banana starch. The study will be conducted within the premises of CalambaCiy Science High
School situated at Chipeco Avenue, Barangay 3, Clamba City, Laguna.
The product may take days due to the collection of Jackfruit and Banana exocarps as well
as performing the process involved. The study is limited to the material theproduct will bind, the
product’s strength to bind and how fast the product dries compared to regular paste. Other parts
of the fruits involved will not be included in this research. Additionally, the product of the study
will not be tested by a laboratory.

Definition of Terms
Adhesion – Process of attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance.
Exocarp– The outermost layer of the pericarp of a fruit.
Paste– A very thick viscous fluid which is a type of adhesive.
Starch – White, odorless, tasteless, carbohydrate powder found in plants.
Conceptual Framework

Jackfruit and Banana

Paste out of Banana and Jackfruit

Exocarps

Paste
 Review of Related Literature
Banana Sap as Adhesive
The study aims to make use of banana sap and other organic products as effective
adhesive components in improving the quality of glues. It aims to determine these improvements
through comparing with organic glues. It is done by making the banana sap glue, cassava starch
glue, and glue from rice and egg white. (Aguilos, 2014)

Source: Banana (Musa acuminita) Sap Based Adhesive against other Organic Adhesive

The Utilization of Jackfruit Sap as Adhesive

This study aims to determine the possibility use of jackfruit sap to develop toxic-free and
all-natural adhesive. Jackfruits were gathered and their saps were extracted. The researchers of
this study compared their product with commercial glue. The materials tested were papers and
woods. (A Team, 2013)

Source: The Utilization of Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) Sap

Potato Starch as Next Generation Adhesives

AVEBE is an innovating company which transforms potato starches into different
economical uses such as adhesives. Waxy potato starch contains amylopectin which can be used
for the development of adhesives towards solids and the enhancement of the liquid’s viscosity.
The waxy potato starch, however, is known to be the world’s first amylopectin potato starch that
was obtained using plant breeding techniques.

Source: Starch adhesive innovation for green adhesives

 Methodology
Source of Materials
One kilo of jackfruit and one fourth (1/4) kilo of bananas were firstly acquired. The
materials used in making the product were the jackfruit’s exocarp and the starch from the
banana. Both were obtained from the said fruits which were done using the next step.

Extortion of the Jackfruit and Banana Exocarps

The first step was to peel off the jackfruit exocarp including the small parts from its outer
flesh. The peeled jackfruit exocarps were then sliced to small pieces fit enough for pounding. As
for the bananas, their peels’ inner thin layers were scraped and collected using knife and spoon
and were later pounded to form a mushy texture. The collection of both fruits’ parts was done
simultaneously.

Making the Jackfruit and Banana Paste Mixture

Next, the 44g jackfruit exocarps were placed in a pot containing 50ml of water and were
boiled using an electric stove. After eight minutes, the scraped banana was added in the pot and
was then together, left to boil for 17 minutes.
After 17 minutes where in the water in the pot was completely gone, the mixture was
then put into a blender to partially crush the hard and block-like pieces of the jackfruit exocarp in
the mixture. After the blending process which lasted for about five to seven minutes, the mixture
was pounded again using the mortar and pestle until it gave off the texture similar to a paste.

Testing of the Product

The jackfruit and banana paste mixture will be applied to different surfaces of paper such
as: oslo, bond paper, art paper, glossy paper and manila paper. The efficacy of the product will
be tested by paste’s bond duration and bond strength.

Binding paper of different surfaceswill be depending on the efficacy of the paste’s

bond strength applied on the papers. There may be more than one kind of paper surface
that the product can bind. This will be tested by applying the product to different kinds of
paper such as:
 1. bond paper
2. manila paper
3. oslo paper
4. art paper
5. glossy paper

Measuring of the bond strengthwill be done using different levels of wind strength
using the anemometer: level one is assigned to be 9 m/s; level two is 10 m/s and level
three is 11 m/s. This will be tested by applying the product, increasing in amount every
trial (amount is measured by how many wipes when applied) onto the papers then will be
bonded to the surface of its kind and left to dry then exposed to the different wind
strengths using a fan.

Measuring for the drying durationwill be done using a timer while it’s left to dry
while bonded (e.g. bond paper pasted with another bond paper).

Relationship between bond strength and drying will be proven by using Spearman
Rank-Order Correlation to determine the relationship of the bond strength and the drying
duration of the ranked surfaces of papers based on both bond strength and drying
duration.
Flowchart of Methodology

Source of Materials

Extortion of Jackfruit and Banana

Exocarps

Boiling of Jackfruit Exocarps

Adding the Banana Starch to the

boiled jackfruit exocarps

Blending of the Banana Starch and

Jackfruit Exocarp mixture
 Result and Discussion

Table 1 The observed time it took for the different types of paper surfaces to dry and their bond
Pounding to form the paste-like
strength in accelerating wind speeds
mixture
Drying Duration Bond Strength Level
Surfaces of
(minutes) (meter/sec)
Paper
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Bond Paper 8.05 Testing
9.62of the Product
11.47 10 11 11
Manila Paper 8.25 9.37 10.8 11 11 11
Oslo Paper 9.13 11.28 12.58 10 10 11
Art Paper 10.03 10.63 11.27 0 9 10
Glossy Paper 10.75 11.07 11.65 0 9 10

The following data are ranked based on the smoothness of the paper surfaces above and
are then evaluated. The table shows the time it took for the different types of paper surfaces to
dry and their bond strength at different wind speeds (see Chapter III). As seen in the table, in
terms of the drying duration, papers with thin surfaces such as bond paper and manila paper, tend
to dry faster than the thick ones such as oslo paper.
Thinner papers also dry for a minimum of eight minutes while thicker papers dry for ten
minutes and above. It is also observed that papers with smoother textures such as glossy and art
papers dry approximately one minute slower than that of the regular ones.
Moreover, in terms of the bond strength level of each paper surfaces, papers with
smoother textures easily get separated when in strong wind. In trial one, it is observed that papers
such as bond and oslo, can withstand strong wind since the bond paper initially reached the
second wind strength level (equal to 10 ms) and the manila paper for reaching the strongest wind
strength level (equal to 11 ms) initially then consistently when bonded together.
In trial two, it is observed that papers with smoother textures still easily get separated in
strong wind because the initial tests showed the least amount of efficacy level on both glossy and
art papers.
In trial three, the bond, manila and oslo paper reached the strongest level of wind
strength while the smooth-surfaced papers increased their bond strength gradually to level two.
The statistical treatment used was Spearman Rank Order Correlation to test the degree of
relationship between the bond strength and the drying duration to determine whether the bond
strength and drying duration depend on each other. The result showed that p= 0.825, thus,
pertaining that there is a positive above high relationship between the product’s drying duration
and its bond strength. This means that the bond strength highly depends on the product’s drying
duration.
 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary
This research aims to produce a paste out of Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) and
Banana (Musa acinibita) exocarps. There were three stated hypotheses in this study: first, the
product was able to bind the materials to be tested such as: bond, manila, art, glossy and oslo
papers; second, the product dried approximately a minute compared to the drying duration of a
regular paste; and third, there were high bond strength to all the materials to be tested.
Related studies noted in this research used the sap of the jackfruit and banana as the main
component to make their product, however, the materials used in this study are exocarps of the
said fruits and none other than that. Banana was used to be the starch substitute for the said paste
when compared to the starch component (which is usually rice) of a regular paste.
The product was made by obtaining the required exocarps which then are distributed into
two parts of the process: the scraping of the banana exocarps by the use of a spoon and the
extraction of the jackfruit exocarps by pounding it with mortar and pestle. What followed was
the making of the mixture and boiling them together. Afterwards, comes the blending and
pounding again for the very soft paste-like texture. The product will then be ready for evaluation.
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation was used to test the relationship between the product’s
bond strength and the drying duration.
Summary of Findings
The computed value of p is +0.825 which displays a positive above high
relationship between the product’s bond strength and drying duration.

Conclusion
Based on the results, the product was more effective on bond papers and manila papers
both in bond strength and drying duration.
1. Bond papers and manila papers showed highest bond strength, the oslo paper showed an
average bond strength while the art and glossy papers showed the lowest bond strength.
2. The smoother ones, like art and glossy papers, displayed the least effective results.
3. The product took 8-12 minutes to dry on the materials tested. Moreover, the product’s
bond strength depends on its drying duration and vice versa.
Recommendation

Since the materials in the product are raw fruits, spoilage is unavoidable so it is
recommended to find or develop ways on how to prevent the product from spoiling. Moreover, it
is also advised to modify the processes in making the product in this research—that would also
include having different ratios and proportions of the ingredients used in order to make a more
effective paste. It is also recommendable to utilize the different parts of the fruits used.
 Bibliography

A Team (2013). The Utilization of Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) Sap.

Retrieved from http://www.prezi.com/cvvawwgztdx7/banana-musa -
acuminata/
Aguilos, Pavlo (2014). Banana (Musa Acuminata). Retrieved from
http://www.prezi.com/cvvawwgztdx7/banana-musa-acuminata/
AVEBE Company. Starch Adhesive Innovation for Green Adhesives.
Retrieved from http://www.nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/polymers /10H.pdf
McElroy, Joe. Investigatory Project about Jackfruit. Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/info_10030941_investigatory-projects -
jackfruit.html
Packer, John. Adhesives. Retrieved from
http://www.nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/polymers/10H.pdf
Wikipedia. Banana. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana
Wikipedia. Jackfruit. Retrieved from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit
Wikipedia. Paste. Retrieved from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste