Musculoskeletal practical marking key

1. (10 marks)
Diaphysis bone: Epiphysis bone
Name: Mainly Compact bone Mainly Spongy bone
1 mark (1)
each
Location: Middle of long bone (1) End of long bone(1)
1 mark
each
Structure -Arranged in Haversian -Arranged in
Any 2 : systems / osteons Trabeculae
1 mark -Denser and heavier -Porous and lighter
each than Spongy bone than compact bone
-Contains Periosteum- -Contains articular
line the diaphysis cartilage at the ends
-Contains a hollow -Contains red bone
cavity that contains marrow
yellow marrow

Function Surrounds cavity that -Site of bone growth

Any 1 for contains yellow marrow
1 mark – fat storage site -Where tendon
each anchors onto bone
Structurally supports
bone – strong -Red bone marrow
producing red and
white blood cells

2. Any 4 for 4 marks

Ossification (1)
Bone starts off as cartilage (1)
Calcification of matrix (1)
by osteoblasts (1)
Adulthood, epiphyseal line smaller / not visible (1)
Cartilage hardens and turns into bone (1)

3. 6 marks (10 marks)

Part Label Function
Connects lamellae-
A Cannaliculi carrying/transport nutrients,
gases etc.
Lacunae Osteocytes are formed/ Cells to
B with maintain bone/
osteocytes deposit minerals in matrix
Rings of strong matrix – gives
D Lamellae
bone strength

1
4. (3 marks)
Osteoporosis (1)
Loss of minerals such as calcium (1)
Bone brittle/ easily fractured/ density
decreased (1)

5.
- ligaments – bone to bone (1)
- tendons - muscle to bone (1)

6. Radius and ulna (both for 1 mark)

7.Humerus (1)

8. 6 marks -
Explanation of joint
Type of Joint
movement
-flat articular surfaces slide
across one another
Gliding joint -allows only slight movement
A OR condyloid -slightly concave/convex
OR Saddle surfaces – allow more range
of movement

Permit movement - Flexion

and Extension or
B Hinge joint
Back and forth movement

-The round head of one bone

fits in the cup shape of
Ball and socket another one.
C
joint -All combinations of
movements- need example
rotation,

9. synovial fluid (1)

10.
- hip socket is deeper than the shoulder socket (1)
- the hip is larger and more muscles surrounding
it than the shoulder (1)

2
 11.
6 marks – 1 mark each

Structur Name of Structure Function

e
B Synovial fluid -Lubricates the joint
-provides nourishment for
the cartilage cells
- Contains phagocytic cells
to remove debris
and micro-organisms

C Articular cartilage Cover articulating bones-

allows for smooth
movement

E Synovial -Lines the entire joint

membrane cavity
-Produces synovial fluid

12. ( 2 marks)
bone on bone (1)
No cartilage OR synovial fluid to
cushion the movement (1)

13. (and 2 for 2 marks)

OSTEOARTHRITIS:
degeneration of the articular cartilage
OR
surfaces are no longer smooth so friction is increased=
pain (any idea for 1 mark)

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: –
Inflammation/swelling of the synovial membranes
= swelling= restrict movement (any idea for 1 mark)

3
14.
Picture Stage Title
(1 mark if (1 mark
all correct) each)

1 Relaxed

3 Fully
contracted

Partially
2 contracted

b) Label the parts shown in the diagrams above: (3 marks)

A Myosin fibres (1 mark)

B Actin fibres (1 mark)
C Sacromere (1 mark)

c) State what occurs to parts A, B and C when the whole muscle fibre contracts (3)
When the muscle contracts the
myosin remains in position (1)
The actin fibres slide over the thick myosin fibres (1)
Sarcomere shortens (1)