2020-04-16

Grade 10
Life Sciences
Focus Life Sciences (pg. 112 – 137)

Type of Advantages Disadvantages

Skeleton
Hydrostatic Does not require and
specialised support structures
or tissues
Exoskeleton • Protects the organism
• Reduces excessive water
loss (good in environments
that are very dry)
• Allows for fast movement
• Provides point of
attachment for muscles
• Limits the size
• Limits speed of
movement
• Vulnerable to
desiccation
 There are 206 bones in the human skeleton
• Limits size
• Limits movement
• Organism must moult
(vulnerable to predators)

Endoskeleton • Makes the body flexible • Damage takes long to

because of joints at the repair
ends of bones
• Doesn’t limit the size of the
muscles or body growth
• Provides more positions for
muscle attachment,
improving muscle power

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HUMAN
SKELETON

Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
 To Provide support Skeleton

 Give our bodies shape

 Hearing Skull\cranium Pectoral girdle
 Provide protection
 Muscle attachment
Vertebral
 To produce movement column
Upper limbs
 To produce red blood cells
 Reserve store of minerals calcium and
phosphorus (calcium carbonate, calcium Ribcage Pelvic Girdle
phosphate)

sternum Lower Limbs

 CENTRAL AXIS, KEEPS BODY UPRIGHT  SKULL = CRANIUM (8 Flat bones) + FACIAL
BONES (15 irregular bones)
 PROTECTS:
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
SENSE ORGANS
HEART
LUNGS

 33 VERTEBRAE

 FLEXIBLE COLUMN

 Cartilaginous discs (shock absorbers)

 BASIC STRUCTURE OF VERTEBREA:

Centrum (body)
Neural arch + processes (muscles)
Spinal canal (foramen)

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 Supports skull  12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE, 12 PAIRS OF RIBS, STERNUM

 RIBS = FLAT BONES

 Surrounds and protects spinal cord
 Place of attachment (ribs, pelvic girdle,
pectoral girdle)
 TRUE RIBS = 7pairs attached to directly to sternum by
cartilage
 FALSE RIBS = 3pairs attached to preceding rib with cartilage

 Place of attachment (back muscles)  FLOATING RIBS = last 2pairs not attached to sternum

 S-shaped curvature provides flexibility and

absorbs shock

 PECTORAL GIRDLE = 2SCAPULAE + 2CLAVICLES  PELVIC GIRDLE = 2HIP BONES JOINED BY

PUBIC SYMPHASIS
 UPPER LIMBS:

 Humerus (long bone, B+S scapula, HINGE elbow)

 Ulna (thicker, pinkie side, elbow joint)

 Radius (thinner, thumb side, WRIST JOINT carpals)

 Carpals (8 small bones, rows of 4)

 Metacarpals (5, palm of hand)
 Phalanges (3 each finger, thumb 2)

 LOWER LIMBS:

 Femur (longest, largest, B+S HIP, HINGE TIBIA)

 Patella (flat, triangle, knee joint)

 Tibia (thicker, knee, TARSAL ANKLE)

 Fibula (thinner, outside, lower end ANKLE)

 Tarsals (7, ankle, largest = heal, calf muscle)

 Metatarsals (5, arch of foot)
 Phalanges (3 in each toe, big toe 2)

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TENDON
Tough, inelastic, connective tissue, connects
muscle to bone

LIGAMENT
Tough, flexible, connective tissue, attaches
bone to bone

JOINTS
Where 2 or more bones meet

 Classified according to the amount of movement

they allow.

 3 kinds of joints:

 Fibrous joints = immovable (sutures between

bones of the skull)

 Cartilaginous joints = slightly moveable ( joints

between vertebrae)

 Synovial joints = free movement (knee, elbow)

 Ball – and – socket = all

directions

 Hinge joint = one direction

only

 Pivot joint = one bone pivots

on another (movement
around a point)

 Gliding joint = flat surface of

one bone glides across the
surface of a bone next to it

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 Affects joints
 Osteoarthrititis - older people

 Cartilage and synovial fluid sacs break down

 Bones rub together
 Pain and inflammation
 Growths on bones – spurs contribute to more
pain and instability to joint

 Causes :
 obesity – pressure on hips knees and ankles
(most common osteoarthritis areas)
 heredity and genetics
 sports injuries

 Treatments:
 aspirin– reduces pain & inflammation
 exercise joint
 cortisone – reduces inflammation
 ufudu, devil’s claw, ishaba bark

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 What Is a Sprain?
 A sprain is an injury to a ligament (tissue that
connects two or more bones at a joint). In a
sprain, one or more ligaments is stretched or
torn.

The usual signs and symptoms of a sprain are:

 Pain
 Swelling
 Bruising
 Not being able to move or use the joint.
 Sometimes people feel a pop or tear when the
injury happens.

 Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon.

 softening and weakening of bones in children
 Tendons transmit the pull of the muscle to - extreme and prolonged vitamin D
the bone to cause movement. deficiency.

 They are found throughout the body,
including the hands, wrists, elbows,
shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and feet.
 Tendons can be small, like those found in the
hand, or large, like the Achilles tendon in the
heel.
 Vitamin D promotes the absorption of
calcium and phosphorus
 Rickets due to a genetic condition may
require additional medications or other
treatment. Some skeletal deformities caused
by rickets may need corrective surgery.

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 a medical condition in
which the bones become
brittle and fragile from
loss of tissue, typically as
a result of hormonal
changes, or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D.

 when you're young, your body makes new  Bones cannot move on their own
bone faster than it breaks down old bone and
your bone mass increases. Most people reach  Skeletal muscle (voluntary movement)
their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As
people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's
 Skeleton provides suitable points of
created.
attachment.

 Tendons attach muscle to bone.

 Muscle contracts and pulls the bone

 Joints formed where 2 or more bones come

together.
prevent friction
provide range of movement

 Tendons = M to B
ensure that the force produced by contraction of
muscles is transmitted to the part of the body to
be moved

 Ligaments = B to B
control direction and extent to which a joint can
move
prevent dislocations (bone slips out of
proper alignment in a joint)

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 Sarcolemma – membrane surrounding fibre

 Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of fibre
 Sarcomere – striated appearance

 Muscle fibre = myofibrils

 Myofibrils – protein ACTIN and MYOSIN

(thicker filaments)

 Striations = dark bands (myosin), light bands

(actin)

 Contraction = actin filaments slide inwards

between myosin.
◦ Sarcomeres become shorter, whole muscle fibre
shortens